Sorghum Diseases in India

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isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest Management 30(4): 407-429. Reddy, D.V.R. 1987. Report on a visit to Malawi and Zambia, 5-22 Mar 1987. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 36 pp. (Limited distribution). Riley, E.A. 1960. A revised list of plant diseases in Tanganyika Territory. Mycological Papers 75:42. Robinson, K.R. 1966. A preliminary report of the recent archeology of Ngonde, Northern Malawi. Journal of African History 7:169-188. Rothwell, A. 1983. A revised list of plant diseases occurring in Zimbabwe. Kirkia 12 (II): 275. SADCC/ICRISAT 1985. Proceedings of the First Regional Workshop on sorghums and millets for southern Africa. Harare, Zimbabwe, 23-26 Oct 122 1984. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: SADCC/ICRISAT Sorghum and Millet Improvement Program. 89 pp. (Limited distribution). SADCC/ICRISAT. 1987. Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop on Sorghums and Millets for southern Africa. Lusaka, Zambia, 6- 10 Oct 1986. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: SADCC/ ICRISAT Sorghum and Millet Improvement Program. 476 pp. (Limited distribution). Singh, S.D. 1987. Report on a trip to Zimbabwe, 26 Oct 1986 to 30 Apr 1987. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 36 pp. (Limited distribution). Sivanean, A. 1987. Bipolaris urochloae (Putterill) Shoern on pearl millet in Zimbabwe. International Mycological Institute. Report No. 4524/ 87/Y25.1 pp. (Limited distribution). Wilson-Jones, K. 1955. The witch weeds of Africa. World Crops 5:263-266.
Pearl Millet Diseases in India: Knowledge and Future Research Needs K.A. Balasubramanian 1 Abstract Pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum (P. typhoides) is an important grain and forage cereal of India. It is grown during the rainy season. Introduction of hybrids using cytoplasmic male sterility produced dramatic increases in yield on the subcontinent, and more than 2 million ha were sown to such hybrids when the crop was hit by severe epidemics of downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola). The hybrids were more susceptible than landraces to ergot, as well Other pearl millet diseases of importance are smut and rust. The importance of rust became obvious when it was learned that the pathogen can affect seedling plants. Satisfactory methods of control of pearl millet diseases in India seem to be limited to host-plant resistance, although chemical control is practiced in research efforts of high input. Farmers do not, in general, use chemical control. With practically each disease of pearl millet in India, scientists feel that information on plant and pathogen and plant-pathogen interactions is incomplete, and additional study should benefit the effort to develop resistant plants. Computers, demonstrated to be of great value in studies of diseases of other crops, have not been fully utilized. Multiple-disease resistance is considered to be an achievable goal. Introduction Pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. (P. typhoides (Burm.) Stapf and Hubb.) is grown for grain and forage. It occupies an area of about 26 million ha distributed in the tropical and subtropical areas of Africa and the Indian subcontinent (FAO 1978). Of the total millet crop produced in India, 71% is contributed by four states—Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh. Another 28% of the total production is contributed by Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, and Punjab. The millet crop in India is produced during the rainy season. Pakistan, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka together produce 4% of the millet crop in South Asia (Sivakumar et al. 1984). In India, the first pearl millet hybrids using cytoplasmic male sterility provided a dramatic grain yield increase of about 70% or more over the existing varieties (ICAR 1966). By 1971, more than 2 million ha were sown to hybrids, when the first of several major epidemics of downy mildew occurred (Safeeulla 1977). The hybrids as a class were found to be more susceptible than open-pollinated varieties to ergot. Downy mildew {Sclerospora graminicola Sacc. Schroet), ergot (Claviceps fusiformis Lov.), smut (Tolyposporium penicillariae Bref.), and rust (Puccinia penniseti Zimm.), are important diseases of pearl millet in India. Downy Mildew Downy mildew has been reported from all countries growing pearl millet except South America 1. Professor and Head, Department of Plant Pathology, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural Univeristy, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh 522101. India. Balasubramanian, K.A. 1992. Pearl millet diseases in India: knowledge and future research needs. Pages 123-127 in Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review, (de Milliano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G.D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 123
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
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Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107: S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109: sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111: Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113: easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115: Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117: Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
Page 118 and 119: Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
Page 120 and 121: Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 122 and 123: Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
Page 124 and 125: Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
Page 126 and 127: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 128 and 129: Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
Page 130 and 131: Charcoal rot was observed in drough
Page 134 and 135: and Australia. In India, the diseas
Page 136 and 137: more than a decade ago, rust would
Page 139 and 140: Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
Page 141 and 142: ghum, the other cereal important in
Page 143: Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
Page 146 and 147: Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
Page 148 and 149: upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
Page 150 and 151: strains produced a hypersensitive r
Page 152 and 153: at room temperature, or overnight a
Page 154 and 155: and high humidity. The bacteria are
Page 156 and 157: Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
Page 158 and 159: Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
Page 160 and 161: incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
Page 163 and 164: Detection and Identification of Vir
Page 165 and 166: observed. Testing for potential vec
Page 167 and 168: acid hybridization, cloning, and se
Page 169: Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
Page 172 and 173: direct effects on sorghum seedling
Page 174 and 175: cumbing to preemergent damping-off
Page 176 and 177: Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
Page 178 and 179: Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
Page 180 and 181: sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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