Sorghum Diseases in India

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Charcoal rot was observed in drought-stricken areas of Botswana (Botswana: Ministry of Agriculture 1987), Zimbabwe, the Republic of South Africa, and possibly Malawi, in particular at research stations. Page et al. (1985) did not report charcoal rot damage in pearl millet fields in the communal areas of Zimbabwe. It appears that this disease is of minor importance in the region. Some work to test sources of resistance is ongoing in Botswana. Many genotypes were susceptible to charcoal rot at Sebele (Botswana) in 1987 and 1988, but Botswana Serere 7A was relatively resistant. Growth deformations are occasionally found in research plots and in farmers' fields, but the disease is thought to be of minor importance only. Inflorescence diseases Ergot (Claviceps sp) and smut (Tolyposporium penicillariae) are major diseases. Ergot. Many local germplasm collections latesown in 1987-88 at Henderson and at Panmure in Zimbabwe were heavily affected under natural disease pressure. Most of the germplasm, including introductions tested at Ilonga in Tanzania, were heavily affected in 1987. Local millet in farmers' fields was heavily affected at Gairo in 1987 and in the Singida area in 1988. Pearl millet in farmers' fields in the Shire Valley was affected in 1987. Several of the lines developed for ergot resistance (e.g., ICMPES 28) at ICRISAT Center showed low severities under natural disease pressure at several locations in Malawi, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe during several years. WC-C75 was moderately susceptible in Zambia. In 1987, with an ergot pathologist from ICRI SAT Center assisting, screening with artificial inoculation began. Five out of 100 ICRISAT's ergot-resistant entries had low severities (less than 10% of inoculated head area affected) after artificial inoculation. Immunity did not occur. ICMPES 28 and ICMPES 29 had severities exceeding 30% after inoculation. However, it is possible that flowering was prolonged because of out-of-season sowing. Additional utilization of the ergot-resistant germplasm received from ICRISAT Center is planned. 120 In 1988, sclerotia collection began; these may be found almost anywhere ergot occurs. Studies to determine if toxicity is related to genotype and environment are required. Scientists at Imperial College (UK) have received sclerotia samples from many places in southern Africa for future studies. Smut. Smut is important in many pearl millet growing areas of southern Africa. At certain locations, e.g., at Ngabu in Malawi; at Hombolo in Tanzania; and at Panmure in Zimbabwe, smut appears to compete with ergot for infection sites in the pearl millet head. In 1986 and 1987, genotypes developed at ICRISAT Center had low smut severities under natural disease pressure in Malawi and Zimbabwe, in particular ICMPES 28, ICMPES 29, ICMPS100-5-1, and ICMPS 900-9-3. In 1988, in cooperation with Wye College, UK, testing of artificial methods of inoculation and studies of the smut life cycle were initiated. Witchweeds Pearl millet is affected by Striga asiatica and S. hermonthica (Riches et al. as reported in SADCC/ICRISAT1987). Striga asiatica. Pearl millet is generally said to be resistant to this witchweed in southern Africa. Only on rare occasions will a single plant be found in a field of millet in Botswana (Riches et al. as reported in SADCC/ICRISAT 1987); the same is reported from Hombolo in Tanzania. In the Masvingo region of Zimbabwe, pearl millet fields are commonly affected. Little is known of the extent of the damage caused by S. asiatica in pearl millet. Striga hermonthica. In the northern districts of Tanzania, this parasite is of importance on sorghum and possibly on millets. At least two strains of the parasite, one specific to pearl millet and the other specific to sorghum have been reported in Sudan (Wilson-Jones 1955). At Ukiriguru Research Station in Tanzania, it was observed that sorghum was heavily affected, while on Serere 17A hardly a Striga plant was found. It must be determined if such physiological strains occur in the region, in particular in Tanzania.
It is planned to develop Striga sick plots (S. asiatica and S. hermonthica) at a number of locations in southern Africa to screen for Striga resistance in pearl millet, sorghum, and maize. Conclusion Disease resistance appears to be the most appropriate method to obtain stable yields, as pearl millet farmers usually cannot afford inputs other than family manpower. Some complex diseases, such as ergot, form a major challenge to research. Considering the importance of food security in the low-rainfall areas where pearl millet is the most appropriate crop, it appears appropriate to secure the pearl millet yields. However, given the difficulties in developing resistance to some pearl millet diseases, outstanding efforts will be required and expected. The importance of pearl millet for the semi-arid tropics of Africa cannot be over emphasized. Acknowledgment. D. Rohrbach assisted with the preparation of the introduction and the material on grain yields. References Angus, A. 1965. Annotated list of plant pests and diseases in Zambia (Parts 1-7). Mount Makulu, Zambia: Mount Makulu Research Station, Plant Pathology Laboratory. 384 pp. (Limited distribution). Angus, A. 1966. Annotated list of plant pests and diseases in Zambia (Supplement). Mount Makulu, Zambia: Mount Makulu Research Station, Plant Pathology Laboratory. (Limited distribution). Ball, S.L. 1987. Pearl millet downy mildew. Annual Report 1986. ODA/University of Reading. Research Project 3492H. 16 pp. (Limited distribution). Botswana: Ministry of Agriculture, 1987. Annual Report for the Division of Arable Crops Research 1985-1986. Gabarone, Botswana: Ministry of Agriculture. 274 pp. (Limited distribution). Ebbels, D.L., and Allen, D.J. 1978. A supplementary and annotated list of plant diseases, pathogens and associated fungi in Tanzania. Phytopathological Paper No. 22.89 pp. FAO. 1972. Report to the Government of Botswana on plant diseases based on the work of G. I. Nilsson. UNDP Report No. TA 3057. Rome, Italy: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. 34 pp. FAO. 1981. FAO Production yearbook 1980. Rome, Italy: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. FAO. 1986. FAO Production yearbook 1985. Rome, Italy: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. FAO tapes, 1986. 1988. Rome, Italy: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. ICRISAT. 1988. Proceedings of the International Pearl Millet Workshop, 7-11 Apr 1986, ICRISAT Center, India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 354 pp. Kenneth, R. 1975. CMI Descriptions of pathogenic fungi and bacteria No. 457. Sclerospora graminicola. Kew, Surrey, England: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. 2 pp. Mtisi, E., and de Milliano, W.A.J. 1991. Occurence and host range of false mildew, caused by Beniowskia sphaeroidea, in Zimbabwe. Plant Disease 75:1. Page, S.L., Mguni, C. M., and Sithole, S.Z. 1985. Pests and diseases of crops in communal areas of Zimbabwe, 1986/85 growing season. Overseas Development Administration Technical Report. Harare, Zimbabwe: Plant Protection Research Institute. 203 pp. (Limited distribution). Peregrine, W.J.H., and Siddiqi, M.A. 1972. A revised and annotated list of plant diseases in Malawi. CAB Phytopathological Papers 16:29. Plumb-Dhindsa, P., and Mondjane, A.M. 1984. Index of Plant Diseases and associated organ- 121
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
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Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107: S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109: sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111: Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113: easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115: Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117: Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
Page 118 and 119: Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
Page 120 and 121: Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 122 and 123: Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
Page 124 and 125: Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
Page 126 and 127: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 128 and 129: Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
Page 132 and 133: isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
Page 134 and 135: and Australia. In India, the diseas
Page 136 and 137: more than a decade ago, rust would
Page 139 and 140: Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
Page 141 and 142: ghum, the other cereal important in
Page 143: Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
Page 146 and 147: Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
Page 148 and 149: upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
Page 150 and 151: strains produced a hypersensitive r
Page 152 and 153: at room temperature, or overnight a
Page 154 and 155: and high humidity. The bacteria are
Page 156 and 157: Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
Page 158 and 159: Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
Page 160 and 161: incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
Page 163 and 164: Detection and Identification of Vir
Page 165 and 166: observed. Testing for potential vec
Page 167 and 168: acid hybridization, cloning, and se
Page 169: Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
Page 172 and 173: direct effects on sorghum seedling
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Page 176 and 177: Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
Page 178 and 179: Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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Sorghum Diseases in India

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