Sorghum Diseases in India

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Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in southern Africa are caused by viruses and fungi. No information is available on bacterial diseases (Table 2). Page et al. (1985) reported chlorosis and stunting caused by nematodes (Pratylenchus, Paralongidorus, and Xiphinema spp) in Zimbabwe. Viral diseases Virus-like symptoms were observed in pearl millet in Lesotho, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zim babwe. Serological tests indicated that pearl millet in Zambia, including the 1987 release WC- C75, was affected by virus (Reddy 1987). Several viruses, such as maize dwarf virus(es) and sugarcane mosaic virus(es), may be involved. The causal agents of the disease symptoms are still to be identified in the other countries. Fungal diseases Table 2. Pearl millet diseases in the countries of southern Africa. 1 Downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola), false mildew (Beniowskia sphaeroidea), leaf spots (Cochlioblus bicolor, Colletotrichum sp, Gloeocercospora Pearl millet disease ANG BOT LES MAL MOZ NAM RSA SWA TAN ZAM ZIM Seed rots and seedling blight Fungal N N N N N N N N N O O Foliar Viral N N O N N N N O O O O Bacterial N N N N N N N N N N N Nematodes N N N N N N N N N R R Fungal Downy mildew N O N R R N R N R R R False mildew N N N R N N N N R R R Leaf spots O O 0 R N O O O R R R Rust O R N R R O N N R R R Stalk and root rots Fungal Charcoal rot N O N O N N O N N N O Fusarium spp N N N O N N N N O N O Inflorescence Viral N N N N N N N N N N N Fungal Ergot O R N R N N N N R R R Grain molds O O N R N N N N O O O Smut o R N R R O N N R R R Witchweeds Striga asiatica N 0 A O N N N N O O O Striga hermonthica N A A A N N A N R A A 1. O = observed, R = officially reported, A = absent, N = no information; ANG = Angola, BOT = Botswana, LES = 118 Lesotho, MAL = Malawi, MOZ = Mozambique, NAM = Namibia, RSA = Republic of South Africa, SWA = Swaziland, TAN = Tanzania, ZAM = Zambia, ZIM = Zimbabwe.
sp, Cercospora fusimaculans, Phyllachora sp, and Bipolaris urochloae) and rust (Puccinia penicillariae) caused foliar diseases (Riley 1960; Angus 1965; FAO 1972; Peregrine and Siddiqi 1972; Kenneth 1975; Rothwell 1983; and Plumb- Dhindsa and Mondjane 1984.) Downy mildew In Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, local germplasm can become heavily affected with downy mildew (DM). However, when downy mildew differentials were tested under natural disease pressure, BJ 104, BK 560, MBH 110, WC-C75, and ICMS 7703 were resistant (less than five infected plants per 4.5-m row) and 7042 DMS and Impala Seed (Zimbabwe local) were susceptible at three sites— Ngabu (Malawi), Lusitu (Zambia), and Wedza (Zimbabwe). This suggests a weak pathogenicity of the downy mildew at the sites of testing. Ball (1987), using isolates from the same sites, had similar results in experiments in plastic tunnels in the UK. The majority of the germplasm developed at ICRISAT Center and in western Africa appeared to have a good level of resistance. However, there appears to be a need to identify susceptible germplasm and confirm resistance with controlled disease pressure. False mildew The disease was recorded on klits grass (Setaria verticillata) in 1926 and reported on pearl millet in 1952, but high severities on pearl millet were observed for the first time in Zimbabwe in the 1985/86 cropping season (Mtisi and de Milliano 1991). The disease appeared to be favored by moist conditions (i.e., wet years). The host range appears to be limited to genera of the Graminea family. Genetic resistance was found in introductions (e.g., 700516, 7042 DMR, ICMPES 29, and ICMPES 1500-7-3-2) and in entries of the Regional Cooperative Variety Trial (e.g., IVS- A82, and IBVM 8402 SN). Most entries from the Pearl Millet Dwarf Variety Trial including RMP1 and GAS from Zimbabwe were moderately susceptible in Zimbabwe. Very little is known concerning the influence of false mildew on yield, but the indications are that yield is affected only to a minor extent (de Milliano as reported in SADCC/ICRISAT 1987). Confirmation is required. Leaf spots At certain locations in Malawi (e.g., at Ngabu in 1987), Tanzania (e.g., at Hombolo in 1988) Zambia (e.g., at Kaoma in 1986 and 1987), and Zimbabwe (at Henderson in 1986 and 1987; at Kadoma, 1986; at Matopos, 1986; and at Wedza, 1986), pearl millet was affected by leaf spot diseases. Highly susceptible lines, such as 7042 DMR, occasionally failed to produce seed (e.g., at Henderson, 1987). Genetic resistance appeared to be present, at least at certain locations in certain introductions (e.g., 700516 and ICMPES 28). The causal organisms still are not all known and identification is ongoing with assistance of the International Mycological Institute, Kew, UK. With assistance of scientists from ICRISAT Center, it was found that Bipolaris urochloae affected pearl millet in Zimbabwe (Singh 1987; Sivanean 1987). Disease identification, determination of yield losses, and elimination of very susceptible genotypes need further attention. Rust Rust may be of some importance in a few countries, such as Tanzania. From 1986 to 1988, the gene for rust resistance in 7042 RR appeared to be effective in Malawi, Zimbabwe, and Tanzania. P 1564 was immune in Zimbabwe (at Mzarabani) but moderately susceptible in Tanzania (at Ilonga). Similarly P 24-1 was immune in Malawi (Ngabu) but susceptible in Tanzania (Ukiriguru). BJ 104 DMR was susceptible in Zimbabwe (Mzarabani) but resistant in Tanzania (Ukiriguru). This may indicate that there are differences in rust populations in southern Africa. Additional sources from ICRISAT Center and elsewhere will be screened for resistance to rust, in search of resistant lines that are better agronomically than 7042 RR. Stalk and root rots Charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) and possibly Fusarium spp caused stalk and root rots. 119
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
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Sorghum Diseases in South America E
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term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
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Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107: S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109: sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111: Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113: easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115: Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117: Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
Page 118 and 119: Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
Page 120 and 121: Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 122 and 123: Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
Page 124 and 125: Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
Page 126 and 127: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 130 and 131: Charcoal rot was observed in drough
Page 132 and 133: isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
Page 134 and 135: and Australia. In India, the diseas
Page 136 and 137: more than a decade ago, rust would
Page 139 and 140: Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
Page 141 and 142: ghum, the other cereal important in
Page 143: Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
Page 146 and 147: Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
Page 148 and 149: upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
Page 150 and 151: strains produced a hypersensitive r
Page 152 and 153: at room temperature, or overnight a
Page 154 and 155: and high humidity. The bacteria are
Page 156 and 157: Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
Page 158 and 159: Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
Page 160 and 161: incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
Page 163 and 164: Detection and Identification of Vir
Page 165 and 166: observed. Testing for potential vec
Page 167 and 168: acid hybridization, cloning, and se
Page 169: Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
Page 172 and 173: direct effects on sorghum seedling
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Page 176 and 177: Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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