Sorghum Diseases in India

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Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pearl millet diseases in Nigeria. Samaru Conference Paper 28, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria: Ahmadu Bello University. 20 pp. Selvaraj, J.C 1980. Ergot disease of pearl millet in Nigeria. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 28(4): 129-132. Shetty, H.S., and Ahmad, R, 1981. Physiologic 114 specialisation in Sclerospora graminicola. Indian Phytopathology 34(3):307-309. Tyagi, P.D. 1985. Identity of Dactuliophora leaf spot of pearl millet. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Plant Sciences) 94(2-3): 407-413. Zummo, N. 1976. Yellow leaf blotch, a new bacterial disease of sorghum, maize, and millet in westem Africa. Plant Disease Reporter 60(9): 798-799.
Pearl Millet Diseases in Southern Africa W.A.J. de Millianoi Abstract Pearl millet is thought to have been in southern Africa for more than 2000 years. In the last 15 years, the region had occupied about 2% of the world's pearl millet area. Ten of the 12 countries grew pearl millet and produced 3 to 4% of the grain in Africa annually, and about l%of the world production. National grain yields were low and fluctuated below 1 t ha -1 . Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Angola, and Namibia had the largest areas under production. These were no indications that fluctuations in areas under production, low grain yield, or low total production could be attributed to high disease incidence. Varieties began to replace landraces, but hybrids were used in research only. There is still a need to identify pearl millet diseases and study their occurrence and incidence in southern Africa. Data about losses caused by diseases were not available. Grain losses because of ergot and smut, and losses of dry matter because of fungal foliar diseases occurred regularly. Loss of grain and dry matter losses because of downy mildew occurred occasionally. Witchweeds and grain molds were of importance only in some regions or during some seasons. Disease research in relation to pearl millet improvement was stimulated by the initiation of the SADCC/ICRISAT Sorghum and Millet Improvement Program in 1984. The present status of information on diseases and research results is reported here and areas for further research are indicated. Introduction It is believed that pearl millet reached southern Africa by 900 to 800 BC (Robinson 1966). In the past 15 years, pearl millet was grown in at least 9 of the 12 countries of southern Africa. It is grown for its grain, stems, and total biomass. Lesotho and Swaziland recently introduced pearl millet for experimental forage studies, but the crop is not (yet) grown by farmers in these nations. From 1969 to 1985, the whole region produced approximately 5-6% of the millet grain in Africa annually, approximately 2% of the world production [FAO tapes, 1986 (1988)]. Pearl millet and finger millet (SADCC/ICRISAT 1985) are lumped together in the FAO statistics, but on the basis of estimated ratios of the two crops, southern Africa probably produced 3-4% of Africa's pearl millet grain annually, and about 1% of the world production. Angola, Namibia, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe had the largest areas under production (Table 1). There are no indications that fluctuations in the areas sown could be attributed to high disease incidence. The area under production appeared stable in Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, the Republic of South Africa, and Zaire. Tanzania and Namibia appeared to have a steady increase in the area under production, possibly as a result of economic factors, successful extension, and response of farmers to successive droughts. In Zambia and Zimbabwe, pearl millet areas were reduced because (1) maize is preferred, is hardly damaged by birds, and is easier to process for 1. Principal Cereals Pathologist, SADCC/ICRISAT Regional Sorghum and Millet Improvement Program, PO Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Present address: Section Leader, Phytopathology, Zoaduniz Westeinde 62, PO Box 26,1600 AA Enklhuizen, the Netherlands. de Milliano, W.A.J. 1992. Pearl millet diseases in southern Africa. Pages 115-122 in Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review. (de Milliano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G.D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. (CP 732). 115
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
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deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107: S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109: sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111: Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113: easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115: Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117: Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
Page 118 and 119: Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
Page 120 and 121: Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 122 and 123: Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
Page 126 and 127: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 128 and 129: Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
Page 130 and 131: Charcoal rot was observed in drough
Page 132 and 133: isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
Page 134 and 135: and Australia. In India, the diseas
Page 136 and 137: more than a decade ago, rust would
Page 139 and 140: Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
Page 141 and 142: ghum, the other cereal important in
Page 143: Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
Page 146 and 147: Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
Page 148 and 149: upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
Page 150 and 151: strains produced a hypersensitive r
Page 152 and 153: at room temperature, or overnight a
Page 154 and 155: and high humidity. The bacteria are
Page 156 and 157: Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
Page 158 and 159: Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
Page 160 and 161: incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
Page 163 and 164: Detection and Identification of Vir
Page 165 and 166: observed. Testing for potential vec
Page 167 and 168: acid hybridization, cloning, and se
Page 169: Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
Page 172 and 173: direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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