Sorghum Diseases in India

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Ekukole (1985) found a few infections of maize streak virus on pearl millet in the Samaru area. Striga hermonthica The root parasite Striga hermonthica is a major constraint to millet production and is the most costly weed species in western African cereals production (Laycock 1986). S. hermonthica in the sorghum and millet fields of subsistence farmers is said to be the most important pest-control problem in western Africa (Ogborn 1984). Striga hermonthica can substantially reduce yield in nearly all millet-growing areas of the western African Sahel, Yield losses up to 65% are recorded in Burkina Faso (Ramaiah 1985). At the subsistence level, the Striga problem will in crease with growing population and consequent cultivation of millet on unsuitable land. In general, Striga infestations in farmers' fields are more severe in areas with low fertility. Pearl millet varieties of western African origin tested for Striga reaction in pots and in a sick plot in Niger in 1987 did not show resistance (Table 4). The susceptible control, Sadore local, had the highest Striga infestation, but the best yield as well. This might indicate that local varieties are tolerant to Striga hermonthica if the infestation pressure is not too high. In general, progress in identification of resistance sources is slow, and future research strategies to address the Striga problem will require integration of efforts of agronomists, physiologists, breeders, soil scientists, and plant pathologists. A regional approach, coordinated and clearly focused within the western African region, is essential. Table 4. Reaction of entries from the ICRISAT Pearl Millet Zone A Trial (IMZAT) to Striga hermonthica in Striga-infested pots and in a Striga-sick plot, ISC, Sadore, Niger, rainy season 1987. Entry Origin Mean 1 Striga plants pot 1 at 66 DAS 2 Survival 3 (%) at 107 DAS Mean 1 Striga 4 plants pot -1 (9 M 2 ) Grain yield (t ha- 1 ) ICMV IS 85 333 ISC, Niger 29.7 (2.80) 100 3.8 (1.29) 0.78 CT2 INRAN, Niger 34.2 (2.68) 83 13.8 (2.65) 0.76 IKMC 1 INERA/ICRISAT, Burkina Faso 36.8 (3.45) 100 7.5 (1.99) 0.57 SE 2124 IAR, Nigeria 39.5 (3.50) 67 4.5 (1.48) 0.24 IKMV 8201 INERA/ICRISAT, Burkina Faso 58.2 (3.67) 83 6.0 (1.65) 0.28 SE 361 IAR, Nigeria 78.0 (4.10) 83 3.5 (0.97) 0.22 Control (Sadore local) 52.3 (3.90) 67 55.3 (3.78) 1.14 SE (±0.11) (±0.08) ±0.04 Trial mean (15 entries) 0.55 CV (%) (32) (38) 40 1. Entries ranked by mean Striga plants per pot and logarithmic transformation values (log x + 1.1) are shown in parentheses. 2. DAS = Days after sowing. 3. Number of millet plants in pots surviving at 107 DAS as percentage of total plants counted at 45 days. 4. Striga plants counted 90 DAS. 112
References Ball, S.L., and Pike, D.J. 1983. Pathogenic variability of downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola) on pearl millet. II. Statistical techniques for analysis of data. Annals of Applied Biology 102:256- 273. Ball, S.L., and Pike, D.J. 1984. Intercontinental variation of Sclerospora graminicola. Annals of Applied Biology 104:41-51. Bindawa, A.A. 1988. Studies on anthracnose on sorghum and maize caused by Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) Wils and a midrib spot on millet. M.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. 85 pp. Ekukole, G. 1985. Studies on the maize streak virus and its vectors. M.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. 99 pp. Elliott, C. 1923. A bacterial disease of proso millet. Journal of Agricultural Research 26(4): 151- 160. Ferraris, R. 1973. Pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides). Review Series No. 1/1973. Hurley, Maidenhead, Berks SL6 5LR, UK: Commonwealth Bureau of Pastures and Field Crops. 70 pp. 343 refs. Girard, J.C. 1976. Downy mildew of pearl millet in Senegal. Pages 59-73 in Proceedings of the Consultants' Group Meetings on Downy Mildew and Ergot of Pearl Millet. 1-3 Oct 1975. ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Girard, J.C., and Delassus, M. 1978. Les maladies parasitaires des mils et des sorghos au Senegal. Presented at SODEVA (Societe de Developpement et de Vulgarisation Agricole) training course, 7 Apr 1976, Kaolack, Senegal. Dakar, Senegal: ISRA (Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles). ICRISAT. 1985. Pearl Millet Improvement Program. Pages 15-35 in Annual Report, 1985. Sahelian Center, Niamey, Niger: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. ICRISAT. 1986. Report of the western African Downy Mildew Observation Nursery (WAD- MON). Sahelian Center, Niamey, Niger: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics. 20 pp. ICRISAT. 1987a. Looking ahead: A 10-year plan. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics. (Limited distribution.) ICRISAT. 1987b. Cereals, pearl millet. Pages 69- 126 in Annual Report 1986. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Insti tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. IRA/ICRISAT. 1987. Technical report: Sorghum and pearl millet diseases in the North of Cameroon. Institut de la Recherche Agronomique/ International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Sahelian Center, Niameny, Niger: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 19 pp. Jouan, B., and Delassus, M. 1971. Principales maladies des mils et sorghos observes au Niger. L'Agronomie Tropicale 8:830-860. Laycock, D. 1986. Recent results on Striga investigations in the CILSS Integrated Pest Management Project, with special reference to Niger. Presented at the FAO/OAU Pan-African Consultation on Striga and its Control, 20-24 Oct 1986, Maroua, Cameroon. Ogborn, J. 1984. Striga: Research priorities with specific reference to agronomy. Pages 195-212 in Striga Biology and Control (Ayensu E.S., et al. eds.). Paris, France: ICSU Press. Ramaiah, K.V. 1985. Hand pulling on Striga hermonthica in pearl millet. Tropical Pest Management 31:326-327. Saccas, A.M. 1954. Les champignons parasitaires des sorghos (Sorghum vulagare) et des penicillaires (Pennisetum typhoideum) en Afrique Equatoriale Francaise. L'Agronomie Tropicale 2,3,6:1954.117 pp. 113
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
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Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
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tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107: S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109: sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111: Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113: easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115: Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117: Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
Page 118 and 119: Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
Page 120 and 121: Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 124 and 125: Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
Page 126 and 127: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 128 and 129: Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
Page 130 and 131: Charcoal rot was observed in drough
Page 132 and 133: isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
Page 134 and 135: and Australia. In India, the diseas
Page 136 and 137: more than a decade ago, rust would
Page 139 and 140: Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
Page 141 and 142: ghum, the other cereal important in
Page 143: Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
Page 146 and 147: Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
Page 148 and 149: upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
Page 150 and 151: strains produced a hypersensitive r
Page 152 and 153: at room temperature, or overnight a
Page 154 and 155: and high humidity. The bacteria are
Page 156 and 157: Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
Page 158 and 159: Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
Page 160 and 161: incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
Page 163 and 164: Detection and Identification of Vir
Page 165 and 166: observed. Testing for potential vec
Page 167 and 168: acid hybridization, cloning, and se
Page 169: Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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