Sorghum Diseases in India

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Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams, R.J., Chahal S.S., Mathur, S.B., Pawar, N.B., Nafade, S.D., Shetty, H.S., Singh, G., and Bangar, S.D. 1985. Identification of stable resistance to ergot in pearl millet. Plant Disease 69:982-985. Thakur, R.P., Subba Rao, K.V., Williams, RJ., Gupta, S.C., Thakur, D.P., Sundaram, N.V., Frowd, J.A., and Guthrie, E.J. 1986. Identification of stable resistance to smut in pearl millet. Plant Disease 70:38-41. Thakur R.P., and Chahal, S.S. 1987. Problems and strategies in the control of ergot and smut in pearl millet. Pages 173-182 in Proceedings of the International Pearl Millet Workshop, 7-11 Apr 1986, ICRISAT, Hyberabad, India. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Thomas, K.M., Ramakrishnan, T.S., and Srinivasan, K.V. 1945. The occurrence of ergot in south India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences B 21:93-100. Vanky, K. 1977. Moesziomyces, a new genus of Ustilaginales. Botaniska Notiser 130:131-135. Vasudeva, R.S., and Iyengar, M.R.S. 1950. Secondary infection in bajra smut disease caused by Tolyposporium penicillarie Bref. Current Science 19:123. Verma, O.P., and Pathak, V.N. 1984. Role of insects in secondary spread of pearl millet ergot, Phytophylactica 16:257-258. Wells, H.D., Hanna, W.A., and Burton, G.W. 1987. Effects of inoculation and pollination on smut development in near-isogenic lines of pearl millet. Phytopathology 77:293-296. Wells, H.D., and Hanna, W.A. 1987. Inheritance of a severe bipolaris leafspot of pearl millet. Phytopathology 77:1772. (Abstract) 108 Williams, R.J. 1979. Position paper on seed transmission of some graminaceous downy mildews. Presented at the International Conference on Graminaceous Downy Mildew Diseases, 28 Nov-4 Dec 1979, Beliagio, Italy. (Limited distribution.) Williams, R.J., Pawar, M.N., and Huibers- Govaert, L 1980. Factors affecting staining of Sclerospora graminicola oospores with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Phytopathology 70:1092- 1096. Williams, R.J., and Singh, S.D. 1981. Control of pearl millet downy mildew by seed treatment with metalaxyl. Annals of Applied Biology 97: 263-268. Williams, R.J., Singh, S.D., and Pawar, M.N. 1981. An improved field screening technique for downy mildew resistance in pearl millet. Plant Disease 65:239-241. Williams, R.J. 1984a. Downy mildews of tropical cereals. Advances in Plant Pathology 2:1-103. Williams, R.J. 1984b. Disease resistance in pearl millet. Pages 245-296 in Review of Tropical Plant Pathology Vol. 1 (Raychaudhuri, S.P., and Verma, J.P, eds.). New Delhi, India: Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers. Willingale, J., and Mantle, P.G. 1985. Stigma constriction in pearl millet, a factor influencing reproduction and disease. Annals of Botany 56:09-115. Willingale, J. Mantle, P.G., and Thakur R.P. 1986. PostpoUination stigmatic constriction, the basis of ergot resistance in selected lines of pearl millet. Phytopathology 76:536-539. Yadav, R.P. 1974. Inheritance of smut resistance in pearl millet. Agra University Journal of Research 23:37-39.
Pearl Millet Diseases in Western Africa J. Werder 1 and S.K. Manzo 2 Abstract Downy mildew (DM) is an important disease, followed in importance by smut. Ergot is found, but this disease is generally confined to pearl millet in higher rainfall areas. Several leaf diseases occur, including leaf blast, rectangular leaf spot, circular leaf spot, and three bacterial diseases, but these are of minor importance. Downy mildew infection is often characterized by green ear symptoms. Virulence differences have been demonstrated for the DM pathogen; nurseries are currently in use to study virulence and resistance stability of western African materials. Smut is especially common on panicles with poor exertion, and infection is highest when the boot-leaf stage coincides with rainfall and high humidity. Striga hermonthica is especially serious in areas of low soil fertility. Local varieties show some tolerance, but good evidence for resistance is lacking. Control of this parasite will require integrated efforts of scientists of several disciplines. Introduction Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is the principal staple cereal grown in the dry semiarid Sahelian regions of western Africa. The major pearl millet growing areas of the world are Africa, with 15.09 million ha (12.85 million in western Africa) (Table 1), and southern Asia with 11.34 million ha (ICRISAT 1987a). More than 50 fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens of pearl millet have been reported (Ferraris 1973). Only a few pathogens and weeds, however, cause major damage to pearl millet in western Africa.The main constraints of pearl millet production in western Africa are physical stresses like drought, poor crop establishment, and low soil fertility, and biological stresses: insect pests, diseases, and weeds. Downy mildew [Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroet.] and Striga hermonthica are the most important pathogens and weed parasites in western African pearl millet sowings. Other diseases such as smut (Tolyposporium penicillariae), ergot (Claviceps fusiformis), and leaf Table 1. Area sown to pearl millet and average yield of pearl millet in eight western African countries. Country Area 1 (million ha) Average yield (kg ha -1 ) Burkina Faso 0.90 424 Cameroon 0.50 761 Chad 1.15 404 Ghana 0.14 NA 2 Mali 1.36 692 Niger Nigeria Senegal 3.08 4.72 1.00 423 565 449 Western Africa 12.85 531 Africa 15.09 564 1. Source: ICRISAT 1987b, 2. NA = Not available. spots—though of minor importance can cause yield losses in certain areas or on certain germplasm. 1. Principal Millet Pathologist, ICRISAT Sahelian Center, B.P. 12404, Niamey (via Paris), Niger. 2. Head, Plant Protection Department, Institute of Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. Werder, J., and Manzo, S.K. 1992. Pearl millet diseases in western Africa. Pages 109-114 in Sorghum and millets diseases: a second world review, (de Milliano, W.A.J., Frederiksen, R.A., and Bengston, G.D., eds). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. (CP 734). 109
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
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1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107: S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109: sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111: Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113: easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115: Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117: Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
Page 120 and 121: Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 122 and 123: Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
Page 124 and 125: Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
Page 126 and 127: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 128 and 129: Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
Page 130 and 131: Charcoal rot was observed in drough
Page 132 and 133: isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
Page 134 and 135: and Australia. In India, the diseas
Page 136 and 137: more than a decade ago, rust would
Page 139 and 140: Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
Page 141 and 142: ghum, the other cereal important in
Page 143: Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
Page 146 and 147: Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
Page 148 and 149: upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
Page 150 and 151: strains produced a hypersensitive r
Page 152 and 153: at room temperature, or overnight a
Page 154 and 155: and high humidity. The bacteria are
Page 156 and 157: Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
Page 158 and 159: Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
Page 160 and 161: incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
Page 163 and 164: Detection and Identification of Vir
Page 165 and 166: observed. Testing for potential vec
Page 167 and 168: acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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