Sorghum Diseases in India

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Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of millets. New Delhi, India; Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 152 pp. Ramakrishnan, T.S., and Soumin, C.K. 1948. Studies on the cereal rust Puccinia penniseti Zimm. and its alternate host. Indian Phytopathology 1:97-103. Ramaswamy, C. 1968. Meteorological factors associated with the ergot epidemic of bajra (Pennisetum) in India during the Kharif season-1967a preliminary study/Current Science 37:331-335. Safeeulla, K.M. 1976. Biology and control of the downy mildews of pearl millet, sorghum and finger millet. Mysore, Karnataka, India: University of Mysore. 304 pp. Safeeulla, K.M. 1977. Genetic vulnerability: the basis of recent epidemics in India. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 287:72-85. Sathe, A.V. 1969. A new rust record on Pennisetum typhoides. Mycologia 61:198-200. Seth, M.L., Raychaudhuri S.P., and Singh, D.V. 1972a. Bajra (pearl millet) streak, a leaf hopper borne cereal virus in India. Plant Disease Reporter 56:424-428. Seth, M.L., Raychaudhuri S.P., and Singh, D.V. 1972b. A mosaic disease of Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides Berrn. F.) Stapf. and Hubb. in India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 42:322-325. Sharma, S.B. 1985. A world list of nematode pathogens associated with chickpea, groundnut, pearl millet, pigeonpea, and sorghum. ICRISAT Pulse Progress Report 42. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, pp 36. (Limited distribution.). Sharma, Y.P., Singh, R.S., and Tripathi, R.K. 1983. Role of insects in secondary spread of the ergot disease of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum). Indian Phytopathology 36:131-133. Shetty, H.S. 1987. Biology and epidemiology of downy mildew of pearl millet Pages 147-160 in Proceedings of the International Pearl Millet Workshop, 7-11 Apr 1986, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, 106 India. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics. Shetty, H.S., Neergaard, P., and Mathur, S.B. 1977. Demonstration of seed transmission of downy mildew or green ear disease, Sclerospora graminicola, in pearl millet, Pennisetum typhoides. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy 43:201-205. Shetty, S., and Ahmed, R. 1981. Physiological specialization in Sclerospora graminicola attacking pearl millet. Indian Phytopathology 34:307-309. Shinde, P.A., and Bhide, V.P. 1958. Ergot of Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) in Bombay State. Current Science 27:499-500. Shinde, R.B., Patil, F.B., and Sangave, R.A. 1984. Resistance to downy mildew in pearl millet. Journal of Maharashtra Agriculture University 9:337-338. Siddiqui, M.R., and Khan, I.D. 1973a. Renaming Claviceps microcephala, ergot fungus on Pennisetum typhoides in India as Claviceps fusiformis. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 14:195-198. Siddiqui, M.R., and Khan, I.D. 1973b. Dynamics of inoculum and environment in relation to ergot incidence on Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) Stapf. and Hubbard. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 14:280-288. Singh, B.B., and Sokhi, S.S. 1983. Effect of rust of pearl millet on yield components. Indian Phytopathology 36:89-91. Singh, R, Singh, R.K., Singh, R.M., and Singh, R.B. 1978. Genetic analysis of downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola) resistance in pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides (Brum.) S. & H.). Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenzuchtung 81:54-57. Singh, G., Vyas, K.L., and Bhatt, B.N. 1983. Occurrence of pearl millet ergot on Cenchrus ciliaris Pers. in Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 53:481-483. Singh, P., and Agarwal, R.K. 1979. Effects of zinc and phosphatic fertilizers on the incidence of
downy mildew and the nutrient contents in pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 49:459-462. Singh, S.D. 1983. Selection for downy mildew resistance in the parental lines of the susceptible hybrid BJ 104. International Working Group on Graminaceous Downy Mildews (IWGGDM) Newsletter 5:2 Singh, S.D., Gopinath, R., Luther, K.D.M., Reddy, P.M., and Pawar, M.N. 1984. Systemic remissive property of metalaxyl against downy mildew in pearl millet. Plant Disease 68:668-670. Singh, S.D., and Singh, G. 1987. Resistance to downy mildew in pearl millet hybrid NHB-3. Indian Phytopathology 40:178-180. Singh, S.D, Ball, S., and Thakur, D.P. 1987a. Problems and strategies in the control of downy mildew. Pages 161-172 in Proceedings of the International Pearl Millet Workshop, 7-11 Apr 1986, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Singh, S.D., Gopinath, R., and Pawar, M.N. 1987b. Effects of environmental factors on asexual sporulation of Sclerospora gratninicola. Indian Phytopathology 40:186-193. Singh, S.D., and King, S.B. 1988. Recovery resistance to downy mildew in pearl millet. Plant Disease 72:425-428. Singh, S.D., Williams, R.J., and Reddy, P.M. 1988 Isolation of downy mildew resistant lines from a highly susceptible cultivar of pearl millet. Indian Phytopathology 41:450-456. Sivaprakasham, K., and Pillayarsamy, K. 1975. Effect of nitrogen on the incidence of rust disease of pearl millet caused by Puccinia penniseti: Zimm. Madras Agricultural Journal 62:221-223. Subba Rao, K.V., and Thakur, R.R 1983. Tolyposporium penicillariae, the causal agent of pearl millet smut. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 81:597-603. Sundaram, N.V., Sastry, D.V.R., and Kanwar, S.K. 1973. Note on the seed-borne infection of downy mildew Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroet. of pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 43:215-217. Tarr, S.A.J. 1962. Diseases of sorghum, sudan grass, and broom corn. Kew, Surrey, UK: The Commonwealth Mycological Institute. 380 pp. Thakur, D.P. and Kanwar, Z.S. 1978. Ability of natural incitent Claviceps microcephala from Panicum antidotale to produce ergot symptoms in Pennisctum typhoides. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 48:540-542. Thakur, D.P. 1980. Utilization of downy mildew resistant germplasm and other resources for increased productivity of pearl millet under arid and semi arid regions of India. Annals of Arid Zone 19:265-270. Thakur, D.P. 1984. Ergot disease of pearl millet. Review of Tropical Plant Pathology 1:297-328. Thakur, R.P., and Williams, R.J. 1980. Pollination effects on pearl millet ergot. Phytopathology 70:80-34. Thakur, R.P., Williams, R.J., and Rao, V.P. 1982. Development of ergot resistance in pearl millet. Phytopathology 72:406-408. Thakur, R.R, Talukdar, B.S., and Rao, V.P. 1983a. Genetics of ergot resistance in pearl millet. Page 737 in Abstracts of contributed papers of the XV International Congress of Genetics (Part 2), 12-21 Dec 1983, New Delhi, India, New Delhi, India: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Thakur, R.R, Subba Rao, K.V., and Williams, R.J. 1983b. Effects of pollination on smut development in pearl millet. Plant Pathology 32:141- 144. Thakur, R.R, Williams, R.J., and Rao, V.P. 1983c. Control of ergot in pearl millet through pollen management. Annals of Applied Biology 103- 31-36. Thakur, R.R, Rao, V.P., and Williams, R.J. 1984. The morphology and disease cycle of ergot, caused by Claviceps fusiformis, in pearl millet. Phytopathology 74:210-205. 107
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
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Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
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espectively. Elevation above mean s
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Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
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India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
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more from disease than did those ma
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Sundaram (1977) reported control of
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Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
Page 71 and 72: deficit and high temperatures are c
Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 100 and 101: Even so, certain diseases have been
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107: S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109: sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111: Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113: easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115: Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 118 and 119: Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
Page 120 and 121: Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 122 and 123: Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
Page 124 and 125: Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
Page 126 and 127: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 128 and 129: Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
Page 130 and 131: Charcoal rot was observed in drough
Page 132 and 133: isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
Page 134 and 135: and Australia. In India, the diseas
Page 136 and 137: more than a decade ago, rust would
Page 139 and 140: Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
Page 141 and 142: ghum, the other cereal important in
Page 143: Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
Page 146 and 147: Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
Page 148 and 149: upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
Page 150 and 151: strains produced a hypersensitive r
Page 152 and 153: at room temperature, or overnight a
Page 154 and 155: and high humidity. The bacteria are
Page 156 and 157: Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
Page 158 and 159: Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
Page 160 and 161: incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
Page 163 and 164: Detection and Identification of Vir
Page 165 and 166: observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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