Sorghum Diseases in India

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Even so, certain diseases have been cited or reported as suspect on the basis of climatic and agricultural particularities of the region. Below is a brief discussion of some of the current and potential disease problems. Fungal Diseases The majority of diseases occurring on sorghum in southern France are of fungal origin (Table 1). Table 1. Potential importance of sorghum diseases in the sorghum-growing regions of Europe. Potential Disease importance 1 Fungal Seedling + Grain mold and head blight + Head smut + Foliar - Stalk rots + Viral MDMV + Bacterial - 1. (+) = potentially important, (-) = not potentially important. Seedling Disease Poor stand establishment constitutes a major problem for European farmers. The development of cultivars which emerge and grow well in cool, wet soils is one of the primary concerns of sorghum improvement programs in France. To date, low percentage emergence and reduced seedling vigor have been attributed to low soil temperatures for extended periods after sowing. Poor stand establishment has also been a problem in the northern USA and Canada, restricting the area where the crop can be produced. As in Europe/the condition has generally been attributed to low soil temperatures. Recent studies, however, have implicated seedling dis- 90 ease as a contributing factor of potential importance (Gaudet and Major 1986). Based on this North America research, one could easily suspect that seedling disease is involved with stand establishment problems occurring in Europe. Grain mold At least two studies on grain mold of sorghum in France have been reported (Sifaw 1978; Ruiz 1979). Both are basically grain mycofloral inventories and provide little indication of the importance of grain mold in the region. Nonetheless, these studies demonstrate an awareness of concern for grain mold by sorghum scientists in France. These studies were perhaps initiated by seed production. It does not appear that grain mold poses a threat to farmers in the Mediterranean area, but can be considered a potential constraint to seed production. Head blight At a recent meeting of sorghum workers held in southwestern France, several participants expressed concern over a panicle disorder referred to as "Fusariosis." From the descriptions given, the disorder appears to resemble head blight (Castor and Frederiksen 1981), but the causal role of Fusarium moniliforme has not been confirmed. Differences in susceptibility among cultivars have been noted. This disorder is apparently increasing in incidence and may warrant closer examination. Head smut Head smut is not now a problem on sorghum in Europe. The disease was on the increase in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but is now controlled by the use of resistant hybrids. Head smut occurs regularly on maize in the Mediterranean area, but apparently with little economic significance. Stalk rots and wilts There is little information on stalk rots of sorghum in Europe, yet this is one group of dis-
eases that could be expected to cause problems when climatic conditions are appropriate. Inoculum levels of Macrophomina phaseolina are probably high in most soils in southern France, where it is an important pathogen of several crops, including sunflower and soybean (Davet et al. 1986). Fusarium spp have also been reported causing stalk rots of maize throughout France (Rouhani et al. 1979). Acremonium wilt appears to be present, at least in breeders' nurseries, but there is no evidence of an important incidence in production fields. Foliar Disease The Mediterranean summer is characterized by warm days, cool nights, and low rainfall. Consequently, one could easily assume that foliar diseases are not a problem. Last year the author, searching for foliar diseases, visited several sorghum fields just before harvest. None were found. Viral Diseases Maize downy mosaic virus (MDMV) is prevalent throughout the sorghum-growing regions of southern Europe (P. Signoret, personal communication), and has been reported in France, Italy, and Yugoslavia. MDMV-B probably occurs in Yugoslavia (R. Toler, personal communication). Viruses are currently controlled by resistance found in materials coming from major international seed companies, many of which are active in the region. Bacterial Diseases There are no recent records of bacterial diseases occurring on sorghum in Europe. References Castor, L.L., and Frederiksen, R.A. 1981. Fusarium head blight occurrence and effects on sorghum yield and grain characteristics in Texas. Plant Disease 64:1017-1019. Davet, P., Herbach, M., Rabat, M., and Piquemal, G. 1986. Effet de quelques facteurs intrinseques ou extrinseques d'affaiblissement des tournesols sur leur sensibilite au dessechement precoce. Agronomie 6:803-810. EUROSTAT. 1987. Crop production quarterly statistics. Brussels, Belgium: CECA-CEE-CEEA. Gaudet, D.A., and Major, D.J. 1986. Factors affecting seedling emergence of sorghum for short-season areas. Plant Disease 70:572-575. Rouhani, H., Davet, P., Poinso, B., Beyries, A., and Messiaen, C.M. 1979. Inventaire et evaluation du pouvoir pathogene des composants de la microflore fongique sur racines de mais en France. Annales de Phytopathologie 11:69-93. Ruiz, M. 1979. Recherche d'une technique d'inoculation et du comportement du grain de sorghum vis-a-vis de quelques moisissures. ENSA, 34060 Montpellier, France: DAA Chaire de Biologie et Pathologie Vegetales. 43 pp. Sifaw, M. 1978. Etude de la mycoflore des sentences du sorgho en France. ENSA Montpellier, France: D.E.S. 57 pp. 91
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Abstract Citation: de Milliano, W.A
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INTSORMIL USAID Title XII Collabora
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Foliar Diseases of Sorghum G.N. Odv
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Despite all the complexities of the
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Resistance to ergot in pearl millet
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Sorghum and Pearl Millet Pathology
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inicola), head mold (Curvularia lun
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to W. A. J. de Milliano and S. D. S
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Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to sor
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annual regional meetings have been
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sowing of the ZSV 1 spreader rows a
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Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Several entri
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References Angus, A. 1965. Annotate
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Sorghum Diseases in Eastern Africa
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The Striga spp are invariably a maj
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Sorghum Diseases in Western Africa
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or six leaves only towards maturity
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Odvody, G.N. 1986. Gray leaf spot.
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Table 1. Forage sorghum production
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References Japan: Ministry of Agric
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keting problems, absence of financi
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lines) and tar spot (51 resistant l
Page 50 and 51: Karganilla, A.D., and Elazegui, F.A
Page 52 and 53: espectively. Elevation above mean s
Page 55 and 56: Sorghum Diseases in India: Knowledg
Page 57 and 58: India Coordinated Sorghum Improveme
Page 59 and 60: more from disease than did those ma
Page 61 and 62: Sundaram (1977) reported control of
Page 63 and 64: Multiple disease resistance insect
Page 65 and 66: 1976. Control of foliar diseases of
Page 67 and 68: Sorghum Diseases in Brazil C.R. Cas
Page 69 and 70: tention is therefore being given to
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Page 73 and 74: Sorghum Diseases in South America E
Page 75 and 76: term, proposed by Glueck et al. (19
Page 77 and 78: Sorghum Diseases in Central America
Page 79 and 80: Zonate leaf spot, a disease incited
Page 81 and 82: National Research Efforts Crop impr
Page 83: America: importancia, localizacion
Page 86 and 87: eilianum). Both hybrids have female
Page 88 and 89: Disease research conducted in Mexic
Page 90 and 91: een observed, the disease is potent
Page 92 and 93: Mexico, particularly in Tamaulipas.
Page 94 and 95: cion de variantes del virus del mos
Page 96 and 97: Figure 1. Agroecological sorghum-gr
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. Continued Common name Caus
Page 103: Part 2 Regional and Country Reports
Page 106 and 107: S. hermonthica predominates in Sahe
Page 108 and 109: sibly through doubled haploids. An
Page 110 and 111: Sclerotia in the soil germinate to
Page 112 and 113: easily identified than ergot resist
Page 114 and 115: Appadurai, R., Parambaramani, G, an
Page 116 and 117: Ramakrishnan, T.S. 1963. Disease of
Page 118 and 119: Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Williams,
Page 120 and 121: Downy Mildew The downy mildew organ
Page 122 and 123: Ekukole (1985) found a few infectio
Page 124 and 125: Selvaraj, J.C 1979. Research on pea
Page 126 and 127: Table 1. Area ('000 ha) sown to pea
Page 128 and 129: Foliar diseases Foliar diseases in
Page 130 and 131: Charcoal rot was observed in drough
Page 132 and 133: isms of Mozambique. Tropical Pest M
Page 134 and 135: and Australia. In India, the diseas
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Page 139 and 140: Ergot Disease of Pearl Millet: Toxi
Page 141 and 142: ghum, the other cereal important in
Page 143: Part 3 Current Status of Sorghum Di
Page 146 and 147: Table 1. Bacterial diseases of sorg
Page 148 and 149: upwards of 20 cm with the leaf and
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strains produced a hypersensitive r
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at room temperature, or overnight a
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and high humidity. The bacteria are
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Bacterial Streak Causal organism X.
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Figure 10. Xanthomonas campestris p
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incited by Pseudomonas andropogonis
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Detection and Identification of Vir
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observed. Testing for potential vec
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acid hybridization, cloning, and se
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Smith, B.J. 1984. SDS Polyacrylamid
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direct effects on sorghum seedling
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cumbing to preemergent damping-off
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Sorghum in the Eighties. Proceeding
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Table 1. Foliar pathogens of sorghu
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sclerotia or on leaf lesions are bo
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pathogen(s) being evaluated. Isogen
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the length of rotation necessary to
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Frederiksen, R.A., and Rosenow, D.T
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Nematode Pathogens of Sorghum J.L.
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greenhouse tests. Furthermore, he o
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of soil Typical symptoms of L. afri
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Norton, D.C. 1958. The association
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African farmers on impoverished soi
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Taxonomy and biosystematics In spit
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Information about this genus is not
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and Millets Improvement Program Bul
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ern and southern Africa. Framida wa
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lar genetics to isolate resistance
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Obilana, A.T. 1983b. Striga studies
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Anthracnose of Sorghum M.E.K. Ali 1
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ales and Frederiksen (1979) reporte
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sociation (GSPA) and Sorghum Improv
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Physiological Races of Colletotrich
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Gerais, and at Jatai, Goias from th
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Current Status of Sorghum Downy Mil
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oospores in the soil (Odvody and Fr
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corn and sorghum in south Texas. I:
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Eighteen papers in the proceedings
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iliforme var intermedium, E solani,
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Table 2. Lodging, soft stalk, and y
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Figure 2. Periodical lodging (%) in
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Table 4. Lodging, soft stalk, nodes
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Mughogho, R. Bandyopadhyay, and S.
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Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: Inte
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Rosenow, D.T. 1980. Stalk rot resis
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green and slightly shriveled, in co
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pollination (Patil and Goud 1980),
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Table 1. Reported hosts and nonhost
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pathogen and epidemiology of the di
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Shaw, B.L, and Mantle, P.G. 1980a.
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Table 1. Comparison of sorghum smut
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Figure 2. Scanning electron microgr
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Table 2. Comparison of disease inte
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Natural, M. 1983. Ultrastructural a
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Khare 1982; El Shafie and Webster 1
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estricted to the pericarp, but pene
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other areas of research, including
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Resistance mechanisms In the last 1
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ulum dynamics in disease developmen
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Naik, S.M., Singh, S.D., and Mathur
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Glume Lemma- Ovarian locule Nucellu
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high levels of free phenolic compou
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20 Figure 10. Free p-coumaric acid
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and glumes during development. Cere
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molds. In the early 1980s, sources
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Grains of all the F1S were brown an
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Table 2. Mean threshed grain mold r
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hardness and its relationship to di
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Table 5. Testa (B1-B2-) and spreade
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phenolic acids in mold-resistant so
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Part 4 Short Communications
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Abstract: Abstract: Sorghum disease
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Abstract: Studies on the biology of
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Part 5 Other Topics
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lated to seed-health requirements f
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Colletotrichum graminicola, the cau
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McGee, D.C. 1981. Seed pathology: i
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In recent years, the government has
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Table 1. Diseases and pathogens ide
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severities. Standard area diagrams
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Table 5. Yield and gray leaf spot s
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Cultivar CS 3541 is not.resistant t
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population densities for optimum yi
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example, in plant growth stage at w
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Using Germplasm from the World Coll
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for accurate evaluation of resistan
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most elite lines are placed eventua
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Using the World Germplasm Collectio
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that do not lodge are selected. Pos
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Part 6 Building for the Future
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orne conidia (asexual spores) of Pe
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fully established the pearl millet
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4. Using male sterile and fertile c
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of resistance to grain deterioratio
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a. We recommend that ICRISAT assemb
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Each member of the discussion group
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Appendix
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develop technologies that can enabl
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Dalmacio: Mainly due to lack of mar
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Vidyabhushanam: What are the diseas
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Guiragossian: Farmers and children
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Odvody: Heavier (clay) soils retain
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zeae of about 1000 nematodes in 100
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say, sooty stripe and leaf blight.
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the selection criterion that you ha
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cattle, but other studies suggest t
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If it is argued that oospore infect
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Craig: On the basis of our experien
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Vidyabhushanam: In the case of dise
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