Belém VIRUS Laboratory
Belém VIRUS Laboratory
Belém VIRUS Laboratory
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
<strong>Belém</strong><br />
<strong>VIRUS</strong><br />
<strong>Laboratory</strong><br />
<strong>Belém</strong>, Pará, Brazil<br />
1965 A N N U A L R E P O R T
<strong>Belém</strong><br />
<strong>VIRUS</strong><br />
<strong>Laboratory</strong><br />
<strong>Belém</strong>, Pará, Brazil<br />
1965 A N N U A L R E P O R T
This report is reproduced as received<br />
from the director af the labaratary
A.QUE O<strong>VIRUS</strong>~ l:rrINE<br />
[<br />
11 14 1.5 16 17 19 23 24 26<br />
CONTENTS .-<br />
INTRODUCTION .o o<br />
YELLOW FEVER<br />
vmus SURVEIW.NCE o o .<br />
BIRD RECAPrURE PROGRA1-1ME .o o o o .o<br />
BATS<br />
FIEID STUDIES IN AMAPÁ TERRITORY o 8 8<br />
SERRA DO NAVIO<br />
Results o<br />
Neutralization testing in mice wi th the Tacaribe<br />
Group agente o o .o o o ..<br />
roRTO PLATCtI & MONGUBAS REGION<br />
KAYAPO-GOROTIRE llmIAN SERUM SURVEY.<br />
TISSTJE CULTURE STUDIFS ON ARBOVmUSES. o .o<br />
SIMULTANEOUS ISOIATION Di MICE & TC o o<br />
IIWLumCE OF TYPE OF AGAR ovrnIAY ON PIAQUE FORMA TI ON ...<br />
bo~WARISON OF CHICK & TURKEY EMBRYO CULTmmS. o o .<br />
rn GMK & HEp2 CEUS o o o o o<br />
COMPLEMENT FIXATION & TISSUE CULTURE. o o<br />
Detection or Amapar! (AN 70563) antigen o ..<br />
2. Use oí combined antigen pools o<br />
3. Tests with material fraro Labrea<br />
NEUTRALIZATION TESTS DI TISSUE CULTURE<br />
Oropouche<br />
Group A .<br />
Group B ..o o o<br />
Phlebotomus group ..o<br />
Cotia group o o n .o ..o<br />
INHIBITION TESTS .to o o o ..~ .<br />
~<br />
1<br />
4<br />
6<br />
8<br />
13<br />
13<br />
20<br />
21<br />
22<br />
22<br />
22<br />
23<br />
24<br />
25<br />
25<br />
26<br />
26
49<br />
ENTOMOLOGY<br />
HumaJl bait catches ..o<br />
The ~.n Blower Trap<br />
Comparison or baits<br />
Mbuse bait -hood catches<br />
Mbuse bait -blower trap catcheso<br />
Mbuse bait -Trinidad NQ 10 trap. o<br />
Chicken bait -}ngoon trap.<br />
Light trap catches o o<br />
Suction trap catches<br />
Phlebotomus o ...o ..o<br />
Precipitin tests on blood meals.<br />
Ticks o o o o<br />
PARASITOLOOY o o o o<br />
MDUSE NEUTRALIZATION TESTING o o ...<br />
Group B ...o .o .o o ..o o<br />
Changuinola group ..o o.<br />
AN 84381 (unidentified<br />
IABOI~TORY CONTAJ:IINATION CHECK .o<br />
REPOR'l'ED EQUDJE ENCEPHALITIS m BRAGANÇA<br />
CATTLE DISEASE o .<br />
1!()I-nmYS o o<br />
1-1QUSE COLONY o<br />
l-brtali ty o<br />
Attempts at increasing output<br />
ReIM.rks o ..o o<br />
-iv-<br />
27<br />
28<br />
29<br />
29<br />
32<br />
33<br />
36<br />
37<br />
37<br />
38<br />
38<br />
39<br />
39<br />
40<br />
40<br />
40<br />
42<br />
43<br />
44<br />
44<br />
45<br />
46<br />
47<br />
47<br />
SI
{<br />
HISTOPATHOLOGY 51<br />
Histopathology or wiId animaIs 51<br />
Histopathology of sentinel mice 52<br />
Experimental pathology in mice 52<br />
Other work<br />
BEL:E1IJ1: <strong>VIRUS</strong> LABORATORY STAFF, 1965 54<br />
VISITORS . 56<br />
TABLFS ..<br />
FIGURES<br />
APPENDIX I. THE SEROLOGICAL RESPONSE OF ANn.fALS<br />
TO <strong>VIRUS</strong> INFECTION IN lrrINGA FOREST 131<br />
APPENDIX II. REPORT ON THE LA.BREA REGIOM EPID~C,<br />
SEPT:F)ABER -NOvmvffiER 1965<br />
APPENDIX li! <strong>VIRUS</strong> RESEARCH IN AMAZONIA<br />
v<br />
52<br />
58
vector,<br />
DITRODUCTION<br />
With the departure of Dr. Robert E. Shope from this laboratory in early June<br />
year.. a link with the pioneering days oí the Causeys was brolcen, but the local<br />
staff carried on the routine dependably, most of thern having been with the laboratory<br />
from the beginning.<br />
Tables 1, 2 and 3 show the current status of sources and numbers of isolations of<br />
individual viruses to date. Natable additians this year are the first isalatians af a<br />
new Simbu group virus (utinga virus from a sloth, of the Belem type of Bushbush virus<br />
mos qui toes (~~ spp. , and af Apeu virus fraro a wild animal (Calluram;ys ).<br />
Rainfall has been average (Table 9) except for the months of r"áy and October which were<br />
well above, and Ju~, August and November which were below average; total rainfall was<br />
average, and 1ess than 1964. In spi te or the continued heavy rain in May the number or<br />
viruses isolated declined, and in July there were no vertebrate or arthropod isolations<br />
made from the Belem area, and only half-a-dozen sentinel mouse isolates. The bird<br />
recapture programme at the IPFAN forest in July and August also failed to turn up more<br />
than one virus (MUcambo) and a few not very convincing serological conversions, in<br />
contrast to last year, and a large bat netting operation produced no virus isolations<br />
and ve~ few serological positivcs.<br />
Following the isolation of yello~ rever virus from the sentinel monkey in Utinga<br />
in December 1964~ intensive studies were made to try to incriminate host and<br />
the on1y pasitive finding was af haemagglutinatian inhibiting ant1bodies in<br />
10/30 monkeys.
1961. Drs.<br />
-2-<br />
The Amapá field progr8Dme prodUCOO strains of AN 70563 (Amapari) virus from<br />
Neac~ and Oryz~ regular~, mn a strain was also i8o1ated from gamasid mites<br />
combed from these rats, but we ~ without a sati8factoI")" serological system for th1s<br />
virus, which ~ an mSO well above its low WSO 1n our mice. A collection of<br />
,<br />
Haemgo~ spp. f'rom Amapa 7ielded Tacaiuma virus, not seen 1n this laboratory- since<br />
A serious decline 1n the productiviV of the mouse colOr1Y' delay'ed isolation and<br />
identification 'Work 1n the secom ha1f of the year. The mice were fow1d to be<br />
infected with salmnellae and a number or other enterlc agents and a180 heavi1,)"<br />
1nfested with a cestode (~olepis ap.). Measures were taken to provide .fil tered<br />
drinking water for 'Ule breeding colonies and to destroy the insect alterna tive hosts<br />
(,Forficularidae) ot the cesto.es.<br />
A new wooden laboratory- has been built in the IPEAN forest to 8Upersede the old<br />
thatch cabin used by the ento1lK)1ogists am orni tholog1sts. It has a raised fioor<br />
6 x 4 me, a walled-oíí section for atores, laboratory bmlchea, hammock hookB, car<br />
battery- light1ng, atn a ra1nwater 8Upply from an outaide tank. It 18 comp1ete~<br />
screened o A new msquito trap on the blower princip1e, Wich separates the catch<br />
into 6-haur segments, has gone into operation.<br />
Bragança.<br />
In March reporta were received ar a new autbreak ar equine encephalitis at<br />
Robert Shope, Francisco Pinheiro and Wilbur Downs (the last-named on<br />
a visit to Belem) went to the area but saw no cases.<br />
In the same mnth Drs .Francisco<br />
Pinheiro, Wilbur Downs, Gilberta Bensabat.h and Jack Woodall, togetJ1er witJ1 Amelia<br />
,<br />
Andrade am Anm.zonia Toda, visited the field operation 1n Amapa Territo17.<br />
,<br />
In Ju1y we were asked by" the Serviço de Defesa Sani tãria Ani!Dal to help,<br />
investigate siclmess and death in cattle following routine rabies vaccination.
-3 -<br />
Several strains oí íoot-and-rnouth disease virus were isolated, but none oí rabies.<br />
Arbovirus antibodies were rare.<br />
In October, Drs. Jorge Boshell and Francisco Pinheiro visited Labrea at the<br />
request aí the public health autharities in Manaus, to investigate a renewed<br />
outbreak of the disease which has caused high infant mortali ty for many years.<br />
A mother with her sick children were brought to Belem and studied intensively in<br />
In December, Drs. Jorge Boshell and Uack \voodall were invited by the Força<br />
Aérea Brasileira to visit the Kayapo-Gorotire Indians, and made a serological survey.<br />
Amelia Andrade" head of the serolo~ section" spent 8 weeks in lbadan" Nigeria"<br />
helping to organize the serology section at the new Arbovirus Research Unit there<br />
which ia directed by Dr. ottis Causey. Amazonia Toda spent the secand halí aí the<br />
year in são Paulo studying the taxono~ of ~~ 1vith Prof. o. Forattini. Dr.Francisco<br />
Pllllleiro joinod an airborne Bolivian-U.S.forces medi cal team in April for a survey<br />
or Brazilian border areas ror signs or Bolivian haemorrhagic rever, and Drs. Jack<br />
Woodall and üorge Boshell visited the same team in the field in Mato Grosso in<br />
Dr. Fhilip Humphrey returned to Belem for the third successive year to<br />
operate a bird programme, and Dr. Charles Handley made a large collection or bata<br />
during a week in August, from which we obtained much virological material.<br />
During the year, training has been given to animal technicians, an entornologist,<br />
and a veterinarian from other institutions.<br />
The Belem Virus <strong>Laboratory</strong> is rnaintained jointly by the Fundação Serviço Especial<br />
.<br />
de Saúde PÚblica and The Rockefeller Foundation. Gratitude and appreciation is<br />
extended to the Institu~~~~o Cruz for their part in the cooperative mammal field<br />
prograJm11es, to the .!E~ mining com~ for their collabora tion in the field studies
encountered.<br />
,<br />
-4-<br />
, ,<br />
in Amapa Territory, to Dr. Jose f.~ria Conduru, director oí the _InBti~~Bquisas<br />
e Experimentação Agropecuárias do Norte (IPEAN) for permission to work 11'1 the IPEAN<br />
forest and to the Força Aérea Brasileira for transport and collaboration 11'1 the<br />
investigations at Labrea and Itagorotirco<br />
YE LLOW FEVER<br />
On December 4th, 1964, ye11ow rever virus was recovered from the blood ai a<br />
sentinel ~~ monkey in Utinga forest, and short~ after, two monkey skeletons<br />
were found in the saroe study area where the mamma1 recapture prograro is in progress.<br />
After Christmas and continuing through January, a more intensive study of the animal<br />
and mos qui to fauna of utinga was undertaken. Cano~ daytime mosquito captures were<br />
instituted resu1ting in co11ection of 1,016 mosquitoes, 613 of which were ~aemago~~o<br />
Ten hunters were hired to shoot monkeys, squirrels, and any other arboreal animaIs<br />
Birds and bats were mist-netted, and lizards and toads hand-caught at<br />
the forest edge. In addi tion, the mamma1 recapture program continued to yield rodents<br />
and marsupiaIs. In alI" 1,286 vertebrates were samp1ed in or near Utinga forest<br />
during th.e 2 month period.<br />
Mast ar these were toads (591<br />
1izards (161) and<br />
rodents (311 There were no recoveries of yellow rever virus from feral sources.<br />
In addition, 1 sentinel chickens were exposed during the period without serological<br />
conversion by HI to group B viruses.<br />
HI study of the monkey sera revealed that 8 of 21 Tamarin and 2 of 9 Saimiri<br />
had group B antibody compatible with previous yellow rever infectian. N tosting ic<br />
in baby mice with yellow rever, Ilheus, Bussuquara and SLE viruses was done with 24<br />
af the mankey sera, inc1uding 9 HI positives and 15 HI negativese All 9 positives<br />
had LNIts aí 2.1 ar greater with yellaw rever and 2 aí these alsa neutralized
R!oech~ antibody. nheus, 'UF<br />
5<br />
Ilheus virus o There were no other neutralization indices of over 200 for the 4 group<br />
B viroses tested.<br />
No group B HI antibody was encountered in 57 bats, 1 porcupine, 1 ~~,<br />
29 marsupiaIs (incIuding tree-captured animaIs), 4 squirreIs, 5 slaths, ar 1 turtIe.<br />
T-wo of 36 birds ,-ri th group B antibody had higher ti ters to SLE than to yellow rever o<br />
as in the past continue to have group B RI antibody, presumably because<br />
af previaus Bussuquara infectian. One Qryzomys and 2 ~_~cto!r\Y:8 a180 had group B. HI<br />
In no case was a high-titered, clear-cut yellow rever HI pattern observed<br />
in the rodents or birds.<br />
Twen~-two people living near or working in utinga forest were bled during<br />
Januzry before vaccina tion was ini tia ted. Their group B serological reactions can be<br />
divided into four categories L) sera neutralizing yellow rever virus, 2 which had<br />
no group B HI antibody, anothe~ with group B HI antibody and which also neutralized<br />
Ilheus virus, and a fourth wi th yellow rever RI antibody in the 1 :20 dilution and<br />
having a LNI of 1.5 in ye11ow rever N testing, 2) sera neutralizing Ilheus virus,<br />
5 which had a primary infedtion HI pattern with Ilheus, 2 which had a broadly<br />
reacting HI pattern, and one with a broadly reacting HI pattern and L~I af 1.6 with<br />
3) a serum neutralizing SLE virus with a broad~ reacting group B RI pattem,<br />
anã 4) 9 sera which were negative by HI and N test wi th yellow rever, Ilheus, SLE,<br />
and Bussuquara, and an additional serum negative ~ HI and not tested by N. For<br />
yello1i rever virus there were no HI ti ters over 1 :20 and the 2 sera which neutralized<br />
only yellow fever viros among the group B agentA'3 had INI of on1y 1.9. There ia thus<br />
little evidence pointing to recent yelloti rever infections in the human population<br />
of the Utinga forest region and a search for clinical yellow rever in Janua~ was<br />
unfrui tful.<br />
testing was dane with the 3 human sera positive in N testo One was anti-<br />
complementary and the other two were nega tive in the 1:8 dilution. CF testing of
centineIa, 15%<br />
6<br />
It is c1ear that ye11ow rever virus 'fas active in utinga forest during 1964.<br />
The only positive serological evidence for recent vertebrate infection was in the<br />
for<br />
mop~ey population. The epizootic would have gane undetected if it were not jthe<br />
routine surveillance studies in progresso<br />
This work has been vublished by Bensabath ~. (1966) BoI. Oficll1a Sanit.<br />
Panamer. 60:187-192-- "Recuperacion de virus amarilico, procedente de um mono<br />
en Ias cercanas de BeIem, Brasil".<br />
ROUT~ <strong>VIRUS</strong> SURVEIIJANCE<br />
Tables 4 through 8 list the viruses isolated during the year, principally from<br />
material collected during the routine surveillance activities in the IPCAN and utinga<br />
There<br />
were 68 virus is ala tions !roro IPEAN, 61 from utinga.<br />
Guajará, Itaporanga and Aurá viruses were found at IPEAN but not at utinga, whilst<br />
a \~eomyia complex virus was isolated at Utinga on~.<br />
Rain gauges opera ted in both<br />
areas from October, revealing that there may be a difference of as rnuch as 33% in the<br />
monthly rainfall of these are as (Table 9)0<br />
According to the sentL~el mouse isolations (Table 4), Caraparú vírus transmission<br />
ceased between mid-June and mid-December; this is borne out by the lack or mosquito<br />
and wild rodent isolations or this virus dl~ing the same period, aI though it was<br />
recovered from the sentinel monkey in utinga in mid-october. This is quite different<br />
!'ram 1961~, when sentinel mice yielded Caraparú virus every manth except the lOvl-"rlruS<br />
montI'1S af I"b-y and June. In 1965,<br />
campared with abaut 1% af the wild vertebrates pracessed.<br />
of the sentinel mouse groups were infected,
y I.<br />
enezuelensis<br />
er ever,<br />
was<br />
7<br />
A summa~ of 3 years' resul ts from the utinga mammal recapture programme is<br />
given as Appendix<br />
An interesting range record was found this year when a<br />
1~sa murina murina (M 14799), first captured on the trap grid in February,<br />
was recovered in August in a trap line set 2 km. distant, for the purpose of<br />
providing some museum specimens o<br />
Whilst -<br />
rodents frequently urinate, and when one ~~ at<br />
anaesthesia prior to heart puncture,<br />
utinga rIas noted to have<br />
haemorrhagic urine, this was collected and immediately inoculated into adult mice at<br />
the Utinga laboratory. I-fucambo virus was isolated from this specimen, but not from<br />
a blood specimen taken the following day. However, the rat developed MUcambo RI<br />
antibodieso<br />
Herpes virus has been recovered regularly in mice froro the oral aphthae oi<br />
patients, and rabies was isolated from the brain of a dog (CA44) which died after<br />
biting an Air Force officer; the latter was referred for vaccination.<br />
Tab1e 8 shows that only 16 out of the more than 60 mosquito species co11ected<br />
during the year were positive for virus. The genus ~~ produced both the<br />
cornmonest and rarest virus -producing species:<br />
with 2 isolates from<br />
over 16,000 specimens, and M.titillans with an isolate !roro only 226 individuaIs.<br />
the commonest species was not the best for vírus; Culex B 9 gave 12 iso1ations<br />
aí 6 different viruses íram 12,000 specimens, and the mixture of unidentifiable<br />
Culex spp.<br />
.. gave 13 iso1ations oí 7 viruses írom about the same numbero Culex B 1<br />
productive, with 6 iso1ates of 3 types from on1y 571 mosquitoes. Thus crude<br />
infec ti on rates ranged from 1:100 to 1:8,000 mosquitoeso<br />
Tab1e 13 shaws the campasitian af aver 10,000 ectaparasites inaculated during<br />
the year, without resulto
.<br />
u.s.<br />
years.<br />
-8 -<br />
BnlD RECAPrURE ffiOORAMME<br />
Dre Philip S. Humphrey returned to Belem this year with 3 assistants from the<br />
After several days aí preliminary field wark (clearing trails, putting up nets,<br />
etc.) the recapture program was begun at Station A (IPEAN study area<br />
on June 30,<br />
using approximately the same trail system and arrangement of mist nets as in previous<br />
Twenty-seven days of field work were accomplished at Station A beginning<br />
30 June and ending 1 Sept.<br />
at about 6:00 p.m.<br />
The normal day in the field started at 5:45 aom. and ended<br />
The following pre1iminary summa~ does not inc1ude mention of 1) a sma11 number<br />
of birds preserved as specimens for identification, 2) a small number of birds<br />
which died in tl1e neta on June 30 and July 1 and one or two other days.<br />
Ao ~gingand recaptures -During 30 June -1 Sept. 773 birds aí 105 species<br />
were ringed ar narked o<br />
one or more tiJneso<br />
In addi tion 38 birds ringed June -Sept. 1964 were recaptured<br />
(Discaunting marta1ity, 102 birds were ringed in 1964; 37.25% aí<br />
these were recaptured in 1965. Recaptures ar ringed birds (ringed in 1964 and ringed<br />
ar narked in 1965) were as follows in 1965:<br />
Individuals recaptured<br />
4 tiMes or more<br />
3 times<br />
2 times<br />
1 time<br />
Total indi viduals recaptured<br />
13<br />
28<br />
54<br />
142<br />
one or more times. 237 ( .29g2% aí total<br />
number aí b1rds ringed<br />
ar marked jJ1 1965,<br />
includiJ1~ 1964<br />
recaptures).<br />
Far~-ane ringed birds (5.1% aí total number af birds ringed<br />
or marked in 1965, p1us 1964 recaptures) died accidenta1~ in nets, bird bags, or as a<br />
result af bleeding.
wever, o<br />
follows: 114<br />
"9-<br />
B. ~ghnets -Faur high neta were rigged at heights aí íram 17 to 24 metersj<br />
installations were not completed until the latter part of JulYo Of the lO5 species<br />
ar birds caught and ringed 30 JUne -1 Septo 33 species were caught from time to<br />
tiIoo in the high nets and 14 species were caught on1y in the high nets.<br />
af the 811<br />
marked or ringed birds captured 30 June" 1 Sept., 124 were caught one or more times<br />
in the high netso<br />
00 Arbovirus studies -<br />
~ ~~-<br />
The total number of bloods collected (not alI were tested<br />
ringed birds VIas 563. Inoculations were made of plasmas from bloods collected<br />
during the momings into TC and baby mice. MUc amb o vírus was ísolated ín micc, but<br />
not in TC, from a ~~ e~hrocephala. About 450 individual birds were bled as<br />
N Q individuaIs<br />
Total indi vid11als<br />
Total individuaIs bled<br />
335<br />
82<br />
25<br />
7<br />
.~<br />
two or more times .<br />
or the 114 individuaIs bled two or more times,<br />
in titer of HI antibodies (Table 11<br />
Q times bled<br />
once<br />
t"iice<br />
three timesfour<br />
times<br />
showed conversions or changes<br />
It is rather disturbing to find titres of up to 1:40 for EEE, for examp1e,<br />
disappearing in a rnatter of weeks, and the titre of ltaporanga fluctuating 4-fold<br />
between rebleedings. This might suggest that the apparent conversion to EEE in<br />
Table 11 is only a fluctuation in pre-cxisting antibody. Even wi th SLE we have one<br />
case oí a titre oí 1:20 disappearing and then reappearing as 1:40. But the Phlegopsis<br />
conversion to ~ 1:320 for SLE appears genuine enough.<br />
this gives liS clear<br />
antibody evidence af the activity anly af SLE in birds during the periad af the study<br />
and SLE virus was not isolated.
,<br />
P.lthough Bussuquara.<br />
responses:<br />
-10<br />
The 27 seroposi tives to ltaporanga (Tab1e 12) are interesting in that 17 oí<br />
them are known to be cano~-haunt1ng birds, and 13 of those be1ong to the 2 genera<br />
Rates for these genera are not yet calculated but could<br />
run as high as the 36% oí positives found last year in Callur~~, an arboreal<br />
mrsupialo Also there were 8 seropositives among the bats taken in August, tending<br />
to confirm that transmission is usual~ arboreal.<br />
a strain oí Mucambo was isolated, MUcambo antibody was scarce and<br />
low-titred and general~ in association with other Group A antibody among the birds,<br />
with the, exception of a ~~! which titred 1:160,<br />
In total, 99/968 bird sera tested at 1:20 against 8 units oí 18 antigens gave<br />
one or more positive resulta, which were against alI the antigens used except for<br />
The 3 yellow rever positives were all positive to SLE in higher titre.<br />
The great majority of titres were in the range 1:20-1:40 on1y. A study of<br />
,<br />
the Urubu,<br />
Coragyp~, yie1ded 17 seropositives, with the fo11owing numbers of probab1y specific<br />
EEE 2, MUcambo 1, SLE/Ilheus 10, Turlock 1, Itaporanga 2 and Jurona 5.<br />
The high proportion of Group B positives confirma last yearls finding in ~~.<br />
One plasma which was HI positive for 11Ucambo was confirmed by NTo A senlnl<br />
virus stack aí ltaparapga (AN 64582 titring 5.3 log 1050 was obtained from mice bled<br />
48 hrs. after inoculation, and used to test 39 plasmas, with the following results:<br />
RI<br />
1:201:10<br />
O<br />
NT results<br />
Positiv"e Inconclusive Negative<br />
9<br />
6<br />
1<br />
Serum vírus stocks were also prepared in infant mice for Jurona (AR 40578<br />
titring 5.3 (blee 24 hr. after inoculation) and 6.2 (48 hr.). These werc used to<br />
test 47 k~ plasmas at final di1utions of 1:8 (not inactivated), of which 31 had been<br />
bird<br />
3<br />
2<br />
O<br />
1<br />
;;<br />
12
EAN<br />
cessory -48 th25th<br />
RI posi tive for Juronao<br />
-11 -<br />
The resulta were all negative, but this is not conclusive<br />
evidence that the HI positives were non-specific, since factors such as absence of<br />
factor and lability of the virus preparation need to be considered.<br />
A serum virus stock of Turlock (AN 32260) was obtained by bleeding 3-day-old<br />
hours after inoculationo<br />
The titres af these preparatians were 4.5 lag<br />
ID50 (30 hrs.) and 3.8 log ID50 (48 hrs.). This 5 tock was used to test 27 bitd sera<br />
(1964 co11ection) oí which 16 had been positive to this strain by HI test (7 oí<br />
these on1y had titres or 1:10). The results were as follows:<br />
NT<br />
Negative<br />
Inconclusive<br />
Positive<br />
BATS<br />
~-<br />
9<br />
2<br />
O<br />
HI<br />
1:10<br />
2<br />
O<br />
.5<br />
titre<br />
1:20 ar greateE<br />
Dr. Charles Handley oí the U.S.National MUseumvis i ted Belem frO~l<br />
August and carried out 10 catches with rnist neta, with the following results:<br />
(Station A) August 17th<br />
104<br />
18th<br />
19th<br />
22nd<br />
74<br />
51<br />
54<br />
ro<br />
o<br />
3 6<br />
15-28<br />
Utinga 20th<br />
21st<br />
26th<br />
157<br />
150<br />
14 (daytime catch in water tunne1)<br />
27th<br />
373<br />
b'9[<br />
(Fazenda Velha) 127<br />
62<br />
m<br />
Grend total 1166 bata of .53 spp.<br />
.aa.<br />
B1ood for sero1ogy and brains, viscera or sa1ivary glands for virus, were taken<br />
from !:lany of the coJlDnoner species. I11oculated mise were kept for 21 days to watch<br />
..
clusive. a.<br />
12 -<br />
for signs of rabies, but no virus was isolated from over 250 bats o The sera oí<br />
558 (including 20 ~l~ from Amapá were tested against 8 uni ts af 10 antigens<br />
by HIj only 21 reacted, as seen below. By comparison wi th African experience, i t is<br />
striking that there were only 2 Group B reactorso The 8 Itaporanga positives include<br />
at least 4 species af bato Six af these pasitives were canfirmed by NT, the ather 2<br />
The 1-fucambo HI posi tive was also confirmed by 1:-TT" but the Jurona<br />
positives were note Tes~ for Tacaribe and AN 67949 antibody have yet to be dane.<br />
Artibeus lituratus<br />
jarnaicensis<br />
spp.<br />
Carollia perspicillata<br />
}'{y"otis albescens<br />
Fhyllostomus hastatus<br />
Sturnira lili'Um<br />
tildae<br />
Vampyrops helleriIndet.<br />
V i r u s<br />
qroup ~ ~roup B GroupC Itaporanga~ ~ Tacaiuma.<br />
1<br />
1<br />
'l'otal 2 2<br />
1 1<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
4<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
4 5<br />
The 304 ba~.sera from Amapá tested during the year presented a different<br />
picture (Tab1e 11), probab1y due to their different species composition, being<br />
mainly molossids from houses rather than forest-living bats. Six. af the 7 Graup B<br />
positives had their highcst titre against SLE (one has been identified as<br />
Rhinopl!;r~ pumi1io-CH 1212), the seventh was 1:20 for YF, 1:10 for SLE and<br />
Bus suquara , and there were 13 other sera positive at 1:10 for Group B antibodies,<br />
.<br />
including 3/9 bats ~rorn a single house.<br />
Tacaiuma (1:20) were also found.<br />
Sing1e reactors to Group C (1:10)<br />
3<br />
1<br />
and<br />
All were negative for Guaroa, Maguar{, Turlock
cerine. aboration, th),<br />
13<br />
FIELD STUDIES m ANAPA TERRITORY<br />
In view of the isolation of a new vírus (An 70563-Amapar.{), belonginG to thc<br />
Tacaribe group (of which J\D'lin &. ~chupo viroses, responsible for the Haemorrhagic<br />
Fevers of Argentina and Bollvia respectively, forro part, besides Tacaribe virus),<br />
it was decided to continue the project which has been carried out since May 1964.<br />
~Te continue grea t~ indebted to the ICOMI mining company for their hospi tali ty and<br />
During April there were suspected cases of yellow rever in the POrto Platon<br />
region, which led to s tudies there, however the only virus found was Tacaiuma,<br />
from a pool of ~~ spp.<br />
SERRA DO NAVIO<br />
Capture methods re~ined the same for rodents and marsupials (hardwood live<br />
traps) and birds (mist nets). Some animals were shot. Ba~ were also captured in<br />
oreans in<br />
MOs qui toes were caught on human bait, during the daytime,<br />
general~ at ground leveI, and sent to Belem alive. Sentinel mice were exposed for<br />
an average of 48 hours.<br />
Studies were concentrated at 2 forest stations, that of Rio Amapari or Terezinha<br />
(RA) which lies between the Hospital and the river (approx. 1 }ano wide by more in<br />
.<br />
and that oí c5. The 2 stations comprise varzea and terra firm~o Up to<br />
June, 10 traps were set in each areaj after June~ 10 more were set at station RA,<br />
where tlley were put along 2 trails called "Estrada dij: Cinturinha" and "Trail A".<br />
As the animaIs became scarcer J the traps were moved 10 or 20 m. from their original
,<br />
14 from Jun. 1964 Serra<br />
locations.<br />
At station c5 they were distributed in the forest on each side of the<br />
road which runs through the area.<br />
Birds were captured at both stations, mosquitoes only at RA. Ba ta were taken<br />
various places: RA, surroundings and interiors of houses, caves and culvertso<br />
TabIe 14 shows the animaIs captured and specimens collected for virus isolation or<br />
serological tests, as well as the methods used to preserve the specimenso<br />
It is interesting to note that most of the srnall rodents identified as Neaco~<br />
~anae were captured during August, as shown below, together wi th the captures of<br />
~~ ~! (?), these 2 being the onlyan1lnals so far yielding Amaparl virus:<br />
Neacom.Y'8<br />
~z_o- nrr~<br />
Jan. Feb. M;1r. Apr. ~y<br />
o o 2 2 3<br />
10 2 2 1 6<br />
Jul. Aug. S~p. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total<br />
14 18 53 19 T( 1 5 124<br />
7 17 13 14 8 12 4 ~<br />
During the first half of 1965 the ratio of rodents captured to marsupiaIs was<br />
whi1st in the second ha1f i t was approx. 2 :1. Trap occupancy was japprox. 5%.<br />
~~squitoes identified totalled<br />
\C1? lY<br />
10,521, inoculated in 381 poola. The majority<br />
were ~orophor~ (46%), ~~ (25%) and ',~o~ia (21%). Of ectoparisites, there were<br />
2,354 ~~~ (over ha1f being from ~o~s), 436 Ixodidae (Minly from M9.rsupia1s<br />
and a few other types (see Tab1e 16),<br />
Results -<br />
A total of 178 sentinel mouse groups was exposed, all at station RAo<br />
o ,.J'I ~ ~ I U t! ' ~ \1"'\01. dot f'r""'J' ~ ( ~<br />
_-?/Z ~.~ ~V.~ Q<br />
Amapar{ virus was the on1y virus isolated at Serra do Navio during the year.<br />
virus has been identified as a new member of the Tacaribe group by CF, clearly<br />
distinguishable by NT from the other members. Including 4 isola tions from rodents<br />
and their ectoparasi tes captured in<br />
(2 animals were caught on 23 -December 1964<br />
and sacrificed on 18 Janua~ 1965), we now have 15 strains of Amapari virus from<br />
do I~avio: 7 from the viscera or O~omys- ~! (1), 6 from viscera and
suquar~. quitoes. oa<br />
from blood of Neaco~ guianae, and 1 from a pool of ectoparasites (Gamasidae) -<br />
colJ.ected from 8 ~zo~, which included 2 which produced viruso Table 1.5 gives<br />
the details oí these isola tions o No virus was isolated from sentinel mice or from<br />
CF studies of 16 bats, 4 Neacornws, 18 O~zomys, 23 Proechimys, and<br />
~ --.,.<br />
marsupiaIs of Amapa were undertaken with Amapari antigen.<br />
26<br />
.t<br />
The only CF posi tive<br />
sera were 1 Neaco~ and 2 ~omyso aí 24 sera oí rodents from the utinga recapture<br />
area J none were CF pos i tive o<br />
Reutra~~~~ion testing in Mice witJl~e~ Taca~ri_be- group Agent<br />
The LD50 of 7th passage mouse brain of the prototype AN70563 was approximately<br />
2.5 logs and some mice recovered in alI dilutions. CF testing oí brains oí mice at<br />
each dilution was undertaken to determine the infectivi ty end-pointo Tes ting of brains<br />
aí healtl\"f-appearing mice taken an th~ 10th day fol1awing inoculation showed<br />
the infectivity was 6.7 log LD,O- A N test in mice is under study, using CF as an<br />
indicatar ar infectivi~.<br />
and~2o71og 1D50 in two different tests.<br />
Ama.p=Í were negative.<br />
A homo1ogous hyperimmune mouse serum neutra1ized ~ 3.1<br />
Three Oryzo~ and 12 human sera<br />
Serologica1 testing by HI gave the resu1ts shown in Tab1e 17. In addi tion, some<br />
marsupial and rodent sera were tested for antibodies of the Bunyamwera group and<br />
Capim complex, Tacaiuma and Jurona, with negative results. One bird serum reacted<br />
Turlock (AN 32260).<br />
(Mucambo and Pixuna).<br />
~<br />
Group A positives in fFoe_c~~~~ were for the VEE complex<br />
Among the bats there '~ere 6 Group B positives (l~20) for SLE<br />
(AR 23379), of which 2 also reacted at 1:20 for yellow rever, and 5' at 1:10 for<br />
One other serum reacted at 1:20 for ye11ow fever and 1:10 for SLE and<br />
Bussuquara» and one was positive at 1:20 for Tacaiumao<br />
for B1n1Yamwera group<br />
All the bata were negative<br />
and !-nguari Turloclc and Jurona. These serological
16 Theso ar precarious.<br />
oí nnrsupials, 3inoculated<br />
, results; vaccinated However"<br />
positives are interesting in view of the failure of the virus isolation attemptso<br />
There are at lcast 2 possible explanations for this: 1) inacti va tion of vírus in<br />
organs preserved in glycerine, and 2) disappearance or viraemia due to the orten<br />
long<br />
interval between capture and sacrifice or the animaIs sent aIive to BeIem.<br />
stud1es vere made because of the suspicion of a yellow rever aetiology<br />
fatal human cases.<br />
planting and approxo<br />
These localities were being deforested for sugar cane<br />
400 men were working in them. Operating under contract, these<br />
men were scattered in groups af 10 or 20, living in thatched huts without walls in virgin<br />
recently cut íarest; their canditians aí nutritian and hygiene were extremely<br />
It was the rainy season.<br />
The following s tudies were made: 1) attempts to iso1ate vírus from the b1ood<br />
íebrile patients, from mosquitoes, írom blood or viscera of primates, rodents and<br />
other arboviruses,<br />
2) serological tests with human and animal sera against yellow rever and<br />
collection of information on fatal caseso Eleven human s era<br />
into GMK and HEp2 cultures and 3-to 4-day-old mice (ic<br />
these inoculations were made onlya few hours after collection af ~~e<br />
,<br />
spec~nens. The on1y isalate made was one of Tacaiuma virus, from a poal of<br />
~~~ SPp.<br />
with negative<br />
~10 days before the beginning of these investigations the workers had been<br />
against yellow rever, and therefore alI serological evidence of any<br />
recffi1t occurrence oí yellow rever infection was masked. Dr. EdIm.mdo Juarez,<br />
an ICOMI doctor, had already collected blood from 399 of these workers, almost all<br />
at the tL~ aí vaccinatian, and JI<br />
weeks later he made another collection from 21~1 of
these (2:160 219 of ~~: others. 4<br />
people, for serological testing. Eighty paired sera were tested against the<br />
local strain H 111 or yellow rever by NT and RI testo The rates aí canversian were<br />
43% by NT and 45% by HI.<br />
Further HI tests against ather arbaviruses af Graups A & B<br />
indicated the presence of antibodies against Mayaro-Una (21%), MUcambo-Pixuna (17%),<br />
and 6% against alI 4 of these viruses o<br />
In some cases the Mayaro titres were high<br />
or greater), but except for ye11ow fever virus there were no conversions for<br />
the viruaes tested.<br />
Finally, the histaries af the 2 fatal cases, abtained fram relatives and friends,<br />
did not appear compatible with yellow rever.<br />
~ rivers.<br />
KAYAPO-GOROTmE nJDIAN Smm1 SURVEY<br />
The Kayapo-Gorotire live in the region bet.~een the upper XingÚ and Araguaia<br />
At an Indian Protection Service post at Itagorotire we collected blood from<br />
apparently well-fed and healthy Indians ar all ages (Table 18). Only reactions<br />
1:20 or greater with 8 units of antigen are considered positive. There is no<br />
significant difference between the sexes in the antibody rates found.<br />
most sera were broadly reactive, but with Mayaro titres higher,than the<br />
There were 2 adlllts in which the Mucambo titre was highest, and<br />
ane maIe ar 14 wi th a WEE ti tre ar I :20 and Mayara & EEE ti tres ar 1 :10 anIy~<br />
AlI ather EEE and WEE positives were alsa positive in higher titre to (~<br />
I1ayaro, except for 3 males and 2 females with equal titres for more than<br />
one antigen.<br />
~~-1i: the whole population was said to have been vaccinated for yellow fever<br />
years previously, but all except 8 yellow fever positi'ves reacted equal<br />
,<br />
ar higher titre to Ilheus.
-18<br />
QroupC: one ma1e age 40 reacted to titre of 1:20 with Apeu,<br />
Q!~Q~~: 8 males and 1 female positive, all over 25 years old, 6 of the males<br />
.,<br />
and the female had highest t:Ltre for Moju.<br />
-
g r,<br />
TISSUE CULTURE STUDIBS ON .A.RBO<strong>VIRUS</strong>~<br />
",",'li<br />
S IMULTANEOU S ISOLATIOH IN MICE AND TO<br />
Duriag tbe ~ear, 1064 samples of flo~d material were tes~ed,<br />
20 attempted relso1atloas. !he material coftslsted<br />
mosquito poola, blood or Y1scer& ot rodents, marsupials, bats and<br />
primates, and b1rd p~asmaso The 562 b1rd plasmas were inoculated<br />
1nto both inrant mie. ~d TO at the same d11u;1oa, but the rem~!1.'_ng<br />
samples vere generall1 diluted 2 to S times a.fter mOUBe iIloculatlon,to<br />
prov1de 8uttlo1ent yolume for the !C 1Roc~at1oa. The ro s'1stema<br />
used were a greea ~loDke1 kidae1 contiauous 1188 (GMK) aad HBp 2 iR<br />
tubes, and prlmar7 chlck embrl0 mono1ayera UDder Nob~e agar (some-<br />
times w1th 400pg ot DEAE/lIlo ot med1ura). 'rb.e tube cultures were<br />
observed mieroseop1cal17 (80x m~~.1t1cat1on) eve~ 2-) days ror<br />
2-3 weeks, and passages made When 1nd1cated.<br />
From the samples 20 T1ruses were 1so1ated 1n m1ce. but onl1<br />
6 or these were slmult&fteousl~ lso1ated 1a TO: Bussuquara, Orlboca,<br />
2 atraias or Guama amd 2 ot MUeamoo.<br />
ot the 20 pool!<br />
poslt1ve ln miee, 081'1 14 vere boeulated into a11 3 'rC sJstems.<br />
aad 1n 3 cases ali eultures were destr01ed b7 ooDtaminatloD, 80<br />
that the 1so1at1oa rate works out at 6/11 Talld testa. OD th.<br />
other hand, aRotber atraia o! Dus8uquara (AR 84600) waa 1aolated 1n<br />
TO alone, and a 8 traia ot I taqui (M. 80465) waa ,reisolll ted 1n 'rc,<br />
Whereaa tne re1so1at1on attempt 1n mice ta11ed. 'D'1e TO poa1tlyee
gether.<br />
og1qu.<br />
20 -<br />
vere a11 1n the GMK 878t.. ~7. ex.ept the MUe~bo 18o1ate8. WhlCh<br />
were both poslt1Te ia 8h1.k embr,o. bu-- ~ OD8 of these waa pos1tlT8<br />
1n GMK, aad tbat waa also poslt1T8 1n BEp2.<br />
IHFLUENCE QF' 'rXPE OF AGAR OVEHLAY ON PL&Q.UE FURMATION<br />
~e fo~o~ t1Pes of agar vere testedt Noble (w1th or<br />
w1thout DBAE). D1tao Ba.to. Oxo1d IOftagar, and Ag&rose (Iadustr1e<br />
Fr...a18e). al~ on &h18k eabr70 monolQ7ers.<br />
Tembe (AR SO1l7). Timbo (AR 41187) aad AH 67949 (bat 18o1ate)<br />
d1d not fo~ plaques uader &a7 ot these agara 1a thls a78te~<br />
In Group J.. }.i1cambo (AR 8 &: jJf 10967) aAd PiXUDa: (AR 35645)<br />
anowed ao difference 1ft plaque morpholog7, clari t7 or dlameter under<br />
Noble agar, wlth O. 100 ar 400;pg/ml. DEAE. Oa the other haad Aura<br />
produ.ed larger plaquea under Noble agar (O or 400 pUml DEAE) tb~<br />
uader the other t7Pea ot agar.<br />
In Group B. Baeto agar was best for Bussuquara, Ilheus and<br />
SLE. Bussuquara prototlP8 AR ~6 produeed plaquea ~~ uader<br />
Baoto agar. Wbereaa stra1D AR 66570 (wh1Oh g1Y8S larger aadclearer<br />
p~aque8 than AR ~ló) a180 tormed p1~e8 under Nob1e agar.<br />
Pre11m1n8r7 testa wlth 7ellow reTer (H l~l) indloated that Ag&roae *&8<br />
best for th18 atraia.<br />
Ia the Chaagu1nola group, the p~aque patte~ was s11ght17<br />
better uader Agarose. 8*rata AR 28873 produeed elearer plaques thaa<br />
AN 41067 & AR 35646, WhlCh sometimes ra11ed to produee plaques
lln<br />
The following Y1rusea only produoed plaqu8s incons1stently,<br />
and When they d1d so, they were fa1nt, badly def1ned and amall<br />
(Wlder 1 mm. dlam.)1 Melao (AR 8033), Chaco (AN 40290). Pacu1<br />
(AN 27326), Acara (AR 27639), Cotla (AS 58058), AN 84785 (Slmbu<br />
and AN 84381 (un1dent1t1ed Ye110w rever Shou1d a1so<br />
perhaps be included ln thls group.<br />
COIofPARISON OF CHICK Alro TURKEY EMBRYO CULTURES<br />
Twenty six arboviruses were tested 1n these systems. The<br />
turkey embryos were tryps1nlsed after 13-16 days incubatlon, the<br />
chick embryos after 10-11 days, otherwise the preparation was<br />
bota cases. 'rhe resulta were as follows:<br />
l-fucambo (AN 8)<br />
Aura (AR 10315)<br />
Ye11ow rever (H 111,AN 78462)<br />
SLB (AN 69768)<br />
llheus (H 7445)<br />
bussuquara (ÁH 66570)<br />
Guaroa (H 12208)<br />
Maguar1 (AR 7272)<br />
Kalr1 (AR 8226)<br />
Tuc Wldub a (AR 278)<br />
lwfe1ao (AR 8033)<br />
Lukun1 (AR 35112)<br />
Oropouche (AN 19991)<br />
-<br />
CE TE CE<br />
+<br />
+ o<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+ +o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
o<br />
+ +<br />
+ +<br />
+<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o o+<br />
Bujar\1 (AlI 47693) +<br />
Anhanga (Ali 46852) o<br />
Itapor~a(prototype) +<br />
Timbo (Ali 41787) O<br />
Chaco (AN 42217) O<br />
Tacalwna (AN 73) O<br />
Plry (AN 24232)' +<br />
Acara (AR 27639) O<br />
Pacui (AR 27326) O<br />
Marco (AN 40290) O<br />
Jurona (AR 40578) +<br />
Turlook (AN 32260) O<br />
Ir1tula (AR 28813) +<br />
The results in CE were better than in TE, since with CE the<br />
were larger and clearer, the tltres hlgher, and the cells<br />
survived longer. The oe11 yie1d from turke~ embryos was not<br />
s1gnif1csn tly greater than that from chick embryos.<br />
were kindly supplied by Sr. 3el11gmann.<br />
The turkey<br />
TE<br />
+ ooooo+<br />
o<br />
o<br />
+ oo
.<br />
1.<br />
-<br />
22<br />
.AiRBO<strong>VIRUS</strong>ES D GE AND BBp2 CBI.T.R.<br />
Ir1tu1a (.- 28873). Bujara (AB 67744) aad AR 8438t(uaident1f1ed)<br />
were .egat1Yo ia HBpz. the Bujaru a~rata W&a a180 aegat1Y8 but<br />
AI 84381 produced .lear aPE 1a the comtiauous green maDke~ k1dae7<br />
ee~ lia- (GMK). ~arl atraias AX 70$63 (pro\ot}p_). AI 86901<br />
aad AR 81087 vere aegat1 Te or doub't~ ror OPE aad plaque~ ia bo\h<br />
Gl-I{. aad BEp2, 1& the Que ot 'the last .'raia even 1a the preaenee<br />
or 0.1. 1 aad lO~ 00I't1801/81. med1wa.<br />
OOMPUM&:NT FIUTION A.ND '1'ISSUE CULTURE<br />
U~tec.t1oB of A)aaparí (AN 70563) aat~ge!.<br />
Th1s ageat produoes ao CPE 1a HEp2 eells aad aDl7 doubtrul<br />
efreet ia GMK eella, mor does 1t produce pla,uee 1ft ch1ek embryo,<br />
GMK or HBp2 o\Ü tures:. ~erefore Dr. Shope'a te~que for<br />
demonstrat1ag the preseaGe or Amaparí antlgen ia tareGted mouse<br />
braia was adapted to t18sue culture. Ia GMIr. 8ulturee, e1ther tlu,1d<br />
8'10n8 or the Whole inteeted oultur8 atter r~ez~g and tbawlng 2 or<br />
3 times w&e ueed ae ant1gen iR a CP test, w1tn tne following resulte:<br />
Da'18 artariaocula.t10.<br />
Flu1d<br />
T1tre<br />
glJ11d+eella<br />
CPE<br />
6<br />
9121.5<br />
0.1.0<br />
1.0<br />
2.0<br />
3.S<br />
7.5<br />
5.5<br />
.e8....g.aeg.<br />
t<br />
2.$<br />
5.0<br />
I' W&8 eas7 to demoftstrate tne growüb ot the Y1rua 18 culture<br />
bl OP and 1t appears that the bet'er ant1ge. wa. ~at der1yed trom
c lruses peclt'lc.<br />
ver, ver. gcs<br />
both fluld and cells.<br />
- 23 -<br />
Neutra~ization tests using the above teChnique<br />
to determine surviv1ng v1rU8 showed that homologous antlsorum<br />
neutrallzed 210gB or greater of AN 70563. T1trat1on af stra1n<br />
AN 86901 or Amapar{ vlrus ln GI-It oel18 by the same method gave<br />
similar results<br />
Use or combined antl[~en poo12.o<br />
Carey (Nature.G.QQ.J 1024-5. 1963) reported the successful<br />
use of comblned antlgen pools to detect infections by certain<br />
Group D arboviruses in Indla. We therefore tested 48 local<br />
both separatel.,. and combined ln pools, ar;alnst lmrrn,me<br />
fluida, with the resulta shown in Table 19. With rare<br />
exceptions the antiserum titres were ldentical, as a180 wcre the<br />
antlgen tltres.<br />
the antlgen tltres or Group C virusos<br />
were 1n beneral h1gher in combination, whinh 1s possibly dU8 to<br />
close antlgenlc relatlonahips.<br />
3. Teste with material from Labrea. -<br />
No cellular alterations wore seen 1n cul~ures lnoculated wlth<br />
material for attempted v1rus isolat1on from people from Labrea.<br />
on the chance that vlral growth mi[pt have occurred 1n the<br />
absence ar CPE, a11 tlle cul tures trOI!1 orlgirlal inoculatlons or<br />
wore tested by CF, after frcozlng and thawil13 twlce.<br />
a!;ainst the following sera or immune ascitic fluida: (a) Group A<br />
pool (b Group B pool (c the convalescent serum of one patient,<br />
and (d) "normal" human serum. The resulta were all negatlve ar
2u<br />
xmTRALT~--TION TBSTS DI TISSUE CULTURE<br />
5ia.e .er'ata 8aatrad1otor7 resulta vere obserTed ia some<br />
H teste. seleeted 87stems were tested for po881ble causes ot error.<br />
The quaft'itatiye aaal~aea were made b~ the plaque redu.tio. method<br />
ia &h18k embrJo 8ul\urea growa 1D 3 oz. bottles (approx.<br />
aneet area 28 c~). V1rua-serum mixtures were 1acubated at 3700<br />
~or 1 hour and inocula ted 1ft tha Tolume or 0.2 ml. par bottle o<br />
01"OPOU~~.<br />
1. Reprodue1b111'7 ot \1<br />
tlwrat1oms or the a&me T1rus stO8k vere made OB tne<br />
same da7 b~ the same person. fhe d11ut1aaa vere 1acubated at 37OC<br />
for 1 hour to a1mulate HT 8aadltlona aad 1noeulated (0.2 ml.) lAto<br />
3 bot'les per d11ut1oa. Plaque 80uating gaTe the ~o~low1ag<br />
res~t81<br />
Tar1ed trom ~ to 85. 1.8. t1trea ot 4.6 to 4.9 log.<br />
(b) ~ the 10-4 d11ut1oa the aumber ia )0 bot.les ranged froa 1<br />
to 12. 1.e. 4.0 to 4.9 logo It 1a eT1deat that plaque caunta ar<br />
lesa \haa 10 glye larger errors.<br />
2. R.produ.1b111~ or Deutra11zat1oa testa.<br />
Eight mixtures ar the same Tlrua ataok witb tne aame<br />
ant1-Oropouahe 1~~e aseltl. fluid (AP) were prepared, beiag 4<br />
mixtures wl~ 10-1 (25.°00 p.f.Qo) and 4 w1~ 10-2 (2,500 p.f.u.)<br />
or T1ruae Ea&h m1xture wae iAoculated iAto S bot.les. The resul'ing<br />
plaque 8ouata and aeutra11za~1an ~d18e8 (XI) vere &8 tollow81
\dse,<br />
25<br />
dilution gave 19-59 plaques (20 bottles) wi th NI varying thus from<br />
2.6 to 3.11og and (b) the 10-2 di1ution gave 0-9 p1aques (19 bott1es<br />
Titration in the presence oí "normal" animal serum. or ascitic fluid (Ar').<br />
Serum or AF<br />
.<br />
Normal AF<br />
Howler monkey<br />
Human<br />
Guinea pig<br />
Oryzo~<br />
~i'à:eIphis<br />
Virus titre in serum or AF<br />
Inactivated Not inactivated<br />
_._~--- --<br />
5.2<br />
3.0<br />
5.3<br />
5.2<br />
5.3<br />
503<br />
~oval bÜiiifn 4.9<br />
5c<br />
3c<br />
5c.5<br />
4c.7<br />
5. .3,9<br />
4c<br />
'fl1e "normal" howler monkey s ee~ to have been Oropouche iImm.me.<br />
there was no significant difference between the diluents or between fresh or heat<br />
inactivated diluent. In arder to test the effect af the additian af fresh serum<br />
on the neutraIization index, an Oropouche convalescent human serum (Bel 989) which had<br />
been stored at 4ac for more than 4 years was selectedo Fresh hunan serum was collected<br />
a few hours before the tests, which were run in parallel. One tested the irnrmme serum<br />
mixed "Jith an equal volume of the fresh, the other with an equal volume of bovalbwnino<br />
No significant effect on the NI was seen.<br />
~~~~<br />
7he reproducibility of the NT was investigated with 2 viruses of this group.<br />
}ffiE (}k}tlllan strain): 5 mixtures af the same virus stack with serum fram WEE<br />
~~e rabbit 4651 were each inoculated into 5 bottles (total 25 bottles The nwnber<br />
or plaques produced varied froro 9-28 and the max. and mino NI were 2.6 and 201 log.<br />
rfucambo (AN 10967): NI with an immune horse serum varied from 0.4 -1.8 log and<br />
with a hyperimmune AF from 0.8 -1.9 log.<br />
Group ~<br />
Bacto agar was substi tuted for Noble agar in the overlay for Bussuquara virus,<br />
and permi t tJed the production of plaques by this virus in chick embryo cul ture and
1.8 1.4<br />
26 AN NI<br />
a comparison by the plaque reduction technique between the prototype AN~4116 and<br />
strain AN 66570 (which gives larger, clearer plaques), with the following results:<br />
~e~~group<br />
66570-6 inj o<br />
§ mean af 5' tes~<br />
§§ mean af 4 tes~<br />
1:4<br />
1:16<br />
AN 4116<br />
~--<br />
2.6<br />
?<br />
o.s<br />
Vírus<br />
AN 66570<br />
1.9 §<br />
1.3 §§<br />
0.6<br />
strain AN 67744, isolated in 1964 in chick embryo culture from the blood of<br />
a Proechimys, was neutralized (2.7 log) by an AF oí Bujaru (AN 47693 wi th a homologous<br />
aí 2.8 lag.<br />
~_agroup<br />
Both the proto~ SPAN 232 from são Paulo and strain AN 58058 from Belem<br />
produce marked CPE in GI1K cells.<br />
PIAQUE mHIBITIOlJ TESTS<br />
AF Final diln.<br />
AN 58058-5 injo<br />
SPAN 232-5 inj.<br />
1:41:4<br />
1:8<br />
Virus<br />
AN 5805~ ~..?~<br />
2.0<br />
2.0<br />
-<br />
105<br />
-<br />
1.5<br />
In the original Porterfield technique for this test, the fish-spjJ}e beads are<br />
filled by capillari ty on contact ,.dth the surface of tl1e ilmmme serum, a process<br />
vJhich takes up to 1 minute per beado This tas been modified in this labora tory by<br />
using a CF dropping pipette deli vering a drop oí 0.025 rnl. to íill the beads more<br />
rapidlyand accurately. The results have shown ve~ littlc variation bet1~een tests.<br />
In Table 20 are ShO1ffi the results oí tests with viroses oí Group A íound in the<br />
Belem areao It can be seen that WEE and Aura cross-react in one directiono
ined: al<br />
27<br />
ENTOM:>lOGY<br />
This year the entomological research continued along 4 main lines: (a) a<br />
study af the bialagy af ~~,<br />
(b) attempts to obtain oviposition in the laboratory<br />
by species known to be important as virus vcctors, (c a study of the transmission<br />
of viruses to mice by naturally infected mosquitoes, and (d the collection of<br />
irnrnature stages from natural and artificial brceding places in the fores ta 01 IPEAN,<br />
utinga and Serra do Navio J Amapá Terri to~.<br />
In the 3 months February through April, the following breeding places were<br />
Natural<br />
IPEAN 37 4<br />
utinga 61 17<br />
During a S-day visit to Amapá in March, 32 natural breeding places were<br />
examined around Serra do Navio.<br />
In the thatched hut in the lPEAN forest, over 800<br />
mosquitoes of both sexos were reared to adulthood and prescrved with their exuviae<br />
for taxonomic study. In the laboratory, 4 rearing cages were set up as used at the<br />
B 9, B 17 and ~.) taeniopus) released into these from the blower trap catches.<br />
From 5623 female ~ B 9, 3 oviposi tions were achieved. With a rnodification of<br />
the cage, involving placing a gourd under the porous pot, containing organic matter<br />
from the forcst floor, 5 ovipositions were achieved from C.(M.) taeniopus, 4 from<br />
Culex spp. , and 2 !ram Culex B 17, this last in anly 6 days af experimente<br />
-- ~y oí<br />
these eggs were reared through to adulthood, but their maturation was extraordinarily<br />
prolonged in the laborato~ as compared with the thatched hut in the forest.<br />
A family of sentinel mice was placed in each cage daily as a source of blood, and
-28 -<br />
these mice were watched for signs of v1rus infection.<br />
4,367 ~~ spp. , 4 virus isolations were made,<br />
~oJ}1. )taeniopus and 888 ~~ B 17, as fol1ows:<br />
Da te<br />
Virus Strain<br />
From such mice exposed to<br />
plus one each from 3,658<br />
~squito<br />
26 Nepuyo AN 83010<br />
Culex sppo<br />
331 Mirim<br />
AN 83378<br />
Culex (M.) taeniopus<br />
Bush Bush AN 84269<br />
Culex spp.<br />
4<br />
21<br />
27<br />
Capjj!l<br />
Capjj!l<br />
Guamá<br />
AN 84461<br />
AN 84948<br />
AN 85058<br />
Cu1ex spp.<br />
Culex spp.<br />
Cu1ex B 17<br />
This is direct proof that these species are involved in the cycles of these<br />
viruses in natureo<br />
Tables 21-23 give the results aí these aver the year.<br />
There were 13 species<br />
taken by day (0830-1030 hrs.) at Utinga which were not taken by night (1800-1900 hrs.<br />
a t IPEAN on human bait, not surprisingly since these are mainly day-biting species.<br />
From the foot of Table 23 i t can be seen that from Februa~ through April, and again<br />
in .June, October and November, the utinga day catches were the more productive, with<br />
the yearts rate nearly 20% more than the IPEAN night catches.<br />
(swamp forest<br />
The IPEAN V9-rzea<br />
was slight~ more productive than tte capoeirão (secondary forest)<br />
during the second half of the year.<br />
The on1y possib1y significant qualitative<br />
differences between the faunas of the varzea and capoeirão appear to be that the<br />
varzea produced only half as many .9.!-~.spissipes and A?.(S.)nimbu~ as the capoeirão.<br />
These 2 catching areas were about 500 mo aparto
to<br />
29 -<br />
Tables 24 and 25 give the results from Amapá. L~tus pseudomethisticus was<br />
captured there but not at Belemo The preference af !:!ae~ga~~ and Sabeth.es<br />
trees and of ~~, ~rophora, Limatus and \'vyeo~a for the ground is clearly shovm<br />
in Table 25. The capture rate was higher on the ground than in the trees, yet lower<br />
for that month of April at Porto Platon than at Serra do Navioo With daylight<br />
catching time comparable to that at Utinga, only 38% or the utinga annual m~uito<br />
total was taken at Serra do NaviOe The hourly capture rate never dropped below 59 at<br />
utinga (November), whereas at Serra do Navio i t relI to 3 in December and was<br />
less July through September. This does not correlate with the rainfalllevels a~<br />
Serra do Navio, which remained high until September (Table 9).<br />
~~o- JJ~plower Trap<br />
A blo~ler trap of the ~ described in last year's Annual Report was modified<br />
to separate the catch into 4 collecting cage", at 6-hourly intervals. The cages are<br />
mounted in a row above the hood with bait and blower, which travels along rails,<br />
winched into position by an elcctric motor operated at appropriete intervals by a<br />
seOO!1.d clooko Table 28 shows the resul ts by period or capture and species. 'I'he trap<br />
was stopped between 0130 and 0830 to allow for removal of the catch and resettingo<br />
Capture rate shows that the period 0830-1330 is the least productive, 1930-0130 the<br />
The timing should probably be al tered so as not to spli t dusk between 2 periods.<br />
The only species to show up as diurnal by this method was ~tus paraensiso<br />
Comparison of bai~<br />
At 6 mo above ground level in Utinga forest, 6 different baits were exposed on<br />
different days during Janua~ in a blower trap (Table 26). Apart from the mice, the<br />
bai ts used the same cage, so there may have been some carry-over of odour from one<br />
bait to tJ1e next. Human bai t (included for comparison appears to be by far the<br />
mast attractive, cansidering that each catch-day cansisted ar anly 7 daylight
compared Alternative~,<br />
HUrnan shows However, conclusions.<br />
Haney ,<br />
-30"<br />
wi th 24 hours for the blower trap. This could be related to the greater<br />
surface area af human bait.<br />
the blower.<br />
the catchers were more efficient<br />
bai t a ttracted a spectrum or mosquito species almost entirely<br />
different from the other baitA9,even other primates, but it is possible to explain<br />
the lack of Culex by the fact that the hUtMn catch was in the day"time onlyo It"'looks<br />
at first sight as though<br />
that Sabethini can be taken in the blower trap. There ia little to chooae<br />
between the other bai ts as far as mosquito spectrum goes, alI being heavily weighted<br />
the neinly ground-living nersupial Didelphis. It is interesting that the arboreal<br />
marsupial ~~ and the monkeys are apparently less attractive to mosquitoes than<br />
the terrestr1al ch1cken and mouse, ind1cating (a) that an attack rate calculated from<br />
mouse or chicken baited catches cannot be extrapolated to these monkey species, and<br />
(b) that the mouse and chicken are the better trap baits for monitoring arbovirus<br />
activity in mosquitoes above ground level.<br />
attractiveness need to be confirmed by more extended observations.<br />
figures are heavily biassed by .Culex (J.wlanocanion) spp.<br />
these conclusions on relative<br />
The chicken<br />
The rates in Table 27 are more difficul t to compare, as the bai ts were not alI<br />
exposed during the same month, and toa few mosquitoes were caught to permit firm<br />
Only the f!co=e~hi~, mouse and honey figures are direct~ comparable,<br />
and show that there is little difference between the 2 rodents, quantitatively ar<br />
qualitatively, except that ~.?1h~ appears to have selected Limatus paraensis<br />
was the least attractive bait af alI, except the guinea-pig, but the latter<br />
~1as tested in September when in any case the mosquito population reached itiannual low.<br />
The chicl{en rate for October (Table 28) 1s somewhat below the mouse rate for<br />
saroe month (Tab1e 31<br />
whereas the reverse 1s the case at 6 m. above ground
-31<br />
(Table 26), so it seems that a chicken on the ground is relatively less attractive<br />
than a chicken 6 mo highero (In October the chicken catch was not biassed by<br />
r'1elanoconion) . The birds tested did not approach the chicken in attractiveness,<br />
--~<br />
but they died during exposureo The cebus appears to be more attractive than the<br />
other monkeys, and its rate of capture was comparable to that for mouse bait in<br />
the saroe month (Tab1e 31 The lizard (~e- ~~ was onlyone tenth as attractive<br />
in Trinidad (TRVL Annua1 Repor~ 1961 & 1962)0<br />
The preíerence oí ~~~~~ and h(:M:.)ta.~~~~<br />
and B 19 for ~~~. and mouse is clear from Table 27.<br />
for chicken and of Culex<br />
This is not due to the<br />
month of exposure, since E~ B 9 & B 19 were actually more abundant in January<br />
(lihen the chicken bai t wa s exposed) than L~ April (rodent bait -see Tables 29 &<br />
Human and chicken baits attracted the braadest spectrum ar species, but these baits<br />
were exposed for more days than the otherso Over the entire year, mouse bait<br />
attracted 42 species (Tab1e 31)0 As an index of efficiency, in February a chicken-<br />
bai ted Blower trap achieved 6 tj.mes the rate per day af masquitaes taken by a chicken-<br />
baited Magoon trap in the same montho<br />
Feeding percentages froro Table 28 are as follo'~s:<br />
Ae.scapularis<br />
Culex spp.<br />
-'B 7<br />
B 9<br />
B 19<br />
(C.) declarator<br />
(f.f.) spissipes<br />
(H~I~~~<br />
6%<br />
4%<br />
7%<br />
8%<br />
8%<br />
16%<br />
10%<br />
2%<br />
These rates are discussed under the section on mouse baited bloi-Jcr trap catchese
Ae.<br />
catchos,<br />
Mouse bait -hood catches<br />
32 -<br />
Tables 29 and 30 show these captures from utinga and lPEAN. The s~ries<br />
on Table 30 indicate that in both forests catching fell off sharply in the second<br />
half af the year, and this was by a greater factar than in 1964, in which year the<br />
monthly totals were consistently highero Those species that were marked~ more<br />
abundan t iJ1 one year than the other, in spi te of comparable ca tch time, were:<br />
serratus<br />
~Ü:lexspp. ~-<br />
cülex B 7<br />
~rMelanoconion) caudelli ?<br />
~~;}spJ.ssJ.~_s<br />
r;~- 0-1.~Jtaeriiofjus<br />
~Bnson~a venezue~ensis<br />
~ ~ --~~-~-~~ ~~-<br />
Ae. scapularis<br />
C-ulex ~I<br />
cu!éx B 8<br />
"CüIex B 17<br />
Virtua.lq a11 8pccies were more abW1dant in IP;~'Jl catchcs than in Utinr;a<br />
and 10 species were recorded in hood catches from IPEAN which were not found<br />
in utinga hoods this year; on the other hand~ a single C. (Microculex) stonei \-Ias<br />
taken in a utinga hood whereas none were taken in IPEAI~ hoods o<br />
Over a quarter or<br />
alI unidentifiable ~~ spp. caught at IPEAN were taken in January alonej Utinga<br />
did not have this marked peako<br />
The month1y totals for fed and unfed mos qui toes in Tables 29 & 30 are misleading,<br />
as they suggest that about 60% or the mosquitoes taken are unfed.<br />
Examination oi the<br />
species totaIs, however, shows that this is due to Iarge numbers of unfed ~~ spp.<br />
and ~~ B 1, as in the majori ty of the other species wi th combined totals or more<br />
than 20, the number of fed mos qui toes exceeds the number of unfede The ~~<br />
I<br />
mentioned presumably have some other intercst in the hood besides the bai t, perhaps<br />
as a resting shelter.
it oes<br />
-blower trap catc?es,<br />
-33<br />
It has already been shown that mouse bait is one of the most attractive for<br />
(Tables 26, 27). Tab1e 31 shows that the peak biting popu1ation was in<br />
April, wi th a marked decline in the last 5 manths af the year matching the decline<br />
in mouse hood captures 30). TotaIs caught are of course much higher \vith<br />
the blower trap which collects for 24 hours per day, whereas the hood only holds<br />
those mosqui toes which are still resting inside 1fhen i t is closed in the mornlng.<br />
From February through July such large numbers af mosquitoes were taken (in April,<br />
over 18,000 in 27 trap.days t only a proportion of them could be identified in<br />
the time available o needs to be seriously considered whether the removal oí such<br />
largo numbers of mosquí toes has an effect on local ~ numbers and vírus cycles.<br />
The rates for April show that there was not much difference in productivity<br />
between the 2 sites used for the trap.<br />
The spectrum of mosquito species captured<br />
\~as similar wi th both hood and blower, al though ~ B 1 which was taken in fair<br />
numbers with the hood, did not appear in the blower trap catches, whilst the reverse<br />
was the<br />
mouse-baited blower trap during the year, compared with 5 in the hoods.<br />
In spite oí the very much larger numbers oí mosquitoes taken by the blower,<br />
vírus isolation rate per mosquito was less than halí that oí the hood catches<br />
a t IPEAN, al though the ra te per<br />
Virus<br />
EEE<br />
Mucambo<br />
Bussuquara<br />
Apeu<br />
Itaqui<br />
Nepuyo<br />
was almost identical as shown below:<br />
iso1ated from mosquitoes from mouse-baited<br />
hood and b1ower traps, IPFAN forest, 1965 §<br />
Hood<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
0<br />
0<br />
0<br />
Blower<br />
1<br />
0<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1
Actually, Nullipars,<br />
Oriboca<br />
GUaIra<br />
Catu<br />
Capim<br />
Guajara<br />
Bush Bush<br />
Mirim<br />
-34-<br />
Total<br />
Total mosquitoes<br />
Rate per mosquito<br />
Total pools<br />
Rate per pool<br />
o<br />
o o<br />
3<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
6<br />
2,289<br />
1:382<br />
242<br />
1:40<br />
Blo'ver--<br />
19<br />
15,634<br />
1:823<br />
809<br />
1:43<br />
§ except January & r-ny, when blower trap did not opera te.<br />
the difference in rate per mosquito is barely significant at the<br />
10~g leveI (x. 1.683), but it is conceivable that the time or closing the hoods<br />
(around 0800 hours) selects L~fected mosquitoes, since these could have been taking<br />
their blood meal around dawn after having spent the night ovipositing.<br />
uninfected and interested only in feeding, will have fed at all hours of the night,<br />
beine retained by the blower trap, but most~ leaving the hood before it is closed.<br />
Table 32 sho,vs the effect an the catch af changes in the fan cycle of the<br />
blo1'1er trap. Since the cycle was only changed after 3 or 4 days at one settingg<br />
short-term fluctuations in mosquito abundance severely biassed the 15-minute figures<br />
for Auguste Using only September through December totaIs, the rate per day \~orks out<br />
at 48 for the 15-minute and 39 for the 3D-minute cycle, a difference of nearly 25%<br />
in favour of the shorter cycle. -- Gulex B 7 and B 9 emerge as the active feeders,<br />
achieving 20% ar more within 30 rninutes, and around 1Q% in 15 minutes, whereas<br />
Culex sPp. and the subgenus J.Ielanoconion are the slow feeders on mice.<br />
-L- ---<br />
Ae. -~-<br />
scapularis,<br />
1<br />
4<br />
2<br />
4<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1
er:<br />
on chicken bait, and ~~ B 9 and C. (M.) taeniopus show higher rates on cebus<br />
(Table 28).<br />
35<br />
Thus a 15-minute fan cycle serves the dual purpose of collecting more mosqui toes<br />
than the 3G-minute cycle, and reducing the chance of infection of the bait and thereby<br />
the risk af feedback infectian af the masquitaes caught. r1osquitoes which might<br />
become infected from the bai t are in any case prevented from returning to the<br />
environmento Incidentally, aI though the same virus types were isola ted during the<br />
year from both mos qui toes and sentinel mice, in only 3 cases was the same virus<br />
isolated from both the mouse bait and the mosquitoes caught on it, i.e. January:<br />
Guajara (AR 81105 and CM 7475), September: Oriboca (AR 94240 and CM 8535), and<br />
Catu (AR 95078 and m18629).<br />
There are some discrepancies between the hood and blower trap figures for the<br />
relative abundance of mosquitoes on a month1y basiso Ignoring January and I'BY,<br />
during which the~ower trap was not used at IPEAN, the order of months of the year<br />
in which mosquitoes were most abundant in the 2 traps was: -<br />
IPMN hood IPEAN blower<br />
r-arch<br />
February<br />
JuneApril<br />
July<br />
August<br />
OctoberDecember<br />
SeptemberNovember<br />
-<br />
- --<br />
April<br />
February<br />
r-Brch<br />
June<br />
July<br />
August<br />
October<br />
November<br />
December<br />
September<br />
The trend, hawever, is the same: abundance during the first 6 manths af the<br />
year, a falling cff in Ju1y and August reaching a trcugh in September, a slight rise<br />
in October, then decline in l~ovember and Decembero The hood resul ts show tha t
~ And below, species.<br />
January was actually the peak manth, due ta large catches af ~~ spp.<br />
36<br />
B 7 and B 9, and that the May total was higher than those of April or June,<br />
due to a boost by ~~ spp. again. Cu1ex B 17 and C o (M.) taeniopus<br />
~<br />
and<br />
figured much<br />
more prominently in the blower trap catches, and ~~is probably accounts for the<br />
difference in month1y abundance ratings from the hood resul ts.<br />
The relative<br />
abundance over the year (excluding January and May, when the blower trap was not<br />
functioning at I~~N) or the commonest species, taking the ~~ B 7 catch as unity<br />
in each case, was:<br />
13.0<br />
2.9<br />
2.5<br />
B 7 1.0<br />
IPEAN Blower<br />
Culex B 9<br />
C.(M.)taeniopus<br />
Culex spp.<br />
B17<br />
B 7<br />
Ratio<br />
These figures reinforce the conclusion drawn earlier from the proportion of<br />
fed I~osquitoes found in the hoods, that ~~ sppo<br />
3.4<br />
3.2<br />
2.5<br />
2.4<br />
1.0<br />
and B 1 have less interest in<br />
the bai t than in the shel ter afforded by the trap, and that therefore the hood<br />
would take more, since in the 1[o1ier trap any mosquitoes merely resting beneath the<br />
eaves woulc; not be blown into the collectinB ca~e.<br />
Perhaps ~~ B 1<br />
is not taken<br />
by the blo"!-ler trap bec:?use its approach to the ~rl~.t js from the side rather than<br />
and it never enters the danger area.<br />
C.(M.) taeniopus<br />
perhap5 the rea50n 50 few<br />
are taken in the hood is tha t they prefcr to leave the bai t<br />
immediately after feeding rather than rcst close by under the hood like the other<br />
These are obvious fields for experimente<br />
~~use ba_i~ ::!';:inidad Na 10 trap<br />
During January~ 6 of these traps were run for 20 days with screened bait,<br />
to prevent reinfcction of trapped mos qui toes in case the bai t mice became viraemic
ork. ar,<br />
-37<br />
from an early biteo The screening diminished the attractiveness of the bait so much<br />
that on:Ly 14 mosquitoes were caught. During February the screening was removed, but<br />
in 54 trap days on1y 350 mos qui toes were caught (6 per trap day), so the use of these<br />
traps was discontinuedo The traps had been modified from the 1961 TRVL design by<br />
the addition of a canvas top and equatorial band to preserve the nylon netting from<br />
wear a.nd tear.<br />
~E~- bai t " M3.goon trap<br />
A modified 11agoon trap was run wi th chicken bai t for the first 2 months of the<br />
with the results shown in Table 39. In the saroe 2 man ths af 1964, wi th twice<br />
the rainfall, the l~te of catching was 8 times greater, yet 5 fewer species, and<br />
In February<br />
1965 a chicken-bai ted b1ower trap took ~S times the n\unber of. mos qui toes daily taken<br />
by the l!ágpon trapo<br />
~~.t.r.a.p. .c~~~<br />
These were run from 1800 -2400 hrso, roughly once a week, in 2 different<br />
localities in the forest, alternated between catches. Table 34 shows the results.<br />
There was the same September low as in the mouse-baited catches.<br />
The follovdr.B<br />
mosquitoes 1íere not captured by any other method: Psorophora cingulata (only 1 caught),<br />
~edornwia squamipennis (a cano~-haunting bird-feeder), Uranotaenia lovdi and<br />
Uogeometric~ (amphibian feeders)o . AlI males caught were separated for future<br />
i<br />
taxonoroic<br />
The number oí hours catching per month with the light trap is not adequate to<br />
permit quantitative comparison ~]ith other methodso<br />
. ..
,c. Q.~~~c~~e~ for foliage<br />
~ontrap catches<br />
-38 -<br />
Tables 35 and 36 show the resulta oí theseo<br />
and U.leucopterawere not caught by any other methodo<br />
~ficroculc~) B 1 and B 2,<br />
tree-hole breeder), ~ranotaenia hvster~,<br />
l~s ~ t-
h. ,<br />
.39<br />
suction trap took more males than fema.les, whereas the light trap did<br />
the reverse, at a much lower rateo Peak light trap catching rate was in December,<br />
wi th a smaller peak in February; the suction trap peaks were October, followed by<br />
However, since the 2 types of catch were made on different days, in different<br />
forestG, they are not directly comparable.<br />
-Precipitin<br />
tests on blood meals<br />
Precipitin test resulta on blood meals of mosquitoes and Phlebotomus captured<br />
near Bel.em have been recei ved from Dr. Tempelis of Berkeley:<br />
Negative<br />
!.rs.rsu pial<br />
Bird<br />
Human<br />
Rodent<br />
Bovine<br />
44<br />
20 (a11 mosquitoesj 8 were Cu1ex B 9) .<br />
18 (a11 ~ except for 3 Aedes serratus) .<br />
5 (3 from r~sonia venezuelensis, 2 from Aedes<br />
3 (ali Cu1exy--<br />
1 (Cule~)<br />
rõ6'<br />
ar the 19 H11ebotomus meals tested, 7 were positive for unidentified maJ!1In8.1,<br />
and the rest were negative to everything, probably due to unsufficient bloodG<br />
Ticks<br />
f~n attempt was made to rcar out engorged sub-adult ticks found on birds, by<br />
Trapido's technique. Out af 35 callected, and kept individually in 3 x 1 inch<br />
tubes over moist sand, 8 died after 9 da~ and alI but 4 were dead by the 14th<br />
the re!rJa.inder dying soon after without moulting. Apparently the trauma af farcible<br />
rcmov41 from the hosts (which were bled and then released), caused this mortalityo
, poo1<br />
40<br />
PARASITOLOGY<br />
Incidental to the rodent and bird recapture programmes, blood smears were made<br />
at the time of bleeding for virus and serology, and a number of paras i tes ~Jere found<br />
in these (Table 39)0<br />
!~o~p~~<br />
Vírus stocks for yellow fever (H 111<br />
MOUSENEUTRA LIZAT ION TESTING<br />
Ilheus (H 7445), SLE (AR 23379) and<br />
Bussuquara (AN 4116) were obtained by the ic inocu1ation of 3-day-o1d mice with 10%<br />
suspensions of mouse brain in bovalbumin, and the collection of the serum or brain<br />
at 96 hours after infection for H 111, or 72 hours for the other viroses.<br />
In an effort to interpret the specificity and sensitivity or ti".e N test using<br />
serum vírus íc, and brain vírus íp, wíth the 4 group B agents known in Erazil, the<br />
follO\fing 13 seTa were selected for testing in tl1e 1:8 dilution: seTa 1 tm-ough 4<br />
are hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluids for yellow fever, Ilheus, SLE, and Bussuquaraj<br />
sera 5 through 1 are believed to be yellow rever immune either by history or HI<br />
pattern, including a human with a reliablc history af previaus 17-D vaccinatian, a<br />
oi sera of monkeys PR 319 and PR 322 shot during Janua~ in Utinga forest, and<br />
monkey PR 316 from the same forest; sera 8 and 9 fram humans of Gameta believed to be<br />
Ilheus imzmme by the HI pattem; plasma and senlJll 10 and 11 believed to be SLE ilnmune<br />
repres en ting pooled Q~ragypa (black vul ture ) plasmas AV 6306 and AV 6310, and a serum<br />
fram a human resident af Cameta with SLE RI patternj and sera 12 and 13 fram fFae~himya
0<br />
ination,<br />
RO 5209 (several bleedings pooled<br />
41<br />
and RO 5157, be1ieved to be Bussuquara immune by<br />
considerabJ.e experience indicating that Bussuquara commonly infects these rodents.<br />
Table 40 lists the results af yellaw rever, Ilheus, Bussuquara, and SLE N tests<br />
(Strains used given on Table)o Serum 7 , a monkey from Utinga, and s erum 8, a human<br />
,<br />
from Cameta, would appear to have had previous experience with both yellow rever and<br />
Ilheus viroses o The yellow rever brain ip test lacks specifici ty in group B unless<br />
~ ~~I of ~ 2.5 is considered as the criterion for positivity instead af tr_e classic<br />
figure af ~ 1.7. Fbur non-group B mouse hyperimmune sera were included with LNIls .of<br />
0.2, 0.4, and 1.3 indicating that the ye11ow rever ip test group B resu1ts are<br />
group specific, and that reactions represent heterologous antibody. This test should<br />
be excellent for measuring group B antibody.<br />
The brain ip tests with Ilheus, SLE, and Bussuquara viruses retain their<br />
specificity to a remarkable degree and are as sensitive or more sensitive than the<br />
serum ic teste It would seem advisable to adopt the ip test routinely when dealing<br />
with SLE, Ilheus, and Bussuquara,<br />
yellow fever<br />
Yellow rever strain H 20228 from a febrilc human from Vigia, taken 2 days after<br />
was used to test for post-vaccination antibody. This strain;<br />
after the 5th passage, produced a viraemia in mice of 305, but when used as a<br />
haemagg1utinin showed no advantage over strain H 111 in a comparative test on human<br />
sera from Amapa.:<br />
1:20<br />
HI titre<br />
1 :40 1 :80<br />
H 111 60 § 152 45<br />
H 20228 61 155 49<br />
4<br />
§ NQ af sera pasitive at this titre.
-42-<br />
The sera of 495 people resident in Amapa were tested by NT using serum vírus<br />
ic in 4-day-old mice; there were 398 first bleedings and 97 second bleed1r'G~:<br />
Bleeding<br />
1st<br />
2nd<br />
Positives<br />
83<br />
.57<br />
Conversions<br />
-<br />
39<br />
From these resulta it appears that many oí the HI positives among these gera<br />
due to heterologous Group B antibody, and inspection of the detailcd resul ts<br />
supports this view -~ ar the positives had a higher titre with Ilheus antigeno<br />
Changu.irJ.o1a group<br />
In 1964 we were unsuccessful in producing a serum virus preparation for NT with<br />
(AN 28873). In 1965 we tested brain material of various passages of this strain<br />
stored at-6ooc in different preparations, with the following results:<br />
?!:aterial Date prepared<br />
vJhole mouse<br />
r.yophilized brain<br />
Erain 1:5 bovalbumin<br />
" " "<br />
" " "<br />
l~ole mouse<br />
" "<br />
" "<br />
1205.64<br />
12.5.64<br />
12.5.64<br />
6.3.64<br />
1e.3.65<br />
21.5.65<br />
28.5.65<br />
102.65<br />
Date titrated<br />
--o<br />
same20.5. day,64,64<br />
20.5.<br />
1.2.<br />
30.3.<br />
same<br />
same<br />
same<br />
10, L.6<br />
.5<br />
3.5<br />
.5.5.6.602<br />
2<br />
3<br />
.5<br />
.5.404<br />
.5<br />
therefore, recently prepared mouse brain, at most 8 days after collection,<br />
the folloi~g resulta were obtained:<br />
Virus<br />
AN 28873<br />
AR 35646<br />
AR 41067<br />
AR 54342<br />
AN 27639§<br />
100 §§<br />
O<br />
003<br />
003<br />
ImImme Asci tic Fluid<br />
AN 28873 ~~6k6 AR U067 AR 54342<br />
2.8 a<br />
'O";B:b<br />
002<br />
0.5<br />
§ Acara control<br />
§§ neutralization index (log LDSO)<br />
(a) mean of 4 testa<br />
(b) mean of 2 testa<br />
(c) mean of 3 testa<br />
.65<br />
,65<br />
day<br />
day<br />
day<br />
100<br />
2.3 a<br />
-o-:(}b<br />
003<br />
0.8<br />
0.7 c<br />
2.1 b<br />
~<br />
0.5 o<br />
2.8
-43<br />
When the test was repeated by plaque reduction in chick embryo TC (with<br />
Agarose plus Colems.n medium), the differences were even clearer (see below)o The<br />
ascitic fluids used were the same as for the mouse test (final diln. 1:16), but they<br />
were heat inactivated at 56QC for 30 mine<br />
VinlB_.- AR 41067-7~.<br />
AN 28873<br />
AR 35646<br />
AR 41067<br />
1.8 b<br />
õ:J;b<br />
0.3 b<br />
(o) as above<br />
002 c<br />
109 c<br />
'O:Ic<br />
o c<br />
003 c<br />
~c<br />
The AN 28873 plaques were clearer than those or the other 2 strainso are<br />
awaiting the arrival oí antisera to other viruses oí the Changuinola group, in arder<br />
t~ carry out further tes ta o<br />
Using AN 28873 in challenges of 20 and 200 1050' 27 ~o~ sera from Jtinga<br />
and 24 from the Belem-Brasilia highway (whence carne the Q~zo~ and ~leboto~~<br />
which yielded these strains) were tested in mice but none were protective.<br />
This strain, isolated from a sentinel mouse, has a close relationship wit}<br />
Acara (AN 27639) in the CF test and with Capim complex antiserum and the Belem<br />
~ wí<br />
strain of 3ush Bush (AN 20076) in the HI testo A serum virus stock was obtained<br />
from infant mice bled 42 hours after inoculation with 10% infective mouse brain,<br />
and compared with a serum stock of AN 27639, with the follo\dng results<br />
(neutralization indices): !nmIune Asci tio Fluid<br />
Vírus--<br />
AN 84381<br />
MJ 27639<br />
409<br />
'a:4"<br />
002<br />
5.5<br />
Capim Capim<br />
Complex ~~<br />
1.9<br />
0.4<br />
089<br />
-<br />
Guajara<br />
AN 106~<br />
0.9<br />
002<br />
Bush Bush?<br />
AN 20076<br />
309<br />
0.3<br />
It is thus clearly separable from Acara by NT, and closest to Belem Bush Bush<br />
or those Capim complex viruses tested.
eek agança ~~ lds, deed re ble 1er<br />
44-<br />
IABORATORY CONTAMINATION CFmCK<br />
With the isolation and passage of so many strains of virus at the same time<br />
in this laboratory, it is to be expected that cross-contamination will occur, and<br />
!rom time to time isolations have been discounted when other evidence tended<br />
to cast cloubt on their validityo But a useful check that cross-contamination is not<br />
comm.:>n<br />
be made by looking at the viruses isolated from sentinel mice in adjacent<br />
boxes (Table 41) and from material inoculated L~ series 42)0 It is clear that<br />
adjacent mouse groups do not yield the same vírus any more often than might be<br />
expected by chance. There does not seem to be any frequent spread or infection<br />
on the shelf or on the inoculation tableo<br />
REroRTED EQUllm .ENCEPHALITIS ll.J BP..AOOJÇA<br />
In 1960, EEE virus was isolated from horses and ~s ~e~or~ch~ mos qui toes<br />
in the Bragança regiono<br />
Intensive studies during 1961, 1962, and again L~ late 1963<br />
the initial heavy rains each year, but no return oí EEJ activity was detected.<br />
This year, after reports af equine encephalitis were received durin!<br />
in I~rch, a field team went to Bragança to investigate.<br />
the third<br />
l~o encephali tio horses<br />
'~ere faund in spi te af a hause to hause canvas by canoe over the recently flooded<br />
however nW:1erous first-hand reports "lere received or equine deaths from<br />
"mal de rodas" during the previous ~'1ree weekso Mosquitoes were said to have been<br />
abunctant but to have disappeared coincident wi th the flooding and wi th the<br />
disappearance af clinical disease in horses two weeks beforeo Almos t no mos qui toes<br />
evident at the time of the investigationo<br />
It was concluded that probably<br />
equine encephali tis acti vi ty had returned after an absence af 5 years in the<br />
region
iolof:;f<br />
45<br />
CATTIE DISEASE<br />
In Ju1y we were asked by the Serviço de Defesa Sanitária Animal to investigate<br />
sickness and death in cattle in the Belem area following routine rabies vaccinationo<br />
Clinical history was of onset 2-) weeks after vaccination, with 1088 Or appetitc,<br />
axcess1ve salivation, ~rsensitivi~ 1n some ca8jsand paraplegia in 5/64 animaIs<br />
examined.<br />
Six animaIs presented with rever, but foot-and-mouth disease, type<br />
Rezende, was identified from tongue scr4pings oí one oí these, by the Centro Pan-<br />
americano de Febre Aftosa in Rio de Janeiro.<br />
five animaIs died o<br />
tis sue from one co,~, brain material from 2 and vis cera from 3, plus the<br />
sera of 95 cows were inocula ted into baby mice and guinea-pigs, also the brain and<br />
vis cera of a sick goat.<br />
BHK 21 ce11s, without effecto<br />
one beíng identífiable as rype O.<br />
The resul ts aí 57 blaod caun ta were:<br />
The goat material was also inoculated into GMK, Hep 2 and<br />
Two isola tions or F & M virus were made rrom blood,<br />
Hypochromic anaemia<br />
Leukocytosis<br />
Leukopaenia<br />
12.3%<br />
33.3%<br />
10.5%<br />
results af testing 140 cattle sera by HI with 9 antigens were 12 positives:<br />
EEE 2, WEE 2, r.fucambo 2, Pixuna 1, Ilhéus 1, Tacaiuma 1, Maguar! 4 (one was positive<br />
against both WEE & Tacaiuma)o Six of the positives were from a single dai~ herde<br />
-~ll ti tres were in the range 1 :10 to 1 :20 on1y.<br />
Pathological findings in the fatal cases were oí encephalitis of the lymphocytic<br />
type (2 brain examinations) and sarcosporidiosis (4 heart examinations).<br />
revealed only non-haemolytic staphylococci and streptococci, and Gram positive<br />
bacilli which turned out not to be B. anthraciso<br />
The suspect rabies vaccines were inocula ted by us into mice, rabbi ts and guinea-<br />
pigs, without producing any effect; they were also checked and cleared by the
just trabeculae.<br />
46<br />
veterinary laborato~ at Recife. Our conclusion is that there was no viralor bacterial<br />
cause for the outbreak, but that in view of the pathological finding of encephalitis<br />
in 2 cases, a delayed allergic reaction to the -~ccine could have occurred.<br />
r-DNKEYS<br />
As the supply aí unused sentinel cebus monkeys ran out in June, a new batch<br />
was purchased from the regular supplier at !vL:iracana., whom we were lucky to contact<br />
before he moved to another district. Out oi a score purchased, 17 survived the<br />
ettling-do~m period and were bled to check on their freedolftfrom antibodies, together<br />
1~th 7 survivars ar previaus batchese Their sera were tested by HI against 4 units<br />
of -each of 25 antigens. All the ne\vcomers were negative throughout, except for one<br />
positive to Maguar! and another to Bujarú, both at 1:40. aí the old-timers, !1! 366<br />
whiéh had contracted EEE in utinga as a sentinel in Februa~ 1963, still had EEE<br />
antibodies at 1 :20 1n .August 1965, but no hetero1ogous Group A antibodies; ffI 391<br />
"lias the LA.N sentine1 which contracted ye11ow rever in December 1964, and had a 1:40<br />
titre to that in August 1965, being negative for Ilheus and Bussuquaraj and }rr 363<br />
and MY 387, \ihich as sentinels had been infected in February and Septernber 1963,<br />
respectively, with Marituba, were negative < 1:20) for }~rituba and 6 other Group<br />
antigens<br />
Cebus monkeys MY 372 and MY 397 J both females which had been kept in the<br />
1aboratory since 1961 and 1963 respectivcly, died during the quarter, and were found<br />
ta have very brittle banes, the marraw cavities af the long banes lacking crass<br />
The condition resembled the cage disease seen in some grivet monkeys<br />
kept at Entebbe, Uganda, in spite of the feeding there of a well-balanced diet
l e,<br />
47<br />
The histopathology in these 2 monkeys was not notableo<br />
Since October we have purchased some 50 ,Saimiri sciijreus, mostly from<br />
Island, and 3 TaIOOrin monkeys.<br />
Seven ar the Saimiri died ri thin 3 days ar<br />
having been damaged before arrival at the laboratory, and over 50% of<br />
the remainder died beíore the end oí the year, possib~ due to lack oí proper<br />
accommodation, but this species appears to be ve~ fragile. have had survival<br />
as live bait in mosquito traps in the" forest.<br />
mUSE COLONY<br />
During August and the beginning of September 1965, it became imperative<br />
to introduce some changes in the management oí the rnouse colony in arder to try<br />
a leveI oí production more adapted to the requirements oí the laboratory.<br />
Two chie! problems were tack1ed initially from an experimental angle in Bioterio 3.<br />
'I'hey concerned: the morta1ity in the breeding sector which showed progressive<br />
signs of build-up, and 2)the declining output in litter production and in litter<br />
Mor~li ty<br />
from autopsies examined at the Deparbnents of Pathology and<br />
Bacteriology or the IEG revealed several possible causes or death, some or them or<br />
an enzootic character. Salmonel~ spp.:<br />
with a wealth aí enteric agents,<br />
isolated. Furthermore, a 40% infestation with a Cestode of the Hymenolepis<br />
genus was faund in dead ar sick mice. The intermediary host appeared to be a<br />
Dermaptera of the Forficularidae family, an abundant commensal in the mouse boxes,<br />
several specimens af which cysticercaid larvae were faund.<br />
Besides these enzootic<br />
situatians, a temporary outburst af pneumonia with massive lobar condensatian
started in mid-December.<br />
48<br />
The most urgent measures were directed against water pollution which was found<br />
to be high. Difficul ties in the procurement of fil ters for each Bioterio delayed<br />
until the end of the year the installation of alI the desired filtrationj trouble<br />
also arose from the bad quali ty and probable rough handling of the candles, wi th the<br />
result of some unexpected seepage through some of them. The highly indicated<br />
sterilization oí water bottles in verdunized baths also sufíered much delay.<br />
Other precautions regarding the actual handling of mice were recommendedo<br />
The use of seven-inch forceps frequently dipped into a sterilizing solution and, in<br />
general, the avoidance of hand-mousQ contact were stimulated constant~o<br />
the sex-sarting aí iníants requires handling; hawever, this aperatian lascs much aí<br />
its danger by the practice of frequent hand rinsing.<br />
Unfortunately,<br />
During September, October and part of November, radical elimina tion of diarrhoeic<br />
mothers and their broods was enforced. This was especial~ hard as very often a<br />
heal~ contact had to be sacrificed. Since mid-l~ovember, though, diarrhoea has<br />
disappeared from the breeding sector. It still ia observed, however, in the roam<br />
where inoculated groups are kept for daily inspection and more especially in mouse<br />
groups kept for long periods. This room has not been provided with a filter, as the<br />
material is expendable. This observation tends to confirm the utility of water<br />
filtration as a preventive measure against enteric agents.<br />
Progress of some sort seems to be on the way. The ~enolepis infes ta tion \-lhich<br />
in September appeared to b~ o! seconda~ importance is the chie! concern now. It<br />
appears to affect mostly lactating femaleso Exterminatian af Dermaptera, although<br />
active, is mainly mechanical; the wooden cages and wooden stands in use, \~th their<br />
innumerable cracks and refuges make of the disinsectization of the colony a difficul t<br />
tasko<br />
In November, a progressive deterioration in the supply or wood shavings utilized
io. d<br />
49<br />
litter (another possible íactor oí mortali ty due possib~ to toxic resins)<br />
their substi tution by rice ~usks.<br />
are provided by a rice mill.<br />
husks are collected in bins before they have a chance to touch the ground, as<br />
they are blown out at high temperature from the exhaust pipeo They appeared at<br />
once to constitute a drier, easier to handle material, not as liable as the shavings<br />
to be contaminated by wild rodents o<br />
Attempts at increasing output<br />
The number aí breeding íemales had to be reduced in September in arder to<br />
diminish the contact factor and the crowding. On October 4th, two boxes were added<br />
to the daily groups of ten breeding boxes, and on October 23rd two more.<br />
raised the daily ins talled breeding íemales to 112 wi th 42 males. Following the<br />
apPearance<br />
observation that the/~R. oí litters has a peak during the six or seven days after<br />
first litter (19th day of mating) and fol1owed ~~~~~ by a sharp decline,<br />
it was thought advantageous to withdraw alI the femaIes from the breedin boxes<br />
days.<br />
This was later reduced to ten days.<br />
the tempo of mating is increased<br />
and a more effective utilization of the space and boxes available is achieved.<br />
the 10ss in production due to the preventive rneasures is partia11y compensated foro<br />
Now that the enteric infections seem to be under control, i t is planned to<br />
ta11 the original number of females in the boxes o Together wi th a smal1.<br />
increase in the number oí boxes eaçh day, compatible with the space available, it may<br />
be possible to reach close to the requirements without the installation of a new<br />
Bioterio 1, after the first observations in Bioterio 3 has been following the<br />
procedures wi th similar resul ts.<br />
1 ShOlffi the month1y percentages of mortality in the breeding sector.<br />
peak that builds up into mid-November reflects the sacrifice of sick or suspicious \
50 -<br />
females and their contacts o The increase at the end of December was apparently due<br />
to the pneumonia episode. Moreover, heavy rains which started at the end of<br />
December seem to have produced a more intense water pollution in the city's network<br />
of distribution. It must be kept in mind that Bioterio NQ 5 which provides breeding<br />
stock to the others suffered a delay in filtration until the end of the year.<br />
2 presents the number of babies per litter, an important consideration in<br />
the output; it depends on several factors which , uníortunate1y, escape our control<br />
in the present conditions. One af them may be heredi tary o Selection is ve~ difficult<br />
to achieve because the use of litters for inoculation entails indiscriminate<br />
Also lack of space and shortage of mouse boxes do not allow for<br />
individual caging af pregnant females, which wauld have the added advantage aí<br />
preventing, to a certain degree, cannibalism. Another difficulty resides in the<br />
deterioration of the food supply by prolonged storage under adverse conditions<br />
temperature and humidityo An attempt to compensate for this deficiency was made by<br />
increasing the ration oí whole rice. Figo 2 sha1vs that, in spi te aí a general<br />
improvement in the conditions or Bioterio 3, no substantial change has been obtained<br />
in the fertilityas represented by litter size<br />
Encouraging resulta appear in the rate of litters per mated females, as seen in<br />
This may be the consequence of a certain degree of selection obtained by<br />
the wi thdrawal of the females from the ma tinE boxes after ten days o There is a<br />
definite trend toward the 60% bracket starting at the beginning of November. Two<br />
devia tions, one a t the end of October and one in mid-December remain unexplained,<br />
total number ar babies is alsa a cause ar aptimism (Fig.4). There was a<br />
rioe, as expected, each time that the number of mating boxes was augmented, on Oct. 4<br />
and 23, but the numbers seem to exceed, slightly, the expectationso Here also,<br />
the trend is toward a stabilization around the 400 value (5 days mean). This result<br />
was obtained in spite of the reduction to 8 of the number of females per cage. It is<br />
hoped that the restoration to 10, now deemed possib1e, may produce a significant<br />
.<br />
improvemcnt. This can be attempted, however, an1y \-Jhen ful1 assurance af contro11ed
Remary.s<br />
..<br />
-<br />
51<br />
supply and other infection sources is obtained.<br />
1. The measures applied in Bioterio 3 were later introduced into Bioterio 1,<br />
wi th comparable resul ts .<br />
The return to the original nurnber of females per ma ting<br />
box will be experimented wi th in Bioterio 3 and, according to the resul ts,<br />
Bioterio 1 will follow, or keep the present status.<br />
2. As this Report is assembled, the trends appearing at the end of tbe<br />
year are being confirmed, and tr.e.graphs of litter rates and number of babies<br />
increased production.<br />
babies per li tter, and a small reduction in mortali ty.<br />
There is even a slight upward trend in the number oí<br />
HISTOPATHOlOGY<br />
The following animals were exaJTlined durir.(1' the year:<br />
Iaboratory<br />
38 adu1 t mice<br />
36 infant mice<br />
17 guineapigs<br />
4 monkeys<br />
~~_tE-C?!ogy of wild animals<br />
Wild Other<br />
67 bata<br />
31 prima tes<br />
19 rodenta<br />
10 turt1es<br />
7 edentatcs<br />
6 marsupia1s<br />
3 others<br />
13 ungu1ates<br />
5 carnivores<br />
2 others<br />
The liver, kidney, heart, lung, and in some cases oth.er viscera, were<br />
exaJnined from 8 rodents i;rom Amapá which had yielded Amaparl virus o Four had<br />
hepatic lesions, but these were of a focal, probably parasitic typeo Three had<br />
focal lesions of the IrtY"ocardium, 1-1ith inflaITU11ation and degeneration.<br />
EIeven rodents trapped in the I~~I~ & Utinga forcsts, alI negative for virus,<br />
examined o<br />
-<br />
One had hepa tic cirrhosis, chronic pneumoni tis and ~ocardi tis.o
52<br />
Thirty animals shot during the utinga yellow rever investigation, alI negative<br />
for virus, were exarnined for li ver lesions; all weDe nega tive o<br />
lIistopa tholo~ of sentinel mice<br />
virus strains:<br />
Brains were taken !rom sentinel mice from which were isolated the folloidng<br />
Group A:<br />
EEE 1<br />
Group c: Caraparú 4<br />
Oriboca 3<br />
l'!epuyo 2<br />
Itaqui 1<br />
Group Guama:<br />
Group Capim:<br />
,<br />
,<br />
Guarna 8<br />
,<br />
Catu 2<br />
,<br />
Moju 2<br />
Capim 1<br />
.I<br />
GuaJara 1Bushbush!l<br />
Encephalitic lesions were found in alI. In addi tion, the EEE-infected mouse<br />
showed perichondrial and periosteal lesions as in mice infected '-1ith }!ayaro virus,<br />
and perivascular ~ocB.rdial and pulmonary degeneration. The slides of EI':E; mouse<br />
mater::i_al from 1964 were therefore reexamined, and 3 were found to have lesions of<br />
the same tY!~. Oriboca and Nepuyo were found to cause hepatic lesions, which were<br />
extremely focal in the case of r~epuyo.<br />
~~rlln~tal ~thology in mice<br />
~10 newborn litters were inoculated ic & ip with AN 20076 (Bushbush?) virus<br />
Only encephalitic lesions were subsequcntly found.<br />
Tnirtj--three sick adult mice from the breeding colony were examined, and hepatic<br />
and pulmonary lesions of a necrosuppurative tJ~e were found, probably of bacterial<br />
origino<br />
Four cattlc brains WC11e examined, and 2 had lymphocJ~ic encephalitis, 1-1i th<br />
peri vascular mononuclear infil tra tion. One aí 5 guineapigs inaculated with material
is: sis:<br />
from these cattle died 1'dth focal degenerative neuronal lesions.<br />
53<br />
The following ~uman material froro sick people froro Labrea was studied:<br />
a) Maria Raimunda: visceroto~o<br />
massive diffuse liver necrosis).<br />
b Maria Rita: liver puncture biopsy.<br />
regenerative phaseo<br />
c) r.~ria de Consolação: necropsyo<br />
acute yellow atrophy (actual~<br />
virus hepa ti tis,<br />
acute yellow atrophyo<br />
Guineapigs inoculated ,.ith tissues, blood and urine froro these cases were<br />
negative on examination for leptospira or 1.esions athributable to viral infection.<br />
A female ~~~ monkey (histol.nQ 658) which died after 3 months as a<br />
household pet was found to have a systemic infection with toxoplasma.
Robert"E.<br />
54<br />
BELEM <strong>VIRUS</strong> UBORATORY STAFF.. 196)1<br />
Shope, M~.,Rockefeller Foundation Staff Member Jan-Jun.<br />
John P. Woodall,~D.,Rockefeller Foundation S}aff ~ernber Mar~-Deco<br />
Gilberta Bensabath,M.D.,Serviço Especial de Saude Publica All year<br />
--- Virus<br />
Joaquim Medeiros Contente<br />
Lucy da Silva Pereira<br />
tily Toda<br />
~eroloQ':<br />
Amelia Homobono Paes de Andrade<br />
Lindomar de Souza Vasconcelos<br />
Maria atavia Savino Vilhena<br />
.Entomology<br />
Amazônia Toda<br />
Emanuel Nazareno de Frei tas<br />
Maria Auxiliadora Amorim Barra<br />
Clinical Patholo~<br />
Field<br />
Guilherme Br::f.gidO Nunes<br />
Sebastião Fernandes de Oliveira<br />
Raimundo Benedito da Silva<br />
Carlos Marques Cabeça<br />
Glassware and Cleaning<br />
.--<br />
Milton Costa Silva<br />
.,<br />
Màr~a de Nazare Gomes de Oliveira Castro<br />
Jorge Maia do Nascimento<br />
AlI year<br />
AlI year<br />
AlI year<br />
AlI year<br />
AlI yearAlI<br />
year<br />
AlI year ~.<br />
Ali year<br />
Ali year<br />
Ali year<br />
Ali ye ar<br />
Ali year<br />
Ali year<br />
AlI year<br />
AlI year<br />
AlI year
Animal --- attendants and cage washers<br />
Raimundo Cunha Mendonça<br />
RaiImmdo Henrique Cavalcante<br />
Antonio Alves Pereira<br />
Oswaldo Vaz da Silva<br />
Pedra Batista da Silva<br />
Sebastião Gomes de Oliveira<br />
Carlos Gomes<br />
José Batista da Silva<br />
RailnlUldo Pereira da Silva<br />
Afro de Aquino Borges<br />
Ivo Ferreira dos Santos<br />
Crizolindo Andrade Coutinho<br />
Raimundo de Oliveira Ribeiro<br />
Pedro Alves Cavalcante<br />
Oswaldo Trindade de Figueirêdo<br />
Raimundo Rodrigues Pinheiro<br />
Francisco de Souza Pereira<br />
Rield service Oswaldo Cruz Insti tu te<br />
---<br />
§ (<br />
(<br />
(<br />
§§<br />
Arlindo Pinto de Souza<br />
Joel Pinto , de Souza<br />
Heber Jose de Alencar Loba to<br />
(Juramir Barbosa de Oliveira<br />
(Antonio Francisco Pires Martins<br />
(Francisco Ferreira Ramos<br />
(Antonio Santos Lima<br />
(Enéas Francisco da Silva<br />
(?-nnuel Santa Br!gida<br />
Chauffeur and field<br />
55 -<br />
All year<br />
Ali year<br />
Ali year<br />
Ali year<br />
Ali year<br />
Ali year<br />
AlI year<br />
Ali year<br />
Ali year<br />
Ali year<br />
Ali year<br />
Ali year<br />
Ali year<br />
All yea.r<br />
Ali y'ear<br />
Ali year<br />
Ali year<br />
AlI year<br />
AlI year<br />
AlI year<br />
AlI year<br />
AlI year<br />
Ali year<br />
Ali year<br />
AlI year<br />
Ali year<br />
Geraldo Pereira da Silva AlI year<br />
~C!~~<br />
Aracelli l'~ria de Souza Cos ta Ali year<br />
-RF<br />
Bernardino<br />
,<br />
Ferreira da Silva<br />
Lourival Vaz da Silva<br />
Orlando Vaz da Silva<br />
~oel Vaz da Silva<br />
All year<br />
Ali year<br />
Ali year<br />
Ali year<br />
§ paid by roc (Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas) -roc only pays for 1/2 day<br />
§§ FSESP payrol1
Apr.<br />
Name Institution<br />
---<br />
J.Fonseca da Cunha<br />
LóMoITis<br />
W.Dyal<br />
A.AóMedeiros<br />
T8M.~~ck<br />
J.Do1-fi.llar<br />
W óG .Do~!f'.s<br />
RóWéDickenan<br />
C.LoSteph.en<br />
O.Correia<br />
Oólliblbock<br />
A.Young<br />
JeAóBottino<br />
J.S.Neiderhauser<br />
K.Lõ Turk<br />
~B.Schaefer<br />
F .f..Neva.<br />
JesSe D. Parki.nson<br />
H..G.Souza<br />
J.Sequeira<br />
EóAlmeida<br />
R.B.Tesh<br />
D.E.Carey , ,<br />
C.Serie<br />
H.Grillo<br />
PóS .IIumphrey<br />
S.S.Humphrey<br />
D.S.Soleau<br />
TóEolDvejoy III<br />
H.Trapido<br />
C .E1 ton<br />
R..Lainson<br />
R.Hubner<br />
-56 -<br />
VISITORS -1965<br />
Insti tuto Oswaldo Cruz ,Rio de Janeiro<br />
CDC, USPHS,Atlanta,Ga.<br />
CDC,USPHS,Atlanta,Ga.<br />
CDC,Field Stno,Kansas Ci~,KansaB<br />
Smallpox uni t,CDC ,A tlanta ,Ga.<br />
Smallpox Unit,CDC,Atlanta,Ga.<br />
RF,New York<br />
Cornell UoMedical College<br />
US Consulate,<strong>Belém</strong><br />
,<br />
FSFSP, Para<br />
Univer8ity oí Amsterdam,Netherlands<br />
New York Times ,Rio de Janeiro Bureau<br />
Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria,São<br />
RF,Mexico'City<br />
Corn~ll U., Ithaca, NY<br />
Paulo<br />
Inst.of Marine Resources,La Jolla,Calif.<br />
Harvard School of Public Heal th,Boston,Mass.<br />
Dep~Scientific Affairs, Pan American Union<br />
Dep.Scientific Attairs,Pan , , American Union<br />
Universidade do Para,Belem<br />
FSESP,<strong>Belém</strong><br />
Peace Corps, Recife<br />
RF,cMC Hospital,Velloee,India<br />
Insti tut Pas teur, Paria<br />
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas ,Rio de Janeiro<br />
US National MUseum,Washington,DCArl1ngton,Va.<br />
Concord,r-ilss.<br />
Peabody MUseum of Nat.Hist.,New Haven,Conn.<br />
RF,Cal1,aolombia<br />
Bureau of Animal Population,Oxíord University<br />
London School Hyg.&Trop.Med.,London<br />
Berlin<br />
Date<br />
--~<br />
Jan. 2.5<br />
2.5<br />
2.5<br />
2.5<br />
2.5<br />
Feb.11<br />
l-Br. U<br />
23<br />
24<br />
8<br />
23<br />
28<br />
May 16-Dec.<br />
18<br />
18<br />
18<br />
18<br />
28<br />
28<br />
28<br />
Jun. 10<br />
14<br />
18<br />
19/Ju1o14<br />
22 .<br />
24/Sepó<br />
24/Aug.<br />
24/Augo<br />
24/Aug.<br />
23!Jul.l<br />
23/Jul.l<br />
Ju1o 8<br />
12
57<br />
Name Institution<br />
Date<br />
JóC.King<br />
M.V.llilovanovic<br />
Eóde F.Monteiro<br />
H.S1ck<br />
H.A.Sissons<br />
R.SoConard<br />
W.SB.ul<br />
F.\ol.Saul<br />
J.P.Rembrand<br />
A.Rodrigues Filho<br />
K.Someswara Rao<br />
R.lopez Fabrega<br />
A..Villas Boas<br />
AóVó}~tos<br />
PoS.Freire<br />
M.Frione<br />
R.E.Stowell<br />
Inst~Oswaldo Cruz,Rio de Janeiro<br />
Inst.Os\~aldo Cruz,Rio de Janeiro<br />
MUseu Nacional,Rio d e Janeiro<br />
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospi tal, London<br />
FJnporia,Kansas<br />
Emporia., Kansas<br />
Emporia,Kansas Escola de Portugues A e Or1entaçao,Canp~as<br />
.'<br />
Faculdade de Medic~a,Univ.do Para<br />
Oficir.a Sanitária Panarnericana ,RiodeJaneiro<br />
National Bulk Carriers Inco,New York NY<br />
FSESP ,Rio de Janeiro<br />
FSESP ,Rio de Janeiro<br />
FSESP,P.io de Janeiro<br />
Milan, Italy<br />
Armed Forces Inst.Path.,Washington,DC<br />
Aug.17 19<br />
19<br />
23<br />
31<br />
Sept.3<br />
3<br />
3<br />
3<br />
Octo 12<br />
12<br />
20<br />
Novo 16<br />
16<br />
16<br />
23<br />
25
Group<br />
or<br />
complex<br />
-58-<br />
Table 1<br />
Name of virus, <strong>Belém</strong> prototype, and source of isolations,<br />
1954 – 1965<br />
<strong>Belém</strong><br />
prototype<br />
Name<br />
Source<br />
Animal<br />
Human Arthropods<br />
Sentinel Wild<br />
A AN 8 Mucambo x + + + +<br />
AN 7526 EEE + + +<br />
H 407 Mayaro + + +<br />
AR 10315 Aura x +<br />
AR 13136 Una x +<br />
AR 35645 Pixuna X + +<br />
AN 70100 WEE +<br />
B H 111 Yellow fever + + +<br />
AN 4116 Bussuquara x + + +<br />
H 7445 Ilhéus + + +<br />
AR 23379 St. Louis + + +<br />
C AN 17 Oriboca x + + + +<br />
AN 974 Murutucú x + + + +<br />
AN 15 Marituba x + +<br />
AN 848 Apeú x + + + +<br />
AN 3994 Caraparú x + + + +<br />
AN 12751 Itaquí x + + + +<br />
AN 10709 Nepuyo + + +<br />
Guama H 151 Catú x + + + +<br />
AN 277 Guamá x + + + +<br />
AR 12590 (Mojú) x + + +<br />
Capim AN 8582 (Capim) x + + +<br />
AN 10615 (Guajará) x + + +<br />
AN 20076 (Bush Bush?) + +<br />
Mirim AN 7722 (Mirim) x + +<br />
Bunyamwera H 12208 Guaroa +<br />
AR 7272 (Maguari) x +<br />
AR 8226 Kairi + + +<br />
AR 32149 (Sororoca) x +<br />
California AR 8033 Melao +<br />
Wyeomyia AR 278 (Tucunduba) x +<br />
AR 671 (Taiassui) x +<br />
Simbú AN 19991 Oropouche + + +<br />
AN 84785 (Utinga) x +<br />
Turlock AN 32260 Turlock + +
Table 1 (continued)<br />
Group<br />
or<br />
complex<br />
<strong>Belém</strong><br />
prototype<br />
Name<br />
-59-<br />
Human<br />
Source<br />
Animal<br />
Sentinel Wild<br />
Arthropods<br />
Anopheles A AN 35112 (Lukuni) +<br />
Phlebotomus<br />
fever H 22511 (Candirú) x +<br />
AN 24262 Icoaraci x +<br />
AN 46852 (Anhangá) x +<br />
AN 47693 (Bujarú) x +<br />
AN 64582 Itaporanga + + +<br />
Changuinola AN 28873 (Irituia) x +<br />
Untyped +<br />
Indiana VSV AR 39377 Cocal +<br />
Timbó AN 41787 Timbó x +<br />
AN 42217 Chaco x +<br />
Cotia AN58058 (Cotia?) +<br />
Tacaribe AN 70563 (Amaparí) + +<br />
Ungrouped AN 73 Tacaiuma x + +<br />
AN 24232 (Piry) x § +<br />
AN 27326 (Pacui) x +<br />
AN 27639 (Acará) x + +<br />
AN 40290 Marco x +<br />
AR 40578 (Jurona) x +<br />
AR 50117 (Tembe) x +<br />
AN 67949 (-) x +<br />
Total 56 types 38 16 25 35 38<br />
x Original isolation made in <strong>Belém</strong>.<br />
§ <strong>Laboratory</strong> infection.<br />
( )Unpublished.
Group or<br />
complex<br />
Belem<br />
prototype<br />
-60-<br />
Table 2<br />
Virus infections by type and year, 1954–1965<br />
Name<br />
Year<br />
54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Total<br />
A AN 8 Mucambo x 1 7 10 14 1 12 22 5 25 6 13 116<br />
AN 7526 EEE 1 4 2 2 10 28 5 19 70<br />
H 407 Mayaro 6 2 1 29 3 1 42<br />
AR 10315 Aura x 1 1 1 2 1 6<br />
AR 13136 Una x 2 2 7 1 12<br />
AR 35645 Pixuna x 3 1 4<br />
AN 70100 WEE 1 1<br />
B H 111 Yellow fever 9 16 4 2 1 32<br />
AN 4116 Bussuquara x 2 7 2 4 6 16 8 45<br />
H 7445 Ilhéus 2 1 2 13 4 1 23<br />
AR 23379 St.Louis 3 5 8<br />
C AN 17 Oriboca x 1 8 7 3 11 15 11 5 5 11 8 85<br />
AN 974 Murutucú x 5 4 1 9 10 5 12 1 12 7 66<br />
AN 15 Marituba x 1 3 3 4 1 5 4 3 3 27<br />
AN 848 Apeú x 5 5 7 2 4 2 2 2 3 3 35<br />
AN 3994 Caraparú x 5 6 9 11 33 64 61 20 97 60 25 391<br />
AN 12751 Itaquí x 1 2 13 38 26 6 41 38 17 182<br />
AN 10709 Nepuyo 1 2 1 2 6<br />
Untyped 4 1 5<br />
Guamá H 151 Catú x 3 1 5 4 33 29 28 17 39 19 26 204<br />
AN 277 Guamá x 6 10 2 8 24 41 51 17 49 52 47 307<br />
AR 12590 (Mojú) x 2 9 22 13 10 33 39 12 140<br />
Untyped 1 2 22 19 4 3 1 52<br />
Capim AN 8582 (Capim) x 1 1 8 9 4 20 10 53<br />
AN 10615 (Guajará) x 2 13 8 4 10 3 40<br />
AN 20076 (Bush Bush?) 2 2 2 1 3 10<br />
Mirim AN 7722 (Mirim) x 1 3 2 1 3 10<br />
Bunyamwera H12208 Guaroa 4 1 5<br />
AR7272 (Maguari) x 1 2 1 4<br />
AR8226 Kairi 1 1 1 1 1 5<br />
AR32149 (Sororoca) x 6 6<br />
California AR 8033 Melao 2 1 3<br />
Wyeomyia AR 278 (Tucunduba) x 2 1 2 1 2 8<br />
AR 671 (Taiassui) x 2 1 1 1 5<br />
Untyped 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 10<br />
Simbu AN 19991 Oropouche 2 16 18<br />
AN 84785 (Utinga) x 1 1
Table 2 (continued)<br />
Year<br />
54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Total<br />
Name<br />
Belem<br />
prototype<br />
Group or<br />
complex<br />
Turlock AN32260 Turlock 1 2 3<br />
Anopheles A AR 35112 Lukuni 1 1<br />
Phlebotomus<br />
fever H 22511 (Candirú) x 1 1<br />
AN 24262 Icoaraci x 1 1 7 1 10<br />
AN 46852 (Anhangá) x 1 1<br />
AN 47693 (Bujarú) x 1 1<br />
AN 64582 Itaporanga 1 5 2 8<br />
Untyped 1 1<br />
Changuinola AN 28873 (Irituia) x 1 1<br />
Untyped 1 2 1 4<br />
Indiana VSV AR 39377 Cocal 1 1<br />
Timbó AN 41787 Timbó x 5 1 6<br />
AN 42217 Chaco x 2 2 4<br />
Cotia AN58058 (Cotia?) 1 1<br />
1 14 15<br />
Tacaribe AN 70563 (Amaparí) x<br />
Ungrouped AN 73 Tacaiuma x 1 1 2 1 5<br />
AN 24232 Piry x 1 1<br />
AN 27326 Pacui x 1 4 2 7<br />
AN 27639 Acara x 2 1 3 2 8<br />
AN 40290 Marco x 3 1 4<br />
AR 40578 Jurona x 1 1<br />
AR 50117 Tembe x 1 1 2<br />
AN 67949 ( - ) x 1 1<br />
Unidentified 3 1 4<br />
T o t a l 56 types 38 12 70 57 48 66 181 291 355 139 377 310 228 2128<br />
x Original isolation made in <strong>Belém</strong>.<br />
( ) unpublished
-62 -<br />
'l'able 3<br />
V1ra888 isolated., b7 tJpe am source, 196><br />
S8D~el W11d<br />
- 63 -<br />
Table 4<br />
Viruses from Sentinel Mice, 1965<br />
Date Virus Site Trap Strain AN Group CM<br />
Jan. 5 Catú IPEAN hood 80520 7464<br />
9 Guajará IPEAN hood 81003 7475<br />
10 Oriboca Utinga hood 80604 7478<br />
( “ ( “ “ 80605 “ )<br />
12 Itaqui Utinga hood 80870 7482§<br />
( “ ( “ “ 80767 “ )<br />
13 Caraparú IPEAN hood 80871 7483<br />
16 Caraparú IPEAN hood 81013 7489§<br />
17 Caraparú Utinga hood 81014 7492<br />
19 Caraparú IPEAN hood 81167 7495<br />
( “ ( “ “ 81250 “ §)<br />
22 EEE IPEAN hood 81340 7501<br />
23 Guamá Utinga hood 81374 7504<br />
26 Itaqui Utinga hood 81435 7510§<br />
( “ ( “ “ 81447 “ )<br />
28 Guamá Utinga hood 81533 7514<br />
Feb. 2 Guamá IPEAN blower 81921 7523<br />
3 Oriboca IPEAN hood 81864 7527<br />
3 Mojú Utinga hood 81724 7528<br />
9 Guamá IPEAN blower 82091 7539<br />
11 Catú Utinga hood 82075 7549<br />
( “ ( “ “ 82093 “ )<br />
( “ ( “ “ 82094 “ §)<br />
12 Caraparú IPEAN hood 82095 7554§<br />
( “ ( “ “ 82123 “ )<br />
14 Guamá IPEAN hood 82138 7565<br />
14 Guamá Utinga hood 82439 7566<br />
16 Itaqui Utinga hood 82306 7577<br />
24 EEE IPEAN hood 82635 7622<br />
24 EEE IPEAN blower 82912 7624<br />
25 Neuyo IPEAN blower 83008 7625<br />
26 Mojú Utinga hood 83009 7632<br />
26 Nepuyo IPEAN (Culex<br />
spp.) §§ 83010 7634<br />
Mar. 3 Caraparú Utinga hood 83011 7668<br />
( “ ( “ “ 83012 “ §)<br />
4 Mirim IPEAN (Culex(M)<br />
taeniopus) 83378 7672<br />
4 Mojú Utinga hood 83208 7675<br />
5 Itaqui Utinga hood 83081 7680<br />
6 Guamá Utinga hood 83277 7685<br />
8 Guamá Utinga hood 83278 7692§
- 64 -<br />
Table 4 – cont.<br />
Date Virus Site Trap Strain AN Group CM<br />
Mar. 11 EEE IPEAN hood 83379 7708<br />
11 Mojú Utinga hood 83516 7709<br />
( “ “ “ 83517 “ §)<br />
12 Bush Bush IPEAN blower 83631 7717<br />
13 Itaqui Utinga hood 83424 7732<br />
14 Caraparú Utinga hood 83543 7737<br />
16 Guamá IPEAN blower 83544 7745<br />
17 EEE IPEAN hood 83545 7749<br />
18 Oriboca IPEAN hood 83633 7755<br />
18 Catú Utinga hood 83686 7756<br />
23 Guamá IPEAN blower 83930 7782<br />
24 Catú Utinga hood 83903 7788<br />
26 Itaqui Utinga hood 83932 7798<br />
26 Guamá Utinga hood 84008 “<br />
28 Mojú Utinga hood 83928 7808<br />
29 Caraparú IPEAN hood 83990 7812<br />
29 Mojú Utinga hood 84094 7813<br />
30 Catú IPEAN hood 84095 7814<br />
30 Itaquí Utinga hood 84011 7815<br />
31 Oriboca IPEAN hood 84190 7820§<br />
31 Bush Bush IPEAN (Culex spp.)§§ 84269 7823<br />
Apr. 2 Caraparú Utinga hood 84101 7836§<br />
( “ “ “ 84100 “ )<br />
3 Mojú IPEAN hood 84434 7840<br />
4 Guamá Utinga hood 84279 7852<br />
6 EEE IPEAN hood 84273 7860<br />
6 Gr.Capim Utinga hood 84381 7861<br />
7 Capim IPEAN (Culex spp.)§§ 84461 7868<br />
8 Bussuquara Utinga hood 84436 7875<br />
10 Caraparú Utinga hood 84456 7887<br />
12 Itaquí Utinga hood 84536 7899<br />
( “ “ “ 84650 “ §)<br />
13 Caraparú IPEAN blower 84652 7906§<br />
14 Guamá Utinga hood 84712 7908<br />
17 Catú Utinga hood 84978 7933<br />
19 Caraparú Utinga hood 85172 7944<br />
20 Guamá IPEAN blower 84946 7945<br />
20 Guamá Utinga hood 84947 7947<br />
21 Capim IPEAN (Culex spp.)§§ 84948 7954<br />
22 Caraparú IPEAN blower 85175 7956<br />
22 Catú Utinga hood 84950 7958<br />
2 3 Caraparú IPEAN blower 84952 7962<br />
24 Guamá Utinga hood 85057 7971<br />
25 Caraparú Utinga hood 84954 7977§<br />
27 Guamá IPEAN (Culex B17)§§ 85058 7990<br />
29 Catú Utinga hood 85180 7999<br />
30 Guamá Utinga hood 85364 8014<br />
( “ “ “ 85365 “ §)<br />
30 Caraparú IPEAN blower 85181 8020
- 65 -<br />
Table 4 – cont.<br />
Date Virus Site Trap Strain AN Group CM<br />
May 2 EEE Utinga hood 85367 8028<br />
20 Mojú Utinga hood 86117 8104<br />
22 Catú Utinga hood 86086 8110§<br />
( “ “ “ 87287 “ )<br />
23 Itaqui Utinga hood 86228 8112<br />
( “ “ “ 86229 “ §)<br />
24 Guamá Utinga hood 86151 8114§<br />
28 Guamá IPEAN hood 86482 8121<br />
June 4 Guamá Utinga hood 86723 8140<br />
8 Guamá Utinga hood 86952 8155<br />
10 Guamá IPEAN hood 87037 8160<br />
11 Caraparú Utinga hood 86953 8164§<br />
12 Caraparú IPEAN hood 86954 8169§<br />
( “ “ “ 87293 “ )<br />
12 Caraparú Utinga hood 87126 8170§<br />
14 Catú Utinga hood 87182 8174<br />
( “ “ “ 87295 “ )<br />
15 Catú Utinga hood 88053 8177<br />
( “ “ “ 88054 “ )<br />
16 Itaquí Utinga hood 87290 8180§<br />
17 Itaquí Utinga hood 87300 8182§<br />
( “ “ “ 88095 “ )<br />
18 Murucutú IPEAN hood 88056 8193<br />
19 Murucutú IPEAN hood 87301 8195<br />
19 Murucutú Utinga hood 88057 8196<br />
21 Guamá Utinga hood 87758 8200<br />
23 Guamá Utinga hood 87813 8206<br />
24 Guamá IPEAN hood 87760 8207<br />
29 Guamá IPEAN hood 87979 8224<br />
Jul. 9 Murutucú IPEAN hood 89311 8255<br />
10 Guamá IPEAN hood 88985 8265<br />
13 Mucambo Utinga hood 88640 8272<br />
16 Itaquí IPEAN blower 88800 8279<br />
18 Catú Utinga hood 89157 8289<br />
21 Itaquí IPEAN hood 89352 8296<br />
26 Oriboca IPEAN hood 89420 8314<br />
Aug. 1 Mirim IPEAN hood 90149 8334<br />
5 Guamá IPEAN blower 90116 8345§<br />
11 Mojú IPEAN hood 90961 8368<br />
14 Itaquí IPEAN hood 90545 8380<br />
( “ “ “ 90666 “ §)<br />
17 Catú IPEAN hood 91035 8386<br />
( “ “ “ 94216 “ )<br />
25 Apeú IPEAN hood 92566 8415<br />
25 Itaquí IPEAN blower 92109 8417<br />
27 Guamá IPEAN hood 94217 8422
- 66 -<br />
Table 4 – cont.<br />
Date Virus Site Trap Strain AN Group CM<br />
Sep. 26 Guamá IPEAN hood AN 93484 8519<br />
28 Catú IPEAN blower 94284 8524<br />
30 Oriboca IPEAN blower 93520 8535<br />
( “ “ “ 93521 “ §)<br />
Oct. 7 Guamá IPEAN hood 93837 8556<br />
8 Catú IPEAN blower 94510 8561<br />
17 EEE IPEAN hood 94175 8596<br />
( “ “ “ 94201 “ §)<br />
29 Catú IPEAN blower 94558 8629<br />
Nov. 1 Oriboca IPEAN hood 94559 8638§<br />
3 Guamá IPEAN hood 94755 8642<br />
15 Mucambo Utinga hood 95067 8682<br />
Dec. 12 Guamá IPEAN blower 95733 8742<br />
21 Caraparú IPEAN blower 95892 8778<br />
30 EEE IPEAN hood 96746 8812<br />
30 EEE Utinga hood 96747 8813<br />
§ isolated from mother mouse<br />
§§ exposed to bites of wild-caught mosquitoes of this species<br />
in the laboratory
- 67 -<br />
Table 4a<br />
Viruses from Sentinel Monkeys and Chickens, 1965<br />
Date Virus Site Sentinel Strain<br />
Mar. 15 Mucambo Utinga MY 393 Cebus AN 83402<br />
26 Mucambo Utinga MY 390 Cebus AN 83866<br />
Oct. 15 Caraparú Utinga MY 401 Cebus AN 94112<br />
25 Mucambo Utinga MY 401 Cebus AN 94396<br />
Dec. 16 EEE IPEAN PT 181 chicken AN 95810
- 68 -<br />
Table 5<br />
Viruses isolated from Wild Vertebrates, 1965<br />
Date Virus Strain Vertebrate Source Site<br />
Jan. 7 Guamá AN 80395 RO 6273 Nectomys blood Utinga<br />
18 Amaparí AN 81087 RO 6323 Oryzomys goeldi viscera Amapá<br />
18§ Amaparí AN 81088 RO 6324 Oryzomys goeldi viscera Amapá<br />
18 Amaparí AN 81092 RO 6329 Oryzomys goeldi viscera Amapá<br />
22 Murutucú AN 81261 MA 1719 Marmosa sp. blood Utinga<br />
Feb. 11 Catú AN 82045 RO 6369 Oryzomys goeldi blood Utinga<br />
23 Catú AN 82539 RO 6386 Proechimys blood Utinga<br />
26 Guamá AN 82765 RO 6362 Nectomys blood Utinga<br />
Mar. 5 Mojú AN 83058 RO 6396 Proechimys blood Utinga<br />
17 Guamá AN 83454 RO 6368 Oryzomys goeldi blood Utinga<br />
19 Guamá AN 83607 “ “ “ “ “<br />
19 Caraparú AN 83609 RO 6408 Oryzomys goeldi blood Utinga<br />
24 Bussuquara AN 83746 RO 5762 Proechimys blood Utinga<br />
26 Guamá AN 83856 MA 1768 Didelphis blood Utinga<br />
Apr. 2 Catú AN 84022 RO 6439 Oryzomys goeldi blood Utinga<br />
22 Bussuquara AN 84778 RO 6395 Proechimys §§ blood Utinga<br />
22 Gp.Simbu AN 84785 ED 153 Bradypus blood Utinga<br />
tridactylus<br />
( “ “ AN 84773 “ “ viscera “ )<br />
23 Guamá AN 84857 RO 6387 Proechimys blood Utinga<br />
May 11 Guamá AN 85607 RO 6395 Proechimys§§ blood Utinga<br />
18 Mojú AN 85959 RO 6401 Nectomys blood Utinga<br />
24 Murutucú AN 86016 RO 6149 Proechimys blood Utinga<br />
24 Itaqui AN 86026 RO 6536 Nectomys blood Utinga<br />
June 4 Apeú AN 86650 MA 1846 Calluromys blood Utinga<br />
7 Amaparí AN 86901 RO 6562 Oryzomys goeldi viscera Amapá<br />
16 Guamá AN 87171 RO 6516 Proechimys blood Utinga<br />
25 Catú AN 87774 RO 6612 Oryzomys blood Utinga<br />
Jul. 12 Amaparí AN 88485 RO 6637 Oryzomys<br />
macconnelli viscera Amapá<br />
21 Mucambo AN 88995 199775 Pipra<br />
erythrocephala blood IPEAN<br />
21 Amaparí AN 89033 RO 6623 Oryzomys goeldi viscera Amapá
- 69 -<br />
Table 5 – cont.<br />
Date Virus Strain Vertebrate Source Site<br />
Aug.<br />
5 Amaparí AN 90026 RO 6699 Neacomys viscera Amapá<br />
26 Amaparí AN 92098 RO 6744 Neacomys viscera Amapá<br />
26 Amaparí AN 92099 RO 6745 Neacomys viscera Amapá<br />
30 Amaparí AN 92576 RO 6764 Neacomys blood Amapá<br />
Sep. 3 Amaparí AN 92822 RO 6764 Neacomys viscera Amapá<br />
9 Guamá AN 92909 MA 2008 Metachirus blood Utinga<br />
20 Amaparí AN 93159 RO 6811 Oryzomys goeldi viscera Amapá<br />
22 Amaparí AN 93233 RO 6832 Neacomys viscera Amapá<br />
Oct. 6 Murutucu AN 93731 RO 6548 Proechimys blood Utinga<br />
15 Moju AN 94021 RO 6558 Proechimys blood Utinga<br />
15 Catú AN 94103 CH 2074 bat sal.glands Amapá<br />
Nov. 3 Mucambo AN 94768 RO 6907 Oryzomys goeldi haemorrhagic<br />
urin. Utinga<br />
12 Icoaraci AN 94945 RO 6854 Proechimys blood Utinga<br />
Dec. 15 Caraparú AN 95793 RO 6956 Proechimys blood Utinga<br />
16 Mucambo AN 95820 RO 6934 Oryzomys goeldi blood Utinga<br />
22 Mucambo AN 95889 RO 6993 Nectomys blood Utinga<br />
§§ same individual<br />
§ date of sacrifice: date of capture = 23 December 1964.
- 70 -<br />
Table 6<br />
Viruses isolated from Arthropods, 1965 captures<br />
Date Pool Nº Virus Arthropod Site Bait Method<br />
AR<br />
Jan. 1-15 81105 Guajara Culex B9 IPEAN mouse hood<br />
4-14 81144 Catu Culex B9 IPEAN human hand<br />
4-14 81176 Caraparú Culex B9 IPEAN human hand<br />
16-31 81591 Capim Culex B1 Utinga mouse hood<br />
16-31 81594 Mucambo Culex B9 Utinga mouse hood<br />
16-31 81596 Mucambo Culex B19 Utinga mouse hood<br />
20-28 81651 Caraparú Culex (C.)<br />
coronator IPEAN human hand<br />
16-31 81828 EEE Culex (M.)<br />
taeniopus IPEAN chick protected<br />
16-31 81869 Capim Culex B1 IPEAN mouse hood<br />
81926 Amapari Gamasidae Amapá Oryzomys combed<br />
Feb. 1-15 82507 EEE Culex spp.<br />
(fed) IPEAN mouse hood<br />
1-15 82520 Capim Culex B1<br />
(unfed) IPEAN mouse hood<br />
1-15 82903 Wyeomyia Wyeomyia spp. Utinga human hand<br />
16-28 83412 Bush Bush Culex spp.<br />
(unfed) Utinga mouse hood<br />
Mar. 18-30 84249 Catu Culex B9 IPEAN human hand<br />
16-30 84577 Bussuquara Culex B1 Utinga human hand<br />
16-30 84600 Bussuquara Mansonia<br />
titillans Utinga human hand<br />
29-31 84685 Guama Culex B9 Utinga none suction<br />
16-31 84719 Mucambo Culex B7<br />
(fed) IPEAN mouse hood<br />
Apr. 2 84049 Capim Culex spp. IPEAN mouse blower<br />
2 84050 Guajara Culex spp. IPEAN mouse blower<br />
14 84538 Capim Culex spp. IPEAN mouse blower<br />
1-14 84889 EEE Culex(M.)spp. Utinga none suction<br />
1-13 84992 Catu Culex B9 IPEAN human hand<br />
1-13 84994 Guama Culex B19 IPEAN human hand<br />
30 85094 Apeu Culex B19 IPEAN mouse blower<br />
1-15 85330 Capim Culex B1<br />
(unfed) IPEAN mouse hood<br />
1-15 85344 EEE Culex B1<br />
(fed) Utinga mouse hood<br />
2-20 85641 Tacaiuma Haemagogus<br />
spp. Amapá human hand<br />
16-30 86152 Capim Culex spp.<br />
(fed) IPEAN mouse hood<br />
16-30 86176 EEE Culex B8<br />
(fed) Utinga mouse hood
- 71 -<br />
Table 6 – cont.<br />
Date Pool Nº AR Virus Arthropod Site Bait Method<br />
May 4-13 86260 Bussuquara Mansonia<br />
venezuelensis IPEAN human hand<br />
June 4 86621 Catu Culex B9 IPEAN mouse blower<br />
4 86628 Guama Culex (M.)<br />
taeniopus IPEAN mouse blower<br />
1-15 87476 Itaporanga Culex spp. IPEAN human hand<br />
25 87737 EEE Culex (M.)<br />
taeniopus IPEAN mouse blower<br />
18-30 88291 Itaporanga Mansonia<br />
venezuelensis IPEAN human hand<br />
16-30 89475 Bussuquara Culex spp.<br />
(unfed) IPEAN mouse hood<br />
1-30 89546 Mirim Aedes serratus<br />
(fed) Utinga mouse hood<br />
Aug. 4 90010 Bussuquara Culex spp. IPEAN mouse blower<br />
6 90095 Itaqui Culex B7 IPEAN mouse blower<br />
6 90098 Guama Culex B9 IPEAN mouse blower<br />
11 90282 Guama Culex B9 IPEAN mouse blower<br />
19-30 92965 Mucambo Mansonia spp. IPEAN human hand<br />
Sep. 1-9 93375 Aurá Aedes serratus IPEAN human hand<br />
21-30 94240 Oriboca Culex B9 IPEAN mouse blower<br />
Oct. 29 95078 Catu Culex B9 IPEAN mouse blower<br />
Dec. 21-2 96240 EEE Culex (M.)<br />
taeniopus IPEAN none suction<br />
16-31 96304 EEE Culex (M.)<br />
taeniopus tamarin mouse blower
- 72 -<br />
Table 7<br />
Viruses isolated from Arthropods, 1964 captures, identified 1965.<br />
Month Pool Nº Virus Arthropod Site Bait Method<br />
August AR 79437 Mucambo Mansonia venezuelensis Utinga human hand<br />
October AR 79981 Wyeomyia Mansonia arribalzagai Utinga human hand<br />
complex<br />
December AR 80353 Guama Mansonia venezuelensis Utinga human day<br />
AR 80468 Itaqui Culex B9 Utinga mouse hood<br />
AR 80475 Itaqui Culex B7 IPEAN mouse hood<br />
AR 80479 Itaqui Culex (M). spissipes IPEAN mouse hood<br />
AR 80652 Caraparu Culex B7 IPEAN human night<br />
AR 80653 Catu Culex B9 IPEAN human night<br />
AR 80663 EEE Culex (M) taeniopus IPEAN human night<br />
AR 80740 Oriboca Culex B9 IPEAN human night
Mosquito<br />
- 73 -<br />
Table 8<br />
Species of mosquito giving virus<br />
by inoculation or laboratory transmission, 1965<br />
Nº<br />
tested<br />
Nº<br />
isolated<br />
Rate Virus<br />
CULICINI<br />
Aedes serratus 4,543 2 2,300 Aurá, Mirim<br />
Culex spp. 12,428 13 1,000 Bush Bush, Bussuquara, Capim,<br />
EEE,<br />
Guajará, Itaporanga, Nepuyo<br />
B1 571 6 100 Bussuquara, Capim, EEE<br />
B7 2,680 2 1,000 Itaqui, Mucambo<br />
B8 362 1 EEE<br />
B9 12,009 12 Caraparu, Catú, Guajará, Guamá,<br />
Mucambo, Oriboca<br />
B17 5,593 1 Guamá<br />
B19 2,802 3 900 Apeú, Guamá, Mucambo<br />
(Culex)coronator? 519 1 Caraparú<br />
(Melanoconion)spp. 655 1 EEE<br />
(M)taeniopus 11,279 6 2000 EEE, Guamá, Mirim<br />
Haemagogus spp. 925 1 Tacaiuma<br />
Mansonia spp. 6,177 1 Mucambo<br />
titillans 226 1 Bussuquara<br />
venezuelensis 16,033 2 8,000 Bussuquara, Itaporanga<br />
SABETHINI<br />
Wyeomyia spp. 4,168 1 Wyeomyia<br />
Total: 16 species 80,970 54
- 74 -<br />
Table 9<br />
Rainfall (mm.)<br />
Utinga IPEAN Serra do Navio<br />
1965 1965 a 1964 b 10-yr.Avg. 1965 1964 1957-62 Avg.<br />
January 335 685 335 222 339 249<br />
February 338 670 402 226 280 224<br />
March 449 623 422 354 244 284<br />
April 411 284 409 131 207 350<br />
May 426 415 256 396 245 322<br />
June 195 129 204 119 316 214<br />
July 95 41 149 110 186 224<br />
August 70 62 112 180 189 112<br />
September 108 243 110 84 73 67<br />
October 169 172 (81)c 107 43 69 76<br />
November 88 132 (30)d 128 57 54 84<br />
December 215 190 (240)d 224 51 72 154<br />
Total 2899 - (3503) 2858 1973 2274 2360<br />
a = data from new station in experimental area<br />
b = data from old station near Administrative building, closed Oct.1964<br />
c = data from US Consulate, Belem<br />
d = data from Utinga station
- 75 -<br />
Table 10<br />
Vertebrate specimens examined for virus isolation or serology, 1965<br />
Total<br />
Species<br />
Total<br />
Order<br />
Total<br />
Class<br />
MAMMALIA 8,085<br />
PRIMATA 1,250<br />
Homo sapiens 1,071<br />
Cebus paella 85<br />
Saimiri sciureus 23<br />
Tamarin tamarin 58<br />
Others 13<br />
MARSUPIALIA 855<br />
Calluromys sp. 246<br />
Didelphis marsupialis 237<br />
Marmosa spp. 148<br />
Philander opossum 136<br />
Metachirus nudicaudatus 48<br />
Monodidelphis spp. 40<br />
CHIROPTERA 2,570<br />
EDENTATA 37<br />
Bradypus tridactylus 28<br />
Others 9<br />
RODENTIA 3,075<br />
Nectomys aquaticus 187<br />
Oecomys concolor 3<br />
Oryzomys spp. 927<br />
Neacomys guianae 226<br />
Proechimys guyanensis 1,702<br />
Others 30<br />
CARNIVORA 10<br />
Canis familiaris 3<br />
Felis domestica 3<br />
Others 4<br />
ARTIODACTYIA 288<br />
Bos indicus 255<br />
Equinus 57<br />
Caprinus 5<br />
Ovis 1
4"<br />
o=t.1Du8d<br />
.t~ -<br />
REPrII.IA!.<br />
~ ,..<br />
~UAMA.!&.<br />
n~~<br />
-76-<br />
Total<br />
Spec1es<br />
Theo8d8)~ ra~! ~~'~!8 1.<br />
IGtWfID&X<br />
19uana. iguana<br />
~!Jr\1.I ~&1a18<br />
'lro~ 8 t,caoqUA 'b18<br />
Ur81O8codon SUpsrC:W.~.<br />
2<br />
27<br />
228 2<br />
scmc:ma,<br />
abOQ'a abOIva 1<br />
'1~:II"a<br />
.&81 va aS. va<br />
~~ lemnU~~<br />
'l\1!Y'D8mb1a nigropmcta'bJ8<br />
AMlmBIA.<br />
-~-~-<br />
NO'l' ro}]rrIFIm<br />
125 92<br />
BOIDAB 3<br />
&1to 8pp. .3S<br />
6<br />
'l'ot8i1.<br />
arder<br />
'l'otaQ.<br />
Claaa<br />
Tota.1. 10;733<br />
JS
- 77 -<br />
Table 11<br />
Changes in HI antibody in birds (negative = < 1:10)<br />
Species Group A Group B Other groups<br />
Chloroceryle inda<br />
§ 654-038 neg UNA 1:20<br />
Pyriglena<br />
653-028 neg UNA 1:20<br />
Saltator<br />
654-072 neg EEE 1:20<br />
Saltator maximus<br />
654-096 EEE 1:40 neg<br />
Thamnophilus aethiops<br />
653-101 EEE 1:20 neg<br />
Phlegopsis<br />
654-048 WEE 1:10 1:40<br />
Galbula albirostris<br />
654-053 neg WEE 1:20 neg SLE 1:40<br />
Thamnophilus aethiops<br />
653-130 WEE 1:10 –neg- 1:20 SLE 1:20 Neg 1:40 ITA 1:20 neg 1:20<br />
neg JUR 1:40<br />
Thamnomanes neg ILH 1:40<br />
71-82554 neg SLE 1:40<br />
Phlegopsis neg ILH 1:40<br />
654-571 neg SLE 1:320<br />
Automolus infuscatus<br />
654-006 ITA 1:10<br />
1:40 1:10<br />
Saltator maximus<br />
654-091 GUAROA 1:40 neg<br />
Glyphorhynchus<br />
71-82520 neg JUR 1:20<br />
Ramphocelus<br />
653-008 neg JUR 1:20<br />
Hylophyldx<br />
653-014 neg TAC 1:20<br />
§ ring number
(11)<br />
Fie1d N g<br />
--~--<br />
198875<br />
198879<br />
198898<br />
198931<br />
199128<br />
199198<br />
199206<br />
199258<br />
199378<br />
199383<br />
199550<br />
199678<br />
199743<br />
199800<br />
199976<br />
31517<br />
31576<br />
31686<br />
317«,<br />
31718<br />
31896<br />
32017<br />
33).J.31<br />
33463<br />
33464<br />
33510<br />
653-01)-:. (rin~ ng)<br />
§ canopy bird<br />
§ § ground bird<br />
Total 27<br />
( 4)<br />
-78<br />
Tab1e 12<br />
Itaporanga RI Antibody in Rirds<br />
Titre<br />
-.,~ ~~i.es<br />
1:20<br />
1:20<br />
1:20<br />
1:20<br />
1:20<br />
1:20<br />
1:40<br />
1:40<br />
1:80<br />
1:20<br />
1:40<br />
1:40<br />
1:80<br />
1:80<br />
1:20<br />
1:40<br />
1:80<br />
1:80<br />
1:20<br />
1:40<br />
1:20<br />
1:20<br />
1:40<br />
1:20<br />
1:20<br />
1:20<br />
1:40<br />
§ Rhamphastos cuvieri<br />
§§ Hypocnemoides<br />
§ Thamnomanes caesius<br />
§ Thamnophilus aethiops<br />
§ Thamnomanes caesius<br />
§ § l"tvnnotherula hauxwelli<br />
§ § Hypocnemoides<br />
§ Thamnophilus aethiops<br />
§ Attila spadiceus<br />
§ Thamnomanes caesius<br />
§ Cercomacra cenerascens<br />
§§ Automolus infuscatus<br />
§ ThaJnnophilus aethiops<br />
§ Thamnomanes<br />
Turdus fumigatus<br />
§ ThaJnnomanes<br />
Unidentified<br />
§ Accipitor bicolor<br />
§ Thamnophilus aethiops<br />
§ Thamnomanes caesius<br />
§ ThaIIn'lornanes<br />
Cora~<br />
§ ThaJnnophilus aethiops<br />
§ Thamnophilus aethiops<br />
Unidentified<br />
Cora~<br />
Itrlophylax
Table 13<br />
Ectoparasites inoculated from IPEAN and Utinga forests<br />
Other<br />
acariens Pulicidae Dermatobium Other Total<br />
Host Ixodidae Gamasidae<br />
Oryzomys 71(11) § 8533(53) 11(3) 125(12) 29(22) - 8769(101)<br />
Nectomys 6(2) 915(12) - 3(2) 29(16) - 953(32)<br />
Proechimys - - - 5(1) 18(16) 100(1) 123(18)<br />
Oecomys 2(1) 16(2) - - - - 18(3)<br />
Rhipidomys - 97(2) - - - - 97(2)<br />
Marsupialia 94(15) 4(1) - - 2(2) - 100(18)<br />
Chiroptera 1(1) - - - - 24(4) 25(5)<br />
Edentata 19(7) - - - - - 19(7)<br />
Aves 47(24) - - - - 2(2) 49(26)<br />
Reptilia 21(1) - - - - - 21(1)<br />
Total 261(62) 9565(70) 11(3) 133(15) 78(56) 126(7) 10,174(213)<br />
§ ( ) = n° of pools. No isolations were made.
Animals<br />
- 80 -<br />
Table 14<br />
Animals captured and specimens collected<br />
At Serra do Navio, Amapá, 1965.<br />
N° of<br />
Material inoculated and preservation<br />
Glycerine - 60° C<br />
Brown<br />
Captures Recapt Viscera Sal.Cl. Viscera Sal.Cl. fat Urine Serol.<br />
Blood<br />
Virus +<br />
serol. Inoc.<br />
Aves 224 - - - - - - - 224 - -<br />
Chiroptera 472 - 150 137 190 204 27 - 300 48 2<br />
Didelphis 78 8 56 - - - - - 72 4 -<br />
Metachirops 86 4 63 - - - - - 78 1 -<br />
Marmosa 10 - 5 - 2 - - - 4 3 -<br />
Monodelphis 15 - 7 - 9 - - 1 3 9 -<br />
Metachirus 16 - 14 - - - - - 14 - -<br />
Calluromys 3 - 3 - - - - - 3 - -<br />
Proechimys 108 1 12 - 79 - - 53 14 78 -<br />
Oryzomys<br />
goeldi<br />
O.maccon-<br />
nelli<br />
Neacomys<br />
guianae<br />
97 - 4 - 91 - - 3 2 90 -<br />
13 - 1 - 12 - - 4 - 12 -<br />
124 - 18 - 99 - - 10 5 93 6<br />
Saguinus 10 - 10 - - - - - 9 1 -<br />
Other § 11 - 9 - - - - - 6 - -<br />
Total 1,267 13 352 137 482 204 27 71 734 339 8<br />
§ includes 3 Myoprocta, 2 Tamandua, 3 Sciuridae, 1 Echimys, 1 Tupinambis and 1 turtle.
. ..:t\i\'O<br />
.<br />
J:3<br />
1I<br />
.I . I.<br />
~t:8Â::IC\I<br />
',!I'<br />
,:;<br />
~<br />
5<br />
~<br />
~<br />
i<br />
~<br />
~<br />
i<br />
~<br />
J<br />
I'ó<br />
j<br />
~G<br />
~<br />
a1<br />
Q<br />
=<br />
t<br />
i~<br />
~ ~.0\<br />
~ ~.<br />
co<br />
i ~<br />
to.<br />
g i;<br />
~ r-oo<br />
~<br />
ri<br />
~<br />
~ .-. ~<br />
~ o<br />
~~<br />
N<br />
t i<br />
R<br />
~ ~<br />
i.<br />
t0-<br />
S<br />
S<br />
~<br />
N<br />
foi<br />
~<br />
ã<br />
a<br />
~ i<br />
~ Q)<br />
~<br />
fW\<br />
+<br />
j<br />
'""<br />
~<br />
~'õI!!Ji Ii<br />
fi<br />
~<br />
=<br />
i<br />
~<br />
~~~<br />
~ l' ~<br />
~ ~ ~<br />
0\<br />
~<br />
!:d<br />
i<br />
~ ~<br />
+<br />
~~<br />
..<br />
~<br />
.q ~<br />
e-- ~<br />
~@<br />
i i<br />
~i<br />
~ ~<br />
~ ~<br />
r-<br />
~<br />
~. ~.r\I<br />
~. ~~<br />
~ ~<br />
f'\<br />
~co<br />
~<br />
co<br />
+<br />
~. 4\l\<br />
~ :"4.<br />
I;t.<br />
~ i<br />
f<br />
I ~<br />
0\<br />
M.<br />
a<br />
~ bO<br />
.q<br />
~<br />
~ ~-;::t<br />
lã<br />
i<br />
§ ~<br />
~<br />
?<br />
~ ~<br />
-g<br />
~<br />
tõtõFi~&<br />
i i i i i<br />
~\O~~s<br />
~~~~~<br />
~ ~ ~ ~ ~<br />
~ ~<br />
+<br />
;<br />
~<br />
~~~~<br />
~ Pt ~ ~<br />
1r'l~c'1<br />
o ...o (\I<br />
~ (\1(\1<br />
~~~~<br />
i'~~<br />
or-co("'\<br />
N N r-I<br />
~;.l~<br />
+ ~<br />
~ i<br />
~~<br />
i i<br />
si
Table 16<br />
Ectoparasites inoculated from Amapá<br />
Other<br />
acarines Pulicidae Dermatobium Other Total<br />
Host Ixodidae Gamasidae<br />
Neacomys - 638(9)§ - - - - 638(9)<br />
Oryzomys 8(3) 1612(16) - 10(5) 7(6) - 1637(30)<br />
Proechimys 19(1) 80(4) 25(2) 8(2) 1(1) - 133(10)<br />
Myoprocta 1(1) - - - - - 1(1)<br />
Marsupialia 285(21) 24(3) - 1(1) - - 310(25)<br />
Chiroptera - - - - - 7(1) 7(1)<br />
Edentata 59(5) - - - - - 59(5)<br />
Equine 49(6) - - - - - 49(6)<br />
Reptilia 14(1) - - - - - 14(1)<br />
Aves 1(1) - - - - - 1(1)<br />
Total 436(39) 2354(32) 25(2) 19(8) 8(7) 7(1) 2849(89)<br />
§ ( ) = N° of pools. Only one isolation was made (Amaparí virus from a pool of Gamasidae<br />
off Oryzomys.)
Tabl. 14<br />
~rtc Platon<br />
Sagu1nU8<br />
Proe~<br />
Brad1P18<br />
l'alodelP1i8<br />
Scu1ru8<br />
Aves<br />
Sen'& do Navio<br />
~Pro~~<br />
0I7J.01T0"8<br />
Neac.-<br />
D1delJi1ü<br />
~~a: Metachirops<br />
~tac~<br />
~.<br />
lblodelIi1i8<br />
CallurOJl'B<br />
~FOCta<br />
Tmf8ndua<br />
~opter&<br />
Aves<br />
Total<br />
_..,-<br />
-83 -<br />
3.1<br />
BI test r88ul ta m ani--1 sera .troa ,,-pá, 1965<br />
uroup<br />
A<br />
- -<br />
-.<br />
- -<br />
4- o<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
- 9<br />
üroup<br />
B<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
1 -<br />
1 ------ -74<br />
uroup<br />
C ~<br />
-<br />
1 ---<br />
-<br />
-<br />
1 -<br />
1 ----- ---<br />
urou~<br />
~<br />
-<br />
1 ---<br />
-<br />
4<br />
2 -<br />
- -<br />
-<br />
- -<br />
SS5<br />
uroup<br />
HüebotoJ!!U8<br />
--, --,<br />
2<br />
3-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
16<br />
D .<br />
1<br />
4<br />
S-~ - -<br />
-§§<br />
3<br />
'.L'O~ S<br />
test8d<br />
S 8<br />
1 1<br />
1<br />
4<br />
88<br />
lCJl<br />
89<br />
69<br />
7l<br />
16<br />
.3<br />
9<br />
.3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
304<br />
215<br />
13 .3 7 .34 99l<br />
§ Smne ot these lera ~ also teeted 11'1. th B\m)'8Dfera group and Capim antigens,<br />
wi~ negati" resulte. 007 one eeru8 IpeC~WU c~ted trom .ach anial;<br />
ml7 titree or 1:20 or greater aga1n8t 8 uniu ot ant1g8'l are coneidered<br />
pos i tJ. ,'c .<br />
§§ ~ Taca1UJl& ~it1V8.<br />
§§§ CZ1ly 52 t88ted~ alI negative.
Estimated age<br />
-84-<br />
Table 18<br />
HI results on sera of Kayapo-Gorotire Indians<br />
Mayaro<br />
Total<br />
Group A<br />
Total<br />
Group B<br />
Yellow<br />
fever Ilheus<br />
Indef.<br />
Group B<br />
Total<br />
tested<br />
M F M F M F M F M F M F M F<br />
0-4 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4<br />
5-9 4 4 4 4 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 14 17<br />
10-14 10 5 11 5 2 2 0 0 1 2 1 0 22 12<br />
15-19 4 1 5 1 3 2 1 0 1 2 1 0 10 10<br />
20-24 3 4 3 4 4 2 0 0 2 2 2 0 9 16<br />
25-29 10 4 11 4 7 4 0 0 3 2 4 2 18 12<br />
30-34 3 3 3 3 5 8 0 3 4 4 1 1 10 13<br />
35-39 2 5 3 5 4 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 11 7<br />
40-44 5 5 5 8 4 3 1 0 0 2 3 1 8 10<br />
45-49 1 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 3 2<br />
50 + 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 4 4<br />
Subtotal 44 36 49 39 32 26 5 3 13 19 14 4 112 107<br />
Total 80 88 58 8 32 18 219<br />
% 36 40 27 4 15 8
Table 19<br />
Results of CF tests using pooled antigens<br />
Immune<br />
Titre Immune<br />
Titre<br />
ascetic fluids Homologous Pool ascetic fluids Homologous Pool<br />
GROUP A N° 1 GROUP 5 N° 5<br />
Mucambo (AN8) 4i. 32/256 § 32/64 Guajará (AN 10615) 3i. 64/64 64/64<br />
EEE (AN 7526) 4i. 32/256 32/256 Capim (AN 8582) 3i. 128/256+ 128/256<br />
Mayaro (H407) 5i. 4/16 4/16 Bush Bush (AN 20076) 4i. 128/256+ 128/64<br />
“ (AR 20290) 5i. 4/16 4/16 Mirim (AN 7722) 128/256+ 128/64<br />
Aurá (AR 10315) 4i. 64/64 32/64<br />
Una (AR 13136) 4i. 32/64 16/16 GROUP 6 N° 6<br />
Pixuna (AR 35645) 4i. 32/16 8/16 Oropouche (AN 19991) 3i. 128/256+ 128/256<br />
WEE (AN 70100) 5i. 128/64 128/64 Turlock (AN 32260) 128/256 128/256<br />
Lukuni (AR 35112) 5i. 16/256+ 16/256+<br />
GROUP B N° 2 Irituia (AN 28873) 3i. 16/16 32/16<br />
Bussuquara (AN 4116) 4i. 128/1024+ 64/1024 Cocal (AR 39377) 4i. 128/64 128/64<br />
Ilhéus (H 7445) 2i 32/1024+ 32/1024+ Timbó (AN 41787) 3i. 32/256 32/64<br />
SLE (AR 23379) 4i. 8/1024+ 8/1024+ Chaco (AN 42217) 4i. 64/256+ 32/256+<br />
Yellow fever (H 111) 3i. 32/1024+ 32/1024<br />
GROUP 7 N° 7<br />
GROUP C N° 3 Icoaraci (AN 24262) 6i. 128/256+ 128/256+<br />
Marituba (AN 15) 2i. 4/128 4/512+ Candirú (H 22511) 5i. 128/16 128/16<br />
Oriboca (AN 17) 2i. 8/128 8/512+ Itaporanga (prototype) 2i. 4/4 4/4<br />
Apeú (AN 848) 1i. 4/128 4/512+ Anhanga (AN 46852) 4i. 128/256+ 128/64<br />
Murutucú (AN 974) 2i. 4/128 4/128 Bujarú (AN 47693) 32/16 32/16<br />
Caraparú (AN 3994) 2i. 4/128 4/32<br />
Itaquí (AN 12797) 5i. 4/32 4/128 GROUP 8 N° 8<br />
Tacaiuma (AN 73) 4i. 16/32 16/32<br />
GROUP BUNYAMWERA N° 4 Piry (AN 24232) 5i. 8/32 8/16<br />
Guaroa (H 12208) 5i. 64/256 128/256+ Pacui (AN 27326) 5i. 32/512+ 32/64<br />
Kairi (AR 8226) 128/64 128/256 Acará (AN 27639) 5i. 64/16 32/16<br />
Maguarí (AR 7272) 5i. 128+/256+ 128+/256+ Marco (AN40290) 6i. 128/16 128/16<br />
Sororoca (AR 32149) 4i. 128/256+ 128/256+ Jurona (AR 40578) 4i. 16/128 16/64<br />
Tucunduba (AR 278) 2i. 128/256+ 128/256+ Tembe (AR 50117) 6i. 8/4 4/4<br />
Taiassui (AR 671) 128/256+ 128/256+<br />
Melao (AR 8033) 3i. 4/4 4/64<br />
§ Antiserum titre / antigen titer.<br />
Each pool contained all the antigens in the respective group.
Serum or immune<br />
-86-<br />
Table 20<br />
Plaque inhibition test results with Group A viruses<br />
N°<br />
inj.<br />
(zone diam. in mm.)<br />
EEE (1)§<br />
AN 7526<br />
Mucambo (1)<br />
AN8<br />
Mayaro (1)<br />
H407<br />
Aura (3)<br />
AR 10315<br />
WEE (3)<br />
AN 70100<br />
EEE (AN 7526) 4 13.7 0 0 0 0<br />
“ “ 2 8.0 - - - -<br />
Mucambo (AN 8) 4 0 12.8 0 0 0<br />
“ (AN10967) 1 0 14.5 0 0 0<br />
Mayaro (H407) 5 0 0 18.8 0 0<br />
“ (AR20290) 5 - 0 27.2 0 0<br />
Aurá (AR 10315) 4 0 0 0 18.1 0<br />
Una (AR 13136) 4 0 0 0 0 0<br />
Pixuna (AR 35645) 4 0 0 0 0 0<br />
WEE (AN 70100) 5 - 0 0 12.3 14.4<br />
“ “ 3 - 0 0 12.0 18.8<br />
“ “ 1 0 - - - -<br />
§ ( ) nº of tests run. All tests run in duplicate with 2,400-12,000 pfu<br />
in 100 mm Petri dishes, read after 3-4 days.
Table 27<br />
Ground level mosquito captures by day on human bait, Utinga forest, 1965<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec<br />
CULICINI<br />
Aedes arborealis - 2 26 38 4 8 - - - - - - 78<br />
argyrothorax - 7 22 9 15 14 3 - 2 1 4 1 78<br />
fulvithorax - 31 21 21 10 24 10 3 3 7 6 7 143<br />
fluvus - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - 2<br />
hortator § - - 1 - - - - 3 3 2 4 3 16<br />
leucocelaenus § - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1<br />
oligopistus - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 2<br />
scapularis - 120 100 72 10 39 13 24 41 555 99 402 1475<br />
septemstriatus - 19 19 10 7 10 3 7 2 1 6 4 88<br />
serratus - 185 155 101 37 102 214 323 709 740 249 239 3054<br />
taeniorhynchus - 31 5 - - - - - - 1 - - 37<br />
Culex spp. - 45 38 5 42 80 47 33 8 23 28 27 376<br />
B 1 - 15 10 14 - - - - - - - - 39<br />
B 7 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 - - - 1 - 6<br />
B 8 - 3 3 1 - - - - 1 - - 2 10<br />
B 9 - 5 6 2 4 10 3 5 1 1 6 - 43<br />
B 17 - 3 1 - 3 - - - - - - - 7<br />
B 19 - 10 4 2 7 16 10 13 4 3 2 - 71<br />
(Carrollia) spp. § - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1<br />
(Culex) coronator? - 12 4 1 1 - 2 5 7 1 6 2 41<br />
declarator - 2 1 - - - - - 1 1 - 1 6<br />
pipiens - - - - - - - - - - - 4 4<br />
(Melanoconion) spp. - 4 6 5 - - - - - - - - 15<br />
caudelli? - - - - - 1 - - - - 4 - 5<br />
spissipes - 4 4 1 - - - - - - - - 9<br />
taeniopus - 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - 4<br />
(Microculex) stonei § - - 10 3 - - - - - - - - 13<br />
Haemagogus spp. - 10 17 - 4 8 7 - 1 21 14 5 87<br />
Mansonia spp. - 596 608 456 338 588 358 425 149 127 124 71 3840<br />
albicosta - 23 62 43 56 95 43 26 6 4 4 5 367<br />
arribalzagai - 436 417 191 50 85 88 103 368 530 456 63 2787<br />
titillans - 3 3 1 - 8 7 13 24 13 21 18 111<br />
venezuelensis - 1113 1359 1376 902 1641 849 824 318 289 374 90 9138
Table 27 (continued)<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec<br />
Orthopodomyia spp. § - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1<br />
Psorophora spp. - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1<br />
albipes - 89 - 29 3 15 2 2 3 25 6 8 182<br />
cingulata - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - 1 3<br />
ferox - 102 97 25 11 30 24 77 131 31 42 11 581<br />
lutzi - 8 6 3 - 1 2 1 2 - 24 - 47<br />
SABETHINI<br />
Limatus spp. - - 7 - - 1 - - - - - - 8<br />
durhami § - - 1 - - - - - - - 7 7 15<br />
flavisetosus - 110 127 36 24 9 4 5 15 15 60 97 502<br />
paraensis - 19 8 2 6 9 10 1 9 10 77 74 225<br />
Phoniomyia spp. - 23 83 42 16 11 9 9 12 7 20 21 253<br />
Sabethes (Sabethes) spp. § - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1<br />
belisarioi § - - - - - - 4 - - - - - 4<br />
cyaneus § - - - - - - 6 6 3 2 3 1 21<br />
(Sabethoides) chloropterus - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - 2<br />
Trichoprosopon digitatum - 6 17 85 91 25 5 6 10 6 6 11 268<br />
edwardsianus - - 4 1 - - - - 2 - 2 2 11<br />
magnus - 11 22 6 3 11 29 36 21 8 14 15 176<br />
Wyeomyia spp. - 273 213 148 94 53 68 62 122 93 361 245 1732<br />
(Dendromyia) aporonoma - 140 153 87 81 81 57 45 69 56 77 47 893<br />
melanocephala § - 1 - - - - - - - - 21 36 58<br />
ANOPHELINI<br />
Anopheles (A.) eiseni § - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1<br />
(A.)intermedius - 2 2 - 2 1 5 10 12 1 3 - 38<br />
(A.)mediopunctatus - - 2 1 - 1 - - - - - 1 5<br />
(N.)oswaldoi - 12 32 7 3 2 6 13 20 1 1 2 99<br />
(N.)triannulatus - 1 9 17 14 14 15 32 74 13 10 7 206<br />
(S.)nimbus - 1 5 3 2 10 7 5 2 - - - 35<br />
T o t a l - 3482 3693 2846 1842 3008 1912 2117 2157 2591 2145 1530 27322<br />
Capture time (hours) - 31:30 23:00 17:30 19:00 24:00 26:30 30:00 30:00 23:30 24:30 25:40 275:20<br />
Rate per hour - 111 160 163 97 125 72 71 72 110 87 59 99<br />
§ these 13 spp. not taken in night catches on human bait at IPEAN.
Table 22<br />
Ground level mosquito captures at night on human bait, IPEAN varzea, 1965<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec<br />
CULICINI<br />
Aedes arborealis - - 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - 6<br />
argyrothorax 1 1 - 2 1 - - - - - 1 - 6<br />
fulvithorax 1 - 6 - 1 2 1 2 4 1 - 1 19<br />
fluvus 2 - - - - - 4 1 - 7 - - 14<br />
scapularis 19 16 20 9 6 4 14 14 113 225 65 295 800<br />
septemstriatus 12 - 6 1 - 1 10 7 1 1 2 2 43<br />
serratus 57 7 2 - 1 10 77 24 59 219 27 19 502<br />
taeniorhynchus - 3 - - - - - - - - - - 3<br />
Culex spp. 11 18 14 1 9 106 10 50 24 2 39 10 294<br />
B 1 7 - - 3 2 - - - - - - - 12<br />
B 7 7 11 5 9 2 1 5 3 5 - 4 15 67<br />
B 8 - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 9 11<br />
B 9 115 59 27 53 47 37 12 23 38 13 37 33 494<br />
B 17 3 - 29 20 13 20 1 11 2 2 1 4 106<br />
B 19 70 30 23 44 38 60 53 38 114 118 130 120 847<br />
(Culex) coronator? 9 2 1 - 1 - 2 - 6 7 23 16 67<br />
declarator 2 - 1 - - - - - - - 4 5 12<br />
(Melanoconion) spp. 4 2 1 19 2 1 - - - - - - 29<br />
spissipes 64 19 3 9 3 7 3 - 7 2 2 2 121<br />
taeniopus 45 35 28 39 78 67 6 7 28 112 58 24 527<br />
Haemagogus spp. 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 2<br />
Mansonia spp. 47 172 114 144 107 123 149 198 58 - 21 5 1138<br />
albicosta 1 3 - 1 - - 2 1 - - - - 8<br />
arribalzagai 103 45 39 38 21 21 68 16 113 38 21 6 529<br />
titillans 2 - - 4 2 - 10 3 20 - 1 2 44<br />
venezuelensis 177 355 250 591 555 403 306 473 256 6 41 1 3414<br />
Psorophora spp. 37 19 - - - - - 1 - - - - 57<br />
cingulata - - - - - 1 - - 2 - - 2 5<br />
ferox 7 2 3 - - 2 4 5 13 2 - 1 39<br />
lutzi - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - 2
Table 22 (continued)<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec<br />
SABETHINI<br />
Limatus flavisetosus 2 3 - - - 1 - - - - - - 6<br />
paraensis - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - 2<br />
Phoniomyia spp. 1 1 - 1 - 1 - - - - - - 4<br />
Trichoprosopon digitatum 4 5 14 23 17 20 14 8 7 2 3 3 120<br />
magnus - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1<br />
Wyeomyia spp. 1 1 1 - - 3 - 2 - - - - 8<br />
(Dendromyia) aporonoma - 1 1 - - - 2 1 - - - - 5<br />
ANOPHELINI<br />
Anopheles (A.) intermedius 4 - 1 1 2 1 - - 2 1 - - 12<br />
(A.)mediopunctatus - - 3 5 1 1 6 3 17 - - - 36<br />
(N.)oswaldoi 2 - 1 - - - - 1 7 - 2 2 15<br />
(N.)triannulatus - - - 2 - - 1 1 5 - - - 9<br />
(S.)nimbus 1 - 3 4 10 25 2 12 1 - - - 58<br />
T o t a l 819 812 598 1026 920 919 764 905 904 758 492 577 9494<br />
Capture time (hours) 15:00 10:25 8:20 12:00 8:00 10:00 8:20 8:00 10:00 8:00 8:00 9:00 114:45<br />
Rate per hour 55 78 72 86 115 92 96 101 90 65 62 64 83
Table 23<br />
Ground level mosquito captures at night on human bait, IPEAN capoeirão, 1965<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Varzea<br />
total<br />
CULICINI<br />
Aedes arborealis - 1 1 2 - 1 - - - - - - 5 6<br />
argyrothorax - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - 2 6<br />
fulvithorax 1 1 3 2 - 1 4 3 2 1 1 1 20 19<br />
fluvus 3 4 1 - 3 1 - - - 6 1 - 19 14<br />
scapularis 11 26 25 11 6 2 5 17 111 135 27 253 629 800<br />
septemstriatus 13 - 8 1 2 4 8 6 2 - - 2 46 43<br />
serratus 106 14 5 1 - 10 24 38 57 176 25 13 469 502<br />
Culex spp. 52 46 36 10 33 60 38 16 79 2 15 12 329 294<br />
B 1 6 1 7 3 1 - - - - - - - 18 12<br />
B 7 10 10 - 1 8 5 - 3 5 - 4 2 48 67<br />
B 8 - 2 - - - 2 - - - - - 5 9 11<br />
B 9 176 87 63 32 68 61 20 8 45 11 39 18 628 494<br />
B 17 6 7 40 23 11 16 3 - 9 - - 1 116 106<br />
B 19 76 61 18 18 56 75 26 46 92 122 148 74 812 847<br />
(Culex) coronator? 18 7 2 2 1 - - - 5 - 10 5 50 67<br />
pipiens - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 0<br />
declarator 3 - - - - - - - - 1 - - 4 12<br />
(Melanoconion) spp. 10 4 1 1 - - - - - - - - 16 29<br />
caudelli? 3 - - - 1 2 - - - 1 2 - 9 0<br />
spissipes 86 83 25 9 6 15 - 1 2 - 1 1 229 121<br />
taeniopus 68 48 27 44 84 77 7 2 21 99 67 15 559 527<br />
Haemagogus spp. - - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - 3 2<br />
Mansonia spp. 33 99 81 90 83 174 221 142 47 - 18 2 990 1138<br />
albicosta 2 - 1 2 1 2 - 2 - - - - 10 8<br />
arribalzagai 95 70 77 38 35 44 35 53 59 24 23 2 555 529<br />
titillans - 1 - 3 2 3 4 11 11 - 4 - 42 44<br />
venezuelensis 160 287 248 521 491 162 372 278 201 3 35 4 3062 3414<br />
Psorophora albipes 52 14 1 - - - - - - - - 1 68 57<br />
cingulata - - - 1 - - - - 1 1 2 - 5 5<br />
ferox 9 2 - - 1 - 12 15 6 - - - 45 39<br />
lutzi 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - - 3 2
Table 23 (continued)<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Varzea<br />
total<br />
SABETHINI<br />
Limatus flavisetosus 5 1 1 - - 2 - - - - - - 9 6<br />
paraensis - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 2<br />
Phoniomyia spp. - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 4<br />
Trichoprosopon digitatum 1 6 23 19 31 15 11 5 2 3 1 5 122 120<br />
edwardsianus - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1<br />
magnus 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - 2 0<br />
Wyeomyia spp. 1 - 2 - - 4 1 - - - - - 8 8<br />
(Dendromyia) aporonoma - - - - - 5 1 - - - - - 6 5<br />
ANOPHELINI<br />
Anopheles (A.) intermedius 4 2 2 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 - - 12 12<br />
(A.) mediopunctatus 1 - 1 2 1 1 1 22 9 - - - 38 36<br />
(N.) oswaldoi - - - 1 - - - 1 6 - 3 1 12 15<br />
(N.) triannulatus - - - - - 1 - 1 7 2 1 - 12 9<br />
(S.) nimbus 1 - 2 7 15 40 36 3 - - - - 104 58<br />
T o t a l 1015 885 701 845 942 1088 832 676 710 589 429 417 9139 9494<br />
Capture time (hours) 15:00 10:25 8:20 12:00 8:00 10:00 8:00 8:00 10:00 8:00 8:00 9:00 114:45 114:45<br />
Rate per hour 68 85 84 70 118 109 104 85 71 74 57 46 80<br />
Rate per hour (varzea) 55 78 72 86 115 92 96 101 90 65 62 64 83<br />
Rate per hour (Utinga, day) - 111 160 163 97 125 72 71 72 110 87 59 99
Table 24<br />
Daytime catches on human bait at ground level Serra do Navio, Amapá, 1965<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct§ Nov Dec Total<br />
CULICINI<br />
Aedes arborealis 1 21 9 25 22 119 86 26 1 310<br />
argyrothorax 1 2 3<br />
fulvithorax 1 7 9 25 68 69 34 7 2 1 224<br />
fluvus 34 16 14 7 248 70 15 1 405<br />
leucocelaenus 3 1 2 12 5 1 24<br />
scapularis 88 37 42 114 36 8 325<br />
septemstriatus 1 1<br />
serratus 13 388 143 157 344 144 86 57 7 5 1344<br />
Culex spp. 1 3 3 2 1 10<br />
B 7 1 1<br />
B 9 1 1<br />
B 17 3 3<br />
B 18 1 1<br />
B 19 1 1<br />
(Culex) coronator? 12 4 1 2 1 10<br />
(C.) declarator 2 1 3<br />
(Melanoconion) taeniopus 1 1<br />
(Microculex) stonei 3 3<br />
Haemagogus spp. 4 4<br />
Mansonia spp. 6 6<br />
arribalzagai 6 14 6 25 43 29 14 16 2 4 2 161<br />
venezuelensis 12 12<br />
Psorophora albipes 1423 107 324 169 2177 29 3 4232<br />
ferox 5 276 50 45 113 71 42 6 608<br />
SABETHINI<br />
Limatus spp. 10 11 6 1 1 29<br />
flavisetosus 31 8 13 22 11 30 6 1 5 127<br />
paraensis 2 2 6 4 13 8 1 2 38<br />
pseudomethisticus 4 1 5<br />
Phoniomyia spp. 13 15 9 5 26 4 11 13 2 4 1 103<br />
Sabethes (S.) spp. 1 4 3 8<br />
(S.) albiprivus 1 1<br />
(S.) belisariori 1 2 3<br />
(S.) cyaneus 1 4 2 1 1 9
Table 24 (continued)<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct§ Nov Dec Total<br />
Trichoprosopon digitatum 4 1 23 9 8 55 7 13 120<br />
magnus 5 3 6 32 5 14 24 1 2 3 95<br />
Wyeomyia spp. 250 360 149 161 477 229 283 177 13 71 6 2176<br />
(Dendromyia) aporonoma 3 10 7 5 15 8 6 10 6 1 71<br />
melanocephala 3 3<br />
ANOPHELINI<br />
Anopheles (A.) eiseni 1 1 2<br />
(A.) darlingi 1 1<br />
(A.) intermedius 1 1 1 3<br />
(A.) mediopunctatus 2 2 2 5 2 2 15<br />
(N.) oswaldoi 1 2 2 5<br />
(S.) nimbus 5 3 4 1 1 14<br />
T o t a l 342 2677 563 873 1515 3186 746 435 38 128 18 10521<br />
Capture time (hours) 11:15 27:00 6:00 10:30 31:00 47:00 50:50 55:50 5:30 25:00 7:00 276:55<br />
Rate per hour 31 99 94 83 49 68 15 8 7 50 3 38<br />
Rainfall (mm.) 222 226 354 131 396 119 110 180 84 57 51<br />
§ October catch spoiled.
-95-<br />
Table 5<br />
Daytime catches on human bait at Porto Platon, Amapá, April 1965<br />
Km. 162<br />
Ground Tree<br />
Campo Verde<br />
Ground Tree<br />
SubTotal<br />
Ground Tree Total<br />
CULICINI<br />
Aedes arborealis 2 2 2<br />
fluvus 2 2 2<br />
leucocelaenus 1 5 5 5 6 11<br />
scapularis 2 27 29 29<br />
serratus 2 21 23 23<br />
Culex spp. 1 1 1<br />
(Culex) declarator 3 3 3<br />
Haemagogus spp. 32 15 169 15 201 216<br />
Mansonia arribalzagai 2 2 2<br />
Phoniomyia spp. 1 3 4 4<br />
Psorophora 104 329 8 433 8 441<br />
ferox 10 41 1 51 1 52<br />
lutzi 1 1 1<br />
SABETHINI<br />
Limatus spp. 5 5 5<br />
flavisetosus 27 41 68 68<br />
paraensis 6 6 6<br />
pseudomethisticus 3 1 4 4<br />
Sabethes (Sabethes) spp. 2 1 1 2 3<br />
(S.) belisarioi 1 1 6 1 7 8<br />
(S.) cyaneus 1 2 15 2 16 18<br />
(Sabethoides) chloropterus 5 1 13 1 18 19<br />
(S.) glaucodaemon 1 1 1<br />
Trichoprosopon digitatum 1 1 1 1 2<br />
magnus 1 1 1<br />
Wyeomyia spp. 17 28 4 45 4 49<br />
(D.) aporonoma 27 27 27<br />
ANOPHELINI<br />
Anopheles (A.) mediopunctatus 2 2 2<br />
T o t a l 167 42 567 224 734 266 1000<br />
Capture time (hours) 3:30 3:30 26:00 19:30 29:30 23:00 52:30<br />
Rate per hour 48 12 22 11
1<br />
Table<br />
Mbsquitoes taken by Mk.I b1ower trap on various baits at 6 mohigh, utinga forest,<br />
January, 1965<br />
CULIGINI<br />
Aedes fu1 vi thorax<br />
i:ulvus<br />
hortator<br />
1eucoce1aenus<br />
septemstriatus<br />
serratus<br />
CUlex spp.<br />
B 7<br />
B 9<br />
B 17<br />
B 18<br />
B 19<br />
(Culex) dec1arator<br />
(Me1anoconion) spp.<br />
(M.) spissipes<br />
(Mo) taeniopus<br />
Haemagogus spp.<br />
}Msonia spP.<br />
arriba1zagai<br />
titi11ans<br />
venezue1cnsis<br />
Ps.orophora a1bipes<br />
ferox<br />
1utzi<br />
Uranotaenia hystera<br />
SABETHllfr<br />
Lirrl:L tus fiavisetosus<br />
Pnoniomyia spp.<br />
Sabethes (Sabethes) spp.<br />
(S o) arll8.zonicus<br />
(S.) be1isarioi<br />
(So) cyaneus<br />
(S.) quasicyaneus<br />
(Sabethoides) chloropterus<br />
(S.) glaucodaem on<br />
Trichopro.sopon digitatum<br />
magnus<br />
i'lyeomyia spp.<br />
(D.) aporonoma<br />
J.t>use<br />
26<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
9<br />
1<br />
10<br />
7<br />
4<br />
10<br />
4<br />
5 2<br />
2<br />
2<br />
2 2<br />
4 5<br />
32<br />
1<br />
1<br />
6<br />
411<br />
6<br />
3<br />
8<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
3<br />
2<br />
4<br />
5<br />
2<br />
5<br />
12<br />
6<br />
2<br />
3<br />
613<br />
16<br />
1<br />
9<br />
38<br />
15<br />
7<br />
15 1<br />
1<br />
3<br />
1<br />
22<br />
188<br />
33<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
Total 60 31 6 25 25 996 85<br />
1<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
10<br />
5<br />
1<br />
14 2<br />
4<br />
32<br />
13 3<br />
20§§<br />
II Q da~rs 3 3 2 2 2<br />
Rate per day 20 10 3 6 13 50 43<br />
§ hand capture for com~rison<br />
§§ average of only 7 hrso catching per day, by daylight<br />
4<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1
Table 27<br />
Mosquitoes and Phlebotomus taken in blower traps on different baits at ground level, IPEAN forest, 1965<br />
Cebus<br />
(Dec)<br />
Saimiri<br />
(Nov)<br />
Guineapig<br />
(Sep)<br />
Rabbit<br />
(Aug)<br />
Ameiva<br />
(Jun)<br />
Honey<br />
(Apr)<br />
Proechimys<br />
(Apr)<br />
Mouse<br />
(Apr)<br />
Bird §<br />
(Mar)<br />
Chicken<br />
(Feb/Oct)<br />
Tamarin<br />
(Feb/Dec)<br />
CULICINI<br />
Aedes arborealis 2 4<br />
argyrothorax 1<br />
fluvus 3 1<br />
hastatus 1<br />
hortator 1<br />
scapularis 1 87 1 11<br />
septemstriatus 1 2<br />
serratus 1 20 1 3 1 4<br />
Culex spp. 8 35 6 221 321 21 6 1 30 8<br />
B 7 3 28 3 126 92 1 4 12<br />
B 8 1 1 2 1<br />
B 9 18 109 8 253 262 1 8 26 1 60 48<br />
B 17 38 2 496 453 11 3 1 3<br />
B 19 3 28 9 7 19 22 7<br />
(Carrollia) spp. 1<br />
(Culex) spp. 10 1<br />
(C.) coronator? 5 1 1 2<br />
(C.) declarator 12 1 3<br />
(Melanoconion) spp. 10 5 7<br />
(M.) caudelli? 2 29 66 161 37 3 6 5<br />
(M.) spissipes 16 66 1 9 7 1 1 1 10<br />
(M.) taeniopus 54 490 15 176 127 4 4 24 2 146 131<br />
Mansonia spp.<br />
arribalzagai 3 3<br />
titillans 1<br />
venezuelensis 1 5 2<br />
Psorophora ferox 2 2<br />
lutzi 6 9<br />
Uranotaenia calosomata 1
Table 27<br />
Cebus<br />
(Dec)<br />
Saimiri<br />
(Nov)<br />
Guineapig<br />
(Sep)<br />
Rabbit<br />
(Aug)<br />
Ameiva<br />
(Jun)<br />
Honey<br />
(Apr)<br />
Proechimys<br />
(Apr)<br />
Mouse<br />
(Apr)<br />
Bird §<br />
(Mar)<br />
Chicken<br />
(Feb/Oct)<br />
Tamarin<br />
(Feb/Dec)<br />
SABETHINI<br />
Limatus durhami 1<br />
flavisetosus 2 2 1 1 2 2<br />
paraensis 1 6 1 33 1 6<br />
Phoniomyia spp. 1<br />
Trichoprosopon digitatum 1 1 2 1<br />
magnus 1 1<br />
Wyeomyia spp. 3 3 4 3 1 2 4<br />
(Dendromyia) aporonoma 2 3 2<br />
PSYCHODIDAE<br />
Phlebotomus spp. 1 5 2 2<br />
Total 128 998 36 1370 1484 17 82 89 5 287 268<br />
N° of days 9 16 2 2 2 2 3 8 6 15 9<br />
Rate per hour 14 62 18 685 742 9 27 11 1 19 30<br />
N° of species 20 26 7 15 18 4 12 12 4 16 22<br />
§ Pipra sp. and a hummingbird (exposed one day each, died during exposure).
Table 28<br />
Mosquitoes & Phlebotomus taken in MK.II blower traps on different baits at ground level, with times of capture,<br />
IPEAN forest, 1965 §<br />
Times of capture<br />
October November December December<br />
July through December<br />
B a i t<br />
Chicken Saimiri Tamarin Cebus 0830 1330 1930 0130<br />
to to to to<br />
(fed) total (fed) total (fed) total (fed) total 1330 1930 0130 0730<br />
CULICINI<br />
Aedes argyrothorax 1 1<br />
fluvus 2 2 2 1<br />
hastatus 1 1<br />
hortator 1 1<br />
oligopistus 1<br />
scapularis (5) 84 1 1 11 13 20 15 21<br />
septemstriatus 2 2<br />
serratus 20 1 1 (1) 4 7 18 12 8<br />
Culex spp. (1) 27 30 3 8 9 39 17 35<br />
B 7 (1) 14 4 2 12 5 9 31 20<br />
B 8 1 (1) 1 3 1 1<br />
B 9 (6) 77 (3) 60 (3) 8 (15) 48 39 104 135 144<br />
B 17 1 1 3 4 1 7 3<br />
B 19 (2) 26 22 3 (2) 7 16 49 21 32<br />
(Culex) spp. (1) 6 1 1 3 2 1<br />
(C.) coronator? 5 2 1 1 3 2<br />
(C.) declarator (2) 12 3 1 3 7 3<br />
(Melanoconion) spp. 10 5 (1) 7 2 7 12 3<br />
(M.) caudelli? 14 6 5 5 21 10 8<br />
(M.) spissipes (2) 22 1 10 8 24 6<br />
(M.) taeniopus (10) 445 (3) 146 13 (20) 131 18 244 372 226<br />
Mansonia spp. 2<br />
arribalzagai 1<br />
titillans (1) 1 1<br />
venezuelensis 1 2 9 11<br />
Psorophora ferox (1) 2 1 1<br />
lutzi 1 1<br />
Uranotaenia calosomata 1
, 'U<br />
<br />
.~<br />
§ (J<br />
'-'<br />
a;)<br />
N<br />
<br />
ri<br />
~ r-i<br />
M<br />
~Q)<br />
~~:<br />
Q) Q).,<br />
E~i<br />
A I<br />
~ -foI<br />
() .d<br />
Ct-I O I<br />
~ ~j<br />
Q) .<br />
~~j<br />
s<br />
~ Q)<br />
()<br />
Q)<br />
o<br />
s<br />
~ Q)<br />
(,)<br />
Q)<br />
o<br />
M<br />
Q)<br />
~ Q)<br />
~<br />
Z<br />
s<br />
.g ~<br />
8<br />
o o<br />
~.s a<br />
~<br />
.r-\<br />
~<br />
~<br />
~ o<br />
8.s~<br />
o o<br />
~.s '&<br />
o o<br />
("\0 ~<br />
("\~ 0\<br />
M M<br />
--~<br />
~ o<br />
.~ M<br />
~E-t<br />
-ri<br />
:~<br />
ro<br />
ti)<br />
~ CJ<br />
fi<br />
~<br />
.s<br />
~<br />
~ .E<br />
~<br />
g<br />
.s<br />
g<br />
Ct-t<br />
,o ~<br />
~ Ct-t<br />
N<br />
C"'\\I\r-I<br />
(\Ir-<br />
C\J\oOr-ir-i<br />
C\I<br />
C\I~<br />
N<br />
(\J<br />
r"i<br />
ri..=tri<br />
t"\<br />
~<br />
011"")<br />
~ ~<br />
.s o<br />
g .~ 2<br />
M<br />
r-I<br />
C\I<br />
C\J<br />
o I/) ,rol<br />
~ 'ri 'O 8. o<br />
Q)I/) ~ p.<br />
~ ~ O~f/1 Pc<br />
, Q) Pc o ~ ., I/)<br />
rol/)p.~p,<br />
ro H O b!)Pc' ~ ~<br />
q !,~:8 a I/) ~ ~<br />
H ~s. roO .s<br />
~gj 00 'Q,ã o<br />
i:I:!~ 'ri~ ~~ 8~<br />
~~ ~~ ~8~~<br />
ê3 ~<br />
n<br />
ri<br />
100 -<br />
~ 'I.t\<br />
""<br />
~<br />
~ V\<br />
0\<br />
~<br />
0'\<br />
~ C\J<br />
::4 ,<br />
C\J<br />
~<br />
~<br />
t"a:)<br />
C\J<br />
~'--'<br />
r-I<br />
a:><br />
r-<br />
r-I<br />
C"'\<br />
"-'<br />
.-U3;<br />
~<br />
o ~<br />
~<br />
~<br />
a:)<br />
C\J<br />
~<br />
a:><br />
';:i'<br />
-,:::t<br />
~ ro<br />
~<br />
.~ ~<br />
Q)<br />
~ p.<br />
~<br />
g<br />
.d<br />
M<br />
8i<br />
o ('t'\<br />
...:j'<br />
0'\<br />
r-f<br />
~<br />
~ou<br />
& a><br />
~<br />
..<br />
-to><br />
'crJ<br />
.D<br />
~ ~a><br />
'~<br />
~-to><br />
'ri<br />
.a<br />
~<br />
.H<br />
+><br />
'roi ..<br />
~ a><br />
.D (/)<br />
-5 ~<br />
~ (l) ~O<br />
:S (/)<br />
,roi a><br />
;s ,r.<br />
~ .s (';1<br />
~ c.><br />
'O 'tl<br />
a> (l)<br />
~ ,~<br />
.e +><br />
$ ,~<br />
ri<br />
~ á1<br />
~ ~<br />
O .s ..<br />
's<br />
S(/)a><br />
a> ri<br />
$~ O ,roi +1<br />
CV"\ ~<br />
a'to-I<br />
OU (/)0<br />
~ ~<br />
CU Ma><br />
'O<br />
.a> ,roi<br />
~ 'O (/)<br />
, ~<br />
r'J]<br />
';:{ ,~~<br />
(/) Hto-I<br />
~ a>(l)<br />
~ouri<br />
~ g~<br />
t H<br />
a> ,g $<br />
-to> O<br />
~ (/),r.<br />
.i-I ri (/)<br />
~ .s+><br />
O O<br />
~+>~<br />
~<br />
~~
Table 29<br />
Mosquitoes by kind and month captured under hood with sentinel mice, Utinga forest, 1965<br />
31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 31 334 365<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Oct Totals<br />
N° of captures (days)<br />
CULICINI a) b) c) d)<br />
Aedes scapularis - - - - - - - - - - 3<br />
- - - (1) - - - - (2) (3)<br />
septemstriatus - - - 1 - - - - - 1<br />
- - - - (1) - - - - (1) 2<br />
serratus - 1 - - - 2 1 - - 4<br />
- - - (1) (1) (2) - - - (4) 8<br />
Culex spp. 53 54 45 18 19 19 5 - - 160<br />
656<br />
- (96) (95) (90) (92) (63) (7) - - (443)<br />
B 1 9 1 12 10 - - - - - 23<br />
- (13) (45) (31) - - - - - (89) 121<br />
B 7 56 14 19 7 - 2 - 1 - 43<br />
- (18) (19) (3) (3) - - - - (43) 142<br />
B 8 3 - - 2 - - - - - 2<br />
- (1) (3) (3) - (1) - - - (8) 13<br />
B 9 108 43 41 25 16 3 2 - - 130<br />
(47) (25) (4) (7) (5) - - - (88) 326<br />
B 17 5 6 4 4 3 - 1 - - 18<br />
- (2) (4) - (2) (1) - - - (9) 32<br />
B 19 15 8 7 3 - 2 - - - 20<br />
- - (3) (1) - - - - - (4) 39<br />
(Culex)coronator? 5 - - - - - - - - -<br />
- (4) - - - - - - - (4) 9<br />
(Melanoconion) spp. - 5 14 8 - - - - - 27<br />
- (2) (8) (10) - - - - - (20) 47<br />
(M.) caudelli? 2 - - - 7 1 - - - 8<br />
- - - - (1) - - - - (1) 11<br />
(M.) spissipes 13 5 2 1 - - - - - 8<br />
- (2) (2) - (1) - - - - (5) 26<br />
(M.) taeniopus 12 3 3 1 1 1 - - - 9<br />
- (7) (2) - - - - - - (9) 30<br />
(Microculex) stonei - - - - 1 - - - - 1<br />
- - - - - - - - - - 1
Table 29 (continued)<br />
31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 31 334 365<br />
N° of captures (days)<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Oct Totals<br />
a) b) c) d)<br />
Mansonia spp. - 1 - - - - - - - 1<br />
- - - (1) (1) (3) - - (5) 6<br />
arribalzagai - - - 1 - - - - - 1<br />
- - (6) (1) - - - (1) (8) 9<br />
venezuelensis - - 1 - - 1 - - - 2<br />
- (1) (4) - (5) - - - (10) 12<br />
Psorophora lutzi - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - (1) - - - - - (1) 1<br />
SABETHINI<br />
Limatus paraensis 1 - - - - - - - - 1<br />
- - - - - - - - - 2<br />
Trichoprosopon digitatum - - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - (1) - - - - - (1) 1<br />
Wyeomyia spp. 1 - - - - - - - -<br />
- - (2) (2) (3) - - - (7) 8<br />
(D.) aporonoma - - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - - (1) - - - - (1) 1<br />
Subtotal: fed - 141 149 81 47 31 9 1 - 459<br />
unfed (192) (207) (158) (113) (81) (10) - (3) (764)<br />
Totals 283 333 356 239 160 112 19 1 3 - 1560<br />
a) fed mosquitoes not separated from unfed in January<br />
b) during rest of year, unfed totals given in parentheses below fed totals<br />
c) no mosquitoes found in Sep., Nov., Dec.<br />
d) Subtotals omit January figures
o C"'\<br />
C1><br />
ri<br />
~ E-i<br />
* I-i<br />
~<br />
~<br />
~ ~<br />
~ H<br />
~<br />
Q)<br />
u<br />
'8<br />
riQ)<br />
o~ Q)<br />
ri)<br />
~ 0.-1<br />
~<br />
'd oo<br />
.t:;<br />
H<br />
Q)<br />
§ 'S<br />
E ~u<br />
~ §s<br />
]<br />
~<br />
$ ri)<br />
Q)<br />
.s<br />
0.-1<br />
g.<br />
ri)<br />
~<br />
r-flr:f<br />
""I~<br />
°, s<br />
("\.~ I<br />
ri I ~1<br />
C'"\ I .m ,<br />
I~I<br />
i O'M ,'<br />
C""\ P.<br />
'-o<br />
'-'1<br />
, M<br />
, C'"\<br />
0:>:<br />
Nj<br />
I ~<br />
:ii<br />
~ C"\<br />
~3<br />
~,~<br />
r-f I~<br />
~~<br />
M I~<br />
1""\8<br />
or~<br />
C"\I Q)<br />
~,<br />
r-I J ~<br />
C""\ ~1-I<br />
,-..<br />
~<br />
'O<br />
'-'<br />
(/)<br />
Q)<br />
~ ~()<br />
tt-t<br />
o<br />
a<br />
Z<br />
~<br />
"'-"1<br />
~<br />
--<br />
-<br />
-r-i--<br />
C) I I I I I I I I I r-I I I I N...:tr-i I I I I I I I I I I r-I I I I<br />
1 N 111 I1I r-ir-i -I Iror-i~O ~\O['- I1 \Or-i -I 1\O~r-i I~~ I I<br />
--r-I -<br />
-<br />
--<br />
r-i~ r-iro[,-N~ N' r-I'ÜOr-lr-ll"\",I -. I<br />
-1 --\O N I I L I I - '-'" -~ '---'" r-I '-- ~ ,---<br />
N ---<br />
Nr-I"""""-"""""",-"",-"",-,,,<br />
I~INI III 111r-i1 1\O~lr-INNr-ir-i\O~['-~~~1 1<br />
---N ---r-ir-i --<br />
1 I I 1 I I I I IN Ir-i Ir-iNNN~r-i-<br />
"-"'\O~r-I~r-I~r-iI~~~NNr-Inl<br />
Nr-i --<br />
--"""'r-i- -<br />
--<br />
N~['-ON~n[,-~N~~[,-~11<br />
I r-i I 1 I 1 I I 1 I I 1 1 I \OONr-iNr-I -~~ -n-<br />
-N ri -<br />
n N~ N(\jO['-O['-~1<br />
I 1 I I I I I -I I I I ~~ n r-i r-I r-i<br />
,D N --<br />
H<br />
ri)<br />
-/-I<br />
r-I<br />
ro<br />
Q><br />
H O<br />
~<br />
~~°'g<br />
S<<br />
(.)<br />
~<br />
--<br />
I I I I I I I 11\0 1 I 1 I 1 ~ 1 I111 I I11111 I I<br />
M M<br />
I I I I I I I I 1"-'1 I 1"-'111 I 11 I I I I I I I I I I<br />
I I I I<br />
1t-111111 '-'<br />
I<br />
~ HO<br />
N<br />
:5 O<br />
~<br />
~<br />
I<br />
M<br />
I<br />
~<br />
M o<br />
~<br />
.~<br />
~<br />
r-I<br />
-- ~\t\~I~""I""I...:t~<br />
1111-11<br />
I<br />
~<br />
I<br />
M<br />
M<br />
\J'\<br />
rw'\<br />
U)<br />
,ri M<br />
ilU CJ<br />
U)<br />
-103 -<br />
""<br />
~<br />
(\J<br />
I<br />
~~ ro<br />
..-1<br />
H<br />
~<br />
~!<br />
Q)<br />
fi)<br />
C\J<br />
N--<br />
"" C\I "" t- CC "" t- -=t C\I<br />
.o 0\ C\I ~ CC: -=t CC<br />
C\I N N -=t<br />
--t"'\ (\1'-1'\-\0- ---<br />
-""r-I ---Mr-. --<br />
--<br />
"" CC O\,~ ~ ~ ~ '-1'\ a 9 N o 0\ '-1'\ t- "" N I<br />
-~ (\I w, C\I '-1'\ r-. ..:t r-. \O ~ N ,.., "" N<br />
C\J'U\'Dro<br />
'-" Mil<br />
'-"<br />
...:t<br />
~+J<br />
~ HQ)<br />
fi)<br />
CX)<br />
~ '-O<br />
~<br />
C'I"\<br />
~<br />
.P.<br />
P.<br />
f/)<br />
~
Table 30 (continued)<br />
31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 31 334 365 365<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Dec Totals Utinga<br />
N° of captures (days)<br />
3 -<br />
132 47<br />
42 11<br />
30 26<br />
87 30<br />
11 6<br />
10 9<br />
1 -<br />
18 12<br />
(C.) declarator 1 - - - - - - - - - -<br />
- (1) - - (1) - - - - - (2)<br />
Culex (Melanoconion) spp. 5 15 31 13 - - - - - - - 59<br />
(8) (31) (29) - - - - - - - (68)<br />
(M.) caudelli? 8 - - - 12 12 3 - - - - 27<br />
- - - (5) (2) - - - - - (7)<br />
(M.) spissipes 18 1 1 - 4 2 - - - - - 8<br />
- (2) - (1) (1)- - - - - - (4)<br />
(M.) taeniopus 18 6 10 3 6 8 7 2 - 2 - 44<br />
(4) (4) (2) (6) (5) (2) (1) - - (1) (25)<br />
Mansonia spp. - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - - - (8) (1) (2) - - - (11)<br />
arribalzagai 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - 1<br />
- (1) (2) - (1) (1) (2) - - (1) (8)<br />
titillans - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - - - - - - (1) - - (1)<br />
venezuelensis - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1<br />
- - (6) - (1) (3) (7) - - - (17)<br />
Psorophora ferox - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - (1) - (1) (1) (1) - - - (4)<br />
lutzi - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - (1) - - - - - - - (1)<br />
SABETHINI<br />
Limatus durhami - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
(1) - - - - - - - - - (1)<br />
flavisetosus - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - (1) (2) (1) - - - - - (4)<br />
paraensis 7 - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
(3) (2) (1) (1) - - - - - - (7)<br />
Trichoprosopon digitatum - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - - (2) - - - - - - (2)<br />
Wyeomyia spp. - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
(1) - (4) (7) (10) (2) - - - - (24)<br />
(Dendromyia) aporonoma 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - 1<br />
- (1) - (1) - - (2) - - - (4)<br />
4 -<br />
1 1<br />
1 -<br />
4 -<br />
14 2<br />
2 1<br />
24 8<br />
7 1
Table 30 (continued)<br />
31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 31 334 365 365<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Dec Totals Utinga<br />
N° of captures (days)<br />
1 -<br />
ANOPHELINI<br />
Anopheles (S.) nimbus - - - - - - - - - - - -<br />
- - - (1) - - - - - - (1)<br />
Subtotals - 214 226 107 113 110 73 19 - 7 - 869<br />
(357) (418) (257) (348) (286) (143) (44) (3) (14) (11) (1881)<br />
3589 1506<br />
Total 1109 571 644 364 461 396 216 63 3 21 11 -<br />
1506<br />
Utinga total 283 333 356 239 160 112 19 1 0 3 0 -<br />
as for Table 29<br />
a)<br />
b)<br />
c)<br />
d)
Table 27<br />
Mosquitoes taken in blower traps on mouse baits at ground level, IPEAN forest, 1965<br />
Total<br />
Feb Mar Apr Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec<br />
Station I I I II I II II II II II II<br />
CULICINI<br />
Aedes arborealis 7 2 5 1 15<br />
fluvithorax 6 2 1 9<br />
fluvus 6 2 1 2 2 1 14<br />
hastatus 1 1<br />
oligopistus 1 1<br />
scapularis 11 5 17 1 1 4 1 6 1 16 63<br />
septemstriatus 1 1 2<br />
serratus 11 1 1 9 13 12 3 11 1 62<br />
taeniorhynchus 2 1 3<br />
Culex spp. § 1423 582 802 221 247 206 118 23 78 38 54 3792<br />
B 7 307 207 241 126 33 117 288 8 73 23 63 1486<br />
B 8 31 49 110 28 7 2 1 1 229<br />
B 9 § 1095 815 1336 253 255 178 513 73 188 150 207 5063<br />
B 17 § 789 570 1420 496 138 171 55 3 13 3 3658<br />
B 19 § 112 54 53 9 70 16 89 14 39 46 15 517<br />
(Culex) spp. 57 57<br />
coronator? 7 9 6 1 1 4 4 3 2 1 38<br />
declarator 2 1 1 4<br />
(Melanoconion) spp. 7 2 26 11 18 64<br />
caudelli? 221 140 241 66 80 32 44 3 16 3 3 849<br />
spissipes 601 129 131 9 18 9 18 9 10 934<br />
taeniopus § 1065 399 852 176 216 158 354 71 637 565 250 4743<br />
Mansonia spp. 6 4 2 6 2 20<br />
arribalzagai 1 14 8 1 3 27<br />
titillans 2 1 3<br />
venezuelensis 36 3 13 5 10 11 26 1 1 1061<br />
Psorophora albipes 1 1<br />
ferox 4 1 5<br />
lutzi 15 1 16
Table 31 (continued)<br />
Total<br />
Feb Mar Apr Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec<br />
Station I I I II I II II II II II II<br />
SABETHINI<br />
Limatus durhami 8 6 14<br />
flavisetosus 4 14 7 1 1 27<br />
paraensis 17 30 23 1 4 1 1 77<br />
Sabethes (S.) quasicyaneus 1 1<br />
Trichoprosopon digitatum 10 3 16 1 30<br />
magnus 1 1<br />
Wyeomyia spp. 23 20 39 4 8 1 1 1 97<br />
(Dendromyia) aporonoma 5 3 2 2 2 14<br />
ANOPHELINI<br />
Anopheles (A.) intermedius 3 5 8<br />
(A.) mediopunctatus 1 1<br />
(A.) oswaldoi 1 1<br />
(S.) nimbus 1 1 1 3<br />
Identified total 5887 3066 5343 1370 1129 931 1541 204 1101 844 640 22,056<br />
Catch total §§ 8388 7563 11664 6643 4632 2791 1541 204 1101 844 640 46,011<br />
N° of days 15 19 17 10 18 13 17 14 17 15 19<br />
Rate per day 559 398 686 664 257 215 91 15 65 56 34<br />
§ some of these spp. were used for breeding and transmission studies.<br />
§§ some mosquitoes were counted but not identified for lack of time.
Table 32<br />
Number of mosquitoes taken by MK.I blower trap on mouse bait according to fan cycle<br />
(09 secs. Every 15 or 30 mins.)<br />
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total<br />
(mins.) 15 15 30 15 30 15 30 15 30 15 30 15 30<br />
(days) 3 8 9 4 10 9 8 6 9 11 8 41 44<br />
Fan interval<br />
Captures<br />
CULICINI<br />
Aedes fluvus 1 1 1 1 2<br />
scapularis 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 13 3 20 9<br />
serratus 13 10 2 1 2 7 4 1 32 8<br />
Culex spp. 206 93 25 12 11 50 28 19 19 30 24 410 107<br />
B 7 117 222 66 4 4 44 29 13 10 35 28 435 137<br />
B 8 7 2 1 1 11<br />
B 9 178 356 157 30 43 102 86 63 87 124 83 853 456<br />
B 17 171 29 26 3 8 5 3 211 34<br />
B 19 16 54 35 2 12 22 17 22 24 12 3 128 91<br />
(Culex) coronator? 4 3 1 1 2 2 1 11 3<br />
declarator 1 10 16 8 3 16 2 34 21<br />
(Melanoconion) spp. 32 24 20 3 10 6 2 1 1 2 69 32<br />
caudelli? 9 13 5 3 6 7 3 32 14<br />
spissipes 158 214 140 32 39 308 329 252 313 157 93 1121 914<br />
taeniopus 2 4 2 2 6 4<br />
Mansonia spp. 3<br />
3<br />
arribalzagai 1 1<br />
titillans 11 21 5 1 1 33 6<br />
venezuelensis<br />
SABETHINI<br />
Limatus flavisetosus 1 1<br />
paraensis 1 1 2<br />
Wyeomyia spp. 1 1 1 3<br />
(Dendromyia) aporonoma 1 1 1 1<br />
ANOPHELINI<br />
Anopheles (A.) mediopunctatus 1 1<br />
(N.) oswaldoi 1 1<br />
(S.) nimbus 1 1<br />
Subtotals 931 1052 489 83 121 569 532 387 457 399 241 3421 1840<br />
Total 931 1541 204 1101 844 640 5261
~<br />
C"'\<br />
C"'\<br />
<br />
r-I<br />
'fJ<br />
E-t<br />
G)<br />
S<br />
! .s<br />
-~<br />
tIO<br />
] C,)<br />
C,)<br />
~<br />
+><br />
-ri<br />
~<br />
.o<br />
G)<br />
§<br />
§<br />
p.,<br />
~<br />
b<br />
~<br />
'5<br />
r-I<br />
.o H. ~<br />
$o<br />
J<br />
fi)<br />
G)<br />
.s<br />
~fi)<br />
~<br />
i fH<br />
fH o<br />
fi)<br />
~<br />
G)<br />
~<br />
o ~<br />
~ E-oI'<br />
\1\'<br />
M<br />
r-I<br />
.$ oE-i'<br />
~~<br />
~<br />
z<br />
o+)<br />
()<br />
o<br />
Ptj<br />
Q)<br />
(/)1<br />
bOI ~<br />
<br />
i CH<br />
o cY"\<br />
~ oC"\<br />
~<br />
o<br />
C"\<br />
~<br />
M<br />
o<br />
C"\<br />
~<br />
.(/)<br />
og<br />
"-"<br />
r-I<br />
E<br />
.$<br />
o~<br />
~<br />
-109 -<br />
tl\Qf{j~~t"\
...:t<br />
(Y"\<br />
Q)<br />
ri<br />
~ -=.:.<br />
~ r-I<br />
~<br />
~ CIJ<br />
~<br />
ftot<br />
~ H<br />
.~<br />
p.<br />
cd<br />
Jj<br />
~ .r-\<br />
r-i<br />
~<br />
.a<br />
"d Q)<br />
~ p.<br />
cd<br />
t)<br />
CIJ<br />
Q)<br />
.s<br />
~CIJ<br />
i Q)<br />
r-i<br />
ir:r:.<br />
8 00<br />
co<br />
co N<br />
8 00<br />
o<br />
~<br />
8 00<br />
~<br />
8 00<br />
o ~<br />
8 00<br />
o ~<br />
8 o.<br />
N<br />
C")<br />
8 00<br />
.x:)<br />
r-t<br />
o<br />
o00 ..:t<br />
N<br />
800 ro<br />
r-I<br />
800 '-O<br />
N<br />
800 ro<br />
r-I<br />
800 ro<br />
8 00<br />
..:t<br />
N<br />
.Q-<br />
~<br />
.~<br />
-+3<br />
Q)<br />
~ P.<br />
~<br />
g<br />
~<br />
~<br />
~<br />
8<br />
Ptl<br />
Q)<br />
~I<br />
NI<br />
~<br />
~<br />
~<br />
~I<br />
- ~~§()<br />
'-"<br />
-:t<br />
(""\<br />
Q)<br />
.-I<br />
.o<br />
~<br />
-<br />
o<br />
o..<br />
ro<br />
ro<br />
(\J<br />
8..<br />
o ('"'\<br />
8..<br />
o ('"'\<br />
8..<br />
o ('"'\<br />
8..<br />
o ('"'\<br />
8..<br />
(\J<br />
~<br />
8..<br />
ro<br />
H<br />
8 ..<br />
..::t<br />
~ oo..<br />
ro H<br />
8:<br />
..o<br />
~I<br />
(\JI<br />
o<br />
01..<br />
ro<br />
H<br />
8i<br />
;;'1<br />
81<br />
..I<br />
..::t<br />
(\Jo<br />
~o<br />
~<br />
'-'<br />
~ G)<br />
E p,<br />
g<br />
()<br />
a><br />
Q<br />
~<br />
~ ()<br />
o<br />
P.<br />
Q) I<br />
(1)' ,<br />
~I<br />
<br />
-ã<br />
(\J<br />
\1\<br />
'Ü<br />
r-I<br />
~<br />
...::t<br />
.-t<br />
~<br />
to-<br />
§<br />
1"'\<br />
C\J<br />
1"'\<br />
o<br />
~<br />
~ (V'\<br />
M<br />
~ o<br />
~
. ~<br />
n("'\<br />
'-"<br />
('"\<br />
Q)<br />
ri<br />
~ E-t<br />
\J\<br />
'g M<br />
~<br />
~ ti)<br />
Q)<br />
H<br />
~ ~<br />
.~ ..<br />
ti)<br />
J<br />
Q)<br />
Q)<br />
H<br />
~<br />
~ O<br />
P.<br />
~<br />
§<br />
.~<br />
~<br />
8<br />
ti)<br />
] :>.<br />
,D<br />
'g H<br />
.s P.<br />
~C)<br />
ti)<br />
Q)<br />
O<br />
~<br />
.~<br />
50<br />
ti)<br />
~ Q)<br />
M<br />
~<br />
~<br />
18<br />
-<br />
$ oE-4<br />
()<br />
Q)<br />
~<br />
~<br />
z<br />
I p,<br />
Q)<br />
(/)<br />
bO<br />
~<br />
<<br />
:f1<br />
~<br />
~<br />
s.<br />
<<br />
~<br />
~<br />
~<br />
~~~N~~O~~~~ro~~N~<br />
~ t"\ r-I t"\ N ~ ro~<br />
N ~t"\<br />
C\I<br />
~<br />
IIIIIIII<br />
I<br />
C\I<br />
I IR l-=t I l-=tr-f I I I r-fr-f 13M I. ..r-f. .<br />
..:;j<br />
I I~I I<br />
I I<br />
III1111<br />
1111111'111<br />
M~IM INM~I I~ 1~18~NM I~ II II<br />
..4<br />
C\I<br />
I I<br />
\.r\C\J<br />
\O<br />
t"'\ \.Qr-I r-I<br />
111111t"'\ II<br />
I '-t\r-I<br />
r-I<br />
I I<br />
112 -<br />
IIIIMI~IIIIINIII<br />
I I<br />
'Ü<br />
r-f .~..N<br />
co ~...:t r-I ~<br />
II 11111111111'1./\11 II III<br />
C"\r-ir-iC"\Or-i<br />
Or-i<br />
r-i<br />
NM~N I I~ IN I I I I~MO~ I I 1M I IMM<br />
~<br />
~N ~ I I M I I I I M N I ~ I ~~ I ~ I ~N I I M<br />
M N N<br />
('t'\<br />
-=t0\ ~MC\lMC\I<br />
MM~~<br />
N ...:t N ~r-t \t\<br />
IIIII II1I I"" I I1<br />
C'- r-ICOr-lr-l .<br />
C"'\<br />
~<br />
I I C"'\MM I I<br />
~C\I<br />
r-I<br />
I I I<br />
I I I<br />
I I I I<br />
I I I<br />
Ir-I\O 11111111 I I@ I~ 1 1\0 l..=t~ I I1<br />
r-I~~r-I~<br />
~<br />
s<br />
ti) ~<br />
8 °M ~ .$<br />
H p. Q) ti) °M °M<br />
O p. ~ °M °M (J ti) ~ tIO<br />
~ ti) O ro ti) ti) Q) ::3 °M<br />
ti) ro ~ tIO Qrop. ti) rcj<br />
oro! H ~o ti) 8.ti) ro ro ti) ~ Cf-. °M O ti)<br />
HtI) ro~oMQ) ~N ~ ri.c ~oM~<br />
ro~ r-!Orip. "'-"8t1)ri Q)rori Q)tI)<br />
r-I~<br />
::3 ro<br />
p. ~<br />
roHRt C) Q)<br />
8 r-I r- a:> 0\ r- a:> 0\<br />
r-Ir-Ir-I<br />
(J'rlr-l°MO~~Oro<br />
Q) ~ Q) ti) °<br />
rcj O 'tj ti) a<br />
o (J::3°MQ)~ ro p.<br />
~o<br />
~ p. (J .Q N<br />
ri ti) °M °M o Q) ~<br />
(J ro .c ri ~ ~~OHH~ oM Q)<br />
ro<br />
ro<br />
o<br />
°M<br />
>â N<br />
Q) ::3<br />
8. 8<br />
8t1)~ ~<br />
p.o Q) O Pi<br />
Pi ~ ro ti) ti)<br />
tI) ~ HO H ro<br />
H ti) ti) ti) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ti ã (J ti) $ ~ °8 ro ~ > '& '8. ~ r-I H § a. g. o~<br />
~tI) ~ 8 ri"'-""'-""'-"(J0 00 ~~ ~~<br />
t-iQ) ~ .ga 8 o 8:dtl) .c: H ::t:<br />
o ~~~:;::~ ~O E4 ~ °MQ) (JO<br />
~] 8 '-"'-"'-"'-"'-"'-"~~,f. ~o ~~<br />
I<br />
.-i<br />
I I<br />
I I<br />
I<br />
I I<br />
r-i<br />
I I I I<br />
..:t<br />
I I I I<br />
I<br />
I (\1M I I<br />
Illnl<br />
I<br />
MI"i<br />
r-tC"\<br />
I I I I<br />
r-i~<br />
~<br />
ri<br />
r-IC"'\<br />
I I<br />
I I<br />
I I<br />
I I<br />
I I<br />
roi<br />
I I
..<br />
'S<br />
.~<br />
~ ~o()<br />
'-"<br />
\J\<br />
I"'")<br />
Q)<br />
.-j<br />
~ foi<br />
$ oE-e<br />
(,)<br />
Q)<br />
~<br />
~<br />
z<br />
~ ()<br />
o<br />
p.<br />
Q)<br />
CJ)<br />
bD<br />
~<br />
<<br />
~<br />
~<br />
~<br />
s.<br />
<<br />
~<br />
,D<br />
&<br />
~<br />
-113<br />
r-tN<br />
I I<br />
I I<br />
.I<br />
.I<br />
I I<br />
I I<br />
M I<br />
I I<br />
'roi<br />
o<br />
'a~<br />
.~ !<br />
Q) o<br />
..<br />
-- .oII~<br />
O)<br />
Ha><br />
~~<br />
H'tl<br />
~~ "'"'<br />
.011<br />
N<br />
p<br />
~<br />
~<br />
'4<br />
~<br />
~<br />
CX)<br />
r-<br />
'g<br />
~ C\I<br />
t-<br />
(IJ<br />
N<br />
C"'\<br />
~<br />
~~"'1<br />
-114 -<br />
Table<br />
36<br />
Fema.le mos qui toes I an1 PhlebotollnlS caught wi th hand suction trap on fo1iage<br />
in IPEAN forest, September through December 1965<br />
OULIOnlI<br />
Aedes horta ror<br />
oligopistua<br />
scapularis<br />
serratus<br />
C\11ex 8pp.<br />
B 7<br />
B 8<br />
B 9<br />
B 19<br />
B 21<br />
(Carro1lia) sp.<br />
(Culex) 8pp.<br />
(O.) coronator?<br />
(O.) declarator<br />
(I~lanoconion) spp.<br />
(M.) caudelli?<br />
(M.) spissipes<br />
(Mo) taeniopus<br />
(Microculex) B 1<br />
B 2<br />
Imsonia spp.<br />
arribalzagai<br />
tiUllans<br />
venezuelensis<br />
Orthopodomyia fas c i pes<br />
Psorophora ferox<br />
Uranotaenia spp.<br />
cooki<br />
hystera<br />
leucoptera<br />
SABE'rHIN I<br />
Limatus flavisetosus<br />
paraensis<br />
Trichoprosopon digi ta tum<br />
Wyeonvia spp.<br />
PSYCHOD mAE<br />
L;aPOI3.r&<br />
M/F-<br />
1 O<br />
116<br />
2l<br />
4<br />
1<br />
11<br />
.5<br />
O<br />
1<br />
8<br />
63<br />
64<br />
14<br />
33 O<br />
4<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
1<br />
O<br />
1<br />
o<br />
o1<br />
O<br />
2<br />
O<br />
30<br />
9<br />
38 6<br />
1<br />
13 2<br />
O<br />
O<br />
3<br />
24<br />
10 4<br />
111<br />
181O<br />
6<br />
1<br />
2<br />
29 O<br />
O<br />
1<br />
1 O<br />
O<br />
o o<br />
o<br />
1<br />
9 O<br />
2<br />
13<br />
12<br />
5<br />
o<br />
li<br />
3<br />
1 O<br />
16<br />
36<br />
964<br />
16 O<br />
13 1<br />
2<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
1<br />
O<br />
O<br />
1<br />
1<br />
O<br />
o1<br />
3<br />
1<br />
3<br />
1<br />
25 7<br />
55<br />
12 1<br />
13 4o2<br />
12<br />
22<br />
38 1<br />
22 1<br />
52 2<br />
1<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
1<br />
O<br />
1<br />
O<br />
O<br />
311<br />
1<br />
10 O<br />
3<br />
29<br />
33 91<br />
22<br />
8<br />
1<br />
1<br />
24<br />
99<br />
160<br />
18<br />
49 o<br />
17 12O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
1<br />
O<br />
O<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
o<br />
1<br />
4<br />
1<br />
s I<br />
s~ I<br />
16,<br />
93 i<br />
18<br />
2~ I<br />
6<br />
O<br />
2<br />
15<br />
~<br />
48 S<br />
33 2<br />
70<br />
3<br />
1 61<br />
2~ I<br />
O<br />
1<br />
1 2O<br />
O<br />
3<br />
1<br />
1 2<br />
1.,<br />
1.<br />
,8<br />
45<br />
126<br />
27 3<br />
48<br />
14 1<br />
3<br />
39<br />
14,<br />
208<br />
23<br />
82 2<br />
H11ebotomus spp. o 16 o 24 o 40 40<br />
Subtotals<br />
Totals<br />
.,<br />
Capture tjJne (hours)<br />
87 4361<br />
2<br />
29 11<br />
1<br />
4<br />
1<br />
1<br />
3 2<br />
.5<br />
3<br />
.1.034<br />
,1034<br />
24 120<br />
Ra te per hour 113<br />
§ 2 haure ot f_l. capÜ1reS accidentaliy diStroyec1.<br />
§
115 -<br />
Table 37<br />
*1e l11lebotOllUB captured b)" suctim apparatus on tree-~ 1n Utinga forest, 1965<br />
-<br />
P. antunesi<br />
P. aragaoi<br />
P. baityi<br />
P.carvalhoi<br />
P. coutinhoi<br />
P. damascEmoi<br />
P. dm1drol:1h1'llus<br />
Pó .f'urc atua<br />
P. infraap1nosus<br />
P. intermediU8<br />
P. longi8p1nU8<br />
P. lutz1anU8<br />
P. p1losua<br />
P. pinotti<br />
P. rorotaeDSis<br />
Pé scaff1<br />
P. sham1cmi<br />
P.súis<br />
P. triacantJlU8<br />
P. trisp:1nOSU8<br />
P. tubercula tua<br />
P. ubiqui talis<br />
P. villelaiP.<br />
wiJ1 jll~i<br />
P. sp. nov. ?<br />
}.By Jw1 Jul Aug Sep ~t Nov Dec To~<br />
126<br />
-<br />
--<br />
46<br />
11<br />
-<br />
-<br />
- -<br />
-<br />
54<br />
-<br />
4<br />
10<br />
-<br />
194 2<br />
S<br />
-<br />
,)<br />
-<br />
- 1<br />
- .90<br />
22<br />
29<br />
-<br />
- -<br />
140<br />
1<br />
3<br />
17<br />
-<br />
60 2<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
48<br />
-<br />
.<br />
8<br />
-<br />
S7<br />
12<br />
--6----<br />
114<br />
-<br />
.3<br />
20<br />
-<br />
-<br />
43 4<br />
-<br />
-<br />
4<br />
24 -<br />
.96<br />
-<br />
79<br />
18<br />
-32<br />
- -<br />
-<br />
67 2<br />
1 8<br />
- 41<br />
- -25<br />
93<br />
-<br />
31<br />
-188<br />
20<br />
4<br />
6<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
2)0<br />
2~ --1<br />
-<br />
183<br />
70<br />
8<br />
-1<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
658<br />
4<br />
14<br />
22<br />
-<br />
-<br />
27<br />
4 -<br />
-1<br />
103<br />
-<br />
-<br />
23<br />
- 70<br />
U--<br />
1<br />
-<br />
253<br />
14 1<br />
4<br />
1<br />
53<br />
38<br />
--<br />
32 11-<br />
1027<br />
~1<br />
164<br />
1<br />
766<br />
232<br />
4l9<br />
10<br />
32111<br />
-221<br />
-<br />
4<br />
10<br />
-<br />
10<br />
4<br />
-<br />
4<br />
.3<br />
2<br />
24<br />
--<br />
3 -<br />
-<br />
-<br />
4<br />
320<br />
-5<br />
20<br />
2<br />
2<br />
8<br />
-<br />
112<br />
1804<br />
10<br />
36<br />
131<br />
2<br />
2<br />
369<br />
17<br />
62<br />
4.3<br />
Total 4SS 546 331 604 ~ 49, 759 4722<br />
Capture t1m (hours) , 130 11130 10..308130 91)0 8130 8130 9:00 n 1)0<br />
Ra te per hov 83 47 30 30<br />
63 58
.g O(\J~n(\J ...<br />
cx:><br />
r"\<br />
Cl)<br />
M<br />
~ E-i<br />
~ ~roi<br />
~<br />
!f5<br />
(f)<br />
Q)<br />
H<br />
~ cd<br />
bO<br />
,~<br />
~<br />
~<br />
~ H<br />
~<br />
(f)<br />
~ ~<br />
~ ~Q)<br />
H<br />
Q)<br />
~ 'ri<br />
OU<br />
k<br />
§<br />
~<br />
~<br />
g oE-I<br />
~ I';::}<br />
t=I C\J<br />
tz<br />
+> 10\1<br />
8 ~i<br />
go l'8<br />
(/) r-I<br />
~ tIO 1t"-: 01<br />
< I<br />
3 1~.<br />
~ ,<br />
~ I~<br />
~ I'D<br />
~ ~<br />
~, 131<br />
H<br />
~<br />
ri.<br />
~<br />
~<br />
co<br />
C\I<br />
cc<br />
cc<br />
~I<br />
QJ!<br />
("'"\1<br />
('"\! I<br />
~ I~I<br />
'""""<br />
~-<br />
~ ~<br />
OC\/C\lCX:>C'"\<br />
'L.t\C'J'::OC\/<br />
..r-- \O<br />
s-=t c\/<br />
g O\..:t\.f\t'-<br />
\.f\a:>-:tC\J<br />
..t'- C\J<br />
0\<br />
O'l.J\a:>O\o<br />
~~'I.J\a:>r-I<br />
a:><br />
o ("'\.;3 r-1(",\<br />
("'\r-IO:>("'\<br />
..C\J C\J<br />
O:>r-I<br />
~-8~~~<br />
..'Ü r-I<br />
0'\<br />
On~ C"\C"\C"\ ~..:t r-t<br />
..C"\<br />
(X:)<br />
OO\OOri<br />
~ri(Y'\C\/ri<br />
.(Y'\ ri<br />
o<br />
M<br />
O\Or::;:\Or-i<br />
(Y'\~-",(Y'\C\J<br />
..1./\<br />
~<br />
OO\1./\r-O<br />
C\J<br />
OO\r-r-i...:t<br />
..1./\<br />
ro<br />
(Y'\<br />
8 r-1.Q:-V\-:I'<br />
~ ""\ r- C""\<br />
..r-<br />
CD<br />
N<br />
C"\C"\OO~<br />
..o M ~<br />
~M<br />
O~
,<br />
Jan.22<br />
26<br />
28<br />
7<br />
7<br />
20<br />
22<br />
23<br />
23<br />
Jul,10<br />
12<br />
12<br />
13<br />
13<br />
13<br />
14<br />
19<br />
20<br />
20<br />
20<br />
20<br />
-<br />
-117 -<br />
Table 39<br />
Blood parasites found 1n wild vertebrates,<br />
utinga<br />
" n<br />
IPEAN<br />
M<br />
Utinga<br />
"<br />
" U<br />
AN 147.38<br />
AN 14757<br />
AN 14764<br />
AN 15'025'<br />
AN 15'026<br />
AN 15038<br />
AN 15'046<br />
AN 14302<br />
AN 14418<br />
1965 §<br />
(M4.) trypanos ame<br />
D s (~) IIdcrof'ilaria<br />
microfilaria<br />
5 IPEAN AN 15096 ~OBa murina (MA.<br />
..<br />
li<br />
" li<br />
"<br />
"<br />
"<br />
li<br />
li<br />
li<br />
U<br />
-<br />
199371<br />
199380<br />
199435<br />
199445<br />
199449<br />
199458<br />
199.518<br />
199696<br />
199746<br />
199747<br />
199758<br />
199760<br />
33161<br />
_Tamarin ~rin (PR) tryp. & microfil.<br />
" " trypa.nosome<br />
DidelphiB marsup!al!s (MA' trypanosome<br />
Tamarin tamarin (m) tryp.& microf.<br />
Calluromws' Bp. (MA) microfilaria<br />
?o'i1rmosa sp. (MA" tryp. & microf.<br />
.<br />
microfilaria<br />
Kentropyx striatu~ (RE) microfil.& Plasmod.<br />
,Turdus fUJTd.g~tu~ (AV) microfilaria<br />
~Plica umbra (RE) rn1crofila.ria<br />
cTurdus albicollis (AV) microfilaria<br />
Glyphorhynchus spi!:!!!:!:!~ (AV) haemogregarine<br />
Arremon taciturnus (AV) Plasmodium<br />
Ramphocelus carbo (AV) Plasmodinm -<br />
Arremon taci turnus {A V )m1crofil.& Plasmod.<br />
'l'urdus albicollis (A V) trypa.nosome<br />
~Formicarius analis (A V) rn1crofilaria<br />
Ramphocelus carbo (AV) Plasmodium<br />
li li li<br />
(bat) Bartonella sp.<br />
§ the bird, bat & lizard bloods were examined by the Wellcome Parasitology Unit<br />
a t the Ins ti tu to Evandro Chagas.<br />
(AV) .Bird, (MA) .marsupial, (PR) .primate, (RE) .lizard.
o<br />
~<br />
QJ<br />
~ ~<br />
.c ~o...t<br />
)<br />
QI<br />
U<br />
'"<br />
~ >-<br />
.o tU<br />
~<br />
ç:<br />
'"<br />
~<br />
ti)<br />
QI<br />
~<br />
ç:<br />
o<br />
'"<br />
~tU<br />
N<br />
'"<br />
~tU<br />
~<br />
~ ti)<br />
=' QI<br />
QI<br />
Z<br />
ti)<br />
='<br />
~<br />
c- '"<br />
'" ><br />
I<br />
ç:~<br />
'"<br />
tU c-<br />
Io! ='<br />
~ o<br />
~<br />
QI~<br />
.c<br />
~<br />
'O<br />
c=<br />
tU<br />
U<br />
'"<br />
IS='<br />
~QI<br />
ti)<br />
QI<br />
.c ~<br />
~ o<br />
ç:<br />
o ti)<br />
o...t<br />
~ tU<br />
~o<br />
u<br />
~<br />
< t<br />
~<br />
1-1<br />
~ ~<br />
s<br />
\O<br />
...c<br />
...c<br />
.;r<br />
~ ~~~<br />
~.<br />
c-<br />
~I<br />
CJ)<br />
~<br />
~<br />
,...<br />
M<br />
M<br />
N<br />
~<br />
~<br />
-
:r :r" :B,<br />
-119-<br />
Table lu<br />
V1Z'a8.. 18o1&ted; b't& 8_~-.-!!8l .s.e. 1n adjacmt baI'88<br />
~I' S1te<br />
I CJ! 71&82<br />
71&83<br />
a! 7$27<br />
7$26<br />
5 (li 7565<br />
7~<br />
Ut1Dga<br />
ma<br />
IW.AIt<br />
Ut1Dg&;<br />
IW.&:I<br />
utiDga<br />
(11 ~= nY.IB<br />
uza<br />
§ ~ 76.32<br />
-76~ =tG1"J'<br />
C8 77CS<br />
7709<br />
ai TlSS<br />
77.S6<br />
CJl7812<br />
7813<br />
CH78J.k<br />
7815<br />
(11 7860<br />
7861.<br />
IW.A8<br />
utiD&&<br />
IW.aB<br />
Ut.iDga<br />
IW.&H<br />
Uting&<br />
m:&5<br />
vtiDga<br />
~<br />
ut.iDga<br />
IdctUicau'c<br />
I ta:qui ,<br />
Ca-apan.<br />
~ ~<br />
~<br />
..~<br />
Ii»~<br />
Bepvo<br />
!i)jú<br />
:~)c.<br />
Ca'bÍ<br />
Itaqu:!<br />
~ ...V1raa
-120 -<br />
1'abl8 41 -OC81t. ~. 2<br />
.<br />
s..iaJ. '1- S1w<br />
(11 1'~<br />
79~<br />
(2( 8195<br />
8l96<br />
a4:8~<br />
82C11<br />
§ (J( 8812<br />
88l3<br />
~ IPr.&B<br />
IPEA)t<br />
Ut1J1ga<br />
Ut.1Dla<br />
IW.&<br />
m:A»<br />
u~<br />
I First paaBage8 alao 88de 1n 84jaoct baxes.<br />
Idat1fioatim<br />
L<br />
~Z'.ft<br />
~~<br />
II1.rutucú<br />
Jk1'\1.tuo1Í<br />
~~<br />
~<br />
~ ~<br />
#
-121<br />
V1IuIea 18 ola ted. trCII1 -ter1al 1nOGQ1a ted 1n .cr18<br />
I S8rOO, -. .1 ~~-.<br />
.AK 81~7<br />
8l~<br />
.aa 84t1o&.9<br />
8kO$O<br />
.&a 606.S2<br />
6~S3<br />
.1H8l0J.3<br />
8l~<br />
AR 82094<br />
8209$<br />
AH 83007<br />
83~<br />
83009<br />
83CD.O<br />
83OU<br />
.AR 83277<br />
83278<br />
AH 83378<br />
83319<br />
.IR 6)S1ü<br />
6)~<br />
63SJé<br />
RO6J2.1<br />
ao 632k<br />
(JI.11@ 8pp.<br />
~B 8W.<br />
t)-\1- B7<br />
~..!~ B9<br />
(11 7489<br />
CH7492<br />
C117S1a9<br />
%<br />
10<br />
9<br />
8<br />
7<br />
6<br />
4<br />
Sept.11<br />
Filters<br />
-122<br />
-10 11-20 21-30 31-9<br />
O C T. I<br />
10-19 20-29 30-9 10-19 20-3\<br />
NOV. I DEC.
124<br />
~ ()<br />
.-<br />
'--<br />
~I()<br />
.~ w<br />
(X)~<br />
~ -~<br />
~~<br />
o .<br />
E U<br />
Q) Q)<br />
't-Q<br />
-o I<br />
2:.m<br />
o .<br />
E +a.<br />
...Q)<br />
Q)(/) a.<br />
~<br />
I')<br />
di<br />
(\I<br />
00-<br />
(\I<br />
.:r<br />
(\I<br />
I')t-'<br />
T<br />
(/)<br />
Q)<br />
.-<br />
..o c<br />
..o<br />
'fo<br />
~<br />
Q)<br />
..o<br />
E ;:]<br />
z<br />
o<br />
o
Fig. 5.<br />
126<br />
The new meteorological station at the IPEAN forest.
Fig.<br />
6. The new entomology laboratory in the IPEAN forest.
Fig. cages, intervals.<br />
128 -<br />
7. The Mk. II blower trap showing the 4 collecting<br />
and the clock which actuates the fan below at regular
-129 -<br />
Fig. 8. The Mko 11 blower trap showing the second clock<br />
with descending plunger which makes contact every 6 hours to run<br />
a winch which moves the fan assembly to another cage. Also shown<br />
are the relays ~nd the plastic-covered ant-proofed battery.
APPENDIX I<br />
TRE SEROLOGICAL RESPONSE OF ANlMALS TO <strong>VIRUS</strong> INFECTION<br />
IN UTINGA FOREST<br />
A mammal recapture program has been carried out in Utinga forest,<br />
Be1em, Brazi1 since June, 1962 (Causey, C.E. 1963). As tropical rodents<br />
and marsupials were trapped, marked, and released, blood specimens were<br />
taken for virus isolation attempts in baby mice. At 2 to 3 week intervals,<br />
returning animals were studied serologically,<br />
Hemagglutination-inhibition (RI) tests were performed on acetone<br />
extracted sera by techniques previous1y described (Shope, Robert E. 1963).<br />
The viruses used are 1isted in Tab1e 1.<br />
Neutralization (N). testing was performed in baby mice using either<br />
mouse serum or brain as virus source, incubating the serum-virus mixture<br />
for 1 hour at 37°C, and inoculating either intracerebrally (IC) or intra-<br />
peritoneally (IP).<br />
with approximate1y 100 LDSO of viru9.<br />
Animal sera were tested in a final dilution of 1:4<br />
Results were interpreted as<br />
negative if a11 mice died, and as positive if 4 or more out of 6 survived<br />
Eighty-five forest-acquired virus infections were studied over a<br />
3 year period with serological determinations in serial bleedings. lu<br />
every animal, virus was isolated from the blood.<br />
Figure I shows the RI responses of animaIs infected with Mucambo<br />
virus of group A and Bussuquara virus of group B. In 104 b1eedings prior<br />
to, or at the time of viremia, no inhibition was detected. ln one animal<br />
the initia1 b1eeding 31'2 months before infection, had a titer of 1:10<br />
and the possibility of this representing maternal antibody is raised.<br />
bleedings following cessation of viremia contained HI antibody which per-<br />
sisted for the duration of observation (425 days in the longest observation).<br />
Initial titers were higher than later ones. Testing with Mucambo virus<br />
in 4 animals confirmed the presence of N antibody following infection!<br />
All
ses. uated.<br />
Appendix I<br />
132 -<br />
Figure 2 shows the RI response of animais infected with group C<br />
and group Guama viruses. In 134 b1eedings prior to, or at the time of<br />
viremia, no inhibition was detected. One animal had a 1:10 reaction at<br />
the time of Guama viremia. RI antibody was not detected in 6 animaIs<br />
following viremia. ln contrast to the response after infection with<br />
viruses of groups A and B, HI antibody in most of the animals became<br />
either non-detectable, or was apparently lost and restimulated, or<br />
This fluctuation might be explained by variation in sensi-<br />
tivity of antigen from test to test, however, an alternative explanation<br />
is that RI antibody to groups C and Guama is short-lived and is restimu-<br />
lated by recurrent natural exposure of the animal to the same or related<br />
Table 2 shows results of testing of a Proechimys after Guama<br />
infection in which a response to both Guama and Moju antigen was detected<br />
then lost. Guama antibody reappeared with Capim antibody, then again<br />
diminished to rise later accompanied by a generalized Guama group reaction.<br />
Sero10gy for Bussuquara virus, a180 iso1ated from this garoe animal, is<br />
included to illustrate the consistency of response in group B<br />
N testing with 4 anima1s infected with Caraparu, 10 with Guama,<br />
2 with Catu, and 1 with Capim virus showed uniform development of N anti-<br />
body following viremia<br />
The HI response of animaIs infected with phIebotomus fever group<br />
viruses is shown in Figure 3. As with groups C and Guama, the RI antibody<br />
leveI fluctuated and sometimes became non-detectable<br />
Table 3 shows N test resulte with Acará and Pacui viruses. All<br />
animals developed significant N antibody following viremia.
al.<br />
I<br />
-133 -<br />
These results offer a firm basis for interpretation of RI antibody<br />
in surveys of wild animals iu Utiuga forest: firstly, non-specific re-<br />
actions are not anticipated since bleedings prior to infection were<br />
generally negat1ve; secondly, RI ant1body to Mucambo and Bussuquara v1rus<br />
following viremia may be expected to persist for the life of the animal;<br />
and thirdly, RI reactions following infection with viruses of groups C,<br />
Guama and phlebotomus fever are likely to represent recent primary in-<br />
fect1on or anamnest1c responses to exposure to a virus in the same sero-<br />
logical group and this antibody may not persist for the life of the<br />
2.<br />
References<br />
Ca1ista E., The role of sma11 mamma1s in maintenance of<br />
arboviruses in the Brazi1ian Amazon forests. (1963) Anais de<br />
Microbio1. !!, Parte A, 119-121.<br />
Robert E., The use of a micro hemagg1utination-inhibition<br />
test to fo11ow antibody response after arthropod-borne virus<br />
infection in a community of forest anima1s. (1963) Anais de<br />
Microbio1. ~, Parte A, 167-171.
Appendi:x: I<br />
Group<br />
A<br />
Virus<br />
Mucambo<br />
B Bussuquara<br />
c<br />
Guamá<br />
Ungrouped<br />
Phlebotomus<br />
fever<br />
Caraparu<br />
Nepuyo<br />
Murutucu<br />
GuamÁ<br />
Catu<br />
(Moju)*<br />
(Capim)<br />
(Acara)<br />
(Pacui)<br />
Itaporanga<br />
(Bujaru)<br />
Icoaraci<br />
-134 -<br />
Table 1<br />
Viruses Used in Serological Testing<br />
Strain<br />
Be An 10967<br />
Be An 4116<br />
Be An 3994<br />
Be An 10709<br />
Be An 974<br />
Be An 277<br />
Be H 151<br />
Be Ar 12590<br />
Be An 8582<br />
Be An 27639<br />
Be An 27326<br />
Be An 64582<br />
Be An 47693<br />
Be An 24262<br />
HA<br />
Preparation<br />
brain<br />
brain<br />
serum<br />
serum<br />
serum<br />
serum<br />
serum<br />
serum<br />
brain<br />
-<br />
brain<br />
brain<br />
brain<br />
N Test<br />
Virus Source Route<br />
serum<br />
serum<br />
serum<br />
serum<br />
serum<br />
serum<br />
brain<br />
* Viruses in parentheses are unpublished and mention here does not constitute<br />
formal description.<br />
1.p.<br />
t.p.<br />
t.c.<br />
i.c<br />
i.c
5<br />
Appendix I<br />
Bleeding Date<br />
Table 2<br />
HI testing of Proech1mvs RO 5889 with group Guama viruses<br />
RI Results<br />
Group B Group Guamá<br />
Vires<br />
-<br />
Isolated Guamá Moju Cat6 Capim<br />
22 IV '64 o o o o o<br />
6 V<br />
21 V o<br />
26 V Bussuquara<br />
12 VI<br />
2 VII<br />
22 VII<br />
7 VIII<br />
25 VIII<br />
18 IX<br />
Guamá o o o<br />
o o<br />
40 40 o o<br />
40 o o o o<br />
)80 80 o o 10<br />
40 40 o o o<br />
40 40 o o o<br />
40 10 o o o<br />
40 80 20 10 o<br />
80 40<br />
20 40 o<br />
80 40 20 20 10
Appendix I<br />
-136 -<br />
Table 3<br />
Results of N Te8ting with Ungrouped Virule8<br />
Genus Viru818o1ated Log Neutralization Index<br />
Pre Post Days after viremia<br />
Nectomvs Acará 2.2 10<br />
Pacui 2.2 22<br />
>2.1 49<br />
Pacui 2.9 15<br />
>2.9 97<br />
Pacui 2.2 19<br />
Pacui 3.1 15
[<br />
Appendix I<br />
U)<br />
w<br />
U)<br />
:)<br />
~ .5<br />
fi<br />
O-<br />
:)<br />
O<br />
a::<br />
19<br />
O<br />
Z<br />
<br />
H O<br />
p, ro<br />
Q) fJ) H<br />
H ~ ro<br />
O .~ g.<br />
...'d ~<br />
Q) fJ)<br />
t> Q)<br />
ro M<br />
~ ,Q<br />
~
Appendix I<br />
U)<br />
w<br />
U)<br />
::><br />
o:<br />
5'<br />
\<br />
~<br />
O-<br />
::><br />
o<br />
Ct:<br />
~<br />
a<br />
z -<br />
(.!) ~<br />
lL a<br />
w<br />
u<br />
W<br />
li...<br />
Z<br />
U)<br />
.-J<br />
S<br />
~ "11 O C'\<br />
roOE:~<br />
Pt & ro ~"'<br />
ro :;j M<br />
~ d M i<br />
ro Q) ro<br />
ozOoo<br />
-to' N<br />
o"' M<br />
-to' 1 ~~ "' ~<br />
:>. ~<br />
'O o 'n ~ -..t-<br />
P-to'Q) o o ro ~<br />
'n o M UJ<br />
~ :.%1 '" ~ ~ "<br />
ro M °nI I'n Q ><br />
l<br />
1"'1 M<br />
~ oo~o ~ "'~t<br />
"n Q) -to' UJ ~<br />
-to' o<br />
~ ro ~ C\J o<br />
Z, Q)<br />
C\J<br />
"n ti) ~ CQ<br />
aC'\;:jMO~<br />
~ ~ Q) ~<br />
Q) "' 'ri "' o 'ri<br />
-to' 1 > 'O Q) ';:j 1 ~ ~> 8<br />
O o, -..t- ,;-I<br />
ro N ;:j Pt<br />
I "' ~<br />
~ 5 ~ ~<br />
Q)C\J~~oo<br />
ti) N<br />
Q) t.-I ~ o "'<br />
~OOM~<br />
Pt Q) ti) ., "' o JUJ<br />
~ ~ tI)-..t-<br />
o " ti)<br />
-to'<br />
'O OUJO<br />
1~ '5 ~ ~ ~:.%<br />
ro M O ~ 'ri<br />
~PQ)O:>M
Appendix I<br />
IC')<br />
~<br />
o:<br />
::><br />
(.!)<br />
~<br />
tI>.<br />
UJ<br />
ti><br />
:)<br />
a:<br />
>:<br />
a:<br />
UJ<br />
><br />
UJ<br />
lL.<br />
ti><br />
::)<br />
~<br />
o<br />
.oCD<br />
UJ<br />
-1<br />
I<br />
o..<br />
o..<br />
::)<br />
O<br />
(t:<br />
~<br />
~ ,~<br />
Ç1' H 'C<br />
O ro Q)<br />
.r-t '..." Q)<br />
~ ;j M<br />
~ ~ ,o<br />
.~ ..M<br />
~ 'C ~ Q). Q) ) ti<br />
'--" ,~ H Q) (/J<br />
ro ~ ~<br />
(/J H H<br />
~ ~ .r-t<br />
Ç1 ><br />
Q) '-4"<br />
(/J ro<br />
Q) '"-' bD<br />
H O Ç1<br />
p, ro<br />
Q) (/J H<br />
H bD O<br />
O .~ §'<br />
'C ~<br />
.Q Q) H<br />
ti Q)<br />
ai M H<br />
~ ,o O<br />
(/J
[I Due ~~us t.he o:f. ~ternocm. Prefeito. 1'be order D1ey Frei 1\1rÚS 1. ror 'l'he nines Arrani;e..~'.ts<br />
p'!!~-p~t1on<br />
!ao There<br />
~PPENDIX<br />
REroRT W THE IAmFA RmICtl EPIDEMIC<br />
Sept8li>er .Hovember 1965<br />
to u.anB}X>rtatim difticult1es, tlle visiting group wa:s delayed 111<br />
for 'talo dan. Visita vere ~"d to FSFBP headquartere J to the Governar,<br />
Se=-etar.v aí Health and to tl'.e Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas. .An aaJp111b1an<br />
t-he FAB arriVM on the 16th oí October and !abres. was reached tl1at s~<br />
Oontacts were establ1shed with the autllorities, consüting 0.1" ao<br />
a Pr~tor arn a Delegado.<br />
vere at the Pier to receive t.he cODln18sion.<br />
m1ss1onal7 tathers of ~e A.ugust1nian<br />
vere Frei Sa turnino and<br />
João. and 1 t wu their radio. opera t1ng through an &Da teur network wh1ch<br />
wa.s wtrt1menta.1. 1n cODlllm1cat:iJ1g to the rest oi the world the pl1ght ai the<br />
River po~tion.. tJJ1an.y IK"cmIPt1ng the PoH. Secre't.a17 to 8sk for help.<br />
house bear1ng the bronze plate oí tJ18 ~p was pls,ced at our dispos~<br />
~e8 0.1" lodgings ard work1ng quarters.<br />
first hours o! our stq were spent gatherine; the usual oon~sed,<br />
8u'bject.ive &:xl o~ contradicto1')" informatioo from relatives or the deceaaed,<br />
e ee à.rxt voluntary collabora tors .<br />
Santa Crus on the toll.owing day.<br />
01 tl::e locali ty<br />
vere made to vis! t<br />
~brea 1s a amaD. town o.f' 2500 ~~1tanta l1ving 1n approximate~<br />
OO.lBN o.t aU ducr!l)t1On8.<br />
tX)Ols 18 tJ18 rule.<br />
is no ~ter syste and tbe use ai' casa<br />
water ia colleoted tram the river ~ the D8.jority' of the
Appendix II<br />
p60ple, bIlt tilere 18 a group, l1v1ng &1f8.J' .trom the waterfront 'wb1ch avaUs<br />
itself ot a 88epage at the back 01 tbe toIm. I t 18 d1tt1.cul t, UDder the<br />
141<br />
oirCUDStlno.., to decide wb1ch ~'SterI118 varRe. Blectrio 11ght t1'Om a generator<br />
18 ava1lable trom 1900 W 2200 hrs..<br />
':'he t,(nm 18 relative~ n~""'1 hJlviJ1g been i'ounded ~ the ~t!~-1e oi' ~<br />
l&Bt oentu187- The reasCll .for 1t8 looation 18 obv1ous~ the fact tJ1at the<br />
elevat1on of the river bank8 at tbat particuJ.ar place o.t.f'ers better guarantees<br />
against the 'UlreatenjJ1g .fl.oOOs than at 8lJ1' other along the river. labrea is 'Ule<br />
head ot the !tm1c1pio at tbe S8Jre D8M whi.ch CO\U1ted, at tJle last census made<br />
in ~o, 211968 8 oul8 .<br />
The ~-~- Ri ver<br />
,<br />
b ~, me of' tlw longest a.rfiuents of. the Amaza1, 18 chare.c~r1zed<br />
bJ' a slow CtUTCt (aP1U"QXe one lmot and a Ialf), a:cept at t.ime3 01" tlood, that<br />
18 t:rom ~ to Sept8ber. 'U1e period af' hea"Y' ra1nB-. Dur1ng ti1& t time , the<br />
r1 vere,ides are oftc submerged. Tl18 _ters start receding 1n Septe1r.ber,uncoveI':1ng<br />
8~p1ng eli>8DkMnte em beaches oO'ftred with sUt, which 'Ule 1nbabitarlt8 plt<br />
't4 use for agJ8icuJ.'b1ral pJr}:X)89S.<br />
.A. wll rooted Ca:18818U8 O.t Op1n1.~ amng old residente 18 tha t the 8fever"<br />
USu&1q &ppea.r8 ifhm tbe watere 8tart to r18e, 1n AFil, ~ wbm th87 begjn<br />
tA) num_, 1n September;<br />
,<br />
b l\Irã8 bas a. v~ w1IxJi!,~ course, w1 ~ D11Mrous loope wh1ch sometimes fora<br />
contplete c~. W1'U11r1 tJlOse cirC\D\terel1Ces, th8re 18 often a sbO1"tcuttmg<br />
#<br />
chaz'.nel, caJled .Par8I3á', d1sS8CtJ.ng an ialalKi 88 i t jo1ns tt. main SU-eaJI'e lote<br />
waãer S"w.w17 for 'tJ)e -seringue1ros- atn tbeir fAllrt1ies ~~!!p:1ng m 'tJ1e jungle.<br />
li)st oi tbe JX)p1latim or 'U1e ltm1cip:io li" ml tlle river banka. Thq<br />
bu.iJd -00_, tAtcll-covered 1mt8 00 stU te as a. precaut1on again8t the river' 8
Appendix II<br />
-143 -<br />
negafAive lar yeUow tever. OU- ot 78llow t.ver, bowever, 818t ba.ve been Im,lch<br />
JOOre nunterous be.t'ore tJJe vacc1nation OampI.igns, me ot which took place rec8nt.1.l'<br />
0-9ó3)~ ~ the o'ther hard" ~lar1a 18 stiU rampant" two cases vere deteoted<br />
during tJ1e s~ of the oOl8aiss1mJ 011. of tJ)IBa had a beayY' ~ of falo1~<br />
8ld d18d ,a t;ew houra &!'ter having been brought 1nO<br />
It 18 tJ1ere.tore to be expeoted tJ1&t tba 1ntorme.tion be ratller miscellaneous<br />
arrl contllsed.. Eve17 VP8 or rever 18 integrated 1nto a complC 8)1DdroE, 8D<br />
abstract clinioal entiv doJKi.nated bJ' the ~st draat1o s,çtoms.. TtMi relat1ve~<br />
spec .::,~ tea 'blr88 of 1GlloW fever are bown to 1n.tl.uenoe r8""" ~cences and<br />
oolour tJ18 ovaraU picture 1n a speoial ~. Thia<br />
afteots IU"inci~ ..<br />
sympto:I'8' ~ obaracter of' the vta1 t am tbe colour of' tbe -k1Ji:. It 18 easy<br />
to observe ~t those 8)'ÇtoJU 1ncrease 1n severiv as tJ1e 1nterrogation becoma<br />
JOOl'e Fe8sing. St~ oontents beoa. darker axn darker w witb som 1nsi.'Stence<br />
erd ".lp loo1dng like cor!ee grO\U1d8. The BalE happens vi tl1 .1&undice~ The normal,<br />
01", at least usual, ~ coJaPlexi~ ot an anemia ch1ld of the brunet type w"ith<br />
2~200.(xx) BHJ eas~ reaches the 8y8now.Yel~ !me. As to the .rever gobserva tions<br />
a'e rareJz 8ub8tan~ated b)" aq th~ter readings and are de.f'iJ11te1l'<br />
~ess1CX1i8~~<br />
Tak1ng into acCO1mt tJ1ese factors of error for the bearsq iJlformat1an<br />
#<br />
on ~t eVmlts on tJ1e furiIS, 1t appears 'U1at at least s:SJ1oe 1.927 a severe<br />
diaeaae attacking ~8tq tJ:. intantile }X)~tion 18 r~pant on botJ1 sides 0.1'<br />
the river, fr~ as far up as Boca do Acre down to Can1~ and beyorde Si~ar<br />
reporte, but vi thout 8n1' Jrecision, mention the J\lrC1á and the *deira as being<br />
.1nvol"nd~ § ~-lies are decim teci. There ia an account .f'rom Paraz1nho (see -p)<br />
~~--<br />
§ Dr.. laoó AtAUah, Covemmsnt Doctor at Porto Velho (.Madeira) states t1J&t be ba8;<br />
~ sem dia, during the four 19ars of h1s temIre ttmore t11aD a ~ed. ~~-Üt.irSl from<br />
tJ1e sor1Dgais, brought to Porto -velho with 'U1e s~ symptoms as the Iabrea. CXl8S.<br />
Thia m.torst4cm,<br />
re tU1~ to Belam.<br />
due to a chance encounter, was obt.ained after the ct:'!!!ll...issicnl s
Appendi:x: II<br />
-144<br />
where, 1n 1932, the settleIlBlt comprising 47 persons o.t' t11e same .t'am:iq was<br />
reduced to JJ. i.~ one ~ntl1 (1Dfornsatl Sr~ Seba.s~ José J.hs10 de Paula,<br />
Pt'OlltJt..o:.' ar Iabrea, who travelled. througb tbe placa at tbe time). Simi]---,.<br />
evan~ occurred at p1.ac(;;g like Ig\t.aldads, 1n 1940" Peri 1n 19$0, ~anhão,<br />
HL41t.ar!)..\ç.. .:\110-) ~' others. ~re recen~ (1963), an outburst 1n San IJ1i.s<br />
CasSil.1J~i~ :!d.lled. eigbt childr9Il out Df. tan 0.1' tJ1e .~rim famU,:,r, and five ofuer<br />
persons ai' ,dúch two \tere 22 and 2$ ~rs ald. In 1964 Eterial from febrilc,<br />
iOWl"i~ p.'ltiel1ts \m& 1nocu.l9.ted i.."1to mtce, g~inea. pigs and ~~ celli wlth ne~ative<br />
res1.1lts. Serolog1c~ studies revealed BI anti~ against A, B, a, Guas.<br />
~"arIfA'era and Mebo-oomus Fever group arboviruseso The IX>PÜ4tion B~.oIed an<br />
1.'tmm1v rate ar. cJ.ose to 8~ to :yell,:)w rever, presunabq due to tJ1e 1963<br />
vac oL~ tion OaZ!ll»ign.<br />
IlmInm1t,- teatB with a Tacaribe group antigen (AN 70';6.3)<br />
31~.A.~ S lX>sitives aut ar 16 :1n tJ1e 1&4 and 113 dUutians amang oontacw, arA<br />
4 out 0.1' 2') at 114 amaug nan~ntacts.<br />
~~e 1965 outbre~<br />
A ~.']sage t.1'~"1Sm1tted b1 t'rAe Radio Amãteo.Jr ÇOUP to which a miDaionary,<br />
M<br />
Frei Joao Teixeira, residing 1n Iabrea., belongs alort.ed tbe P.H. authorities<br />
of. lWtaus who procoeded to request the 11elp of the leE.Co and tJ1is was the<br />
rootive for the visit reported hers.<br />
T'!le .,pioentre 01' the outbU1"st tl'lis yea:r rla3 toun..i to be '"-t Sarlta Cruz<br />
de Pacia" a s~gal sitaated appro::jJrateq 15 miles down Tiver fl"om Iabrea.<br />
two ar three miles frCXl1 tJ1e thec'lter 01' the 1.963 cvents. Two c~-1-1 ,irml o.f'<br />
tJ'1e }'~lo .famiq and two others residjJlg ir. the D~ settle~nt had dicd, the<br />
last one during tJ1e dolq su.ffered b)" t.'1e cODlnission in ~USo Sal. ta ~<br />
v!sd. teci on the SUnday following the arrival at labrea. (October 17) with<br />
'U"'.e object oí gathering M large an 8IOO\Ult oi people 88 poBsible j appro:'dJla te~<br />
~ l'mndred per8ons were intel.v1e'..red. ~se were tlw survivillg cb11dren,<br />
,
Appendix II<br />
145 -<br />
relat1vea, contacts, neighbours am arq R)re riv~ peOpl8 who had heard through<br />
t1le gra{)S v"jJ18 tJ1&t a group o.t doctora had arrived. A8 usual 1n those cases<br />
a lot oí' ~ bad to be devoted to out..pat1ct oliD1o work, a neo.~s&r1' step<br />
towat"d bIDoc1 8aZ1q)le collect1an. 'n18 8&8 happened at nha da ~ÇL, ~ Il'lOtner<br />
Y1s1t 2 mil.. up r1vC' t'rom Iabrea where the other case had. ooC\UTed. during the<br />
f1rst week 0.1' Ootober.<br />
In tot.m, there were tJ1ree dayS devoted to tl1e sarna work wi th. besides,<br />
visita to patien~ aí ali kinds. People started arriving from as;<br />
far as two daY8 distance and 1n.formation was tJ1Us gathered over a relative~<br />
lar g e terr1 'to17 o No s't.o%'1' oí 8JV' suspicious case contracted 1n town was<br />
recordedj tl18 sü1ent facts at tile o\lt-patient clinio vere tiIe two cases of ma.1.aria<br />
at18 of which. heavi3:l' IX>Sitive for t~c1~. died :Ln a t.ew hauro.<br />
Blocxi Samplss were taken at Santa Cruz, 1n town and at nha da Onça.<br />
IIe.rq' b1o(Xl counts as tins penaitted were mdeJ testa ror uralbwll1ne were dona<br />
ro"(1 ti11eJ;J'. FitV nine 01000-9 were ID:'eserved for serologicaJ. scre8nJJ1g and for<br />
~'lidal teste<br />
,<br />
at Belem. Twel ve inocuJ.a tions 1n to baby mioo were dane wi th<br />
material fran febrlle cases, and i11ne 1n Hip2 am GJ.I{ oelll.i-"1eso<br />
~~ was a-tte.'!1pted at the nha da Onça. inside tJ1e houses and 1n tJ1e<br />
nsigbõOl1r1ng bush. ~tomlOg:l.cal cap'blres were IDade .in the torest close to t.~<br />
hO"l.1.Ses am at a }X)int a tew miles a~ !rom the river into the rain torest.<br />
The l_qui ta. de Me~ f~<br />
SpeC~ ~t1cm mst be made or tJ1i8 f~ for several rea,.,ons I<br />
&) it BeeIr8 to have borne the brunt of the rever OIlSlaugbt tJ1is year together<br />
-dtll tbe reJ.,ated Saboia de ~1o, living at a short distanoe from their seringaJ.J<br />
b) the b1st,orr of this group 18 reJ:n'8sentative ar most ar the epidemiologic~<br />
,<br />
i1appenings one bears aí :Lu connection with tJle -febre Feta.. aí the ~, the<br />
,<br />
J1JrIIA azn tJ1e *deira as lar as peOpl8 oan r~r J c) ~y af..torded t.~e ool7<br />
As
o. v.2-'1<br />
Appendix II<br />
Op}X)r'bm1ties fca- object.1" cl1n1cal observatim. dur:ing tJ1e course oi'<br />
dis eaa 8 az1d d) tlJar provided aeveral tiver samplea. .trom biopsy atn<br />
-146<br />
a'.lto~3', which tcn-m tJ1e 0rl1J' base a~U~le<br />
.1nto~ ti~.<br />
todq for b1sto8}8tJ1ologicaJI.<br />
The episode at Santa (h-uz st.D.rted 1n September witb tho deat1-..s ot ~ Q." .<br />
chjJ.dren (Ra:1nm.lndo ntemat' Sa~cis. de ~lo, age 10, Sept.6-10" am Ra1JImx!o ma<br />
de 1"1810, age 7, Sept. 18-23). Two teenagers followed by a fet-l da-ys (Franc.1.sco<br />
de Assis ~squ1ta de ~10, age 17, Sept.27.ther !.-lo aOO the six surviv1ng children, ar which onJ.i" ~ia da<br />
were isolated 1n a basement at the Hospital da Santa casae There, l-m-ia da<br />
COnBolação took siok on November 6 and died on tile U'th'e<br />
A l1ver sample f'rom ~ia Ra~da was taken at IAbrea by a m.1.ss1on~,<br />
absent at tl1e t1D\e oí 'tJ1e vis1t, and having in h.is p888e881on a viscerotome<br />
1eft over fraD the o1d Serv1ce. Th.1.s sample, together with another .tran tho<br />
autop.:"}- a! luis. da Consolação arxl the b1o1::Eies made at the hospitaJ. on Carlos<br />
*-ria das Graças and l'ária. Rita. oonstitute up to now the basis for a<br />
tentative pathologicaJ. diagnosis.<br />
'l'hay
Appendix II<br />
-147 -<br />
~k8 =. the epid81o1ca 01' ~ d.1.8eas!<br />
.& In taote e8l"p trom the ...ot reporte, tale., leg8Dd8 â tantut1a<br />
1nterpoet8t1ons. It 18 1IKlub1table that there has bec, 1.or ~ 18&%'8,<br />
~<br />
reJ1pnt epider1ic among tJj8 3qUAtters ard ser1nsueirCls 01. the PurUs r1vcr,<br />
and<br />
probabJ.y azoong thoS8 of" the<br />
,<br />
Juruã and ~e.ira rivers. The d1s eas e s t&1'1kes,<br />
year arter year, attaCldng mos~ the famjJjeslnumerous broods with a reported.<br />
predominance or males (not conf1rmed thio year) o In the absense 01: ar-~ oer..ous,<br />
diagrJoet1c data and death declaratian, it 1s dirticult to assess quantitat1ve~<br />
the case :IJ1cidence and the .rat..al1~ rate. Adul ta are no t eIempt a.lÜ an<br />
occ~iona1 case occurs. ~:111e. the last five years, therc have bem outbursts<br />
on a s~etch 01. appraxiDm teIJ' 40 ld.lometers I wi th labrea as the geograpr.icaJ.<br />
centre (see map).<br />
A most important f.eature is tho absence of ir~ections in tcW..lS. 1~O case<br />
ws ever been re~rted aa hav:iJlg been contracted ~ Iabree.. proper, cr m<br />
Porto Veli1o. Th1s is remarkable ()spec~ ir! view of Ulc tact that f.é.tients<br />
are o.r~ brought to town 1n the aoute 8tage, aocompanied by oonta.otB possib~<br />
.in the iJ1cubation st.'ige. It ia difricult to ascertaÚl at Ulis stage ir tJrls<br />
15 due to some infectiou8 rcechani~ limited to tl1e jungle, 01' 11' it de,iJ8nds on<br />
11.f'e condi t1ons . It S8eJ11S also tc. ellidnate the idea c.f a water-borne<br />
1nfection, s1nCEI both the totm dwellers azn the squatters use the SB.n1e SUP~.<br />
th3. t ~-(I the ~.<br />
Another 1nterefJt1r.t; characteristic ia the a~rent fB.ll1fii81 involveD'.erJ.t.<br />
TJ1EI :'~lD fami~ iD .t'a.r from 87'..ceptional. Tbe fallow1ng lis~ ar deceB,soo in<br />
t\-1O fam1lies are representative of the mcxie 01' attack such as it 19 told .troa<br />
aeveral lCIca.1i tiea jJ-. the past I<br />
a.
-148-
Appendi:x: II<br />
/lJ.mm f.~ -~C IA11z<br />
Dea't11s in 1963<br />
N~ Age<br />
An ton1o Teles de 4~-1D1 10<br />
l-iu-ia do Socorro 7<br />
An~ :J.;1.~l('s 6<br />
Franc1s~ 10<br />
Ad8J.'bert.e 2<br />
~ 1<br />
Joee 17<br />
ZaUJ.ce 2<br />
N<br />
SeXo .Da te<br />
K S;m<br />
r26~<br />
H 29.IV<br />
H S.,<br />
M e.v<br />
)1 9.VI<br />
H~VI<br />
F 23.VI<br />
-149-<br />
1-~ fe.r~ -~ta Crl1.z<br />
Dea~ in 1.965<br />
Neme Age SeX DatA<br />
RR..~n1do n temaot. S.Melo 10 H 10.n<br />
Raimndo ma 7 x 2~ .:tt<br />
Francisco do Assis; 17 1-Á 2.x<br />
1W1s. do Socorro 16 r 3ex<br />
*ria r~, n F 18XI<br />
*ria da Consolação .9 F lJ.éXI<br />
(p1.us 4 casea, FesentJ:I-<br />
1n convale8o~nee)<br />
S~mJJ~.r ep18odes are reported from ~ more looalities alcr~ tJl.E: ri~lSr.<br />
It. wst be ~inted out ~t# at, the sane tiIIE, other c~es occur 1n ne:1r,hbour1ng<br />
W.J.r~e.! cr at short distances up or d~ rlver. It is possible t1.erefore t!'.e.t<br />
tJle f~~l1n"'OlveMEmt ie due .):iJnp~ to }%'opmqu1ty am exposure to the ssmo<br />
so-.:.rce 01" 1n.tecticn ratber ~ to som hereüitalT tra.it as happens, for instanCE'o,<br />
itl .rt'!.vis~<br />
~t08 to1oa<br />
S)'JIJPtorE reported below are tbose x:a-esented by tJ1e ti-n *lo ch1ldren<br />
wmse observation s tarted ir. labrea arxi ~ms .turtl1er nmde possible ~ the<br />
tro~~lX>l4~t,1on to a Bel- hospital of tJ1e<br />
, ,<br />
whole ~. It ~t l.>e sajd tha.t<br />
What 'fflE ob8erv~ cn tJ1Ose patients 18 gross~ 1n ag;;;~t with reporte frca<br />
past cases aOO -7 be considered as reJE'esmt&.tive. ~ceptions to tbis sta.teIr.ent,<br />
ho'We:-v'er, n.'.st be made 1n oolU'l.ection n'tJl two syçtom8, the jaundioe ard the<br />
cba.ra,cter 01' 'tJ1e vomi t. 1-0 ~~ige- -or tbe five c~-11drm under observation,<br />
m":J:;- on~ (*ria das Graças) showed definite jaur.d1.oe invclving the s1d.n and<br />
1W.CO8ae;~ It lasted ~ for a tew days. The other8 had. the usual pale ~(;)Jnplex1m<br />
ane..'!dc" tarasit.1zed, 1mdernourished,i tropical childrc of the bnmet 'typeJ<br />
it 18 r8DarkabJ.e tJ1at the D>ther oonsidered ths as -,e11DwW and stated that tbe
Appendix II<br />
-150 -<br />
otJ1er cases back bCI~ had ~ bem 8yellow, jUBt l1ke 'Ula t..<br />
11\ tJ1ree of.<br />
cases observed at 3el('In; (Carlos Magno, Maria R1t.a, !'Ar1a do Rosario) a l1ght<br />
sub-'1ot.erus not involv1ng the conjlmct1vae deft1Dl':ed d\1r:lnii the third week of<br />
tile di~A:1S$~<br />
In the acute, fatal ~e (~ia Consolação) wbo d1ed after five<br />
~ ot illness, no j~~'~1C8 appeared.<br />
a.. VCIa1 t -Scant)", dark vomi t wu ObBe..~vd<br />
.<br />
m1l7 1n the 088e 01' l-tu.'ia da Consolação, sbortJ3' before death. According to the<br />
motJ1er' 8 op:1Jlion baaed CX'1 tbe experience ot her tour desd, 9.i'd tJ1e other<br />
fataJ.i~~ at santa crus, 8whS1 thq vomit Llood, tJ187 di.-. ~ omours wi tJ1<br />
observations b)r other vimesses suoh as Father Saturn1no who asserts: that nona<br />
oi' t1lOse ~lO 8vnldted. bloodll surv1ved. 'l'he 8)'Iq)tom appeara t4 be l'B-tbognarKmic<br />
of' V917 acute, fulluinltting Ja'OC8SSes; vith a f1'98 to 81% d~ durat.1cm, and 1s<br />
absent in long ~, B1-1baC1.1te cases. 30 Fenr -A d1Bt1nction l1IlSt be cstE:.blished<br />
betweSl the course of 'U1e rever in acute cases and the BU~cute, respectiveqo<br />
The reporte b-CD tll*J. la7 peo{:ü.. are :1n &gre8Ellt witJ1 what was obeerved. at tJle<br />
hospi ~. SlL~te cases shaw a subtebrUe st&t4 witll lIOrning remiss.1.ons<br />
osc:i.llatirg betwem noraI and 38 o. at mst. farte p931"J! appear ooca.si~<br />
during oon~scence. The ta~ case presented three peaks ot .39, .39.5<br />
38 c~ w1 th 8)rnjJtg rem1ssions to nOl~. During tJX>ee ~J8 tJ1e ~se rats<br />
de{)~[~~l 1'rom 80 to ~ 4. ~e8t1~ -~~ anorex1a,. nausea am voDt1. tir"1g<br />
vere general. AbdominaJ. tenden'leS8 and Mteorism, oocasianal d1arrhea, 8~t1mea<br />
aJ. tema t1ng vi th cone t1~ tion. No "01&1' swola"' obsen-oo-. I!!!!: -variOU8<br />
degrees or enlargel8nt and tenderness.<br />
In one o.t the oases:, coosiderable<br />
8nla.rgEDnalt ~1d ~. 18 2 Spl8C1 developed dur1ng convalescence. 6. Nervous -SUb-<br />
acute casos presmted some degree of ad1I2amia and de!4"e8sion. A CODIIK)11 prodr0m8<br />
o.f the disease ia a lack of desire to p1q and rim aro1DMi; ~ child 18 quiet,<br />
~ ead, p1X)tophobic and laohrJ1:1Ose.Ao certain ~egree or obnubnation develope.<br />
111 the fatal case there 'Wa8 an earq se1ld.'l!Gtu~r SOCRl followed b7 com.
Appendix 11<br />
151 -<br />
A. sate of uc1tat1on witl1 feeble scr8atlr1.ng and apparmt distreso ocourred<br />
m18 dq betore deatJ1 azn was tolloved 'bJ' relapse into COSe This a)'ndrome 18<br />
1811t1oned 1n 8»st of tJ18 b18tor1es of fatal cases obta1ned at IAbrea.<br />
7~ 0tJ18r8 -SU~]]s,. 8!1d posterior cervioal g8Zlgli& .free, enlargcd,<br />
.<br />
p8.1.DN~ 8~ ~-!.-~~t1M 1ng! -BO\1t1na ha8K)graZJm W8re started at Labrea<br />
and cont.1-'1U.~ at Sel_. It mlJ8t be borne 1n miM wha 1nterFe~ resulte tbat<br />
tJ1is W88 not a group of ~ chUdrc even betore the aotual d1sease started~<br />
In 'bIo acore ar blood coun~ lDade &IOOng oontaou, an BBO count abave 2~OO.OOO<br />
was lO\md to be exooptionaJio Càle ot tJlOS8 exceptions was *ria das Graças,<br />
(with 4:.200~OOO) tha ~ one to develop definite jamx11oe~ I t ia di!. fioul t w<br />
gauge the sign:Lf1cance 01' 'uilirubm teste with that backgrown. DuriJ1g the<br />
disease, there appears to be ao. earq loucopenia with relativa l1DLphoaytosis, a<br />
condition vh1ah reverses i~e1.t af'ter the second weeko Eosino,l:i111.ia ia present I<br />
btlt here, aga1n. aJ.l tJ1e ~~~'rom1 ver. 8hown to be with a \"aJ.'ied talUla o!<br />
1ntes~l ~ite8. As oould be c:pected, organio iron io verr low, ~glob1n<br />
belaw nol~ coaguJ.at1cm t1l18 rrolonged, sediRmtation rate h1gh. Ur1naJ3Sis<br />
soowed. t2l8 }rOSC1C8 of. aJ.bum1n am casta 1n tn8 subacute cases. GluOOS8 wa.a<br />
positive m tbe Carloe *gno case.<br />
raiver fImot1on tes te<br />
m.sc~pboretio }roteioogram, van der Bez'gh, transam1nBBe, l1pid and<br />
oholesteroJ. dosage 1Mr8 pertor.-i at the hosp1~ on an pa'tients-. The resulta<br />
at tJ1Ose teste urdra~ 1ndioate a severa damage ar the tiver parenO1V'JJae<br />
~gica1 tes g,<br />
Inooula t1ona 1nto 1n.tant wh1 te .mice, guinea pig5 and tissue cul 'b11"e mbes<br />
wi't11 blood, urine, biol:B7 and necroPS7 ateria]. o.t' aCllte and subacute cases were<br />
not
Appendix II<br />
\m1.torm1:3'<br />
L<br />
negat.1ve.<br />
-152 -<br />
~~log1~1 RI eC1'8ening aga1nst:a, '81, li1cambo, *1&rOI P1'XIm8.,<br />
Yell~1 rever, Bus~J.ara, nh8UB, SLE, BuJa,nÍ and Iooarac! lave the tollow1ng<br />
resulte a<br />
:8<br />
HJc..*7.<br />
~'<br />
PJxo<br />
U'<br />
aJa.<br />
1m.<br />
sm<br />
100Buj;<br />
1964 (ltIF) 1965 (October)<br />
o<br />
1<br />
9<br />
O<br />
O<br />
i<br />
u 312<br />
~r_iolog1.cal 1Dves~ia tiOD8<br />
o<br />
2<br />
12 O<br />
O<br />
4<br />
3<br />
16<br />
3<br />
1<br />
1<br />
W8re pt)rformod at the Iaborator)" or. the Evandro C2'1agas Institute.<br />
Standard cultur1ng a'ttGnpts in isolatian ~ia using blooo, urine" !ecoo"<br />
(oliw:t.:lOU ~ dejec~ a.nci b"i swab), 1ntest:1naJL DIloosa- bile- were an<br />
negative for ~l,~~~11~. ~e~ ard Isptospira~<br />
'l118 WidaJ. testa:<br />
~1i'-.ane sera were tested .rrom suspicioUB cases, contacts etc. .tJ.'om<br />
Iabrc". and Santa Cl~. These sera were taken .1Jl Octoller d1J.1"~ the V'"ls1t, r-Dd<br />
3~ o! ~ belonged to the children w.1O later took siak and vere brought<br />
,<br />
to Bel8!1. It 'RB tJlUS possible to aq.ke a few paired teste. 'n-.e all rOU1Ü<br />
resuJ. t or tJ18 tests is &os t.oll~.<br />
NQ of. peoplc wbo8e serUJU was tested<br />
~1t1ve3 to & ro m<br />
TO 'l'H .1.(11)<br />
TH B<br />
Doubt-t'u.1 ~O 1/dO)<br />
-(lIJo 1/80 )<br />
2l<br />
.3<br />
3:<br />
1<br />
3<br />
1<br />
NegaUve to an antigens 10
11<br />
-153 -<br />
Four of the pos1t1ves are .rram the pat1ents.<br />
~M. are listed b)1' cãsel<br />
H~ ar patient<br />
~-~~ .u<br />
l'Ook8~àk., date unce t,aj.n bu t<br />
de.t:illi.~ in.forstion an a "tever8<br />
ar several da)'88 before death af<br />
brot1'lers whioh ba.ppened Ia. te Sept.<br />
The -;resent candi~ ia eit.~ a.<br />
relapse ar a d1fter~t entit7.<br />
~ ~~:.8 15<br />
-~ 81cà" da 'te tmOertain,<br />
was de.t1ni tel1' jl.\mdiced.<br />
Carlos ~.. oS<br />
-~s~ ~:1ng tJ1e second<br />
weak of. OctA>ber.<br />
!-'l3.ri.~ do Rosario .,# ~m~ 8 29.<br />
!õõi s1'~<br />
-<br />
~iA da~$ção:r.9 ~ov~<br />
'l'OOK sic1t NOV8IDber ~<br />
~_~gioaJ.firxi1n gs<br />
Convers ions or ti ter<br />
Da.'t8 Da~ Result<br />
of ot<br />
oolleotion test 'l'O m .f!.~<br />
~~- .~ ~:-<br />
17~ 3~ Jn,60 1/'20 O<br />
6.u 8.'II 1/).60 1/)20 O<br />
l2.n 27.u ~ 1/320 O<br />
2~ 8~ ~ 1/80 o o<br />
17.'1<br />
6.u<br />
11.x<br />
2.xI<br />
~<br />
17J<br />
6.xI<br />
6.u<br />
3.u ~o<br />
8 OU lido<br />
1/80<br />
1/80<br />
1.7.n 1/20 1/20<br />
8 fXI lIdO1.7.xx ~O<br />
1/40 1/20<br />
17.u<br />
8en<br />
17.u<br />
~<br />
~g<br />
1/40<br />
,<br />
Two 11ver samp1.ee Obta1l1ed- one at Iabreac and the other at Belem,<br />
o<br />
1/640<br />
J/)fJo<br />
J/~O<br />
]/320<br />
1/;1.60<br />
~~<br />
esW)l:Lah the presence. b"OJa two CMeS with lesa tJ1an aeven days evolution, 0.1"<br />
un1form a.rn dissEinated pareno~ destructian witJ1 innamnatOl7 per1lX>rta1.<br />
.inr:Utrat1on or. the D>nonuolear type.<br />
SeveraI biopsies were performed at 'lhe hospi~, but, unfortU&"18.t"3l3',<br />
onJ;J' one reached the pa."tI1ologic~ laboratol")" at the Institute. I t 18 .fram t.he<br />
o oo<br />
o<br />
lfto<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o o
Appendi:z: 11<br />
-154-<br />
case *ria Ria (see above), 1u ap!Pt"ox:I.matel:l' tlle third week ot disease and<br />
apparent convalescence.<br />
It tn"esents tlle piCUlre or. a regenera tion ~<br />
genera.li39i necrosis, witb den3e porta.l a:n 1ntralobular in.t.iJ.tra'Uon, mn<br />
endotJwJ..:7.~ ,1n'Olitera.'tia'l.j there ia also an 1noeptive fibrosis a.nd com<br />
d1ss~ted r8lm13.n~ ai' neorosis.<br />
D_ia~O3_~<br />
Iellow Fever I can be disoarded on ol:1nical. and h1sto~thologio."3Jl.<br />
__8'<br />
grow1d.s. 0tJler reasons I sever3J. oi' the disoased ch:Udren bad been vaocinated<br />
in tl16 J.96J oalI;)a.1gnj although th8 jungle ~1low rever vedror ~~-e<br />
~&~~ spegazz.in1 was found in the vicinit'1' or tJ1e houses it was 8:':tr~l-v' -<br />
scarse (l s~ciJIIm par tllree man-hours at Santa c:-uz) due to seaaona.I oondition3.<br />
Brolcella: a possibility which was considered because ot 'Ule propinguity<br />
oí pigs~ Disoarded on bacteriologicü and clinica.1. grow1ds.<br />
~'tta1oa~1 1noo~tible with type 01' rever a.ld other negative<br />
clinical aspec-w.<br />
Negative 1no~tions. Same for Leptosp1rosis.<br />
~1d ~ ..E!~1d ~P' The resul t.9 or the W:1.dü teste seemed,<br />
at a certain stage to have SOlE signifioance. Th1.s was grea~ djJmood b)" the<br />
totaJ. fail.\1r8 ar. aJJ. tl1e attempto at culturir1&. Also, certain cUn1c4<br />
s~toM such as tJ1e temperature did not evolve typiCa1q, even m tJ1e acute<br />
Tl8 1nteI"pretation aí the behaviour aí tb8 agg1.u+.i~iDS rera.iJls d1fficult,<br />
1.D1less one ia reaà7 to accept the }X>ssibUi 'tV" af a nCXl~pecific anaDt8StiC reacticm<br />
lU'a1IPt.ed 1:7 an 1nter~ant 1n:tection. Even 80, 1t appears ~~t an endemic<br />
#<br />
of. the ~1d~a~1d groUp exista along tJ:18 Purt:1S. I wha t exten t tJds<br />
can 1nnuence the r1vtlm1 and characteristics ar another 1n.tect1on remains to be<br />
seen.
Appendix II<br />
~~-' ~~~~<br />
-155 -<br />
,<br />
For a o~ time alre8i17 the "b1ack f.everlt 01 the I\1rús r1ver ha8 bem<br />
assoo1ated witb a fom of epidemo hepat1t18. A. f.ew 11 ver BampleS, triokl1rJi<br />
to Rio de .II.n81ro tJ1rough tJ1e Serviço de ~emiu lh1ra1s 1n pat years were<br />
D>St11' d:.Lagnosed as "negativo para Febre Amare~., but 1n 1963, a d:LagnOOis oi<br />
~ he~titisn 'TJas IDade by Dr~ }oãrio de lmaes, p9.tJ1Qlogist or the Instituto<br />
Nacicnla.l de Pesquisas da AD8zônia, from Saç1.8S obtained by a medic~ group<br />
SSlt. to T;1brea; 'bJ' t.h8 l\1blic Health Secre't.a17 oí A-.sonu (Iilnaus).<br />
The "':l.1.D.icaJ. obaervaUons<br />
,<br />
IDade at Iabrea ando at the Belem. hospital lU'Ovide<br />
the first object1w data cm. the 8)'ÇtaIE wbich characterize the acute and the<br />
subaCl1te cases.<br />
Th87 g:1.ve also the first labora tO17 tests evar made. The<br />
auto~y .?.~ bio:P87 _teriaJL are also the first which oan be related to obaerved<br />
cas e3.<br />
Th8 a11nicaJ. teatures. 'Ule laboratory resulta and fin~-Jr'. the pathol.ogica1.<br />
.t"1nd:iJ1gs concur in establishing the existenoe 01' an acute disease severe~<br />
1nvolving the l.1ver ~o1vmso The process 18 somtimes slow and subacute.<br />
1asting 8ever~ weeks, at other times .t\lJ'IIrlnAting and ending 1n death after<br />
fi w '00 s j.j(". dqs . 'l'he etiolog)" of the disease is a mtter for conjectureJ<br />
ti1e ~th9S1s of. a vjrus origin ia curr8ntq tavored azn 18 supported 'b7 ti18<br />
total negativ1~ of al]L ~ att8Pt8 at 1Do~t1ng or culturing~ Plana are<br />
being ~e to tt'3' the Detro1 t-6 t1sSU8 cul 'b1re call line. which 15 not ava1lable<br />
at the Jn'esent t.1Jrs;<br />
j; tea"bÃre of. tbe disease whiob W8B misleadiDg at fust 1n tll8 interprets.tion<br />
oí tlle syhl~ was the exception~ h1gh mrta.l1ty rate 8lIK)ng chiJ.rlren.<br />
SUch a Dl)rtal1t," rai5es ~ al ternative of a new viros strain ot exceptiona1
Appendix II<br />
-156 -<br />
v1rQlence on tll& one bazn, or of a. 1a1O1m agent operating on a spec1~<br />
1iW81o1ogical terrC.n ot particular de.tic1SlOJ" on th8 other~ The 8olut1on<br />
of' tJ}js quection 1fOuld require lIIloh DDre observat.ion, date. m1d ~. teriBJ. than<br />
tllSot wb1ch 18 ava~ble todq~<br />
CalClua1ons<br />
Fram daw obtã.ined in the course of a vis1t to !B.brea by a colmTl1&sion<br />
from tlle Ir1St.1tuto Ev'c1l1dro (21agas, 8I1d from obse:rvations Dfade later at the<br />
bo8p1~ or Belc (santa. Casa;) oi' S cases brought from Is.brea, 1t 1s jX)8B1ble<br />
to confirm conclusions rea.ched by prev10U8 investigators in 1963 and ~6J~ aa<br />
tc tJ"'..e Dature o:' the d1s~se. The evidence" especi~ the his~tJ1o1og1caJ.<br />
er...dence. seem to !X)int w an cI::d.dEic torm o:f: a ~ hepat1t1s.<br />
li)wever,<br />
because of certa1n teatures, especiéllJ3 the high JaOrtalit," rate, it 1s felt<br />
tbat dif'.terent l'B"Ocesses are at work which would juat1i)' ~t1}P.r research.<br />
Ecologic~, tJ1ere is alBo a disturbjrJg observation~ aJ.read7 rccorded by<br />
the JNPA ~sion 1n 1963. coní'irmd by recent 1nteITogation .1n I.a.brea and<br />
re!X)ru ~ Porto Vel})O & no attack has ever occurred 1n to1m~ Th8 disease<br />
a1'.teots ~8~ tJle ohjJ.drm" wi 'th an excepti~ adul t, .trom t1le settlel8l~<br />
a.lcrng tile rivers,; i8 this due to condit1o11S of. l1.fe in gener~, or to s~<br />
jn.t'ectious 1'aotor lmkoo to tJle fo~st1 'l'he answer to tb1e ques Um cannot<br />
be I~e at thi8 ste.ge. A In'olonced "tudy -m sitUo" i8 ~b2.bl.;'" neoess~<br />
to tl1rotf li:oCire ligbt on t1'd8 Oa'1pUcated endoecpidetno sitAlation. Frcml<br />
scientific, economic e.:1d 1mrnD.nit.e.riM considerations, it 15 felt tl12.t such ao<br />
St\I:J:r would be jU8tif1ed, 1n spite oi' aJJ. th8 di.fficulties ard obsta.clea 1nvol~
APPENDIX III<br />
<strong>VIRUS</strong> R&5EARCH IN AMAZONIA<br />
This review covers virus isolations and epidemiological studies<br />
carried out in the Amazon basin, which 1ies main1y in Brazi1 but a1so<br />
includee parte of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia drained by affluente<br />
of the Amazon r1ver.<br />
The viruses found in this area fall intp 2 broad<br />
groups: those which are the scourge of mankind and bis domestic animals<br />
the world over, and those which are peculiar to the Amazon forest and its<br />
creatures, transmitted by mosquitoes and only infecting man sporadically<br />
when he ventures to cut down the forest to build a road, a homestead, or<br />
to cultivate crops.<br />
The first group has been relatively well studied in<br />
other parts of the world, and the viruses in it can be classified on the<br />
basis of their structure and biochemical properties. A recently proposed<br />
classificationl is used in this review, which discusses only those viruses<br />
which have actually been isolated in Amazonia, or for which there are sero-<br />
logical data. Many common virus diseases such as chickenpox, rubella and<br />
infectious hepatitis are of course present in the region, but are not men-<br />
tioned for lack of virological data. The second group is less well underare<br />
stood, and structural and biochemical data 4e/scanty, so that the viruses<br />
are classified on the basis of their biological properties. Most of these<br />
appear to be arthropod-borne animal viruses (arboviruses), and can be sub-<br />
2<br />
divided luto groups according to their serological relationships .<br />
Actual isolation of viruses from Amazonia began relatively recently<br />
Ye11ow fever had been known in the region for hundreds of years, but the<br />
first iso1ation of the virus was made on1y in 1954, by the staff of the<br />
3<br />
newly-established Belem Virus <strong>Laboratory</strong> . In 1955, scientists from the<br />
USA isolated strains of an arbovirus from Okinawan colonists on the Bolivian<br />
4<br />
Amazon , and collected human gera from the Peruvian and Bolivian Amazon for
Beni, Brazil. Highways,<br />
Appendix III<br />
158 -<br />
5<br />
yellow fever protection tests and tests for other arbovirus antibodies .<br />
More recently, a Comisión de Investigación de la Fiebre Hemorrágica del<br />
with support from the U.S. National Institutes of Health, has been<br />
investigating a highly fatal virus epidemic in the Bolivian Amazon6. But<br />
the major effort in virus isolation, identification and serological survey<br />
in Amazonia has been made by workers at the Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belem,<br />
Para State<br />
At that institute the Belem Virus <strong>Laboratory</strong> (BVL) was<br />
estab1ished in 1954 by an agreement between the Funda,ão Serviço Especial<br />
de Saúde Pública of Brazil and the Rockefeller Foundation. For more than<br />
9 years this laboratory was under the inspired direction of Dr. O.R. Causey<br />
of the Rockefeller Foundation, ably assisted by bis wife. In 1956 the agree-<br />
ment was renewed and the Department of Microbiology of the University of<br />
Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, joined the signatories. Since then further collabo-<br />
ration has come from the National Research Council and National Museum of<br />
Brasil, the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz in Rio de Janeiro, the Instituto de<br />
Pesquisas e Experimentação Agropecuárias do Norte and the Water Department<br />
at Belem, the Department of Rural Endemics, the National Department of<br />
and Indústria e Comércio de Minérios S/A in Amapá Territory. The<br />
7<br />
organization of the laboratory has been described by Causey . Between<br />
November 1954 and the end of 1965, over 2000 iso1ations of at least 60<br />
different virus types had been made at the BVL, and some 40 of these were<br />
originally discovered by that laboratory. Twentynine af thase types are as<br />
yet known only from Amazonia.<br />
In 1961 a tissue cu1ture 1aboratory was a1so estab1ished at the Instituto<br />
Evandro Chagas, with the help oí a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, and<br />
this is now directed by Dr. F.P. Pinheiro. Before it was even fully opera-<br />
tional it was pressed into service to diagnose a poliomyelitis epidemic in
Appendix III<br />
159<br />
and other enterovirus and arbovirus studies have been carried out<br />
there, the details af which will be published elsewhere.<br />
The laboratory of the Departamento de Defesa Sanitária Animal in Belem<br />
has been active in diagnosing cases of rabies in Amazonia, and other labora-<br />
tories outside the region, such as the Pan-American Foot-and-Mouth Disease<br />
Center in Rio de Janeiro, have isolated veterinary viruses from material<br />
sent from the Amazon.<br />
Variola<br />
Herpes<br />
POXVIRIDAE<br />
A sing1e iso1ation was made in 1961 at the BVL, from a Be1em patient9.<br />
ADENOVIRIDAE<br />
Types 2,5,7 and 11 have been iSo1ated from Be1em patients10<br />
HERPESVIRIDAE<br />
Two strains were iso1ated at BVL in 1960 froro oral aphthae of chi1dren,<br />
and were identified by CF testing using hyperimmune herpes serum supplied<br />
by the Trinidad Regional Virus <strong>Laboratory</strong>. strains have been isolat-<br />
ed annually in mice and tissue culture from Belem patientslO,61 Of 3 i80-<br />
1ations made in 1965 from chi1dren aged 3 to 12 years with stomatitis, one<br />
c ame from a child with deliriumlO The virus has been recovered from stool<br />
specimens as well as oral swabs. In gera from the Peruvian Amazon, comple-<br />
5<br />
ment-fixing antibody rates rise to 97% with age
Appendix III<br />
Influenza<br />
-160 -<br />
MYXOVIRIDAE<br />
The 1957 pandemic of the Asian A virus affected Be1em, where severa1<br />
strains were isolated between September and Decemberll<br />
Mumps<br />
A serological survey among inhabitants of the Peruvian Amazon revealed<br />
75% positive by complement fixation test5<br />
Ne~cas_t_l_e- _disease-<br />
Nine strains iso1ated from sick chickens from Be1em in 1958 were identi-<br />
fied by the haemagglutination inhibition test, and 2 further strains were<br />
obtained in 1959 and 2 in 1960 in Be1em9. Poultry farmers in Pará State<br />
routinely vaccinate their flocks against the disease<br />
Rabies<br />
A few strains are isolated every year at BVL f10m suspect animal<br />
material submitted. In 1959 two strains were iso1ated from dogs and one<br />
each from a horse, a goat and a cow, whi1st in 1960 three more strains were<br />
isolated from Belem dogs9. In 1965 one strain was iso1ated from a dog's<br />
brain from Belem. Rabies is commonly diagnosed by the Faraco test at the<br />
laboratories of the Departamento de Defesa Sanitária Animal in Belem, and<br />
they have recorded bat rabies from Marabá, São Miguel do Guamá, and Altamira<br />
in Pará State over the past few years, with another isolate from a pool of<br />
10 brains of vampire bats, taken in Ju1y 1965 at Parintins, Amazonas State.<br />
Cocal viru~<br />
STOMATOVIRIDAE<br />
This is morphologically and serologically close to Indiana vesicular
sera8.<br />
Appendix III<br />
161 -<br />
stomatitis virus, so is classed here. The prototype was iso1ated in 1961<br />
Mites of the garoe genus taken from a rat of the garoe genus trapped 92 km.<br />
from Be1em on the Be1em-Brasi1ia highway in 1962 yielded another strain12<br />
Poliovi!us<br />
NAPOVIRIDAE<br />
AlI 3 types are eudemic iu Pará, and presumably throughout Amazonia,<br />
Between October 1961 and March 1962 an epidemic occurred in Be1em, during<br />
which 27 type 1, two type 2 and two type 3 po1ioviruses were iso1ated from<br />
faeces and rectal swabs, and homologous antibodies were found in the patients'<br />
Later in 1962 three more strains of type 1 were iso1ated, and in<br />
~-_. _1n<br />
196'4 two more of type 1 and one each of types 2 and 3--. ln 1965 type 1 was<br />
iso1ated from 2 para1ysed chi1dren aged 1 1/2 and 3 years at Be1em10.<br />
Neutra1izing antibody to a11 3 types was found in 1955 in gera from the<br />
5<br />
Peruvian and Bo1ivian Amazon. The commonest antibody among chi1dren under 5<br />
years old was type 1 in the Bolivian sample and type 3 in the Peruvian sample.<br />
Coxsackievirus<br />
An untyped Coxsackievirus was isolated from a 20-month-old child, one<br />
of the patients who a1so produced po1io type 1 in the 1961-2 Be1em po1ioepidemic8.<br />
In 1963 a strain of B4 and in 1964 one of AS were iso1ated10<br />
In 1965 eight iso1ates of Coxsackie A viruses (awaiting typing) were made<br />
at Belem from children aged 1-7 years, with symptoms ranging from nil through<br />
pyrexia to paralysis; a strain of A2 was isolated from the paralysed child<br />
aged 1 1/2 years who a1so produced po1io 1, one strain of A4 and 2 of AS<br />
were obtained from 1-2 year o1d chi1dren with pyrexia, and 3 strains of B2
odents, Lingual 1956,<br />
Appendix III<br />
162<br />
from ch11dren and an adult, aged 40, w1th symptoms of pleurod}~1a, or<br />
diarrhoea and vomitinglO,<br />
Enceohalomvocarditis virus<br />
14<br />
An ep1zoot1c occurred from January-Apr111960 1n Para State V1rus<br />
wa8 isolated from 33 .ource.: wild rodent., opossum, bor.es, birds, 8entinel<br />
mice and mosquitoes.<br />
Ant1bod1es were demonstrated 1n the blood of w11d<br />
horse and cow. This virus has a1so been is01ated from mosquitoes<br />
15<br />
in Africa but transmission is thought to be genera11y by contact rather<br />
c---<br />
than by mosquito bite. It seems d!~f!ic~!~~however, to explain the sentinel<br />
mouse infections other than by mosquito transmission.<br />
Foot and mouth disease virus.--<br />
This disease is common among livestock in Amazonia.<br />
epithelium<br />
from cases occurring in the region has been sent to laboratories in Recife<br />
and Rio de Janeiro, which have isolated 2 strains of type O and one type A<br />
in 1962 from Municipio Careiro, Manaus, and one type O from Amazonas State,<br />
16<br />
and one type C Rezende from Be1em in 1965 .A strain of type O was a1so<br />
iso1ated in 1965 at the BVL from the b1ood of a Be1em bovine<br />
Mouse poliovirus<br />
Type GD7 has been isolated many times from the BVL mouse colony since<br />
and appears to be endemic to the co1ony. It 1s most often p1cked up<br />
when infant mice inoculated with material for virus isolation attempts are<br />
kept beyond the usual observation period of 12-14 days.<br />
THE ARBO<strong>VIRUS</strong>ES<br />
We depart from the structural classification heret because not enough<br />
information is yet available on the ultrastructure of these viruses to<br />
ensure that they forro a homogeneous group. Yet biologically the arthropod-<br />
61
Appendix III<br />
-163 -<br />
borne animal viruses share the properties of transmission to vertebrates<br />
by the bite of a haematophagous arthropod after a period of multiplication<br />
within the arthropod, pathogenicity for mice on inoculation, and sensitivity<br />
to ether, chloroform and sodium desoxycholate.<br />
The arboviruses (and some other agente) isolated at the BVL are listed<br />
in Tab1e 1, which a1so shows the sources frorn which each carne.<br />
Fifteen of<br />
them have been isolated from natural infections of man, and clinical pictures<br />
for some of these are described by Causey ~~.l7. The results of human<br />
serum surveys for arbovirus antibodies in the Amazon va11ey have been pub-<br />
18 19 41 20<br />
1ished ' , .Reservoirs and vectors are discussed by Causey .The<br />
methods used to iso1ate arboviruses have been described e1sewhere17,21<br />
21 17<br />
together with summaries of the resu1ts obtained up to 1957 and May 1959<br />
17 22-25<br />
and so have the methods used for identification' -Further brief<br />
26,27. ,summaries<br />
of iso1ations up to Ju1y 1961 are given by Causey This<br />
section updates these summaries to the end of 1965, inc1uding viro1ogica1<br />
data from a mammal recapture programme in the Utinga forest, Belem28-30<br />
Tab1es 2-10 summarize the iso1ations and resu1ts of serum surveys.<br />
Maximum rather than average antibody rates are shown, in arder to give an<br />
idea of the attack rate in a situation of active transmission. Thus human<br />
rates are quoted for the locality with the highest incidence, and mammal<br />
rates are given for the season when the rate is highest.<br />
This system should<br />
reveal the mammalian host in an epizootic situationt but the reservoir<br />
during a quiescent period could of course be quite a different species.<br />
Percentages are only quoted on samples of more than 50.<br />
The arboviruses isolated in Amazonia are discussed below according to<br />
serological group. The abbreviation HI is used for haemagglutination
us31, hibition, ver, ucambo. n,<br />
Appendix III<br />
-164-<br />
N for neutralization, and CF for complement fixation.<br />
antibodies should not be taken as definitive unless there is confirmatory<br />
N test evidence.<br />
Virus names given in parentheses have not yet been published, and<br />
their mention here does not constitute a description.<br />
GROUP A<br />
The 7 virus types of this group so far isolated at the BVL include<br />
Aura and Pixuna, which have not been isolated anywhere else. Muc amb o and<br />
Pixuna form a sub-group with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE)<br />
but VEE has not been confirmed in Brazil. Aura and Una have been<br />
isolated in Brazil only from mosquitoes. Eastern and Western equine en-<br />
cephalomyelitis viruses (EEE, WEE) although found in Amazonia have never<br />
been isolated from mau there, in contrast to the situation in North America<br />
Muc amb o (BeM 8)<br />
The prototype was neutralized by a VEE antiserum and was identified as<br />
a strain of VEE17,32. Subsequent CF, HI and cross-N testing showed that<br />
although it i8 closely related to both VEE and Pixuna ViruSe8 and produced<br />
1eukopaenia and viraemia on inocu1ation into a horse, it is a distinct<br />
r 31 Two similar strains from Brazi1 so far tested have turned out to be<br />
type<br />
Mucambo virus has been iso1ated from a11 4 types of source (man,<br />
wild and sentinel animais, and arthropods). There have been 6 isolations<br />
f"' 1/ í: ,,---<br />
froro man and 66 froro sentinel mice and monkeys; one monkey died after infec-<br />
and in another from which EEE had been isolated a week earlier, there<br />
was no Mucambo antibody formation, suggesting that interference might haveoccurred9.<br />
Orvzomvs could well be the forest reservoir host, since it has<br />
RI
.<br />
Appendix III<br />
-165<br />
a higher titre viraemia than other forest mammals during infection with<br />
this virus, and 13/21 of the iso1ations from wi1d animaIs carne from rats<br />
of this genus. One of these was from haemorrhagic urine of an Oryzomys.<br />
There was a1so one is01ation from a sentine1 white 1aboratory rat, together<br />
with a matching isolation from the mosquitoes caught resting in the clay<br />
9<br />
pipe in which the rat was exposed. There was a single isolation from a<br />
forest bird (~erythrocepha1a) in 1965. Mosquito iso1ates total 14<br />
*<br />
from Culex (including 8 from Culex B9 ), only 7 from other genera.<br />
RI antibody rates of up to 34% in man and up to 43% in rodents and<br />
some RI positive marsupiaIs have been found in the BraziIian Amazonl3,29<br />
but conf1rmatory N test data 1s lack1ng. Neutralizing antibody has been<br />
found in a vulture (Cora~yps) and a bat (Carollia perspicillata). There 15<br />
evidence of cyclical activity of Mucambo virus in the Belem area, wit.h peaks<br />
in alternate years.<br />
<strong>Laboratory</strong> mice infected with Mucambo virus have encephalitis and<br />
fatty changes in the liver<br />
Pixuna (BeAr 35645)<br />
80<br />
This virus was described by Shope ~~.31 who demonstrated its close<br />
relationship to VEE and Mucambo viruses and summarized the information on<br />
the 3 strains known (2 from mosquitoes, one from Proechimvs). The same<br />
paper recorda that a horse inoculated with the virus became immune, and<br />
resisted challenge with Mucarnbo virus. No further isolations have been made,<br />
except for one from mice inoculated with the blood of a sick laboratory<br />
However, this could not be reisolated, and the patient showed no<br />
* BVL code for a taxonomically difficult species, probably c. (Melanoconion)<br />
portesiSO.
oasta1 aboratory p1dem1cs, . mazonia, entinel<br />
Appendix III<br />
-166 -<br />
9<br />
rise in antibody during convalescence .<br />
mice infected with<br />
Pixuna virus have encephalitis and sometimes focal hepatic necrosis80,<br />
Eastern eauine encenhalomvelitis<br />
This virus (Belem prototype BeAn 7526), which in the USA causes serious<br />
and ep1zoot1cs among hor.es and pheasants, 1s frequent 1n mosqu1.-<br />
toes and sentinel animal. in some years in the Belem area, and ap~arently<br />
absent in others33. It has been isolated there in every month of the year<br />
except November.<br />
sick equines.<br />
Causey ~ !!.34 describe an epizootic among horses in the<br />
region of Para State (Bragan~a) in 1960, with 2 iso1ations from<br />
There have been 20 iso1ations from Cu1ex (inc1uding 12 from<br />
(~elanoconion) taeniopus) from the Belem forests and 3 from ~.taenior-<br />
hynchus from the Bragança region.<br />
One of the positive pools of Culex spp.,<br />
the pool of Ce (Me) ~pissipes, the 3 pools of Culex B9 and 4 of those of<br />
C.(M.) taeniopus contained mosquitoes captured on sentinel animaIs subsequent-<br />
ly shown to have been circulating EEE virus, and therefore those isolations<br />
should probably be discounted35 No human cases have been recorded from<br />
but there was an unexp1ained high incidence of N antibody (12/41:<br />
in 1953 in the popu1ation of Cameta, Para State.<br />
9 13<br />
that town was sti1112/55 over 6 years 1ater '<br />
The RI antibody rate in<br />
Isolates from the viscera<br />
birds were not confirmed by reisolation, but 3% of Amazon forest birds<br />
captured in 1963 were found to have RI antibody (the positives confirmed<br />
by NT), whereas none of 610 rodents and on1y 1/148 marsupia1s captured in<br />
the same area during the garoe season as the birds was RI positive, suggesting<br />
35 34<br />
a bird reservoir for the virus .In other years 3/19 Jacana and 12/126<br />
Co1umbi~a11ina birds, and up to 5% of marsupia1s (Marmosa, Dide1phis,<br />
13<br />
Metachirops) and Proechimvs rodents have been found HI positive , but no<br />
N tests were done.<br />
chickens gave one isolation and 5 HI antibody
~.~(..;<br />
Appendix III<br />
167 -<br />
35<br />
conversions in February and Apri1 1963,2 conversions in Ju1y 1964 , and<br />
a second iso1ation in December 1965.<br />
<strong>Laboratory</strong> mice naturally infected with EEE have encephalitis and<br />
80<br />
lesions of the connective tissues .<br />
Western eQu1ne enceohalomve11t1s<br />
This virus has a lower case mortality in man in the USA than EEE, but<br />
is a1so responsib1e for 1arge epidemics in man and horses there. It was<br />
iso1ated for the first time in Amazonia in 1964 (BeAn 70010) from a bird<br />
(Myrmotheru1a hauxwe11i) , and HI antibody rates of up to 14% (confirmed<br />
by N testing) were found only in forest-dwelling birds, not in open fieId<br />
35<br />
birds nor in forest rodents or marsupiaIs. Only 3/80 human gera from<br />
Para State have been found protective 19o<br />
No human or equine cases have been<br />
recorded from the Amazono,<br />
,. H -1f<br />
t~~'" ~ R- -~q<br />
(2..(..J; ~.4<br />
(2;; ~~f.)2<br />
I ~,;::tL,~t~~<br />
~~, I~... II<br />
~G (tA .-.2 (/ ~... t f í..,..a~~ )<br />
Mayaro<br />
y2.<br />
Six strains (BeIem prototype BeH 407) were isolated from patients<br />
during an epidemic of fever among workers on the Rio Guama, Para State36,37<br />
A further 6 cases, including one presumed laboratory infection, are recorded<br />
at the BVL9. One of these was isolated in parallel in infant mice and<br />
BHK-21 cel1 culturelO Neutra1izing antibody rates averaged 10% throughout<br />
the Brazilian Amazon19,36 HI antibody rates are high among certain populations,<br />
such as that of Tefe, on the upper Amazon river,<br />
.<br />
with a rate in 1960<br />
of 60%13. Two iso1ations from 1izards are technica11y suspect; 25 iso1ations<br />
/' 2 "c, }v.L1~~l. ~ , .{c ~ .si!'<br />
from Haemagogus spp., compared with on1y 3 from mosquitoes of other species,<br />
9<br />
suggest primate involvement in the epidemiology . There have been no 1801a-<br />
tions from wild vertebrates. HI antibody rates of 33% in monkeys, 7% in<br />
rodents, 5% in marsupia1s, 28% in birds (Co1umbi~a11ina) and in 1/7 sloths
Appendix III<br />
-168 -<br />
(Bradypus) from the Amazon forest have been found13<br />
, 1eukopaenia,<br />
but no N tests have<br />
been dane. There has been one isolation from a pool of mites (Gamasidae)<br />
9<br />
combed from 4 Orvzomvs rats .<br />
An experimental cebus inoculated subcutaneously with Mayaro virus had<br />
viraemia on post-inocu1ation days 4 & 6, but not 2,9 & 11,-<br />
9<br />
and produced high titre N antibodies. <strong>Laboratory</strong> mice infected with<br />
80<br />
Mayaro virus have encepha1itis and 1esions of the connective tissues .<br />
4 ~<br />
Uruma virus, iso1ated by Schaeffer ~ ~. from j patients during an<br />
epidemic of fever among Okinawan immigrants in the Bolivian Amazon, is<br />
38 39<br />
considered by some to be a strain of Mayaro virus .Schmidt ~ ~.<br />
discuss the serology of Uruma virus. Some 38% of the indigenous inhabitants<br />
4<br />
of that part of Bolivia had N antibodies .<br />
Aura (BeAr 10315)<br />
40<br />
This was described by Causey ~ !l. It has been isolated only from<br />
mosquitoes (~. serratus 5 strains, Culex (Melanoconion) spp. 1 strain).<br />
HI antibody rates in man and animaIs in the BraziIian Amazon average Iess<br />
«40 41<br />
than 1% ' .<strong>Laboratory</strong> mice infected with Aura virus have encephaIitis<br />
and myocardial degeneration<br />
Una (BeAr 13136)<br />
Causey !!. 2!.<br />
80<br />
40 a1so described this type from mosquitoes, and 10/12<br />
of the isolates were from Psorophora spp. They found HI antibody rates of<br />
3% in man, the RI positives being confirmed by N testing, and 1% or lesa in<br />
rodents and domestic ungu1ates, in the Brazi1ian Amazon.<br />
41<br />
rate of on1y 0.8% was found in the Municipio of Be1em .<br />
A human HI antibody
Appendix III<br />
-169<br />
GROUP B<br />
Only 4 virus types of this group have been isolated in Amazonia,<br />
although there 18 serolog1cal ev1dence that a f1fth type, dengue, may have<br />
been present some years 8g0.<br />
This is based on a 1953 serum survey which<br />
showed that (a) sera protective against dengue 1 were commoner than sera<br />
protective against dengue 2, and (b) no person lesa than 25 years old had<br />
dengue protective antibody, this probab1y being re1ated to the eradication<br />
19<br />
of the vector, Aedes ae~ypti, from the region within that period .The<br />
4 types which have been isolated are yellow rever, St. Louis encephalitis<br />
(SLE) , 11heus and Bussuquara viruses.<br />
Yellow fever<br />
Diagnosis of this disease had been made for many years in Amazonia<br />
on the basis of the pathology of liver biopsy specimens secured by an<br />
efficient viscerotomy service in Brazil. Vaccinations have been carried<br />
out alI over the region. 521.000 in the years 1937-54 in the Brazi1ian<br />
42<br />
Amazon a1one .The N antibody rate for an unvaccinated area (Capim River)<br />
19<br />
was found to be very c1ose to that for adu1ts from alI areas combined .<br />
The first iso1ations of the virus in Amazonia were made at Be1em<br />
(prototype BeH 111) from 21 human cases and 16 ~osquito poo1s, between<br />
November 1954 and August 1955.<br />
I'<br />
The hurnan cases carne frorn 2 epidernics near<br />
Belem, one in labourers opening a road through the Oriboca forest, the other<br />
3 43<br />
in adults and children of a charcoal-burning and farming community at Apeu '<br />
AlI of the patients from whom the virus was isolated survived the infection<br />
and were subsequently shown to have acquired specific antibody, but 2 other<br />
cases, diagnosed clinically and pathologically respectively, died.
fter t.<br />
Appendix III<br />
-170 -<br />
mosquito iso1ates were 14 from Haema~o~us spp., 1 from Sabethini, and 1 from<br />
a mixed pool of Aedes and Sabethini.<br />
Four of the mosquito strains carne from<br />
the Oriboca epidemic area, the others from Lazaropolis do Prata (Para State) ,<br />
Macapa (Amapa Territory) and the Utinga forest near Belem.<br />
a gap of 5 years, a further iso1ate was made in 1960 from the<br />
blood of a sentinel monkey stationed 94 km. from Belem along the Belem-<br />
Brasilia highway trace43 In the same year 3 strains of 17D vaccine virus<br />
were iso1ated at the BVL from recent1y inocu1ated persons, and in 1962 there<br />
were 2 further iso1ations from poo1s of Haemagogus spp. caught at km. 87 and<br />
9<br />
94 respective1y, of the Be1em-Brasi1ia road. ln December 1964 a strain was<br />
isolated from the blood of a sentinel monkey in Utinga forest, Belem, more<br />
than 9 years since the last isolation there (from Haema~o~us), and in view<br />
of the continuous surveillance of the are a during that time, yellow fever<br />
seems to have been actually absent, probably brought back by the movements<br />
of monkeys44 Eradication of jungle yellow fever from Amazonia is impossible,<br />
but continued~. aegypti control has taken care of any possibility of urban<br />
epidemics, and vaccination is carried out when indicated in rural locations<br />
Louis encephalitis<br />
This is another virus which causes epidemics in the USA but has not<br />
been isolated from mau in Amazonia. Isolations from Sabethes belizarioi<br />
(BeAr 23379) and from Gi~anto1ae1aps mites combed from an Oryzomys rat have<br />
been made in the region45. There have a1so been iso1ations from a poo1 of<br />
Culex (Culex) mosquitoes (probably ~<br />
) dec1arator) and 3 forest birds<br />
9<br />
and from a Didelphis marsupial and a sentinel mouse group . As with EEE,<br />
up to 17% of forest birds were found to have HI antibody confirmable by<br />
N test, but not rodents or marsupiaIs.<br />
35<br />
35
Appendi:x II!<br />
Ilheus<br />
-171 ~<br />
~s d~I<br />
~~.,<br />
b?<br />
Th1s v1rus has been 1so1ated 1n Amazon1a tw1ce from fever pat1ents<br />
(BeH 7445), twice from the b1ood of sentine1 monkeys, and 19 times from<br />
9 17<br />
mosquitoes, principa11y Psorophora ferox' .No wi1d vertebrate from the<br />
region has as yet yielded virus. RI ant1bod1es have been found 1n 10% of<br />
rodents, 15% of mar8upia1s, 10% of Tamarin monkeys, 4% of BradvDus sloth8,<br />
11% of Co1umb1aa111na b1rds and 4/13 11zards from the Braz111an Amazon13<br />
Qut no N tests have been done<br />
Bussuoua.ra<br />
The prototype (BeAn 4073) was isolated at the BVL from the blood of<br />
a sentinel ~Qqatta beelzebul. monkey, which later died with liver pathology<br />
similar to that produced by yellow fever infection46 Other strains have<br />
come from sentine1 mice, Proechimys rats (which gave strain BeAn 4116, most<br />
commonly used at the BVL), and Culex and Mansonia mosquitoes. Proechimvs<br />
has RI antibody rates rising to a peak of as much as 70% in the middle of<br />
the year29 A single N test positive bird serum has been reported35, and<br />
68% of ColumbiRallina birds and up to 8% of some species of marsupial were<br />
HI positive13, but no N tests were dane on these.<br />
GROUP C<br />
!bis group was first established to contain 5 new virus types isolated<br />
at the BVL17. Later a sixth type was discovered47 which completed a cycle<br />
of serological interrelationships25 Several other types have since been<br />
described from Trinidad and Panama, but only one of these, Nepuyo virus,<br />
~.<br />
JK<br />
0.J)('-<br />
9 --has<br />
also been encountered in Amazonia . Ant1gen1c variat1on within the group<br />
L.R<br />
has been discussed by Shope~-. Three strains of a Caraparu variant (BeH 5546)<br />
76<br />
have a1so been is01ated from man and sentine1 mice at the BVL .<br />
., ,~
itoes, rker, es.<br />
Appendix rn<br />
-172<br />
Tab1e 11 summarizes the data obtained at the BVL on these 7 virus<br />
Caraparu virus emerges as the most commonly isolated type, and in<br />
fact 1t 1s the most frequent1y found of a11 v1ruses 1n the Be1em area.<br />
Together with the closely related Itaqui virus, Caraparu virus has been<br />
isolated more often from rodents than marsupiaIs, has higher antibody rates<br />
in rodents than in marsupials, and is apparently carried almost exclusively<br />
by Culex mosquitoes. Murutucu virus shares all these characteristics<br />
except that its HI antibody rate in marsupials (range 8-23%) is higher than<br />
in rodents (range 1-8%). In contrast, Oriboca virus has been isolated from<br />
a wide range of mosquito species, and the ranges of its HI antibody rates<br />
in rodents and marsupiais coincide, although the highest rates for both<br />
Oriboca and Murutucu antibodies are found in the arboreal genera of marsuâre<br />
pials (Calluromvs and Marmosa). There ~ scantier data for the remaining<br />
and its range of HI antibody rates is higher in marsupiais, although<br />
overlapping with the rodent range. Marituba and Nepuyo a180 appear to infect<br />
marsupiais preferentially, and HI antibody rates to the former are higher<br />
in arboreaI than in forest fIoor marsupiaIs. A mosquito has still to be<br />
found carrying Marituba virus. Marituba virus was isolated from a BVL<br />
but it is possible that this could have been a natural infection<br />
The epidemiological significance of the isolations of Murutucu virus from<br />
a sloth and a pool of ticks collected from marsupiaIs beIonging to several<br />
genera 18 uncerta1n.<br />
Antibody rates for the Group C viruses require careful interpretation<br />
in view of their close serological interrelationships. Thus HI & N tests<br />
for Oriboca antibodies also detect Itaqui antibodies, and vice versa.<br />
9
,<br />
Appendix III<br />
173<br />
Similarly Murutucu HI & N tests will algo detect Marituba antibody, and<br />
Caraparu tests will detect Apeu antibody. However, significant differences<br />
have been found between the rates obtained by HI test for, e.g., Murutucu<br />
and Caraparu antibody on the same batch of sera13 Shope ~ !!.35 report<br />
a rate of 3% for RI antibody to Caraparu virus in forest birds, and a<br />
rate of 6% Murutucu antibody has been found in monkeys13<br />
was dane<br />
but no N testing<br />
Transmission to mice from naturally infected mosquitoes caught in the<br />
Amazon forest has been achieved for Oriboca virus with a Culex (Melanoconion)<br />
sp., probably portesi, and for Nepuyo virus with Culex of unidentifiable<br />
49 50<br />
species ' A.e<br />
The histopathology of sentinel mice naturally infected with Group C<br />
viruses has been described by De Paola ~ ~.51 who found, in addition to<br />
the expected encephalitic lesions, liver lesions in the rnice infected with<br />
Itaqui and Caraparu viruses. Liver lesions have algo been found in howler<br />
monkeys (Alouatta) experimentally infected with the same 2 viruses, and in<br />
infant mice inoculated and naturally infected with Murutucu and Oriboca<br />
52 80<br />
viruses '<br />
GUAMA GROUP<br />
This group was also first established on the basis of new isolates<br />
from the BVL17,S3 Guama and Catu viruses are the second and third most<br />
frequently encountered viruses at the BVL (after the Group C agent Caraparu)<br />
Three serologically related virus types are separable as the BeAn 8582<br />
(Capim) group or subgroup, and a fourth type, BeAn 7722 (Mirim) crossreacts<br />
with Guama antigen but not antiserum by RI test13 Fifty-twa isalates af<br />
the Guama group made at the BVL have 80 far defied further typing.
Appendi:x III<br />
-174 -<br />
Tab1e 12 summarizes the data from the BVL on the 7 types.<br />
Only Guama<br />
and Catu have been isolated from man, and serological data for man is only<br />
avai1able for BeAn 8582 (Capim), where 1/37 people was HI positive at Borba,<br />
on the Rio Madeira, and 327 from other parte of the Brazilian Amazon were<br />
negative13 It appears that a11 the viruses except BeAn 20076 (Bushbush-1)<br />
and BeAn 7722 (Mirim), for which the data are insufficient, are more closely<br />
involved with rodents than with marsupials, and with Culex rather than with<br />
other species of rnosquitoes.<br />
Iso1ations of Guama and BeAr 12590 (Moju)<br />
viruses from pools of male Phlebotomus spp. and of Guama from nestling birds<br />
(Troglodytes) are of doubtful validity13 The high antibody rates in<br />
marsupiaIs for these same 2 types are in the arboreal genera CaIIuromys<br />
and Marmosa.<br />
One strain of BeAr 12590 (Moju) was iso1ated froro an unidenti-<br />
fied farest rat9, ather strains af the same virus fram the viscera af a<br />
Proechimys rat and Mansonia spp. trapped in Amapa Territory, and a strain<br />
of Catu virus froro the salivary glands of a bat (~~~ obscurus) algo<br />
froro AmapalO, alI the other Amazonian strains af these viruses being fraro<br />
Para State.<br />
HI antibodies for BeAn 8582 (Capim) in rodents have been shown<br />
to disappear rapid1y, so that the rate of 13% for Proechimys represents on1y<br />
recent infections; Oryzomys have a much lower antibody rate than Proechimys<br />
for this virus and for BeAn 10615 (Guajara), and no N antibodies were de-<br />
9 13 61<br />
tected to the latter in 88 marsupiaIs tested' , .Oryzomys is more<br />
common1y found with viraemia to BeAr 12590 (Moju) than is Proechimys9,13<br />
Transmission to laboratory mice by the bite of naturally infected<br />
mosquitoes caught in the Amazon forest has been successful with 4 of the<br />
virus types, as follows:
Appendix III<br />
Virus Mosquito trans~ission~ Reference<br />
Guama Culex (M.) tae!1.iopus<br />
Culex B17 1<br />
BeAn 20076 (Bushbush?)<br />
Culex spp.<br />
1<br />
BeAn 8582 (Capim) Culex spp.<br />
21<br />
BeAn 7722 (Mirim) Culex (M.) tae~iopus<br />
The histopathology of laboratory mice natural1y and experimentally infected<br />
TODA & SHOPE 49<br />
TODA 50<br />
.51 52<br />
w1th viruses of the Guama group has been described ' ; the lesions were limited<br />
to the central nervous systern.<br />
Bunyarnwera Group<br />
Four types and a complex of closely related strains belonging to this group<br />
have been isolated in Amazonia.<br />
Guaroa virus has on1y been iso1ated from man in the Amazon va11ey (BeH 12208)<br />
a1though iso1ations from Anophe1es have been made in panama54 and the coastal region<br />
55 -<br />
of Colombia The human isolations were from a liver biopsy specimen and 4 gera<br />
from patients with fever and prostration56-58. An HI antibody survey of the<br />
population of the Amazon va11ey gave an overa11 rate of 18%59<br />
60% among the Mundurucu Indians of the upper Rio Tapajoz.<br />
13<br />
with a maximum af<br />
Birds from forests<br />
near Be1em had an HI antibody rate of 0.3%.13 No N antibody tests have been dane<br />
virus<br />
Type BeAr 7272 (Maguari) was at first identified as a strain of Cache Va11ey<br />
60<br />
17, but is separab1e by HI and N test .It has on1y been iso1ated from<br />
mosqui toes, once each from poo1s of Anophe1es nimbus , ~~e_s_Je~coce1aenus and<br />
9<br />
Ae.scapu1aris , and from a mixed poo1 containing the 1ast-named species but with<br />
17<br />
a majority of Psorophora ferox Human HI antibody rates average 6.5% over the
Appendix liI<br />
Kairi vírus has been isolated<br />
176<br />
from a pool of Ae. scapularis (BeAr<br />
17<br />
8226)<br />
a pool of Sabethini, a pool of Wyeomyia spp., a sentinel monkey, a Saimiri<br />
9<br />
monkey, and an Oecomys rat. Ruman RI antibody rates for the Brazilian Amazon<br />
outside Be1em (which was not tested) average 3%, with a peak of 7% at Eirunepe<br />
13<br />
on the Rio Jurua , but N tests have not been dane.<br />
BeAr 32149 (Sororoca) virus has been iso1ated on1y from mosquitoes (Sabethini)<br />
co11ected on human bait on tree p1atforms at Km. 87 & 94 from Belem on the Belem-<br />
Brasilia highway9. The 6 isolations were alI made in 1962, since when there have<br />
been no more recoveries, and no serum survey data are available, largely because it<br />
has not been possible to produce a haemagglutinating antigen froro these strains<br />
The Wyeomyia complex is represented in the Brasilian Amazon by at least<br />
2 sub-types, distinguishab1e on1y by cross-N testing, alI iso1ated from mosquitoes,<br />
principa11y Sabethini, but a1so from a mixed poo1 of ~edes9,17.<br />
types of these are BeAr 278 (Tucunduba) and BeAr 671 (Taiassui.)<br />
The Belem proto-<br />
From these data it appears that the viruses of the Bunyamwera group active in<br />
Amazonia have cycles involving Aedes & sabethine mosquitoes and arboreal hosts,<br />
probably monkeys.<br />
California Group<br />
The only representative of this group so far found in the Amazon is Melao<br />
vírus (TRVL 9375,) which has been recovered there only from mosquitoes, namely<br />
from a mixed poo1 containing Psorophora ferox (Be1em prototype BeAr 8033,) a poo1<br />
--17 9,<br />
af Aedes scapularis and a pool of P. ferox . Two iso1ations reported from a<br />
17 were found on reexamination to<br />
sentinel cebus monkey and a young saimiri monkey<br />
be strains of Kairi virus<br />
62<br />
the Bunyamwera group .<br />
antigen has precluded serum surveys.<br />
9<br />
-the California group is serologically related to<br />
Lack of success in producing a high titred haemagglutinating
odents, rates;<br />
Appendix !II<br />
-177 -<br />
Phlebotomus Fever Group<br />
Five af the virus types af this graup are faund in Para State<br />
of them having been isolated initially at the BVL, and these 4 have not<br />
been found outside Amazonia. Although serologically related to the<br />
viruses of phlebotomus fever, none has been isolated from Phlebotomus,<br />
63<br />
and only Itaporanga virus has so far been isolated from any arthropod.<br />
Mansonia venezuelensis. Itaporanga vírus has algo been ísolated from<br />
4 groups oi sentinel mice (Belem prototype BeAn 64582) and a Calluromys<br />
marsupial in the Brazilian Amazon, and HI antibody is common in arboreal<br />
genera of marsupiaIs, and in forest birds (up to 10%)35, but absent<br />
from forest floor mammals and open field birds in the Belem area, sug-<br />
gesting that transmission is confined to the forest canopy 13<br />
4<br />
Bats of<br />
at least 4 species belonging to 3 genera have algo been found with HI<br />
antibodies near Belem, but N tests have not been dane<br />
Icoaraci virus (BeAn 24262) has only been isolated from forest<br />
principally Proechimys, which species has RI antibody rates of<br />
up to 56%, whereas other species of rodents and marsupiaIs have Iower<br />
HI antibody has a1so been found in repti1es and s10ths, but not<br />
in man in the Be1em area64 The remaining 3 types are: BeH 22511<br />
(Candiru) from a febrile human, BeAn 46852 (Anhanga) from the organs of<br />
a Cho1oepus s1oth, and BeAn 47693 and 67744 (Bujaru) frorn the b1ood of<br />
9,10,13<br />
Proechirnys rats The on1y ser. frorn the Arnazon va11ey found to<br />
react by HI with BeH 22511 (Candiru) antigen have been from one human<br />
13 35<br />
and one lizard ,and 2 birds, one of which aIs o had N antibody .On<br />
the other hand, HI antibody to BeAn 47693 (Bujaru) virus was found in
Appendix ll!<br />
178<br />
13/53 peop1e at Labrea, on the Rio Purus, and in 139/164 Proechimys<br />
tested, as we11 as in up to 14% of forest rodents and marsupia1s13, but<br />
no N tests have been made.<br />
Simbu Group<br />
Two types of this group have been isolated at the BVL. Oropouche<br />
was obtained from a pool of Aedes serratus and the blood of a sloth,<br />
Bradypus tridacty1us (BeAn 19991,) both co11ected on the Be1em-Brasi1ia<br />
highway, and 15 strains were iso1ated from man in 1961 during an epidemic<br />
in Be1em65, when it is ca1cu1ated that the virus probab1y infected<br />
11,000 persons, but without any known deaths13 One probable laboratory<br />
infection which was severe and required prolonged convalescence occurred<br />
in a female laboratory technician at the BVL9. The second type,<br />
BeAn 84785 (Utinga) was iso1ated in 1965 from another specimen of<br />
Bradypus tridactylus captured at the Utinga forest. Belern; it is clearly<br />
distinguishable serologically from Oropouchet although related13<br />
BeAn 24232 (Piry) Group<br />
Strain BeAn 24232 (Piry) was iso1ated in 1960 from the viscera of<br />
9<br />
a Metachirops opossum trapped in the Utinga forest, Be1em . No other<br />
iso1ations have been made in nature. There is c1inica1 and sero1ogica1<br />
evidence of a case of 1aboratory infection in 1964 at the BVL61.<br />
60<br />
WHITMAN has passaged the vírus seria11y in mosquitoes by inocu1ation.<br />
N antibodies have been found in 3% of marsupiaIs and 3% of rodents<br />
61<br />
tested .<br />
Turlock Group<br />
Turlock vírus was isolated for the first time in South America in<br />
91961,<br />
from a sentine1 mouse group in the forest near Be1em (BeAn 32260) .
Appendix III<br />
-179<br />
It was next isolated from 2 birds of different species captured in the<br />
same farest in 1964, and 5% af farest bird gera tested that year had<br />
HI antibodies, many confirmed by N test, in contrast to only one HI<br />
35<br />
reactor among 211 forest rodents and marsupia1s .<br />
Anopheles A Group<br />
A sing1e strain (BeAr 35112) was iso1ated in 1961 from a poo1 of<br />
Anophe1es nimbus co11ected from the Be1em-Brasi1ia highway9. It appears<br />
to be serological1y identical to TRVL 10076 (Lukuni) virus from Trinidad60,77<br />
c.hanguinola Group<br />
Strain BeAn 28873 (Irituia) was iso1ated in 1961 from an Oryzomys<br />
rat trapped at Km 92 from Belem on the Belem-Brasilia highway, and 4<br />
Some of these could be identical to other strains of the Changuinola<br />
54<br />
group isolated in Panama<br />
Timbo Group<br />
Six strains af Timba vírus (BeAn 41787) and 3 strains af Chaca<br />
vírus (BeAn 42217) have been iso1ated from Ameiva ameíva ~~y~ 1izards<br />
at the BVL, and a fourth strain of the latter was isolated from a<br />
Kentropyx calcaratus lizard66. They are considered to be arthropod-<br />
borne viruses on the basis of their pathogenicity for mice and their<br />
sensitivity to desoxycho1ate, a1so Chaco has been successfu11y passaged<br />
through mosquitoes by inocu1ation<br />
60
Appendix III<br />
-180 -<br />
Ungrouped Arboviruses<br />
The following strains, serologically unrelated to any known<br />
arbovirus, are assumed to be arboviruses because of their sensitivity<br />
to desoxycholate and the fact that they have been successfully pas-<br />
saged serially in mosquitoes by inoculation60: Tacaiuma, BeAn 27639<br />
(Acara,) Marco.<br />
Tacaiuma (BeAn 73) virus was originally isolated from the blood<br />
of a sentinel monkey in the Oriboca forest near Belem17 It has since<br />
been found 3 times in pools of Haema~o~us spp. caught in Para State9<br />
and once from mosquitoes of the garoe genus caught in Amapa Territory<br />
HI antibodies, mostly confirmed by N test, have been found in Para<br />
State in man (0.5%,) horses (24/48) and rodents (0.8%)13, and in<br />
forest birds (6%)35, but not in marsupiaIs, cows, sheep, bats, edentates<br />
13<br />
monkeys or lizards .<br />
Strains of BeAn 27639 (Acara) virus have been isolated from 6<br />
groups of sentinel mice and 2 Nectomys aquaticus amazonicus water rats<br />
9 13<br />
in Para State' , and N antibody has been found in Nectomys (2/18,)<br />
Proechimys (12%,) Oryzomys (4%) and marsupiaIs (3%)61.<br />
Straíns of Marco vírus (BeAn 40290) were isolated 4 times from<br />
Ameiva ~ya ameiva lizards at Belem, but nothing is known oi the<br />
prevalence oi antibodies in lizards or other vertebrates66<br />
The next 2 types are desoxycholate sensitive and were isolated<br />
from mosquitoes. The single known strain of BeAr 40578 (Jurona) virus<br />
carne frorn a poo1 of Haernagogus spp. captured in 1962 at Km 87 frorn<br />
Belem on the Belem-Brasilia highway<br />
9<br />
and abaut 20% af farest birds<br />
have HI antibody3S. This antibody has not, however, been confirmable<br />
10
Appendix III<br />
-181<br />
cross-reacting<br />
by N testing and rnay be due to &eft-~eeeti-;e/Sirnbu or Bunyarnwera group<br />
antibodies13. Two strains of BeAr 50117 (Ternbe) virus carne from<br />
~opheles .nimbus caught at Km 87 and 94 but nothing is known of the<br />
9<br />
occurence of antibodies in vertebrates .<br />
Strain BeAn 58058 was isolated from the blood of an Oryzomvs rat<br />
captured in the Utinga forest, Be1em in 1963 and it appears to be<br />
serologically related to Cotia virus9, but behaves differently in<br />
67<br />
tissue culture Cotia virus , which has been isolated many times<br />
in Sao Paulo State, is assumed to be an arbovirus on the basis of its<br />
recovery from sentinel mice and its sensitivity to desoxycholate.<br />
MISCELLANEOUS <strong>VIRUS</strong>ES<br />
Tacaribe Group<br />
68<br />
This serological group includes the following viruses Tacaribe,<br />
isolated Eram bats and possibly Eram mosquitoes in Trinidad; Amapari,<br />
isolated from forest rodents and their ectoparasites in Brazil;<br />
Machupo, from rodents and human cases of the highly fatal Bolivian<br />
haemorrhagic fever; and Junin, isolated from rodents, their ectoparasites<br />
and human cases af Argentinian haemarrhagic fever. These forro a<br />
geographic series, with a transition somewhere in Brazil between the 2<br />
southern t'ypes which are highly pathogenic for rnan, and the 2<br />
equatorial types which, as far as 1s at present known, do not involve<br />
man<br />
Fourteen isolations of Amapari vírus frorn Oryzornys_goeldii and<br />
Neaco~ guianae, and one frorn Garnasid rnites cornbed frorn infected<br />
Oryzomys, had been made from Amapa Territory, Brazil, up to the end of<br />
196510,.69. AlI but one of the rodent isolations have been from pooled
~ppendix li!<br />
and the vírus can probably remain for at least 26 days ín the<br />
of an apparently healthy Oryzomys, since one rat of this species<br />
held alive for that length of time after capture before being<br />
and its viscera yielded Amapari virus.<br />
viru8 ha8 80 far been isolated only from the Beni region<br />
Bolivia. which is part of the Amazon basin.<br />
isolations from<br />
human cases and 9 from the spleens of the semi-domestic rodent<br />
callosus have been described70,71. fine effort in logistics<br />
involved in airlifting a field laboratory and personnel frorn<br />
to San Joaquin, in the Beni, where the townspeople were sickening<br />
haemorrhagic fever at the rate of 10 a week, with case fatalityrates<br />
up to 20%72. The virus was first isolated in infant hamsters<br />
from autopsy material70, and the writer had the privilege of being<br />
present in the fie1d 1aboratory at San Joaquin at the time in 1963<br />
",hpn t"hi ~ ~tt~~P-~~ was a~hip-vp-d. * Subsequently the rodent Calomys was<br />
and a rodent contrai operation was iaunched in the town in<br />
with US Army assistance; 2 weeks after the operation had coveredthe<br />
ares. human cases of haemorrhagic fever ceased dramatica11y73.<br />
studies on the virus and discussion of its epidemiology have<br />
74been<br />
published .<br />
Ungrouped viruses<br />
dístínct vírus types have been isolated from mammals of the<br />
Amazon forest. which are desoxycholate sensitive but unrelated<br />
serologically to any arbovirus, and there is no evidence as to their mode<br />
nf t-T:;n~mi~~inn. One is BeAn 27326 (Pacui,) isolated 7 times from<br />
*~hil~~ in TPrpint nf a traveI ~rant frorn the Rockefeller Foundation.
III<br />
9<br />
Oryzamys , which species has a N antibady rate af 38%, whilst<br />
Appendix The this Four micet Other liver-bIood kidney. ENTOMOLOGICAL<br />
Up mosquitoes,<br />
Isolates been Mayaro, mites<br />
-183<br />
Proechimys has a rate of 31% and Nectomys and forest marsupiaIs have<br />
lower rates61. It does not multiply in mosquitoes after inoculation60.<br />
other i8 BeAn 67949 from the blood of a bat (Carollia subrufa)13;<br />
produces acidophilic intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions<br />
80in<br />
mouse liver and brain .No antibody data are yet available.<br />
Unidentified agents<br />
agents producing CPE in cebus kidney tissue culture but not<br />
in chick embryo, Aotus or Alouatta monkey kidney cultures or infant<br />
were isolated at the Instituto Evandro Chagas tissue culture<br />
laboratory from the following material:<br />
AN 28512, domestic cat, brain;<br />
AN 28531-6, Nectomys, brain-1iver poo1; AN 28667-9, opossum, brain-<br />
pool; CM 3025, sentinel mouse, bIood.<br />
agents producing<br />
CPE were found in uninoculated cultures of .Tamari~, Alouatta and Cebus<br />
They are non-pathogenic to baby mice. and may belong to thesimian<br />
virus series75<br />
NOTES<br />
to the end of Ju1y 1964, a total of 992,339 arthropods, main1y<br />
had been processed for virus isolation at the BVL, in<br />
20,758 pools9,50, and these had produced 279 strains of virus (excluding<br />
9 EMC strains.)<br />
from arthropods other than mosquitoes have<br />
(through December 1965) one of Murutucu vírus from íxodid ticks,<br />
4 of the Changuinola group and one each of Moju and Guama (doubtful)<br />
from ~lebotomus spp., and 4 different viruses from pools of gamasid<br />
ectoparasitic on rodents:<br />
SLE, Cocal and Amapari.
Appendix III<br />
-184<br />
Several mosquito isolates were made from pools of mixed species, or even<br />
of mixed genera; these are listed in Tables 7-10 under the commonest<br />
species in the pool.<br />
The workers in the Bolivian Beni inoculated over 28,000 arthropods<br />
(most1y Trombicu1idae and Ixodidae, with on1y 125 mosquitoes) into<br />
mice, without iso1ating Machupo virus; a 1arge number of mosquito poo1s<br />
73<br />
remained to be processed as of November 1964 .<br />
The taxonomy of the genus Culex is extremely difficult in the<br />
Belem area. Many females can be separated as species, but until the cor-<br />
responding males can be successfully bred from them, their identification<br />
is in doubt. and therefore these species are referred to by BVL codes as<br />
Culex Bl, B7, etc.<br />
Attempts at rearing eggs from wild-caught females<br />
at the BVL are succeeding, and as a result it appears that the Culex<br />
referred to in early BVL reports as C. (Tinolestes) mo;uensis, and in<br />
later ones as Culex B9, is actually C. (Melanoconion) portesi78. It<br />
is still necessary to determine whether the species identified from<br />
the Belem area as C.(c.) coronator is in fact C.(C.) mollis. References<br />
in BVL reports to C. (Tinolestes) sp. should read Culex spp. (subgenus<br />
undetermined,)50 and those to C.(C.) virgultus should read ~.)<br />
declarator79<br />
SUMMARY<br />
This review covers viruses isolatedt or for which there is<br />
serological evidence of occurrence, in the Amazon basin. These include<br />
the viruses of variola, herpes, influenza, mumps polia, encephalomyo-<br />
carditis, and rabies, several adeno and Coxsackie viruses, mouse polio-<br />
vírus, Newcastle and foot-and-mouth dísease víruses, some 60 dífferent
Appendix III<br />
185<br />
types af arbavirus, and a number af miscellaneaus viruses including<br />
the aetiological agent of Bolivian haemorrhagic fever.<br />
Most of these<br />
agents have been isolated at the Belem Virus <strong>Laboratory</strong> of the Instituto<br />
Evandro Chagas, Be1em, Para, Brazi1, since its opening in 1954. Over<br />
2,000 strains of arboviruseshave been isolated at that laboratory,<br />
from man<br />
wild and sentinel anirnals, and arthropods. Tables show the<br />
sources of these isolates by species, and maximum antibody rates<br />
encountered in man and wild vertebrates.
1. 3. figs. Hyg.<br />
~:372-96, li:620-625,<br />
Appendix III<br />
ANON., 1965<br />
186 -<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Proposals and recommendations of the provisional committee for<br />
nomenclature of viruses (P.C.N.V.)t Ann. Inst. Pasteurt 1Q2:625-<br />
637<br />
2. ANDREWES c., 1964<br />
Arboviruses, ~ "Viruses of Vertebrates", Williams & Wilkins Co<br />
Ba1timore, 401 pp.<br />
CAUSEY O.R. & MAROJA, 1959<br />
Isolation of yellow fever virus from man and mosquitoes in the<br />
Arnazon region of Brazil, Arner. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. ~:368-371<br />
4. SCHAEFFER M., GAJDUSEK D. C., BROWN A. & EICHENWALD H., 1959<br />
Epidernic jungle fevers among Okinawan colonists in the Bolivian<br />
rain forest. I. Epidemiology, Ibid.<br />
5. GAJDUSEK D. C., ROGERS N. & BANKHEAD A. S., 1959<br />
14 figs.<br />
Serological survey of viral and rickettsial diseases among jungle<br />
inhabitants of the upper Amazon basin, Pediatrics 11:121-131, 6<br />
6. MACKENZIE R. B., BEYE H. K., VALVERDE L. & GARRON H., 1964<br />
Epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Bolivia I. A preliminary report of<br />
the epidemiologic and clinical findings in a new epidemic area in<br />
Sauth America, Amer. J. Trap. Med.<br />
2 figs
8. 14. 15.<br />
Appendix trr<br />
7. CAUSEY C. E., 1958<br />
187 -<br />
Or~anizacao de laboratorios centrais e de campo, Rev. Servo Esp.<br />
Saude Pub.. 1&:35-41<br />
LOBO G. G. B., 1962<br />
Isolamento de poliovirus de fezes de criancas durante um surto de<br />
poliomielite ocorrido na cidade de Belem, no periodo de outubro de<br />
1961 a marco de 1962, Ibid. 12:71-79<br />
9. CAUSEY O. R., personal communication<br />
10. PINHEIRO F. P., personal communication<br />
AZEVEDO M. C., personal communication<br />
12. JONKERS A. H.t SHOPE R. E.t AITKEN T. H. G. & SPENCE L.t 1964<br />
Cocal virus, a new agent in Trinidad related to vesicular stomatitis<br />
vírus, type Indiana, Amer. J. veto Res. li:236-242<br />
SHOPE R. E. & ANDRADE A. H. P., personal communication<br />
CAUSEY O. R., SHOPE R. E. & LAEMMERT H., 1962<br />
Report of an epizootic of encephalomyocarditis virus in Para,<br />
Rev. Servo Esp. Saude Pub. g:47-50<br />
DICK G. W. A., 1960 Êl WOODALL J. P., 1965<br />
Summary of virus isolations from àrthropods at this Institute, to<br />
the end af 1964, E. Afr. Vírus Res. Inst. Rep. 14:16-20<br />
PALACIOS C. A., personal communication
Appendix III<br />
-188<br />
CAUSEY O. R., CAUSEY C. E., MAROJA O. H. & MACEDO D. G., 1961<br />
The isolation of arthropod-borne viruses, including members of<br />
two hitherto undescribed serological groups, in the Amazon region<br />
af Brazil. Amer. J. trapo Med. Hyg. .!Q.:227-249<br />
CAUSEY O. R. & CAUSEY C. E.. 1958<br />
Inquerito sorologico na Amazonia, Rev. Servo Esp. Saude Pub.<br />
10:143-150<br />
CAUSEY O. R. & THEILER M., 1958<br />
Vírus antíbody survey on gera of resídents of the Amazon Valley<br />
in Brazil, Amer. J. Trap. Med. Hyg. I: 36-41<br />
CAUSEY O. R., 1958<br />
Reservatorios e transmissores, Rev. Servo Esp. Saude Pub<br />
~:133-136<br />
CAUSEY O. R., 1958<br />
Procedencia dos arbovirus isolados de 1954 a 1957 em Be1em, Ibid.<br />
10:82-85<br />
22. CAUSEY C. E. & CAUSEY O. R., 1958<br />
Situacao em reIacao as especies conhecidas e ao esquema de CasaIs,<br />
dos arborvirus isolados em Belem, segundo os sintomas observados<br />
nos camundongos inoculados, Ibid. 10:78-80<br />
23. MAROJA O. M. & CAUSEY C. E., 1958<br />
o emprego da fixacao de complemento como teste para situacao dos<br />
arbovirus amazonicos nos grupos sorologicos de CasaIs e Brown, Ibid.<br />
.!Q.:69-71
Appendix III<br />
24. SHOPE R. E., 1962<br />
-189<br />
The serological identification of arthropod-borne viruses. Ibid.<br />
Q:33-38<br />
25. SHOPE R. E. & CAUSEY O. R., 1962<br />
Further studies on the serological relationships of Group C<br />
arthropod-borne viruses and the application of these relationships<br />
to rapid identification of types, Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg<br />
.!!.:283-290<br />
26. CAUSEY O. R<br />
The isolation of virus from natural and sentinel hosts in the<br />
Amazon Valley, Rev. Servo Esp. Saude Pub. 12:25-31<br />
27. CAUSEY C. E. & CAUSEY O. R., 1962<br />
The arthropod-borne viruses of Brazil in relation to world groups.<br />
12:9-13<br />
28. CAUSEY C. E.,<br />
The role of small mammals in maintenance of arboviruses in the<br />
Brazilian Amazon forests, An. Microbiol. 11:119-121<br />
29. SHOPE R. E<br />
The use of a micro hemagglutination-inhibition test to follow<br />
antibody response after arthropod-borne virus infection in a com-<br />
munity of forest animaIs, Ibid. 11:167-171,2 figs.<br />
30. SHOPE R. E.<br />
The serological response of animaIs to virus infection in Utinga<br />
forestt Be1emt Brazi1t Atas Simp. Biota Amazonicat Be1emt Parat 1966
31. ~3. 15.<br />
~4 .<br />
~ppendix -190 5ROPE, rhe arthropod-borne<br />
32. ~AUSEY [solamento<br />
venezuelana'l<br />
[solamento :'este" ~AUSEY ~pizootic )ara, ;HOPE rhe ;pecial ~razil i6. ;AUSEY [nvestigation<br />
~iver 5:1017-1023<br />
:ausative<br />
III<br />
-<br />
R. E., CAUSEY O. R., ANDRADE A. R. P. & THEILER M., 1964<br />
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis complex of group A<br />
viruses, including Mucambo & Pixuna from the<br />
~azon region of Brazil, Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. !..;!:723-727<br />
O. R. & MACEDO D. N. G., 1958<br />
e identificacao do virus da l'Encefalomielite Equina<br />
no Para, Rev. Servo Esp. Saude Pub. 19-:72-74<br />
~AUSEY O. R., MACEDO D. N. G. & CAUSEY C. E., 1958<br />
e identificacao do virus da 'Encefalomielite Equina<br />
no Para, Ibid. hQ.:75-77<br />
O. R., SHOPE R. E., LAEMMERT H. & SUTMOLLER P., 1962<br />
eastern equine encephalitis in the Braganca region in<br />
Ibid. !,?:.:39-45<br />
R. E., ANDRADE A. H. P., BENSABATH G., CAUSEY O. R. &<br />
dUMPHREY P. 5., (submitted)<br />
epidemiology of EEE, WEE, SLE, and Turlock viruses, with<br />
reference to birds, in a tropical rain forest near Belem,<br />
O. R. & MAROJA O. M., 1957<br />
of an epidemic of acute febrile illness on the<br />
Guama in Para, Brazil, and isolation of Mayaro virus as<br />
agent, Amer. J. Trap. Med. Hyg.
Appendix III<br />
37.<br />
38.<br />
-191<br />
CAUSEY O. R., MAROJA O. & AZEVEDO M. C., 1958<br />
Epidemia pelo virus "Mayaro" no estado do Para,<br />
Rev. Servo Esp. Saude Pub. 10:152-154<br />
PORTERFIELD J. s., 1961<br />
Cross-neutralization studies with Group A arthropod-borne viruses,<br />
World Hlth. Org.<br />
24:735-741<br />
SCHMIDT J. R., GAJDUSEK D. C., SCHAEFFER M. & GORRIE R. H., 1959<br />
Epidemic jungle fever among Okinawan colonists in the Bolivian<br />
rain forest.<br />
Isolation and characterization of Uruma virus,<br />
a newly recognized human pathogen, Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.<br />
487<br />
40. CAUSEY O. R., CASALS J., SHOPE R. E. & UDOMSAKDI S., 1963<br />
42.<br />
Aura & Una, two new group A arthropod-borne viruses, Ibid<br />
777- 781<br />
BENSABATH B. & ANDRADE A. H. P., 1962<br />
Anticorpos para arbovirus no soro de residentes na cidade de<br />
Belem, Para, Rev. Servo Esp. Saude Pub. 12:61-69<br />
SCAFF L. M., 1958<br />
Vacinacao antiamarilica, 19-:155-160<br />
43. LAEMMERT H. & CAUSEI O. R., 1962<br />
A febre amarela na regiao amazonica, Ibid. 12:51-54<br />
8:479
50.<br />
Panamer.<br />
Para, Trap. mosquitoes,<br />
Appendix III<br />
192 -<br />
44. BENSABATH G't SHOPE R. E't ANDRADE A. H. P. & SOUZA A. P. 1966<br />
,li- '..<br />
Recuperacion de virus amarilico, procedente de un mono centin~~, en<br />
45<br />
Ias cercanas de Belem, Brazil, BoI. Oficina Sanit.<br />
P..Q.:187:192<br />
CAUSEY O. R., SHOPE R. E. & THEILER M., 1964<br />
Isolation of St. Louis encephalitis virus from arthropods in<br />
Brazil, Amer. J. Trap. Med. Hyg. g:449<br />
46. GOMES G. & CAUSEY O. R., 1959<br />
Bussuquara, a new arthropod-borne virus, Proc. SOCo Exp. Bio1.<br />
lQ1.:275-279<br />
47 SHOPE R. E., CAUSEY C. E. & CAUSEY O. R., 1961<br />
Itaqui virus, a new member of arthropod-borne Group C, Amer. J<br />
Med. Hyg.<br />
48. SHOPE R. E., 1965<br />
10:264-265<br />
Antigenic variation among arboviruses, Ciencia e Cultura<br />
11.:30-32<br />
49. TODA A. & SHOPE R. E., 1965<br />
Transmission of Guama & Oriboca viruses by naturally infected<br />
Nature (Lond.) ~:304<br />
TODA A.. personal communication
Appendix li!<br />
-193<br />
DE PAOLA D., DUARTE F. & LOBO M. B., 1963<br />
Histopatologia da infeccao natural por arbovirus do grupo C e<br />
Guama, An. Microbiol. ..!l:211-216<br />
DE PAOLA D., 1964<br />
Contribuicao ao estudo da patologia das arboviroses. Tese<br />
apresentada para o concurso de docencia-livre de Anatomia e<br />
Fisiologia Patologicas da Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da<br />
Universidade de Estado da Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro, 91 pp.,<br />
19 figs.<br />
53. WHITMAN L. & CASALS J., 1961<br />
The Guama group: a new serological group of hitherto undescribed<br />
19..:259-263<br />
Immunological studies, Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.<br />
PERALTA P. H., GALINDO P. & SHELOKOV A., 1961<br />
Virus isolates from Panamanian mosquitoes and sandflies, Fed<br />
20:436<br />
55. SANMARTIN C.<br />
Symp. on Arboviruses of the California Complex & the<br />
Bunyamwera Group. Smo1enice. 1966<br />
56. A., VIANNA C. M. & SILVA E. S.. 1963<br />
Ocorrencia de casos de encefalomielite em doentes oriundos da<br />
Estrada Belem-Brasilia. Rev. Cienc. Biol. 1:27-31
Appendix III<br />
CAUSEY O. R., SHOPE R. E. & RODRIGUES A., 1962<br />
Isolamento do virus Guaroa do figado por biopsia percutanea de<br />
um caso humano com paralisia, Rev. Servo Esp. Saude Pub.<br />
12:55-59<br />
CAUSEY O. R., 1966, ~ WOODALL J. P.<br />
Human infection with arboviruses of the Bunyamwera group, Proc.<br />
Symp. on Arboviruses of the California Complex & the Bunyamwera<br />
Smo1enice, 1966<br />
CAUSEY O. R., 1960, ~ HORSFALL F. L. & TAMM 1.,1965<br />
"Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man", 4th edn., p. 662<br />
B. Lippincott Co., Phi1ade1phia, 1282 pp<br />
WHITMAN L., personal communication<br />
BENSABATH G., personal communication<br />
62. WHITMAN L. & SHOPE R. E., 1962<br />
The California complex of arthropod-borne viruses and its relation-<br />
ship to the Bunyamwera group through Guaroa virus, Amer. J. Trop.<br />
Hyg.<br />
11:691-696<br />
TRAPP E. E., ANDRADE A. H. P. & SHOPE R. E., 1965<br />
a newly recognized arbovirus from Sao Paulo State,<br />
Proc. Soco Exp. Biol.<br />
64. CAUSEY O. R. & SHOPE R. E.. 1965<br />
a new virus related to Naples Phlebotomus Fever virus,<br />
118:420-421
Appendix 111<br />
65. PINHEIRO F., PINHEIRO M., BENSABATH G., CAUSEY O. R. & SHOPE R. E.,<br />
-195<br />
Epidemia de virus Oropouche em Belem, Rev. Servo Esp. Saude Pub<br />
JJ:.:15-23<br />
CAUSEY O. R., SHOPE R. E. & BENSABATH G. 1966<br />
Timbo & Chaco. newly recognized arboviruses from lizards<br />
of Brazil, Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.<br />
li: 239-243<br />
67. LOPES O. S., LACERDA J. P. c., FONSECA I. E. M., CASTRO D. P.,<br />
FORATTINI O. P. & RABELLO E. S. 1965<br />
Cotia virus: a new agent isolated from sentinel mice in Sao Paulo,<br />
Ibid. 1!i:156-157<br />
SHELOKOV A., 1965<br />
Hemorrhagic fevers in the Americas: a perspective, Ibid.<br />
14:790-792<br />
69. PINHEIRO F. P., SHOPE R. E., ANDRADE A. H. P., BENSABATH G<br />
G. V. & CASALS J., (submitted)<br />
Amapari, a new virus of the Tacaribe Group from rodents and<br />
mites of Amapa Territory, Brazil<br />
70. JOHNSON K. M., WIEBENGA N. H., MACKENZIE R. B., KUNS M. L.,<br />
TAURASO N. M., SHELOKOV A., WEBB P. A., JUSTINES G. & BEYE H. K.,<br />
Virus isolations from human cases of hemorrhagic fever in Bolivia,<br />
Soco Exp. Biol. ill:113-118
Appendix III<br />
-196 -<br />
JOHNSON K. M., KUNS M. L., MACKENZIE R. B., WEBB P. A. &<br />
YUNKER C. E.. 1966<br />
Isolation of Machupo virus from wild rodent Calomys callosus,<br />
J. Trap. Med. Hyg. 103-106<br />
72. MACKENZIE Ro Bo, 1965<br />
Epidemiology of Machupo virus infection. Pattern of human<br />
M. L., 1965<br />
San Joaquin, Bo1ivia, 1962-1964, Ibid. li: 808-813<br />
Epidemiology of Machupo virus infection. 11. Ecological & con-<br />
traI studies of hemorrhagic fever, Ibid. 14:813-816<br />
74. VARIOUS AUTHORS, 1965<br />
Symposium on some aspects of hemorrhagic fevers in the Americas,<br />
L4_: 789-818<br />
HENDERSON J. R., personal communication<br />
76. CASALS J. & WHITMAN L. 1961<br />
Group C, a new serological group oí hitherto undescribed arthropod-<br />
borne viruses. Immunological studies. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.<br />
10:250-258<br />
77. ANDRADE A. H. P.. personal communication<br />
AITKEN T. H. G.&GALINDO P. (in press)<br />
On the identity of Culex (Melanoconion) portes i Senevet & Abonnec<br />
1941 (Diptera, Cu1icidae) Proc. Ent. Soco Wash.
Appendix III<br />
-197 -<br />
79. STONE A., KNIGHT K. L. & STARCKE H., 1959<br />
'IA synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera,<br />
Culicidae. ) II Washington (Thomas Say Foundn., VaI. VI.)<br />
80. L. B., personal communication
Appendix III
Appendix III<br />
Table 2<br />
Arbovirus isolations from man and maximum antibody rates,<br />
V i r u s<br />
Mayaro<br />
Mucambo<br />
Ilhéus<br />
Yellow fever<br />
Apeú<br />
Caraparú<br />
Itaquí<br />
Marituba<br />
Murutucú<br />
Oriboca<br />
Catú<br />
Guamá<br />
Guaroa<br />
Oropouche<br />
H22511 (Candirú)<br />
15 types<br />
Be1em Virus <strong>Laboratory</strong> 1954-65<br />
No. isolates Antibody rate a)<br />
Field Lab. HI NT<br />
a) HI and N rates mar be on different collections of gera<br />
b) includes 3 isolations of l7D from vaccinated persons.<br />
c) these could have been natural infections.<br />
9<br />
6<br />
3<br />
24b)<br />
3<br />
8<br />
1<br />
2<br />
4<br />
4<br />
9<br />
3<br />
5<br />
15<br />
1<br />
Total 97<br />
2<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
1c)<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
1c)<br />
-<br />
4<br />
60%<br />
34%<br />
-<br />
-<br />
15%<br />
15%<br />
-<br />
-<br />
3%<br />
4%<br />
4%<br />
3%<br />
18%<br />
-<br />
1/253<br />
10%<br />
>20%<br />
36%<br />
45%<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
19%<br />
-
Appendix III<br />
200 -<br />
Table 3<br />
Arbovirus isolations from sentinel animaIs,<br />
Belem Virus <strong>Laboratory</strong>, 1954-65<br />
Virus Mouse l Monkev I Total<br />
EEE<br />
Mucambo<br />
Bussuquara<br />
I1heus<br />
SLE<br />
Ye11ow fever<br />
Apeu<br />
Caraparu<br />
Itaqui<br />
Marituba<br />
Murutucu<br />
Nepuyo<br />
Oriboca<br />
Catu<br />
Guama<br />
AR 12590 (Moju)<br />
AN 20076 (Bushbusl'0<br />
AN 8582 (Capim)<br />
AN 10615 (Guajara)<br />
AN 7722 (Mirim)<br />
Kairi<br />
Turlock<br />
Itaporanga<br />
AN 27639 (Acara)<br />
Tacaiuma<br />
isolated<br />
34<br />
37b)<br />
9<br />
1<br />
-<br />
11<br />
292<br />
137<br />
11<br />
25<br />
3<br />
42<br />
147<br />
181<br />
89<br />
8<br />
18<br />
33<br />
8<br />
3<br />
2<br />
4<br />
1095<br />
22<br />
a)- algo 2 isolates from sentinel chickens<br />
b)- ane af these was a white rat<br />
7<br />
30<br />
lc)<br />
1<br />
2<br />
15<br />
31<br />
4<br />
13<br />
18<br />
20<br />
8<br />
22<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
41a)<br />
67<br />
10 112<br />
26<br />
323<br />
141<br />
24<br />
43<br />
3<br />
62<br />
155<br />
203<br />
89<br />
8<br />
18<br />
33 9<br />
1<br />
3<br />
2<br />
4<br />
1<br />
175<br />
16 26
~t~al<br />
~~o~cb1mys ~~v~ kv~oJ!!v~<br />
Appendi.1: III<br />
-201 -<br />
Table 4<br />
Virus isolates from rodents and maximum antibody rates<br />
Be1em Virus <strong>Laboratory</strong> 1954-65<br />
Virus No. I Antibody Ik$olates~<br />
No.<br />
EEE<br />
Muc amb o<br />
Pixuna<br />
Bussuquara<br />
Caraparu<br />
Itaqui<br />
Murutucu<br />
Nepuyo<br />
Oriboca<br />
Catu<br />
Guama<br />
AR12590 (Moju)<br />
AN8582 (Capim)<br />
ANIO615 (Guajara)<br />
Icoaraci<br />
AN47693 (Bujaru)<br />
AN28873 (Irituia)<br />
AN27326 (Pacui)<br />
AN27639 (Acara)<br />
AN58058 (Cotia?)<br />
EMC<br />
Amapari<br />
-<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
2<br />
2<br />
3<br />
2<br />
2<br />
rate I<br />
1%HI*<br />
24%HI<br />
24%HI<br />
43%HI<br />
4/12HI<br />
14%HI<br />
2/12HI<br />
23%HI<br />
39%HI<br />
30%HI<br />
34%HI<br />
3%HI<br />
8%HI<br />
16%HI<br />
2/28NT<br />
1/6 NT<br />
-<br />
1<br />
4<br />
1<br />
15<br />
5<br />
2<br />
3<br />
1<br />
1<br />
414<br />
7<br />
7<br />
1<br />
9<br />
2<br />
4<br />
I~~o~a~es<br />
Antibody<br />
rat~_~<br />
4%HI<br />
43%HI<br />
70%HI<br />
29%HI<br />
26%HI<br />
35%HI<br />
3%HI<br />
28%HI<br />
45%HI<br />
43%HI<br />
43%HI<br />
13%HI<br />
10%NT<br />
28%HI<br />
85%HI<br />
31%NT<br />
14%NT<br />
3/34NT<br />
No. IAntibod:)f<br />
isolatesl rate j;t,solates<br />
1<br />
13<br />
2<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
6<br />
12<br />
8<br />
1<br />
7<br />
1<br />
7<br />
LI"\<br />
QJ<br />
~<br />
.c tU<br />
E-4<br />
Appendi:x<br />
~<br />
ti)<br />
Qj<br />
+J<br />
lU<br />
~<br />
>,<br />
"C O<br />
.o<br />
.~+J<br />
~<br />
§<br />
~ ~S<br />
"C =lU<br />
ti)<br />
~ orof<br />
Q.<br />
='<br />
ti)<br />
~<br />
lU<br />
S<br />
~<br />
~<br />
ti)<br />
Qj<br />
+J<br />
lU<br />
~ Oti)<br />
.~<br />
ti)<br />
='<br />
~<br />
orof<br />
><br />
lt'\<br />
\O<br />
I<br />
.;t<br />
lt'\<br />
0\<br />
t<br />
~o<br />
~<br />
~<br />
o<br />
.o~<br />
UJ<br />
='<br />
~<br />
oro!<br />
><br />
~<br />
t<br />
Q)<br />
~<br />
III<br />
~i<br />
~<br />
'O o QJ<br />
CIJ,o4.1<br />
~ lU<br />
S 4.1 ~I<br />
O C<br />
~ C!<br />
~ ,-I .,-1~<br />
lU O O<br />
UZCIJ<br />
I<br />
>, .<br />
'C I<br />
o Qj<br />
.o~<br />
.,..j cu<br />
cu ~ ...<br />
C/)<br />
o<br />
e .<br />
cu .~<br />
~ o o<br />
z C/)<br />
.,,",<br />
(/)<br />
='<br />
~<br />
-rol<br />
><br />
~<br />
I<br />
~ lI'\<br />
~<br />
~<br />
~ ~<br />
~<br />
~ r--,<br />
~ Lr\<br />
~<br />
.,<br />
o~<br />
N<br />
= 0\<br />
1-4<br />
-N<br />
M<br />
~<br />
H<br />
R o.-j<br />
~=N<br />
N<br />
N<br />
«<br />
1-1<br />
=:<br />
N<br />
N<br />
,...j<br />
o1<br />
u<br />
~<br />
.-I<br />
...<br />
~<br />
~<br />
rn<br />
~<br />
- ~<br />
H=CX)<br />
~<br />
:=<br />
a-e<br />
o<br />
~<br />
~ ,...<br />
~<br />
~<br />
= ~<br />
r-.<br />
.-t<br />
r-I<br />
;I QI<br />
~<br />
P-4<br />
H<br />
~ M<br />
'""<br />
~ ~<br />
H<br />
~ (X)<br />
t<br />
='<br />
g'<br />
~<br />
H<br />
202<br />
H<br />
:=<br />
0'\<br />
,..j<br />
H<br />
==<br />
~<br />
(X)<br />
1-1 = NMN<br />
...I<br />
H<br />
:I:<br />
~<br />
, ~<br />
= u<br />
=<br />
4.1<br />
=<br />
~<br />
:f<br />
~<br />
H<br />
~ t-I<br />
:=<br />
0\<br />
-~<br />
H=~<br />
.:t-<br />
1-1<br />
;:t:<br />
~<br />
M<br />
N<br />
~<br />
::t:<br />
~<br />
\O<br />
lU<br />
<br />
~ «><br />
~<br />
~ N0\<br />
H=M<br />
O<br />
~<br />
t-I<br />
:z=<br />
N<br />
-.:t<br />
-.:t<br />
.-j<br />
lU bO<br />
~<br />
...<br />
O~<br />
lU<br />
H<br />
.-i<br />
P-4<br />
->.<br />
~<br />
p... ...,<br />
N<br />
r-,<br />
N<br />
-:r<br />
N<br />
~<br />
r-!<br />
.,.4<br />
u<br />
ffi<br />
(X)<br />
C"'\<br />
tf'\<br />
l-:t<br />
-:t<br />
..;t<br />
~ lU~O<br />
IE-I<br />
N r-I<br />
C'J<br />
M<br />
~<br />
..:j-<br />
.:j-<br />
~ Qj<br />
4.J<br />
eu<br />
~ oti)<br />
c<br />
ti)<br />
Qj<br />
Q.<br />
>-<br />
4.J<br />
.o<br />
z<br />
.tO<br />
~ tO<br />
"O<br />
~ f/J<br />
Q)<br />
~<br />
Z<br />
4-4<br />
o<br />
Q)<br />
tJ<br />
=<br />
Q)<br />
f/J<br />
~ Q)<br />
.::<br />
~<br />
=<br />
-M<br />
= ot<br />
~<br />
~ tJ<br />
.::<br />
~t<br />
~<br />
"O Q)<br />
~Q)<br />
~ Q.<br />
~ Q)<br />
~ =<br />
-M<br />
Q)<br />
.o<br />
~ f/J<br />
~<br />
e f/J<br />
Q)<br />
~ tO<br />
~<br />
H=..
(AN70100) 1 1(ANl1497)<br />
1<br />
Appendix III<br />
-203-<br />
Table 6<br />
Virus isolations from other wild vertebrates<br />
Be1em Virus <strong>Laboratory</strong> 1954-65<br />
Virus Vertebrate sp.<br />
No.<br />
isolates Type<br />
Mvrmotherula hauxwelli<br />
Mucambo (AN88995) Pipra ervthrocephala<br />
(AN69763)<br />
bird<br />
bird<br />
4~tomolus infuscatus 1<br />
bird<br />
(AN59768) Myrrnotherula hauxwelli<br />
(AN70092)<br />
Thamnomanes caesius<br />
Murutucu (ANl1249) Bradypus tridactylus 1<br />
sloth<br />
Catu (AN94103) Molossus obscurus 1 bat<br />
Kairi<br />
bird<br />
bird<br />
Saimiri sp. 1 monkey<br />
Oropouche (AN19991) Bradypus tridactylus 1 sloth<br />
(Utinga) (AN84785)<br />
Bradypus tridactylus<br />
Turlock (AN72648) Myrmotherula hauxwelli 1 bird<br />
(Anhanga<br />
(AN73173) Thamnophilus amazonicus 1 bird<br />
sloth<br />
(AN46852) Choloepus brasiliensis<br />
1 sloth<br />
Timbo (AN41787) Ameiva ameiva ameiva 6 lizard<br />
Chaco (AN42217) p.meiva ameiva ameiva-<br />
3 lizard<br />
Kentropyx calcaratus<br />
1 lizard<br />
Marco (AN40290) Ameiva ameiva ameiva 4<br />
lizard<br />
(unnamed) (AN67949) Carollia subrufa 1 bat<br />
EMC (AN18124 J acana .1 acana<br />
1 bird<br />
(AN18360) Monasa ni~rifrons 1 bird<br />
(AN18436) Guira ~uira<br />
(AN18368) Urubutinga sp.<br />
bird<br />
bird
Appendi:x:<br />
III<br />
V i r u s<br />
Aedes spp.<br />
-204<br />
Table 7<br />
Arboviruses isolated from ~ mosquitoes<br />
A. arborealis<br />
Be1em Virus <strong>Laboratory</strong>, 1954-65<br />
A. argyrothorax<br />
A. falvus<br />
A. leucocelaenus<br />
A. scapularis<br />
*one pool also contained one specimen each of Ae. scapularis, P. ferox and an<br />
unidentified sabethine.<br />
A. septemstriatus<br />
A. serratus<br />
A. sexlineatus<br />
A. taeniorhynchus<br />
Total<br />
Total spp.<br />
Aura 5 5 1<br />
EEE 3 3 1<br />
Mucambo 2* 2 1<br />
Una 1 1 2 2<br />
Ilheus 1 1 1 1 3 7 5<br />
Apeu 1 1 2 2<br />
Oriboca 1 1 2 2<br />
Guama 1 1 2 2<br />
AN7722 (Mirim) 1 1 1<br />
Kairi 1 1 1<br />
A7272<br />
(Maguari)<br />
1 1 2 2<br />
Melao 1 1 1<br />
Wyeomyia 1 1 1 3 3<br />
Oropouche 1 1 1<br />
Total 2 2 1 1 4 4 1 15 1 3 34<br />
No. types<br />
isol.<br />
2 2 1 1 4 4 1 8 1 1 14
CX)<br />
Qj<br />
t<br />
~E-I<br />
Appendix III<br />
ti)<br />
Q)<br />
o<br />
~<br />
~ I:r<br />
ti)<br />
~ ><<br />
s<br />
o<br />
~<br />
~ Q)<br />
~ lU<br />
~ Oti)<br />
ti)<br />
Q)<br />
ti)<br />
~<br />
> O<br />
.o ~<br />
-<<br />
LI'\<br />
\O<br />
I<br />
..;r<br />
LI'\<br />
0\<br />
.-I<br />
>-<br />
...<br />
o<br />
~ lU<br />
...<br />
O<br />
.c<br />
j ti)<br />
='<br />
...<br />
.,..1<br />
><br />
s<br />
Qj<br />
.-I Qj<br />
~<br />
Tot.<br />
Tot.<br />
spp.<br />
C.(M.)<br />
taen.<br />
C.(M.)<br />
spissipes<br />
C.(M.)<br />
caudelli<br />
C.(Melanoconion)<br />
spp.<br />
C..( Culex)<br />
declarator<br />
Culex<br />
B19<br />
Culex<br />
B17<br />
Culex<br />
B9<br />
Culex<br />
B7<br />
Culex<br />
B1<br />
Culex<br />
spp.<br />
V i r u s<br />
Aura 1 1 1<br />
EEE 2a) 1 3a) 1 1a) 12a) 20a) 6<br />
Mayaro 1 1 1<br />
Mucambo 3 1 8 1 1 14 5<br />
Bussuquara 6 1 1 2 1 11 5<br />
SLE 1 1 1<br />
Apeu 1 1 1<br />
Caraparu 3 6 2 1 1 13 5<br />
Itaqui 3 5 1 1 1 1 12 6<br />
Murutucu 1 1 1 1 4 4<br />
Nepuyo 1 1 1<br />
Oriboca 1 2 1 1 1 6 5<br />
Catu 20 1 21 2<br />
Guama 4 1 1 19b) 1 1 1b) 1 2 31 9<br />
AR 12590 (Moju) 1 2 1 1 5 4<br />
AN 8582 (Capim) 18 8 26 2<br />
AN 10615 (Guajara) 2 1 1 4 3<br />
AN 20076 (BushBush?) 2 2 1<br />
AN 7722 (Mirim) 1 1 2 2<br />
Itaporanga 1 1 2 2<br />
Total 49 12 17 57 2 5 2 9 4 5 16 178<br />
No. Types isolated 15 5 7 9 2 5 2 8 4 5 4 20<br />
Q.<br />
~<br />
o<br />
~<br />
bO<br />
lU<br />
~<br />
~<br />
C<br />
c-., g)<br />
~ lU<br />
O<br />
~ ~<br />
IU~<br />
~ ~<br />
O O<br />
~<br />
0"0<br />
U QJ<br />
'" 4-4<br />
.'"<br />
u~ ~<br />
.QJ<br />
U"O '"<br />
S<br />
O QJ<br />
~ S<br />
4-4 O<br />
g)<br />
~<br />
~ g)<br />
lU QJ<br />
Q."o<br />
lU ~<br />
~~<br />
lU U<br />
U ~<br />
4-40-<br />
'"<br />
.c<br />
QJ<br />
~ 0-~<br />
"O ><<br />
~ QJ<br />
lU ~<br />
00 QJ<br />
~ QJ<br />
g)<br />
>
0\<br />
41<br />
.-I<br />
~ ~<br />
JJ ~<br />
Appendix III<br />
a<br />
rn<br />
CI<br />
O<br />
~<br />
'.04<br />
='<br />
a'<br />
rn<br />
~<br />
'O<br />
~<br />
~<br />
~<br />
e<br />
o<br />
~<br />
11-1<br />
'O<br />
OJ<br />
~~<br />
M orn<br />
0.01<br />
rn<br />
CI<br />
rn<br />
~<br />
0.01<br />
><br />
o<br />
.o<br />
.!;4:<br />
~<br />
\O<br />
I<br />
~<br />
~<br />
0'\<br />
r-t<br />
~<br />
t'<br />
o<br />
~ lU~O<br />
.o<br />
j<br />
ti)<br />
~<br />
,rol<br />
:><br />
~<br />
r-t<br />
QJ<br />
~<br />
Haemagogus Mansonia M.<br />
M.<br />
M. Psorophora P. P.<br />
Virus<br />
Total Total spp.<br />
spp. spp. arribalzagai titillans venezuelensis albipes ferox lutzi<br />
Mayaro 25 25 1<br />
Mucambo 1 1 1 3 3<br />
Una 1 9 10 2<br />
Bussuquara 1 1 2 2<br />
Ilheus 2 9 11 2<br />
Yellow fever 16 16 1<br />
Oriboca 1a) 1 1 1 4 4<br />
-206 -<br />
Catu 1 1 1<br />
Guama 1 3 1b) 5 3<br />
AR 12590 (Moju) 1 1 2 2<br />
Melao 2 2 1<br />
Itaporanga 1 1 1<br />
AR 40578 (Jurona) 1 1 1<br />
Tacaiuma 4 4 1<br />
Wyeomyia 1 1 1<br />
Maguari 1c) 1 1<br />
Total 47 3 2 2 9 3 22 1 89<br />
No. types isol. 5 3 2 2 7 2 5 1 16<br />
a) pool contained one Psorophora sp. b) identified only as Group Guama c) mixed pool also containing Aedes and<br />
Mansonia
~ --<br />
u ~<br />
Appendix III<br />
.<br />
-rol<br />
=<br />
-rol<br />
QJ<br />
~ ~O<br />
~~<br />
\C<br />
"O I<br />
=..;r<br />
~~<br />
0'1<br />
or-4 =<br />
or-4 .<br />
~ >-<br />
~ ~<br />
QJ O<br />
O.o~<br />
~ ~<br />
ti) ~<br />
QJ O<br />
""'S.o<br />
.o O ~<br />
~~~<br />
H~<br />
li)<br />
'Z e<br />
~0r-4<br />
~><br />
O S<br />
li) QJ<br />
or-4 QJ<br />
II)~<br />
QJ<br />
li)<br />
e<br />
-rol<br />
><br />
O<br />
.o ~<br />
<<br />
r-4 lU .<br />
4j Q.<br />
O Q.<br />
E-4 (/)<br />
lU<br />
~ O<br />
:...<br />
~ Qj "c ~I I<br />
r-4 S,<br />
Qj oi-4,<br />
.Q =<br />
0-<br />
~~<br />
lU<br />
-a<br />
.o<br />
~ §<br />
.~<br />
~ o~.~<br />
s .<br />
o p.<br />
GJ p.<br />
I/J<br />
~--<br />
=<br />
o<br />
] .~<br />
CJo...t<br />
o...t~<br />
~<br />
-r-t<br />
fi) o<br />
aJ-r-t<br />
.c ~<br />
~ lU<br />
aJ fi)<br />
.c-r-t<br />
IU~<br />
tn aJ<br />
-~<br />
0.:41<br />
.~!<br />
~I.cl ~]<br />
~I<br />
~,<br />
~I~.<br />
.-.]<br />
~ I:<br />
0...1<br />
~~<br />
Qj ~<br />
~ Qj<br />
0...1,0<br />
X tU<br />
cn<br />
C/J<br />
:s<br />
~<br />
~<br />
:><br />
.-4.-4N.-4.-4.-4.-4.-4NN.-4.-4\D.-4.-4<br />
NNN"""N""""",,NNN,,",,\C,,",,,,",,N N<br />
NN<br />
.-4<br />
~<br />
-207<br />
~<br />
~ .c<br />
N~~N~~<br />
~<br />
\00\<br />
N.-4N<br />
~<br />
..;t<br />
c-tU<br />
-u ""0 N-<br />
~~ ~Q)<br />
tUo ~.o<br />
=' ~ L/'I =<br />
~ COo r-,Q)<br />
Q)<br />
> Q)<br />
tUC/)<br />
~- --<<br />
,...H<br />
~~~ o\nI,...<br />
o<br />
O..c1U<br />
~UIU<br />
~IU~U<br />
N~oro4-~<br />
""~>-oro4~<br />
~ec:<br />
IU"\U~<br />
>-U ~~~<br />
O~~O~."'NNac:O<br />
~1U~..ce~""~O~Lt'\<br />
~ ~ lUoro4 Qj~<br />
~..aoro4~QjIU=:~~~~~>-~~<br />
~~~tn>'U:t:O~~«~~< '-'<br />
.;t<br />
,..j<br />
CQ<br />
-.:-<br />
~<br />
t<br />
11'1<br />
~<br />
.-4<br />
~<br />
r-..<br />
N<br />
,...j<br />
tU<br />
~ o<br />
E-4<br />
11'1<br />
!ri<br />
~<br />
N<br />
N<br />
.-i<br />
ro1<br />
.-I<br />
o ~<br />
.<br />
.-I<br />
o fi)<br />
0.01<br />
fi)<br />
QI<br />
p.<br />
>.<br />
~<br />
.o<br />
z<br />
11)<br />
QI<br />
~<br />
~<br />
~<br />
tU<br />
~ QI<br />
r=<br />
tU<br />
~<br />
6<br />
u<br />
11)<br />
"""<br />
o<br />
o<br />
~<br />
QI<br />
11)<br />
QI<br />
.c ~<br />
~ o<br />
QI<br />
6-tU<br />
.<br />
~ ~<br />
8 ~='<br />
o<br />
...<br />
C-'<br />
I/)<br />
~<br />
>.<br />
r-i<br />
5<br />
'O Q)<br />
~ .~."~Q)<br />
'O<br />
- .c
Tab1e Isolates Sentinel 141 14 13%c)<br />
3% 15% Rodents 12% 5% 35% 3% MarsupiaIs 8% 22% 17% 23% 11%<br />
Appendix !Ir<br />
from:<br />
-208-<br />
11<br />
Group C virus isolations and antibody rates,<br />
Be1em Virus <strong>Laboratory</strong>. 1954-65<br />
Oriboca<br />
AN 17<br />
Itaqui<br />
AN 12751<br />
Caraparu<br />
AN 3994<br />
Apeu I<br />
AN 848,<br />
Maritube<br />
AN 15<br />
Man 4 1 3 3<br />
animaIs 62<br />
Murutucu<br />
AN 974 :<br />
Nepuvo<br />
a)<br />
321 26 24 43 3<br />
Rodents 2 5 8 6<br />
MarsupiaIs<br />
Aedes 2 2<br />
Culex 6 12<br />
Other mosquitoes 6 1<br />
HI antibodies (max.) in<br />
Man<br />
a) Be1em prototype BeAn 10709<br />
Total 83 160 351 33 27 59b) 4<br />
28% 26% 43%<br />
23%<br />
b) also 2 isolations from a sloth (Bradypus) and a pool of Ixodid ticks<br />
HI rates must be interpreted with caution in the absence of N test data<br />
1<br />
4% 4%<br />
27%
Appendix III<br />
Isolates from:<br />
-209 -<br />
Tab1e 12<br />
Guama group virus isolations and antibody rates,<br />
Guama I<br />
BeAn 277<br />
Be1em Virus <strong>Laboratory</strong>, 1954-65<br />
Catu<br />
BeH 151<br />
Man 3 9<br />
BeAr 1259°<br />
(Moju)<br />
1<br />
HeAn 85821<br />
(Capim)<br />
,BeAn 10615'I<br />
(Guajara)<br />
BeAn 20076 JjeAn 7722<br />
:Bushbush?) (Mirim)<br />
Sentinei animais 203 155 89 18 33 8 7<br />
29 12 18 7<br />
5<br />
Aedes 2 1<br />
Culex 31 21 5 26 4 2 2<br />
Other mosquitoes 5 2<br />
Total 278 198 114 52 38 10 10<br />
HI antibodies (max.) in:i<br />
Man