Beginning Microsoft SQL Server 2008 ... - S3 Tech Training

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Chapter 14: Transactions and Locks We have several different transaction isolation levels available. The default is READ COMMITTED. Using a lower isolation level holds shared locks for a shorter duration than using a higher isolation level does, thereby reducing locking contention. No Open-Ended Transactions This is probably the most commonsense of all the recommendations here, but it’s one that’s often violated because of past practices. One of the ways we used to prevent lost updates (mainframe days here, folks!) was just to grab the lock and hold it until we were done with it. I can’t tell you how problematic this was (can you say yuck?). Imagine this scenario (it’s a real-life example): Someone in your service department likes to use update screens (exclusive locks) instead of display screens (shared locks) to look at data. He goes on to look at a work order. Now his buddy calls and asks if he’s ready for lunch. “Sure!” comes the reply, and the service clerk heads off to a rather long lunch (one to two hours). Everyone who is interested in this record is now locked out of it for the duration of this clerk’s lunch. Wait — it gets worse. In the days of the mainframe, you used to see the concept of queuing far more often (it actually can be quite efficient). Now someone submits a print job (which is queued) for this work order. It sits in the queue waiting for the record lock to clear. Since it’s a queue environment, every print job your company has for work orders now piles up behind that first print job (which is going to wait for that person’s lunch before clearing). This is a rather extreme example, but I’m hoping that it clearly illustrates the point. Don’t ever create locks that will still be open when you begin some form of open-ended process. Usually we’re talking user interaction (like our lunch lover), but it could be any process that has an open-ended wait to it. Summary 448 Transactions and locks are both cornerstones of how SQL Server works and, therefore, maximizing your development of solutions in SQL Server. By using transactions, you can make sure that everything you need to have happen as a unit happens, or none of it does. SQL Server’s use of locks ensures that we avoid the pitfalls of concurrency to the maximum extent possible (you’ll never avoid them entirely, but it’s amazing how close you can come with a little — OK, a lot — of planning). By using the two together, you are able to pass what the database industry calls the ACID test. If a transaction is ACID, then it has: ❑ Atomicity: The transaction is all or nothing. ❑ Consistency: All constraints and other data integrity rules have been adhered to, and all related objects (data pages, index pages) have been updated completely. ❑ Isolation: Each transaction is completely isolated from any other transaction. The actions of one transaction cannot be interfered with by the actions of a separate transaction. ❑ Durability: After a transaction is completed, its effects are permanently in place in the system. The data is safe, in the sense that things such as a power outage or other non-disk system failure will not lead to data that is only half written.
Chapter 14: Transactions and Locks In short, by using transactions and locks, you can minimize deadlocks, ensure data integrity, and improve the overall efficiency of your system. In our next chapter, we’ll be looking at triggers. Indeed, we’ll see that, for many of the likely uses of triggers, the concepts of transactions and rollbacks will be at the very center of the trigger. 449
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Programmer to Programmer Get more
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Beginning Microsoft SQL Ser ver® 2
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Beginning Microsoft SQL Ser ver® 2
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About the Author Experiencing his f
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Acknowledgments Over the years, the
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Contents Chapter 2:T ools of the T
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Contents xviii The CREATE Statement
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Contents xx Correlated Subqueries 1
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Contents xxii SORT_IN_TEMPDB 280 ON
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Contents xxiv Control-of-Flow State
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Contents xxvi How the SQL Ser ver L
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Contents Chapter 16: A Brief XML Pr
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Contents Chapter 19: Pla ying Admin
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Introduction The beginning user wil
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Introduction ❏ We show file names
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Introduction xxxvi ❏ Understand t
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Chapter 1: RDBMS Basics: What Makes
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 22 My
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade ❑ S
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 26 Ke
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 28 Th
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 30 lo
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 32 3.
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 34 Fi
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade Figur
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade Note
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade bcp i
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3 The Foundation Statements of T-SQ
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asic SELECT statement. Fire up the
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Now let’s try taking a little bit
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very few of your tables will have s
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Operator Example Usage Effect ALL,
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Chapter 3: The Foundation Statement
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WHERE SalesOrderID IN (43660, 43670
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AVG This one is for computing avera
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efore, but remove the two AS keywor
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You’ll get a result that is a bit
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What if we want to place conditions
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Let’s say, for example, that we w
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City varchar(20) NOT NULL, State ch
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for it in the INSERT statement. For
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And sure enough, we get back the on
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Chapter 4: JOINs 82 returned is in
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Chapter 4: JOINs 84 Using an INNER
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Chapter 4: JOINs 86 Uh, oh — this
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Chapter 4: JOINs How It Works Unlik
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Chapter 4: JOINs If we were to look
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Chapter 4: JOINs 92 What I’m tryi
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Chapter 4: JOINs 16 Mountain-500 Si
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Chapter 4: JOINs 96 Let’s use thi
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Chapter 4: JOINs 98 vendor. We’re
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Chapter 4: JOINs 100 Somehow, we lo
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Chapter 4: JOINs Try It Out FULL JO
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Chapter 4: JOINs Every time I teach
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Chapter 4: JOINs JOIN Sales.Special
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Chapter 4: JOINs Figure 4-1 As alwa
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Chapter 4: JOINs 110 CREATE TABLE U
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Chapter 4: JOINs There are two diff
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Chapter 5: Creating and Altering Ta
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Chapter 6: Constraints At a more sp
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Chapter 6: Constraints We can then
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Chapter 6: Constraints A table can
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Chapter 6: Constraints FOREIGN KEY
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Chapter 6: Constraints How It Works
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Chapter 6: Constraints Cascading Ac
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Chapter 6: Constraints 166 This is
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Chapter 6: Constraints 168 FROM Ord
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Chapter 6: Constraints 170 Let’s
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Chapter 6: Constraints CHECK Constr
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Chapter 6: Constraints Defining a D
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Chapter 6: Constraints Ignoring Bad
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Chapter 6: Constraints Try running
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Chapter 6: Constraints Rules and De
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Chapter 6: Constraints Dropping Rul
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Chapter 6: Constraints 184 Restrict
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7 Adding More to Our Queries When I
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Building a Nested Subquery A nested
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While this works just fine, queries
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We’ll go back to the AdventureWor
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❑ Aliases are used in both querie
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Now let’s see this at work in our
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So let’s take this now and apply
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This join-based syntax, for example
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IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT ‘True’ FR
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The conversions can actually get a
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there are no other roll up records
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GROUP BY soh.OrderDate, sod.Product
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OUTPUT $action, inserted.Year, inse
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The long-standing, traditional view
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8 Being Normal: Normalization and O
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Chapter 8: Being Normal: Normalizat
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9 SQL Ser ver Storage and Index Str
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Page Splits When a page becomes ful
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The point here is that what happens
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Page Splits — A First Look All of
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You may hear lots of bad things abo
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Navigating the Tree Figure 9-4 As I
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there was no link between the data.
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Root Non-Leaf Level Leaf Level Figu
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The CREATE INDEX Statement The CREA
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FILLFACTOR When SQL Server first cr
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works only if tempdb is on a separa
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Secondary XML Indexes Chapter 9: SQ
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occur, and that one or more non-lea
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isn’t room on the page, SQL Serve
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more administrator oriented and usu
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The Database Engine Tuning Advisor
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The output is far more self-describ
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We use a FILLFACTOR when we need to
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Chapter 9: SQL Server Storage and I
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Chapter 10: Views The preceding syn
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Chapter 10: Views 302 columns to a
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Chapter 10: Views Try It Out Using
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Chapter 10: Views 306 soh.SalesOrde
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Chapter 10: Views AW00000676 43659
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Chapter 10: Views NULL values will
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Chapter 10: Views Editing V iews wi
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Chapter 10: Views 314 There are fou
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Chapter 10: Views Editing Views in
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Chapter 10: Views 318 In addition,
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Chapter 10: Views 320 from the firs
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Chapter 10: Views You can get the y
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11 Writing Scripts and Batches Whet
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Next we have a DECLARE statement to
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I’m not going to pick any bones a
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Using @@IDENTITY @@IDENTITY is one
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How It Works What we’re doing in
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DECLARE @RowCount int; --Notice the
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When the editing tool encounters a
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When you think about it, this seems
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So, let’s try a quick query direc
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We now have our text file source fo
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Let’s build an example in the Adv
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DECLARE @InVar varchar(50); DECLARE
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-- This won’t work DECLARE @Numbe
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-- Now we’re run our conditional
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Out of the condition from inner con
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A Simple CASE A simple CASE takes a
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3 8 More Than One Apart 2 2 Ends Wi
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Now, I don’t know about you, but
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The WAITFOR statement does exactly
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IF @ErrorNo = 2714 -- Object exists
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Chapter 11: Writing Scripts and Bat
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Creat
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Dropp
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Confi
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Now,
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures SQL S
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Note
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer RAW
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer AUTO
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer EXPL
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer The
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Chapter 17: Reporting for Duty, Sir
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19 Playing Administrator And so, he
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❑ Write the information to the ev
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Creating Jobs and Tasks Using Manag
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Let’s go ahead and move on to the
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Figure 19-8 Figure 19-9 Chapter 19:
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Figure 19-11 Figure 19-12 Chapter 1
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Backup and Reco very No database-dr
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❑ Differential: This might be ref
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❑ Simple: Under this model, the t
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The older DBCC commands are still s
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many rows inserted over time and th
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Chapter 19: Playing Administrator T
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Appendix A: System Functions In add
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Appendix A: System Functions @@TOTA
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Appendix A: System Functions CHECKS
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Appendix A: System Functions SUM Th
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Appendix A: System Functions The de
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Appendix A: System Functions @@REMS
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Appendix A: System Functions Cert_I
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Appendix A: System Functions Encryp
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Appendix A: System Functions @@FETC
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Appendix A: System Functions CURREN
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Appendix A: System Functions SYSDAT
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Appendix A: System Functions GetRoo
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Appendix A: System Functions The ex
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Appendix A: System Functions RAND T
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Appendix A: System Functions ❑ IN
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Appendix A: System Functions ❑ Is
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Appendix A: System Functions FILEGR
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Appendix A: System Functions INDEX_
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IsCheckCnst IsConstraint IsDefault
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Appendix A: System Functions OBJECT
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Appendix A: System Functions The qu
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Appendix A: System Functions The SU
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Appendix A: System Functions ASCII
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Appendix A: System Functions Text a
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Appendix B: Very Simple Connectivit
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ABS function A ABS function, 611 AC
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closing tags closing tags, XML docu
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cryptographic functions (continued)
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defects defects. See well formed XM
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EXPLICIT option EXPLICIT option bas
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IGNORE_DUP_KEY option (CREATE INDEX
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LOWER function LOWER function, 635
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online transaction-processing (OLTP
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query results query results alphabe
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scripts (continued) creating with M
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state state, basics of, 391 stateme
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transactions (continued) COMMIT TRA
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View Builder View Builder (Manageme
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