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Chapter 13: User-Defined Functions 414 unlikely to return us any data — even if it happened on the same day (it would have had to have happened within in the same minute for a smalldatetime, within a millisecond for a full datetime field, and potentially down to as close as 100 milliseconds for datetime2). The typical solution is to convert the date to a string and back in order to truncate the time information, and then perform the comparison. It might look something like: SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE CONVERT(varchar(12), OrderDate, 101) = CONVERT(varchar(12), GETDATE(), 101) It is certainly worth noting that you could also do this by simply casting the value of @Date to the date data type. I’ve chosen to use CONVERT here just to show a more backward-compatible way of truncating dates (SQL Server 2005 and earlier did not support the date data type). This time, we will get back every row with today’s date in the OrderDate column, regardless of what time of day the order was taken. Unfortunately, this isn’t exactly the most readable code. Imagine you had a large series of dates you needed to perform such comparisons against — it can get very ugly indeed. So now let’s look at doing the same thing with a simple user-defined function. First, we’ll need to create the actual function. This is done with the new CREATE FUNCTION command, and it’s formatted much like a sproc. For example, we might code this function like this: CREATE FUNCTION dbo.DayOnly(@Date date) RETURNS date AS BEGIN RETURN @Date; END where the date returned from GETDATE() is passed in as the parameter and the task of converting the date is included in the function body and the truncated date is returned. Note that the preceding version is a SQL Server 2008 compatible version, relying on the coercion into the parameter’s date data type to truncate the time. If you wanted to do a truncation like this in SQL Server 2005 (as we did with the query-based example), you would need to use the CONVERT function as we did before. For example: CREATE FUNCTION dbo.DayOnly(@Date datetime) RETURNS varchar(12) AS BEGIN RETURN CONVERT(varchar(12), @Date, 101); END To see this function in action, let’s re-format our query slightly: SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE dbo.DayOnly(OrderDate) = dbo.DayOnly(GETDATE());
We get back the same set as with the stand-alone query. Even for a simple query like this one, the new code is quite a bit more readable. The call works pretty much as it would from most languages that support functions. There is, however, one hitch — the schema is required. SQL Server will, for some reason, not resolve scalar value functions the way it does with other objects. As you might expect, there is a lot more to UDFs than just readability. You can embed queries in them and use them as an encapsulation method for subqueries. Almost anything you can do procedurally that returns a discrete value could also be encapsulated in a UDF and used inline with your queries. Let’s take a look at a very simple subquery example. The subquery version looks like this: USE AdventureWorks2008; SELECT Name, ListPrice, (SELECT AVG(ListPrice) FROM Production.Product) AS Average, ListPrice - (SELECT AVG(ListPrice) FROM Production.Product) AS Difference FROM Production.Product WHERE ProductSubCategoryID = 1; -- The Mountain Bikes Sub-cat This gets us back a pretty simple set of data: Name ListPrice Average Difference ------------------------------ ------------ --------------- -------------- Mountain-100 Silver, 38 3399.99 438.6662 2961.3238 Mountain-100 Silver, 42 3399.99 438.6662 2961.3238 Mountain-100 Silver, 44 3399.99 438.6662 2961.3238 Mountain-100 Silver, 48 3399.99 438.6662 2961.3238 Mountain-100 Black, 38 3374.99 438.6662 2936.3238 Mountain-100 Black, 42 3374.99 438.6662 2936.3238 … … Mountain-500 Silver, 52 564.99 438.6662 126.3238 Mountain-500 Black, 40 539.99 438.6662 101.3238 Mountain-500 Black, 42 539.99 438.6662 101.3238 Mountain-500 Black, 44 539.99 438.6662 101.3238 Mountain-500 Black, 48 539.99 438.6662 101.3238 Mountain-500 Black, 52 539.99 438.6662 101.3238 (32 row(s) affected) Let’s try it again, only this time we’ll encapsulate both the average and the difference into two functions. The first encapsulates the task of calculating the average and the second does the subtraction. CREATE FUNCTION dbo.AveragePrice() RETURNS money WITH SCHEMABINDING AS BEGIN RETURN (SELECT AVG(ListPrice) FROM Production.Product); END GO Chapter 13: User-Defined Functions 415
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Programmer to Programmer Get more
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Beginning Microsoft SQL Ser ver® 2
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Beginning Microsoft SQL Ser ver® 2
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About the Author Experiencing his f
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Acknowledgments Over the years, the
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Contents Chapter 2:T ools of the T
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Contents xviii The CREATE Statement
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Contents xx Correlated Subqueries 1
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Contents xxii SORT_IN_TEMPDB 280 ON
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Contents xxiv Control-of-Flow State
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Contents xxvi How the SQL Ser ver L
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Contents Chapter 16: A Brief XML Pr
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Contents Chapter 19: Pla ying Admin
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Introduction The beginning user wil
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Introduction ❏ We show file names
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Introduction xxxvi ❏ Understand t
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Chapter 1: RDBMS Basics: What Makes
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 22 My
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade ❑ S
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 26 Ke
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 28 Th
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 30 lo
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 32 3.
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 34 Fi
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade Figur
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade Note
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade bcp i
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3 The Foundation Statements of T-SQ
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asic SELECT statement. Fire up the
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Now let’s try taking a little bit
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very few of your tables will have s
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Operator Example Usage Effect ALL,
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Chapter 3: The Foundation Statement
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WHERE SalesOrderID IN (43660, 43670
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AVG This one is for computing avera
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efore, but remove the two AS keywor
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You’ll get a result that is a bit
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What if we want to place conditions
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Let’s say, for example, that we w
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City varchar(20) NOT NULL, State ch
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for it in the INSERT statement. For
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And sure enough, we get back the on
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Chapter 4: JOINs 82 returned is in
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Chapter 4: JOINs 84 Using an INNER
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Chapter 4: JOINs 86 Uh, oh — this
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Chapter 4: JOINs How It Works Unlik
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Chapter 4: JOINs If we were to look
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Chapter 4: JOINs 92 What I’m tryi
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Chapter 4: JOINs 16 Mountain-500 Si
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Chapter 4: JOINs 96 Let’s use thi
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Chapter 4: JOINs 98 vendor. We’re
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Chapter 4: JOINs 100 Somehow, we lo
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Chapter 4: JOINs Try It Out FULL JO
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Chapter 4: JOINs Every time I teach
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Chapter 4: JOINs JOIN Sales.Special
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Chapter 4: JOINs Figure 4-1 As alwa
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Chapter 4: JOINs 110 CREATE TABLE U
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Chapter 4: JOINs There are two diff
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Chapter 5: Creating and Altering Ta
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Chapter 6: Constraints At a more sp
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Chapter 6: Constraints We can then
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Chapter 6: Constraints A table can
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Chapter 6: Constraints FOREIGN KEY
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Chapter 6: Constraints How It Works
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Chapter 6: Constraints Cascading Ac
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Chapter 6: Constraints 166 This is
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Chapter 6: Constraints 168 FROM Ord
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Chapter 6: Constraints 170 Let’s
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Chapter 6: Constraints CHECK Constr
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Chapter 6: Constraints Defining a D
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Chapter 6: Constraints Ignoring Bad
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Chapter 6: Constraints Try running
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Chapter 6: Constraints Rules and De
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Chapter 6: Constraints Dropping Rul
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Chapter 6: Constraints 184 Restrict
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7 Adding More to Our Queries When I
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Building a Nested Subquery A nested
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While this works just fine, queries
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We’ll go back to the AdventureWor
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❑ Aliases are used in both querie
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Now let’s see this at work in our
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So let’s take this now and apply
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This join-based syntax, for example
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IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT ‘True’ FR
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The conversions can actually get a
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there are no other roll up records
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GROUP BY soh.OrderDate, sod.Product
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OUTPUT $action, inserted.Year, inse
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The long-standing, traditional view
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8 Being Normal: Normalization and O
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Chapter 8: Being Normal: Normalizat
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9 SQL Ser ver Storage and Index Str
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Page Splits When a page becomes ful
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The point here is that what happens
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Page Splits — A First Look All of
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You may hear lots of bad things abo
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Navigating the Tree Figure 9-4 As I
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there was no link between the data.
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Root Non-Leaf Level Leaf Level Figu
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The CREATE INDEX Statement The CREA
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FILLFACTOR When SQL Server first cr
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works only if tempdb is on a separa
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Secondary XML Indexes Chapter 9: SQ
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occur, and that one or more non-lea
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isn’t room on the page, SQL Serve
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more administrator oriented and usu
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The Database Engine Tuning Advisor
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The output is far more self-describ
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We use a FILLFACTOR when we need to
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Chapter 9: SQL Server Storage and I
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Chapter 10: Views The preceding syn
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Chapter 10: Views 302 columns to a
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Chapter 10: Views Try It Out Using
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Chapter 10: Views 306 soh.SalesOrde
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Chapter 10: Views AW00000676 43659
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Chapter 10: Views NULL values will
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Chapter 10: Views Editing V iews wi
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Chapter 10: Views 314 There are fou
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Chapter 10: Views Editing Views in
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Chapter 10: Views 318 In addition,
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Chapter 10: Views 320 from the firs
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Chapter 10: Views You can get the y
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11 Writing Scripts and Batches Whet
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Next we have a DECLARE statement to
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I’m not going to pick any bones a
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Using @@IDENTITY @@IDENTITY is one
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How It Works What we’re doing in
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DECLARE @RowCount int; --Notice the
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When the editing tool encounters a
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When you think about it, this seems
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So, let’s try a quick query direc
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We now have our text file source fo
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Let’s build an example in the Adv
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DECLARE @InVar varchar(50); DECLARE
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-- This won’t work DECLARE @Numbe
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-- Now we’re run our conditional
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Out of the condition from inner con
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A Simple CASE A simple CASE takes a
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3 8 More Than One Apart 2 2 Ends Wi
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Now, I don’t know about you, but
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The WAITFOR statement does exactly
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Chapter 15: Triggers Trigger Firing
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Chapter 15: Triggers Like regular t
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Chapter 15: Triggers The COLUMNS_UP
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Chapter 15: Triggers This is the sa
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Chapter 15: Triggers 472 we have th
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer So,
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Figu
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Elem
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer ❑
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer 482
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Name
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer The
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer 2. W
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer SQL
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer So,
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer If,
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Note
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer RAW
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer AUTO
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer EXPL
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Chapter 17: Reporting for Duty, Sir
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19 Playing Administrator And so, he
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❑ Write the information to the ev
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Creating Jobs and Tasks Using Manag
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Let’s go ahead and move on to the
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Figure 19-8 Figure 19-9 Chapter 19:
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Figure 19-11 Figure 19-12 Chapter 1
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Backup and Reco very No database-dr
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❑ Differential: This might be ref
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❑ Simple: Under this model, the t
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The older DBCC commands are still s
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many rows inserted over time and th
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Chapter 19: Playing Administrator T
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Appendix A: System Functions In add
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Appendix A: System Functions @@TOTA
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Appendix A: System Functions CHECKS
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Appendix A: System Functions SUM Th
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Appendix A: System Functions The de
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Appendix A: System Functions @@REMS
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Appendix A: System Functions Cert_I
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Appendix A: System Functions Encryp
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Appendix A: System Functions @@FETC
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Appendix A: System Functions CURREN
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Appendix A: System Functions SYSDAT
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Appendix A: System Functions GetRoo
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Appendix A: System Functions The ex
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Appendix A: System Functions RAND T
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Appendix A: System Functions ❑ IN
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Appendix A: System Functions ❑ Is
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Appendix A: System Functions FILEGR
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Appendix A: System Functions INDEX_
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IsCheckCnst IsConstraint IsDefault
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Appendix A: System Functions OBJECT
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Appendix A: System Functions The qu
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Appendix A: System Functions The SU
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Appendix A: System Functions ASCII
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Appendix A: System Functions The ch
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Appendix A: System Functions UNICOD
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Appendix A: System Functions CAST a
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Appendix A: System Functions NULLIF
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Appendix A: System Functions Text a
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Appendix B: Very Simple Connectivit
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ABS function A ABS function, 611 AC
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closing tags closing tags, XML docu
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cryptographic functions (continued)
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defects defects. See well formed XM
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EXPLICIT option EXPLICIT option bas
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IGNORE_DUP_KEY option (CREATE INDEX
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LOWER function LOWER function, 635
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online transaction-processing (OLTP
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query results query results alphabe
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scripts (continued) creating with M
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state state, basics of, 391 stateme
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transactions (continued) COMMIT TRA
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View Builder View Builder (Manageme
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