Beginning Microsoft SQL Server 2008 ... - S3 Tech Training

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Chapter 8: Being Normal: Normalization and Other Basic Design Issues A second example — one that used to apply frequently to SQL Server prior to version 7.0 — is when you have too much information to fit in one row. Remember that the maximum row size for SQL Server is 8060 bytes of non-BLOB data. That’s a lot harder to fill than version 6.5’s 1962 bytes, but you can still have situations that require you to store a very large number of columns or even fewer very wide columns. One way to get around this problem was to actually create two different tables and split our rows between the tables. We could then impose a one-to-one relationship. The combination of the matching rows in the two tables then meets our larger row size requirement. Zero or One-to-One 228 SQL Server has no inherent method of enforcing a true one-to-one relationship. You can say that table A requires a matching record in table B, but when you then add that table B must have a matching record in table A, you create a paradox — which table gets the record first? If you need to enforce this kind of relationship in SQL Server, the best you can do is force all inserts to be done via a stored procedure. The stored procedure can have the logic to insert into both tables or neither table. Neither foreign key constraints nor triggers can handle this circular relationship. SQL Server can handle the instance of zero or one-to-one relationships. This is essentially the same as a one-to-one, with the difference that one side of the relationship has the option of either having a record or not. Going back to our parent company vs. subsidiary example, you might prefer to create a relationship where the parent company needs to have a matching record for each subsidiary’s records, but the subsidiary doesn’t need the information from the parent. You could, for example, have subsidiaries that have very different customers (such as a railroad and a construction company). The parent company wants to know about all the customers regardless of what business they came from, but your construction company probably doesn’t care about your railroad customers. In such a case, you would have zero or one construction customers to one parent company customer record. Zero or one-to-one relationships can be enforced in SQL Server through: ❑ A combination of a unique or primary key with a foreign key constraint. A foreign key constraint can enforce that at least one record must exist in the “one” (or parent company in our example) table, but it can’t ensure that only one exists (there could be more than one). Using a primary key or unique constraint would ensure that one was indeed the limit. ❑ Triggers. Note that triggers would be required in both tables. The reason SQL Server can handle a zero or one-to-one, but not a one-to-one relationship is due to the “which goes first” problem. In a true one-to-one relationship, you can’t insert into either table because the record in the other table isn’t there yet — it’s a paradox. However, with a zero or one-to-one, you can insert into the required table first (the “one”), and the optional table (the zero or one), if desired, second. This same problem will hold true for the “one-to-one or many” and the “one to zero, one, or many” relationships also.
Chapter 8: Being Normal: Normalization and Other Basic Design Issues One-to-One or Many This is one form of your run-of-the-mill, average, everyday foreign key kind of relationship. Usually, this is found in some form of header/detail relationship. A great example of this would be our Orders situation, as shown in Figure 8-3. OrderDetails (the one or many side of the relationship) doesn’t make much sense without an Orders header to belong to (does it do you much good to have an order for a part if you don’t know who the order is for?). Likewise, it doesn’t make much sense to have an order if there wasn’t anything actually ordered (for example, “Gee, look, ACME company ordered absolutely nothing yesterday.”). Figure 8-3 Order No(PK) Line Item(PK) Part No Qty Unit Price Total Price 100 100 100 100 101 102 102 102 103 103 103 Order No(PK) Order Date Customer No 1 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 100 101 102 103 1/1/1999 1/1/1999 1/1/1999 1/1/1999 1A4536 0R2400 0R2403 4I5436 3X9567 8G9200 8G5437 3H6250 8G9200 2P5523 3X9567 5 4 4 1 1 7 1 1 40 1 1 54545 12000 66651 54545 15 27 29 750 62.50 12 15 32 12 165 42 75 108 116 750 62.50 84 15 32 480 165 42 229
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Programmer to Programmer Get more
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Beginning Microsoft SQL Ser ver® 2
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Beginning Microsoft SQL Ser ver® 2
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About the Author Experiencing his f
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Acknowledgments Over the years, the
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Contents Chapter 2:T ools of the T
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Contents xviii The CREATE Statement
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Contents xx Correlated Subqueries 1
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Contents xxii SORT_IN_TEMPDB 280 ON
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Contents xxiv Control-of-Flow State
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Contents xxvi How the SQL Ser ver L
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Contents Chapter 16: A Brief XML Pr
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Contents Chapter 19: Pla ying Admin
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Introduction The beginning user wil
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Introduction ❏ We show file names
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Introduction xxxvi ❏ Understand t
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Chapter 1: RDBMS Basics: What Makes
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 22 My
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade ❑ S
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 26 Ke
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 28 Th
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 30 lo
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 32 3.
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 34 Fi
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade Figur
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade Note
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade bcp i
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3 The Foundation Statements of T-SQ
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asic SELECT statement. Fire up the
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Now let’s try taking a little bit
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very few of your tables will have s
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Operator Example Usage Effect ALL,
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Chapter 3: The Foundation Statement
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WHERE SalesOrderID IN (43660, 43670
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AVG This one is for computing avera
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efore, but remove the two AS keywor
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You’ll get a result that is a bit
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What if we want to place conditions
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Let’s say, for example, that we w
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City varchar(20) NOT NULL, State ch
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for it in the INSERT statement. For
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And sure enough, we get back the on
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Chapter 4: JOINs 82 returned is in
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Chapter 4: JOINs 84 Using an INNER
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Chapter 4: JOINs 86 Uh, oh — this
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Chapter 4: JOINs How It Works Unlik
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Chapter 4: JOINs If we were to look
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Chapter 4: JOINs 92 What I’m tryi
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Chapter 4: JOINs 16 Mountain-500 Si
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Chapter 4: JOINs 96 Let’s use thi
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Chapter 4: JOINs 98 vendor. We’re
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Chapter 4: JOINs 100 Somehow, we lo
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Chapter 4: JOINs Try It Out FULL JO
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Chapter 4: JOINs Every time I teach
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Chapter 4: JOINs JOIN Sales.Special
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Chapter 4: JOINs Figure 4-1 As alwa
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Chapter 4: JOINs 110 CREATE TABLE U
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Chapter 4: JOINs There are two diff
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Chapter 5: Creating and Altering Ta
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Chapter 6: Constraints At a more sp
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Chapter 6: Constraints We can then
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Chapter 6: Constraints A table can
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Chapter 6: Constraints FOREIGN KEY
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Chapter 6: Constraints How It Works
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Chapter 6: Constraints Cascading Ac
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Chapter 6: Constraints 166 This is
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Chapter 6: Constraints 168 FROM Ord
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Chapter 6: Constraints 170 Let’s
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Chapter 6: Constraints CHECK Constr
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Chapter 6: Constraints Defining a D
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Chapter 6: Constraints Ignoring Bad
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Page 225 and 226: 7 Adding More to Our Queries When I
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FILLFACTOR When SQL Server first cr
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works only if tempdb is on a separa
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Secondary XML Indexes Chapter 9: SQ
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occur, and that one or more non-lea
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isn’t room on the page, SQL Serve
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more administrator oriented and usu
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The Database Engine Tuning Advisor
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The output is far more self-describ
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We use a FILLFACTOR when we need to
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Chapter 9: SQL Server Storage and I
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Chapter 10: Views The preceding syn
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Chapter 10: Views 302 columns to a
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Chapter 10: Views Try It Out Using
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Chapter 10: Views 306 soh.SalesOrde
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Chapter 10: Views AW00000676 43659
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Chapter 10: Views NULL values will
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Chapter 10: Views Editing V iews wi
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Chapter 10: Views 314 There are fou
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Chapter 10: Views Editing Views in
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Chapter 10: Views 318 In addition,
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Chapter 10: Views 320 from the firs
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Chapter 10: Views You can get the y
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11 Writing Scripts and Batches Whet
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Next we have a DECLARE statement to
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I’m not going to pick any bones a
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Using @@IDENTITY @@IDENTITY is one
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How It Works What we’re doing in
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DECLARE @RowCount int; --Notice the
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When the editing tool encounters a
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When you think about it, this seems
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So, let’s try a quick query direc
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We now have our text file source fo
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Let’s build an example in the Adv
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DECLARE @InVar varchar(50); DECLARE
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-- This won’t work DECLARE @Numbe
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-- Now we’re run our conditional
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Out of the condition from inner con
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A Simple CASE A simple CASE takes a
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3 8 More Than One Apart 2 2 Ends Wi
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Now, I don’t know about you, but
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The WAITFOR statement does exactly
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IF @ErrorNo = 2714 -- Object exists
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Chapter 11: Writing Scripts and Bat
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Creat
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Dropp
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Suppl
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Confi
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Now,
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures SQL S
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13 User-Defined Functions Well, her
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types!), except for BLOBs, cursors,
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We get back the same set as with th
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AS RETURN (SELECT BusinessEntityID,
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in your relational database. These
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AS BEGIN ( EmployeeID int NOT NULL,
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So, as you can see, we can actually
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Despite being schema-bound, this on
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14 Transactions and Locks This is o
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we are unable or do not want to com
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Figure 14-1 Data needed Data in cac
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Transaction 4 This transaction wasn
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Oops — problem!!! Transaction 2 h
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The only cure for this is setting y
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Exclusive Locks Exclusive locks are
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Also: ❑ The Sch-S is compatible w
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The syntax for switching between th
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As with most things in life, howeve
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purchased. Process 2 records sales;
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Chapter 14: Transactions and Locks
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Chapter 15: Triggers the world’s
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Chapter 15: Triggers WITH ENCRYPTIO
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Chapter 15: Triggers FOR|AFTER The
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Chapter 15: Triggers 458 To illustr
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Chapter 15: Triggers 460 IF EXISTS
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Chapter 15: Triggers ❑ Feeding de
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Chapter 15: Triggers Trigger Firing
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Chapter 15: Triggers Like regular t
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Chapter 15: Triggers The COLUMNS_UP
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Chapter 15: Triggers This is the sa
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Chapter 15: Triggers 472 we have th
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer So,
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Figu
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Elem
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer ❑
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer 482
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Name
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer The
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer 2. W
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer SQL
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer So,
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer If,
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Note
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer RAW
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer AUTO
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer EXPL
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Chapter 17: Reporting for Duty, Sir
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19 Playing Administrator And so, he
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❑ Write the information to the ev
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Creating Jobs and Tasks Using Manag
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Let’s go ahead and move on to the
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Figure 19-8 Figure 19-9 Chapter 19:
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Figure 19-11 Figure 19-12 Chapter 1
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Backup and Reco very No database-dr
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❑ Differential: This might be ref
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❑ Simple: Under this model, the t
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The older DBCC commands are still s
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many rows inserted over time and th
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Chapter 19: Playing Administrator T
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Appendix A: System Functions In add
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Appendix A: System Functions @@TOTA
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Appendix A: System Functions CHECKS
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Appendix A: System Functions SUM Th
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Appendix A: System Functions The de
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Appendix A: System Functions @@REMS
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Appendix A: System Functions Cert_I
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Appendix A: System Functions Encryp
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Appendix A: System Functions @@FETC
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Appendix A: System Functions CURREN
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Appendix A: System Functions SYSDAT
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Appendix A: System Functions GetRoo
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Appendix A: System Functions The ex
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Appendix A: System Functions RAND T
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Appendix A: System Functions ❑ IN
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Appendix A: System Functions ❑ Is
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Appendix A: System Functions FILEGR
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Appendix A: System Functions INDEX_
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IsCheckCnst IsConstraint IsDefault
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Appendix A: System Functions OBJECT
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Appendix A: System Functions The qu
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Appendix A: System Functions The SU
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Appendix A: System Functions ASCII
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Appendix A: System Functions The ch
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Appendix A: System Functions UNICOD
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Appendix A: System Functions NULLIF
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Appendix A: System Functions Text a
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Appendix B: Very Simple Connectivit
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ABS function A ABS function, 611 AC
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closing tags closing tags, XML docu
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cryptographic functions (continued)
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defects defects. See well formed XM
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EXPLICIT option EXPLICIT option bas
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IGNORE_DUP_KEY option (CREATE INDEX
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LOWER function LOWER function, 635
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online transaction-processing (OLTP
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query results query results alphabe
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scripts (continued) creating with M
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state state, basics of, 391 stateme
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transactions (continued) COMMIT TRA
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View Builder View Builder (Manageme
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