Beginning Microsoft SQL Server 2008 ... - S3 Tech Training

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Chapter 6: Constraints At a more specific level, we’ll be looking at the methods of implementing each of these types of constraints, including: ❑ Primary key constraints ❑ Foreign key constraints ❑ Unique constraints (also known as alternate keys) ❑ Check constraints ❑ Default constraints ❑ Rules ❑ Defaults (similar to default constraints) We’ll also take a very cursory look at triggers and stored procedures (there will be much more on these later) as methods of implementing data integrity rules. Types of Constraints There are a number of different ways to implement constraints, but each of them falls into one of three categories — domain, entity, or referential integrity constraints, as illustrated in Figure 6-1. Domain Constraints Domain constraints deal with one or more columns. What we’re talking about here is ensuring that a particular column or set of columns meets particular criteria. When you insert or update a row, the constraint is applied without respect to any other row in the table — it’s the column’s data you’re interested in. For example, if we want to confine the UnitPrice column to include only values that are greater than or equal to zero, that would be a domain constraint. Although any row that had a UnitPrice that didn’t meet the constraint would be rejected, we’re actually enforcing integrity to make sure that the entire column (no matter how many rows) meets the constraint. The domain is the column, and our constraint is a domain constraint. We’ll see this kind of constraint when dealing with check constraints, rules, defaults, and default constraints. Entity Constraints 154 Entity constraints are all about individual rows. This form of constraint doesn’t really care about a column as a whole; it’s interested in a particular row, and would best be exemplified by a constraint that requires every row to have a unique value for a column or combination of columns. “What,” you say, “a unique column? Doesn’t that mean it’s a domain constraint?” No, it doesn’t. We’re not saying that a column has to meet any particular format, or that the value has to be greater or less than anything. What we’re saying is that for this row, the same value can’t already exist in some other row. We’ll see this kind of constraint when dealing with primary key and unique constraints.
Orders Table (Order ID Column) Figure 6-1 Order ID Referential Integrity Constraints 1 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 Referential Integrity Constraint Line Item 1 1 1 Referential integrity constraints are created when a value in one column must match the value in another column — in either the same table or, far more typically, a different table. Let’s say that we are taking orders for a product and that we accept credit cards. In order to be paid by the credit card company, we need to have some form of merchant agreement with that company. We don’t want our employees to take credit cards from companies that aren’t going to pay us back. That’s where referential integrity comes in — it allows us to build what we would call a domain or lookup table. A domain table is a table whose sole purpose in life is to provide a limited list (often called a domain list) of acceptable values. In our case, we might build a table that looks something like this: CreditCardID CreditCard 1 VISA 2 MasterCard 3 Discover Card 4 American Express 2 1 2 3 1 Domain Constraint Part Number 0R2400 3I8764 2P9500 3X5436 1R5564 8H0805 3H6665 7Y0024 Chapter 6: Constraints Unit Price 45.00 75.36 98.50 12.00 .98 457.00 65.00 26.75 Entity Constraint 155
Page 2 and 3:
Programmer to Programmer Get more
Page 5:
Beginning Microsoft SQL Ser ver® 2
Page 8 and 9:
Beginning Microsoft SQL Ser ver® 2
Page 11:
About the Author Experiencing his f
Page 15:
Acknowledgments Over the years, the
Page 18 and 19:
Contents Chapter 2:T ools of the T
Page 20 and 21:
Contents xviii The CREATE Statement
Page 22 and 23:
Contents xx Correlated Subqueries 1
Page 24 and 25:
Contents xxii SORT_IN_TEMPDB 280 ON
Page 26 and 27:
Contents xxiv Control-of-Flow State
Page 28 and 29:
Contents xxvi How the SQL Ser ver L
Page 30 and 31:
Contents Chapter 16: A Brief XML Pr
Page 32 and 33:
Contents Chapter 19: Pla ying Admin
Page 34 and 35:
Introduction The beginning user wil
Page 36 and 37:
Introduction ❏ We show file names
Page 38 and 39:
Introduction xxxvi ❏ Understand t
Page 40 and 41:
Chapter 1: RDBMS Basics: What Makes
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 22 My
Page 62 and 63:
Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade ❑ S
Page 64 and 65:
Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 26 Ke
Page 66 and 67:
Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 28 Th
Page 68 and 69:
Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 30 lo
Page 70 and 71:
Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 32 3.
Page 72 and 73:
Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 34 Fi
Page 74 and 75:
Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade Figur
Page 76 and 77:
Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade Note
Page 78 and 79:
Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade bcp i
Page 81 and 82:
3 The Foundation Statements of T-SQ
Page 83 and 84:
asic SELECT statement. Fire up the
Page 85 and 86:
Now let’s try taking a little bit
Page 87 and 88:
very few of your tables will have s
Page 89 and 90:
Operator Example Usage Effect ALL,
Page 91 and 92:
Chapter 3: The Foundation Statement
Page 93 and 94:
WHERE SalesOrderID IN (43660, 43670
Page 95 and 96:
AVG This one is for computing avera
Page 97 and 98:
efore, but remove the two AS keywor
Page 99 and 100:
You’ll get a result that is a bit
Page 101 and 102:
What if we want to place conditions
Page 103 and 104:
Let’s say, for example, that we w
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
City varchar(20) NOT NULL, State ch
Page 109 and 110:
for it in the INSERT statement. For
Page 111 and 112:
And sure enough, we get back the on
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117:
Page 120 and 121:
Chapter 4: JOINs 82 returned is in
Page 122 and 123:
Chapter 4: JOINs 84 Using an INNER
Page 124 and 125:
Chapter 4: JOINs 86 Uh, oh — this
Page 126 and 127:
Chapter 4: JOINs How It Works Unlik
Page 128 and 129:
Chapter 4: JOINs If we were to look
Page 130 and 131:
Chapter 4: JOINs 92 What I’m tryi
Page 132 and 133:
Chapter 4: JOINs 16 Mountain-500 Si
Page 134 and 135:
Chapter 4: JOINs 96 Let’s use thi
Page 136 and 137:
Chapter 4: JOINs 98 vendor. We’re
Page 138 and 139:
Chapter 4: JOINs 100 Somehow, we lo
Page 140 and 141:
Chapter 4: JOINs Try It Out FULL JO
Page 142 and 143: Chapter 4: JOINs Every time I teach
Page 144 and 145: Chapter 4: JOINs JOIN Sales.Special
Page 146 and 147: Chapter 4: JOINs Figure 4-1 As alwa
Page 148 and 149: Chapter 4: JOINs 110 CREATE TABLE U
Page 150 and 151: Chapter 4: JOINs There are two diff
Page 152 and 153: Chapter 5: Creating and Altering Ta
Page 194 and 195: Chapter 6: Constraints We can then
Page 196 and 197: Chapter 6: Constraints A table can
Page 198 and 199: Chapter 6: Constraints FOREIGN KEY
Page 200 and 201: Chapter 6: Constraints How It Works
Page 202 and 203: Chapter 6: Constraints Cascading Ac
Page 204 and 205: Chapter 6: Constraints 166 This is
Page 206 and 207: Chapter 6: Constraints 168 FROM Ord
Page 208 and 209: Chapter 6: Constraints 170 Let’s
Page 210 and 211: Chapter 6: Constraints CHECK Constr
Page 212 and 213: Chapter 6: Constraints Defining a D
Page 214 and 215: Chapter 6: Constraints Ignoring Bad
Page 216 and 217: Chapter 6: Constraints Try running
Page 218 and 219: Chapter 6: Constraints Rules and De
Page 220 and 221: Chapter 6: Constraints Dropping Rul
Page 222 and 223: Chapter 6: Constraints 184 Restrict
Page 225 and 226: 7 Adding More to Our Queries When I
Page 227 and 228: Building a Nested Subquery A nested
Page 229 and 230: While this works just fine, queries
Page 231 and 232: We’ll go back to the AdventureWor
Page 233 and 234: ❑ Aliases are used in both querie
Page 235 and 236: Now let’s see this at work in our
Page 237 and 238: So let’s take this now and apply
Page 239 and 240: This join-based syntax, for example
Page 241 and 242: IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT ‘True’ FR
Page 243 and 244:
The conversions can actually get a
Page 245 and 246:
there are no other roll up records
Page 247 and 248:
GROUP BY soh.OrderDate, sod.Product
Page 249 and 250:
OUTPUT $action, inserted.Year, inse
Page 251 and 252:
The long-standing, traditional view
Page 253 and 254:
8 Being Normal: Normalization and O
Page 255 and 256:
Chapter 8: Being Normal: Normalizat
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
9 SQL Ser ver Storage and Index Str
Page 301 and 302:
Page Splits When a page becomes ful
Page 303 and 304:
The point here is that what happens
Page 305 and 306:
Page Splits — A First Look All of
Page 307 and 308:
You may hear lots of bad things abo
Page 309 and 310:
Navigating the Tree Figure 9-4 As I
Page 311 and 312:
there was no link between the data.
Page 313 and 314:
Root Non-Leaf Level Leaf Level Figu
Page 315 and 316:
The CREATE INDEX Statement The CREA
Page 317 and 318:
FILLFACTOR When SQL Server first cr
Page 319 and 320:
works only if tempdb is on a separa
Page 321 and 322:
Secondary XML Indexes Chapter 9: SQ
Page 323 and 324:
occur, and that one or more non-lea
Page 325 and 326:
isn’t room on the page, SQL Serve
Page 327 and 328:
more administrator oriented and usu
Page 329 and 330:
The Database Engine Tuning Advisor
Page 331 and 332:
The output is far more self-describ
Page 333 and 334:
We use a FILLFACTOR when we need to
Page 335:
Chapter 9: SQL Server Storage and I
Page 338 and 339:
Chapter 10: Views The preceding syn
Page 340 and 341:
Chapter 10: Views 302 columns to a
Page 342 and 343:
Chapter 10: Views Try It Out Using
Page 344 and 345:
Chapter 10: Views 306 soh.SalesOrde
Page 346 and 347:
Chapter 10: Views AW00000676 43659
Page 348 and 349:
Chapter 10: Views NULL values will
Page 350 and 351:
Chapter 10: Views Editing V iews wi
Page 352 and 353:
Chapter 10: Views 314 There are fou
Page 354 and 355:
Chapter 10: Views Editing Views in
Page 356 and 357:
Chapter 10: Views 318 In addition,
Page 358 and 359:
Chapter 10: Views 320 from the firs
Page 360 and 361:
Chapter 10: Views You can get the y
Page 363 and 364:
11 Writing Scripts and Batches Whet
Page 365 and 366:
Next we have a DECLARE statement to
Page 367 and 368:
I’m not going to pick any bones a
Page 369 and 370:
Using @@IDENTITY @@IDENTITY is one
Page 371 and 372:
How It Works What we’re doing in
Page 373 and 374:
DECLARE @RowCount int; --Notice the
Page 375 and 376:
When the editing tool encounters a
Page 377 and 378:
When you think about it, this seems
Page 379 and 380:
So, let’s try a quick query direc
Page 381 and 382:
We now have our text file source fo
Page 383 and 384:
Let’s build an example in the Adv
Page 385 and 386:
DECLARE @InVar varchar(50); DECLARE
Page 387 and 388:
-- This won’t work DECLARE @Numbe
Page 389 and 390:
-- Now we’re run our conditional
Page 391 and 392:
Out of the condition from inner con
Page 393 and 394:
A Simple CASE A simple CASE takes a
Page 395 and 396:
3 8 More Than One Apart 2 2 Ends Wi
Page 397 and 398:
Now, I don’t know about you, but
Page 399 and 400:
The WAITFOR statement does exactly
Page 401 and 402:
IF @ErrorNo = 2714 -- Object exists
Page 403:
Chapter 11: Writing Scripts and Bat
Page 406 and 407:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Creat
Page 408 and 409:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Dropp
Page 410 and 411:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Suppl
Page 412 and 413:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures 374 [
Page 414 and 415:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Confi
Page 416 and 417:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Now,
Page 418 and 419:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures SQL S
Page 420 and 421:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures 382 c
Page 422 and 423:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures It wo
Page 424 and 425:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures 386 r
Page 426 and 427:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures 388 -
Page 428 and 429:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Note
Page 430 and 431:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures 392 n
Page 432 and 433:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures All t
Page 434 and 435:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Sproc
Page 436 and 437:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures When
Page 438 and 439:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures 400 @
Page 440 and 441:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures I’d
Page 442 and 443:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures match
Page 444 and 445:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures There
Page 446 and 447:
Chapter 12: Stored Procedures 408 f
Page 449 and 450:
13 User-Defined Functions Well, her
Page 451 and 452:
types!), except for BLOBs, cursors,
Page 453 and 454:
We get back the same set as with th
Page 455 and 456:
AS RETURN (SELECT BusinessEntityID,
Page 457 and 458:
in your relational database. These
Page 459 and 460:
AS BEGIN ( EmployeeID int NOT NULL,
Page 461 and 462:
So, as you can see, we can actually
Page 463 and 464:
Despite being schema-bound, this on
Page 465 and 466:
14 Transactions and Locks This is o
Page 467 and 468:
we are unable or do not want to com
Page 469 and 470:
Figure 14-1 Data needed Data in cac
Page 471 and 472:
Transaction 4 This transaction wasn
Page 473 and 474:
Oops — problem!!! Transaction 2 h
Page 475 and 476:
The only cure for this is setting y
Page 477 and 478:
Exclusive Locks Exclusive locks are
Page 479 and 480:
Also: ❑ The Sch-S is compatible w
Page 481 and 482:
The syntax for switching between th
Page 483 and 484:
As with most things in life, howeve
Page 485 and 486:
purchased. Process 2 records sales;
Page 487:
Chapter 14: Transactions and Locks
Page 490 and 491:
Chapter 15: Triggers the world’s
Page 492 and 493:
Chapter 15: Triggers WITH ENCRYPTIO
Page 494 and 495:
Chapter 15: Triggers FOR|AFTER The
Page 496 and 497:
Chapter 15: Triggers 458 To illustr
Page 498 and 499:
Chapter 15: Triggers 460 IF EXISTS
Page 500 and 501:
Chapter 15: Triggers ❑ Feeding de
Page 502 and 503:
Chapter 15: Triggers Trigger Firing
Page 504 and 505:
Chapter 15: Triggers Like regular t
Page 506 and 507:
Chapter 15: Triggers The COLUMNS_UP
Page 508 and 509:
Chapter 15: Triggers This is the sa
Page 510 and 511:
Chapter 15: Triggers 472 we have th
Page 512 and 513:
Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer So,
Page 514 and 515:
Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Figu
Page 516 and 517:
Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Elem
Page 518 and 519:
Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer ❑
Page 520 and 521:
Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer 482
Page 522 and 523:
Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Name
Page 524 and 525:
Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer The
Page 526 and 527:
Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer 2. W
Page 528 and 529:
Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer SQL
Page 530 and 531:
Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer So,
Page 532 and 533:
Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer If,
Page 534 and 535:
Page 536 and 537:
Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Note
Page 538 and 539:
Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer RAW
Page 540 and 541:
Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer AUTO
Page 542 and 543:
Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer EXPL
Page 544 and 545:
Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Chec
Page 546 and 547:
Page 548 and 549:
Page 550 and 551:
Page 552 and 553:
Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer The
Page 554 and 555:
Page 556 and 557:
Chapter 17: Reporting for Duty, Sir
Page 558 and 559:
Page 560 and 561:
Page 562 and 563:
Page 564 and 565:
Page 566 and 567:
Page 568 and 569:
Page 570 and 571:
Page 572 and 573:
Page 574 and 575:
Page 576 and 577:
Page 578 and 579:
Page 580 and 581:
Page 582 and 583:
Chapter 18: Getting Integrated with
Page 584 and 585:
Page 586 and 587:
Page 588 and 589:
Page 590 and 591:
Page 592 and 593:
Page 594 and 595:
Page 596 and 597:
Page 598 and 599:
Page 601 and 602:
19 Playing Administrator And so, he
Page 603 and 604:
❑ Write the information to the ev
Page 605 and 606:
Creating Jobs and Tasks Using Manag
Page 607 and 608:
Let’s go ahead and move on to the
Page 609 and 610:
Figure 19-8 Figure 19-9 Chapter 19:
Page 611 and 612:
Figure 19-11 Figure 19-12 Chapter 1
Page 613 and 614:
Backup and Reco very No database-dr
Page 615 and 616:
❑ Differential: This might be ref
Page 617 and 618:
❑ Simple: Under this model, the t
Page 619 and 620:
The older DBCC commands are still s
Page 621 and 622:
many rows inserted over time and th
Page 623:
Chapter 19: Playing Administrator T
Page 626 and 627:
Appendix A: System Functions In add
Page 628 and 629:
Appendix A: System Functions @@TOTA
Page 630 and 631:
Appendix A: System Functions CHECKS
Page 632 and 633:
Appendix A: System Functions SUM Th
Page 634 and 635:
Appendix A: System Functions The de
Page 636 and 637:
Appendix A: System Functions @@REMS
Page 638 and 639:
Appendix A: System Functions Cert_I
Page 640 and 641:
Appendix A: System Functions Encryp
Page 642 and 643:
Appendix A: System Functions @@FETC
Page 644 and 645:
Appendix A: System Functions CURREN
Page 646 and 647:
Appendix A: System Functions SYSDAT
Page 648 and 649:
Appendix A: System Functions GetRoo
Page 650 and 651:
Appendix A: System Functions The ex
Page 652 and 653:
Appendix A: System Functions RAND T
Page 654 and 655:
Appendix A: System Functions ❑ IN
Page 656 and 657:
Appendix A: System Functions ❑ Is
Page 658 and 659:
Appendix A: System Functions FILEGR
Page 660 and 661:
Appendix A: System Functions INDEX_
Page 662 and 663:
IsCheckCnst IsConstraint IsDefault
Page 664 and 665:
Appendix A: System Functions OBJECT
Page 666 and 667:
Appendix A: System Functions TYPEPR
Page 668 and 669:
Appendix A: System Functions The qu
Page 670 and 671:
Appendix A: System Functions The SU
Page 672 and 673:
Appendix A: System Functions ASCII
Page 674 and 675:
Appendix A: System Functions The ch
Page 676 and 677:
Appendix A: System Functions UNICOD
Page 678 and 679:
Appendix A: System Functions CAST a
Page 680 and 681:
Appendix A: System Functions HOST_I
Page 682 and 683:
Appendix A: System Functions NULLIF
Page 684 and 685:
Appendix A: System Functions 646 Pr
Page 686 and 687:
Appendix A: System Functions Text a
Page 688 and 689:
Appendix B: Very Simple Connectivit
Page 690 and 691:
Page 692 and 693:
Page 694 and 695:
Page 696 and 697:
ABS function A ABS function, 611 AC
Page 698 and 699:
closing tags closing tags, XML docu
Page 700 and 701:
cryptographic functions (continued)
Page 702 and 703:
defects defects. See well formed XM
Page 704 and 705:
EXPLICIT option EXPLICIT option bas
Page 706 and 707:
IGNORE_DUP_KEY option (CREATE INDEX
Page 708 and 709:
LOWER function LOWER function, 635
Page 710 and 711:
online transaction-processing (OLTP
Page 712 and 713:
query results query results alphabe
Page 714 and 715:
scripts (continued) creating with M
Page 716 and 717:
state state, basics of, 391 stateme
Page 718 and 719:
transactions (continued) COMMIT TRA
Page 720:
View Builder View Builder (Manageme
show all

Beginning Microsoft SQL Server 2008 ... - S3 Tech Training

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?