Beginning Microsoft SQL Server 2008 ... - S3 Tech Training

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Chapter 5: Creating and Altering Tables At this point, you’re ready to start getting into some hardcore details about how to lay out your tables, and a discussion on the concepts of normalization and more general database design. I am, however, actually going to make you wait another chapter before we get there, so that we can talk about constraints and keys somewhat before hitting the design issues. Exercises 1. Using the Management Studio’s script generator, generate <strong>SQL</strong> for both the Customers and the Employees tables. 2. Without using the Management Studio, script a database called MyDB with a starting database size of 17MB and a starting log size of 5MB — set both the log and the database to grow in 5MB increments. 3. Create a table called Foo with a single variable length character field called Col1 — limit the size of Col1 to 50 characters. 152
6 Constraints You’ve heard me talk about them, but now it’s time to look at them seriously — it’s time to deal with constraints. We’ve talked a couple of times already about what constraints are, but let’s review in case you decided to skip straight to this chapter. A constraint is a restriction. Placed at either column or table level, a constraint ensures that your data meets certain data integrity rules. This goes back to the notion that I talked about back in Chapters 1 and 2, that ensuring data integrity is not the responsibility of the programs that use your database, but rather the responsibility of the database itself. If you think about it, this is really cool. Data is inserted, updated, and deleted from the database by many sources. Even in stand-alone applications (situations where only one program accesses the database), the same table may be accessed from many different places in the program. It doesn’t stop there though. Your database administrator (that might mean you if you’re a dual-role kind of person) may be altering data occasionally to deal with problems that arise. In more complex scenarios, you can actually run into situations where literally hundreds of different access paths exist for altering just one piece of data, let alone your entire database. Moving the responsibility for data integrity into the database itself has been revolutionary to database management. There are still many different things that can go wrong when you are attempting to insert data into your database, but your database is now proactive rather than reactive to problems. Many problems with what programs allow into the database are now caught much earlier in the development process because, although the client program allowed the data through, the database knows to reject it. How does it do it? Primarily with constraints (data types and triggers are among the other worker bees of data integrity). In this chapter, we’ll be looking at the three different types of constraints at a high level: ❑ Entity constraints ❑ Domain constraints ❑ Referential integrity constraints
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Programmer to Programmer Get more
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Beginning Microsoft SQL Ser ver® 2
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Beginning Microsoft SQL Ser ver® 2
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About the Author Experiencing his f
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Acknowledgments Over the years, the
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Contents Chapter 2:T ools of the T
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Contents xviii The CREATE Statement
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Contents xx Correlated Subqueries 1
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Contents xxii SORT_IN_TEMPDB 280 ON
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Contents xxiv Control-of-Flow State
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Contents xxvi How the SQL Ser ver L
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Contents Chapter 16: A Brief XML Pr
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Contents Chapter 19: Pla ying Admin
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Introduction The beginning user wil
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Introduction ❏ We show file names
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Introduction xxxvi ❏ Understand t
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Chapter 1: RDBMS Basics: What Makes
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 22 My
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade ❑ S
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 26 Ke
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 28 Th
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 30 lo
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 32 3.
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade 34 Fi
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade Figur
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade Note
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Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade bcp i
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3 The Foundation Statements of T-SQ
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asic SELECT statement. Fire up the
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Now let’s try taking a little bit
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very few of your tables will have s
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Operator Example Usage Effect ALL,
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Chapter 3: The Foundation Statement
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WHERE SalesOrderID IN (43660, 43670
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AVG This one is for computing avera
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efore, but remove the two AS keywor
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You’ll get a result that is a bit
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What if we want to place conditions
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Let’s say, for example, that we w
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City varchar(20) NOT NULL, State ch
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for it in the INSERT statement. For
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And sure enough, we get back the on
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Chapter 4: JOINs 82 returned is in
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Chapter 4: JOINs 84 Using an INNER
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Chapter 4: JOINs 86 Uh, oh — this
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Chapter 4: JOINs How It Works Unlik
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Chapter 4: JOINs If we were to look
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Chapter 4: JOINs 92 What I’m tryi
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Chapter 4: JOINs 16 Mountain-500 Si
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Chapter 4: JOINs 96 Let’s use thi
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Chapter 4: JOINs 98 vendor. We’re
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Chapter 4: JOINs 100 Somehow, we lo
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Page 225 and 226: 7 Adding More to Our Queries When I
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IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT ‘True’ FR
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The conversions can actually get a
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there are no other roll up records
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GROUP BY soh.OrderDate, sod.Product
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OUTPUT $action, inserted.Year, inse
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The long-standing, traditional view
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8 Being Normal: Normalization and O
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Chapter 8: Being Normal: Normalizat
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9 SQL Ser ver Storage and Index Str
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Page Splits When a page becomes ful
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The point here is that what happens
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Page Splits — A First Look All of
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You may hear lots of bad things abo
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Navigating the Tree Figure 9-4 As I
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there was no link between the data.
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Root Non-Leaf Level Leaf Level Figu
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The CREATE INDEX Statement The CREA
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FILLFACTOR When SQL Server first cr
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works only if tempdb is on a separa
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Secondary XML Indexes Chapter 9: SQ
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occur, and that one or more non-lea
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isn’t room on the page, SQL Serve
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more administrator oriented and usu
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The Database Engine Tuning Advisor
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The output is far more self-describ
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We use a FILLFACTOR when we need to
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Chapter 9: SQL Server Storage and I
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Chapter 10: Views The preceding syn
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Chapter 10: Views 302 columns to a
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Chapter 10: Views Try It Out Using
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Chapter 10: Views 306 soh.SalesOrde
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Chapter 10: Views AW00000676 43659
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Chapter 10: Views NULL values will
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Chapter 10: Views Editing V iews wi
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Chapter 10: Views 314 There are fou
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Chapter 10: Views Editing Views in
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Chapter 10: Views 318 In addition,
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Chapter 10: Views 320 from the firs
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Chapter 10: Views You can get the y
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11 Writing Scripts and Batches Whet
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Next we have a DECLARE statement to
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I’m not going to pick any bones a
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Using @@IDENTITY @@IDENTITY is one
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How It Works What we’re doing in
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DECLARE @RowCount int; --Notice the
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When the editing tool encounters a
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When you think about it, this seems
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So, let’s try a quick query direc
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We now have our text file source fo
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Let’s build an example in the Adv
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DECLARE @InVar varchar(50); DECLARE
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-- This won’t work DECLARE @Numbe
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-- Now we’re run our conditional
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Out of the condition from inner con
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A Simple CASE A simple CASE takes a
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3 8 More Than One Apart 2 2 Ends Wi
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Now, I don’t know about you, but
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The WAITFOR statement does exactly
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IF @ErrorNo = 2714 -- Object exists
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Chapter 11: Writing Scripts and Bat
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Creat
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Dropp
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Suppl
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures 374 [
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Confi
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Now,
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures SQL S
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures 382 c
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures It wo
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures 386 r
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures 388 -
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Note
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures 392 n
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures All t
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures Sproc
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures When
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures 400 @
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures I’d
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures match
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures There
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Chapter 12: Stored Procedures 408 f
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13 User-Defined Functions Well, her
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types!), except for BLOBs, cursors,
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We get back the same set as with th
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AS RETURN (SELECT BusinessEntityID,
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in your relational database. These
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AS BEGIN ( EmployeeID int NOT NULL,
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So, as you can see, we can actually
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Despite being schema-bound, this on
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14 Transactions and Locks This is o
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we are unable or do not want to com
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Figure 14-1 Data needed Data in cac
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Transaction 4 This transaction wasn
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Oops — problem!!! Transaction 2 h
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The only cure for this is setting y
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Exclusive Locks Exclusive locks are
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Also: ❑ The Sch-S is compatible w
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The syntax for switching between th
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As with most things in life, howeve
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purchased. Process 2 records sales;
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Chapter 14: Transactions and Locks
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Chapter 15: Triggers the world’s
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Chapter 15: Triggers WITH ENCRYPTIO
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Chapter 15: Triggers FOR|AFTER The
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Chapter 15: Triggers 458 To illustr
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Chapter 15: Triggers 460 IF EXISTS
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Chapter 15: Triggers ❑ Feeding de
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Chapter 15: Triggers Trigger Firing
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Chapter 15: Triggers Like regular t
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Chapter 15: Triggers The COLUMNS_UP
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Chapter 15: Triggers This is the sa
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Chapter 15: Triggers 472 we have th
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer So,
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Figu
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Elem
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer ❑
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer 482
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Name
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer The
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer 2. W
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer SQL
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer So,
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer If,
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Note
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer RAW
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer AUTO
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer EXPL
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer Chec
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Chapter 16: A Brief XML Primer The
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Chapter 17: Reporting for Duty, Sir
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Chapter 18: Getting Integrated with
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19 Playing Administrator And so, he
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❑ Write the information to the ev
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Creating Jobs and Tasks Using Manag
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Let’s go ahead and move on to the
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Figure 19-8 Figure 19-9 Chapter 19:
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Figure 19-11 Figure 19-12 Chapter 1
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Backup and Reco very No database-dr
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❑ Differential: This might be ref
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❑ Simple: Under this model, the t
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The older DBCC commands are still s
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many rows inserted over time and th
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Chapter 19: Playing Administrator T
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Appendix A: System Functions In add
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Appendix A: System Functions @@TOTA
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Appendix A: System Functions CHECKS
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Appendix A: System Functions SUM Th
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Appendix A: System Functions The de
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Appendix A: System Functions @@REMS
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Appendix A: System Functions Cert_I
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Appendix A: System Functions Encryp
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Appendix A: System Functions @@FETC
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Appendix A: System Functions CURREN
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Appendix A: System Functions SYSDAT
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Appendix A: System Functions GetRoo
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Appendix A: System Functions The ex
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Appendix A: System Functions RAND T
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Appendix A: System Functions ❑ IN
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Appendix A: System Functions ❑ Is
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Appendix A: System Functions FILEGR
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Appendix A: System Functions INDEX_
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IsCheckCnst IsConstraint IsDefault
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Appendix A: System Functions OBJECT
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Appendix A: System Functions TYPEPR
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Appendix A: System Functions The qu
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Appendix A: System Functions The SU
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Appendix A: System Functions ASCII
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Appendix A: System Functions The ch
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Appendix A: System Functions UNICOD
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Appendix A: System Functions CAST a
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Appendix A: System Functions HOST_I
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Appendix A: System Functions NULLIF
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Appendix A: System Functions 646 Pr
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Appendix A: System Functions Text a
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Appendix B: Very Simple Connectivit
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ABS function A ABS function, 611 AC
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closing tags closing tags, XML docu
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cryptographic functions (continued)
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defects defects. See well formed XM
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EXPLICIT option EXPLICIT option bas
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IGNORE_DUP_KEY option (CREATE INDEX
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LOWER function LOWER function, 635
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online transaction-processing (OLTP
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query results query results alphabe
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scripts (continued) creating with M
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state state, basics of, 391 stateme
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transactions (continued) COMMIT TRA
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View Builder View Builder (Manageme
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