Yartsa Gunbu - Cordyceps sinensis. Economy - Home

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Goldstein (1996) reports from Sangrima (Xueshan) Township, Dari County, that 3,000 outsiders would come in to dig fungus for a fee of 700 RMB per person, while the local population numbered 1,031. In this case the fees were used by local authorities for pastoral development projects, which considerably improved the local pastoral economy according to Goldstein. Horleman (2002) reports: “it seems that [Cordyceps] resources are presently mainly exploited by Han seasonal migrants and not by the Golok pastoralists. The collectors have to buy a permit from the local authorities, which grants exclusive collection rights for certain sites. However, the pastoralists [..] receive only a small fraction of the collection fees, although they are the ones who suffer most from the grassland degradation caused by extensive digging. Most of the profit from the permits goes to the local authorities, that is, to the townships and to the villages and herders' associations.” Horleman was told by officials that the permits can cost up to 10,000 RMB per season and that over 100,000 migrants are coming to Golok TAP, a number comparable to the overall population. How much a traditional taboo placed on digging yartsa (see above) had contributed to the fact that outsiders were encouraged by the administration to exploit these resources needs further research. Informants and reports also have bitterly complained about the licensing approach, which not only deprived local herders of one of their most lucrative resources, but also left them stuck with degrading holes in their pastures. Outsiders often dig much bigger hoes and thus damage the turf more seriously. Not surprisingly, there are many reports of conflicts between local collectors and outside collectors in Golok. An informant from Jigdril County (Jiuzhi Xian), who financed his high school education with Cordyceps collection, reported frequently scaring away Han and Hui collectors, who had come up to this remote County for chongcao collection. Showing his long Tibetan knife, he cut the encounters short and for that day secured his resource without further discussion. Overall, many Golokpas were not content with the licensing system and wished to exclude outsiders from collecting. Horleman was told that the outside exploitation of medicinal “plant” resources was banned in 2000, but actual enforcement took several years. Costello (2003) reports that administrations finally halted license sale to outsiders in 2003. However, many outsiders are still coming for the season (pers. com. Mick Rigdrol, 2004). The popular demand for preventing outsiders from collecting is understandable taking Costello's (2003) observation into account: “most pastoral families especially the poorer ones make most of their cash income not from selling livestock products, but from digging yartsa. The number of yartsa an individual can find each season varies greatly by individual, but averages between 600 and 1,000. The 20
price for an average yartsa varies both yearly and through the year, varying between 2-4 Yuan each 17 . For those who dig with even average success, the income from yartsa, supplemented with dairy products provides enough for a basic living”. In addition, yartsa also provides income to local dealers. Costello observed that yartsa changes hands 5 times before leaving town. This might explain a common complaint that local collectors do not receive fair prices and that too much profit is made by middlemen. CORDYCEPS IN THE TIBET AR In Tibet AR Cordyceps sinensis in general is distributed in areas with more than 350 mm annual precipitation 18 . In the southern Counties of Nagchu Prefecture, such as Diru (Biru) and Bachen, where some of the best fieldwork so far published on Cordyceps sinensis and its host insects (Chen et al., 2000, 2002) has been carried out. South Nagchu is known for its large yartsa specimens. In Biru County yartsa collection has heavily impacted the local economy according to Ben Jiao (pers. com., 2004); now many locals earn enough money through yartsa collection that they can afford to hire Tibetans from poor areas in Shigatse Prefecture to carry out their agricultural work. During collection season tent cities develop in the grasslands complete with bars, brothels and shops. The County government tries to keep outside pickers away by charging high collection fees; also, there is a tax on trade of Cordyceps sinensis in Biru. Yartsa riches have been spent on new houses and trucks. Also Nyingchi County (Pinyin: Linzhi, Nyingchi Prefecture) blocked access for outsiders in 2003 and started to sell licenses only to locals. However, some locals figured out that selling their licenses to outsiders for good money is easier than collecting themselves. Licenses were partially introduced, since the previous harvest was much lower than previous years. This was attributed to over-collection according to Luorong Zhandui (com., 2004). CORDYCEPS IN THE HIMALAYAS 17 In May 2004 the prize for the biggest specimen peaked at ¥10 (pers. com. A. M. Fischer). 18 The Atlas of Tibet AR (1996) reports Cordyceps sinensis in 47 of TAR’s 75 Counties. Only 2 Counties with less than 300 mm/a are reported to have Cordyceps, while in 8 Counties with precipitation over 310 mm/a Cordyceps is not listed as a source of income. 21
Page 1 and 2: Daniel Winkler Yartsa gunbu - Cordy
Page 3 and 4: The first mentioning of yartsa gunb
Page 5 and 6: Cordyceps is an entomophagous (feed
Page 7 and 8: DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY Cordyceps
Page 9 and 10: proliferates on well-drained sunny
Page 11 and 12: HISTORY OF TRADE Many early western
Page 13 and 14: Lithang, prices are 5% to 10% lower
Page 15 and 16: some moisture when coming onto the
Page 17 and 18: RMB per capita in 1998 (com. Distri
Page 19: documented in recent price increase
Page 23 and 24: either. In short, no widespread dis
Page 25 and 26: Xizang Zizhiqu Dituce (Atlas of Tib
Page 27 and 28: He S. A. & Sheng N., 1995 - Utiliza
Page 29 and 30: Shelton A. L., 1921 - Life among th
Page 31 and 32: g.Yu thog yon tan mgon po, 2002 - b

Yartsa Gunbu - Cordyceps sinensis. Economy - Home

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