MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
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<strong>MAGNETIC</strong><br />
<strong>RESONANCE</strong><br />
<strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
A MEDICAL DICTIONARY, BIBLIOGRAPHY,<br />
AND ANNOTATED RESEARCH GUIDE TO<br />
INTERNET REFERENCES JAMES N. PARKER, M.D.<br />
AND PHILIP M. PARKER, PH.D., EDITORS
ii<br />
ICON Health Publications<br />
ICON Group International, Inc.<br />
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Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc.<br />
Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it<br />
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,<br />
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher.<br />
Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1<br />
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D.<br />
Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D.<br />
Printed in the United States of America.<br />
Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or<br />
treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical<br />
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attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of<br />
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vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical<br />
treatments.<br />
Parker, James N., 1961-<br />
Parker, Philip M., 1960-<br />
Cataloging-in-Publication Data<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet<br />
References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors<br />
p. cm.<br />
Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index.<br />
ISBN: 0-497-00694-4<br />
1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Popular works.I. Title.
Disclaimer<br />
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iii
iv<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in<br />
various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a<br />
comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official<br />
agencies which produce publications on magnetic resonance imaging. Books in this series<br />
draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department<br />
of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and<br />
Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the<br />
Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ),<br />
the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease<br />
Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare<br />
Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration<br />
(HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health<br />
(NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health<br />
Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from<br />
the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and<br />
their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the<br />
work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee<br />
at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to<br />
Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
James N. Parker, M.D.<br />
About the Editors<br />
Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the<br />
University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San<br />
Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various<br />
academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health<br />
Publications.<br />
Philip M. Parker, Ph.D.<br />
Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at<br />
INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the<br />
University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong<br />
Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,<br />
Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health<br />
Publications.<br />
v
vi<br />
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Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
Table of Contents<br />
FORWARD ..........................................................................................................................................1<br />
CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong> ..........................................................3<br />
Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3<br />
The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3<br />
Federally Funded Research on Magnetic Resonance Imaging....................................................... 7<br />
E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 63<br />
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 66<br />
CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong>...............................................115<br />
Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115<br />
Finding Nutrition Studies on Magnetic Resonance Imaging.................................................... 115<br />
Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 116<br />
Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 117<br />
CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong> ........................119<br />
Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119<br />
The Combined Health Information Database............................................................................. 119<br />
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 120<br />
Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 127<br />
General References ..................................................................................................................... 129<br />
CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong> ..........................................131<br />
Overview.................................................................................................................................... 131<br />
Dissertations on Magnetic Resonance Imaging......................................................................... 131<br />
Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 133<br />
CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong>.....................................................135<br />
Overview.................................................................................................................................... 135<br />
Patents on Magnetic Resonance Imaging.................................................................................. 135<br />
Patent Applications on Magnetic Resonance Imaging .............................................................. 169<br />
Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 201<br />
CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong>.........................................................203<br />
Overview.................................................................................................................................... 203<br />
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 203<br />
Chapters on Magnetic Resonance Imaging................................................................................ 209<br />
Directories.................................................................................................................................. 210<br />
CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong>..............................................213<br />
Overview.................................................................................................................................... 213<br />
Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 213<br />
CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong>...........................215<br />
Overview.................................................................................................................................... 215<br />
News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 215<br />
Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 217<br />
Academic Periodicals covering Magnetic Resonance Imaging .................................................. 217<br />
CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS ..................................................................................219<br />
Overview.................................................................................................................................... 219<br />
U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 219<br />
Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 220<br />
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ..........................................................................................223<br />
Overview.................................................................................................................................... 223<br />
NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 223<br />
NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 225<br />
Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 227<br />
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES...............................................................................................229<br />
Overview.................................................................................................................................... 229<br />
vii
viii Contents<br />
Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 229<br />
Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 233<br />
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES................................................................................235<br />
Overview.................................................................................................................................... 235<br />
Preparation................................................................................................................................. 235<br />
Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 235<br />
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada................................................................................. 235<br />
ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 241<br />
Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 241<br />
<strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong> DICTIONARY ........................................................ 243<br />
INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 321
FORWARD<br />
In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number<br />
of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable<br />
information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading." 1<br />
Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can<br />
be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information<br />
dealing with magnetic resonance imaging is indexed in search engines, such as<br />
www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only<br />
time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals,<br />
students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about<br />
magnetic resonance imaging, using the most advanced research tools available and<br />
spending the least amount of time doing so.<br />
In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow<br />
will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related<br />
to magnetic resonance imaging, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research.<br />
Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various<br />
abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date<br />
on magnetic resonance imaging. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-ofcharge<br />
primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of<br />
medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to<br />
magnetic resonance imaging, these are noted in the text.<br />
E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet<br />
sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site<br />
indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web<br />
site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find<br />
it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases.<br />
NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links<br />
may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet.<br />
For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access<br />
electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive<br />
glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical<br />
libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will<br />
prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on magnetic resonance<br />
imaging.<br />
1 From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.<br />
1<br />
The Editors
CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong><br />
Overview<br />
<strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on<br />
magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
The Combined Health Information Database<br />
The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal<br />
agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and magnetic resonance imaging,<br />
you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to<br />
http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go<br />
directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html).<br />
The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page<br />
where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the<br />
format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records<br />
you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.”<br />
We recommend that you type “magnetic resonance imaging” (or synonyms) into the “For<br />
these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as<br />
broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of<br />
the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is<br />
what you can expect from this type of search:<br />
• Cochlear Implantation in a Patient After Removal of an Acoustic Neuroma: The<br />
Implications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Gadolinium on Patient<br />
Management<br />
Source: Archives of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 121(4): 465-468. April<br />
1995.<br />
Summary: In this article, the authors report a case in which an acoustic tumor was<br />
removed from an only-hearing ear in a patient with neurofibromatosis after hearing loss<br />
had progressed in the ear but before the development of total deafness. Postoperatively,<br />
the patient successfully underwent cochlear implantation. The authors also discuss<br />
3
4<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
decisions that were made during the surgical procedure, as well as the feasibility of<br />
cochlear implantation in patients with profound deafness after the excision of acoustic<br />
neuromas. 2 figures. 29 references. (AA-M).<br />
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases<br />
Source: Journal of Neuroimaging. 4(3): 146-158. July 1994.<br />
Summary: This article addresses the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a<br />
diagnostic tool in the major neurodegenerative disorders. According to the authors, MRI<br />
evaluations in patients with neurodegenerative diseases are hampered by limitations in<br />
accuracy of clinical diagnosis and by limited pathological correlation. MRI currently<br />
does not yield sufficient predictive power to provide an accurate diagnosis in most<br />
people. However, MRI features are being identified in population studies that help<br />
support or exclude a clinical diagnosis under consideration. In people with Parkinson's<br />
disease (PD), putamenal signal hypointensity is identified commonly in patients with<br />
atypical Parkinsonism but not PD. In people with dementia, hippocampal atrophy and<br />
prolonged hippocampal formation T2 relaxation time may help identify those with<br />
Alzheimer's disease. Caudate and putamenal atrophy are seen in Huntington's disease<br />
and may serve as markers for disease progression. 9 figures, 112 references. (AA-M).<br />
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Female Stress Incontinence<br />
Source: International Urogynecology Journal. (2)2: 115-118. June 1991.<br />
Summary: This article describes a new technique for determination of the anatomy of<br />
the urethrovesical junction using magnetic resonance imaging. Using this technique, it<br />
is possible to precisely define the anatomical relationships of the urethra and bladder<br />
base within the pelvis. The technique is non-invasive and non-ionizing. The authors<br />
report on the usefulness of this technique in urogynecology. 3 figures. 4 references. (AA-<br />
M).<br />
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Kidneys<br />
Source: Current Opinion in Urology. 7(2): 74-79. March 1997.<br />
Contact: Available from Rapid Science Publishers. 400 Market Street, Suite 750,<br />
Philadelphia, PA 19106. (800) 552-5866 or (215) 574-2210. Fax (215) 574-3533.<br />
Summary: This article describes and summarizes new developments and the current<br />
role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the kidneys. The author notes that MRI<br />
still plays a minor role in the workup of renal lesions, but spiral computed tomography<br />
(CT scan) and sonography remain the methods of choice in the evaluation of renal<br />
masses. However, because of improved hardware and software, MRI is equal to CT scan<br />
in the overall detection and differential diagnosis of renal masses. Besides renal imaging<br />
in patients with contraindications to iodinated contrast material, MRI is indicated for<br />
further noninvasive differential diagnosis of the few masses that are equivocal on CT<br />
and on sonography. Magnetic resonance angiography might be used for screening for<br />
renovascular hypertension to detect or rule out main renal artery stenoses. It can<br />
provide a relatively high degree of accuracy and a high negative predictive value in the<br />
detection of proximal main renal artery stenoses. However, limitations still exist because<br />
of problems with the distal part of the main artery and the segmental renal arteries.<br />
Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI might be helpful in the differentiation of acute necrosis<br />
from transplant rejection in the early postoperative period. The author notes that<br />
magnetic resonance urography still remains scientifically interesting, but is not routinely
Studies 5<br />
performed in the evaluation of the urinary tract. 2 figures. 22 references (11 annotated).<br />
(AA-M).<br />
• Severe Amnesia After Hypoglycemia. Clinical, Psychometric, and Magnetic<br />
Resonance Imaging Correlations<br />
Source: Diabetes Care. 14(10): 922-925. October 1991.<br />
Summary: This article presents a case report demonstrating the correlation between<br />
clinical, psychometric, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings after an episode<br />
of hypoglycemic coma resulting in amnesia. Detailed psychometric assessment,<br />
particularly memory testing, was performed using MRI on a man with severe amnesia<br />
after hypoglycemic coma. Psychometric testing confirmed impaired immediate recall.<br />
MRI findings were consistent with a lesion in the left temporal lobe. 1 figure. 13<br />
references. (AA-M).<br />
• Correlation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Surgical Findings in Patients with<br />
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders<br />
Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 53(11): 1283-1288. October 1995.<br />
Summary: This article reports on a study that compared the magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (MRI) and surgical findings in patients with temporomandibular joint<br />
disorders. Forty-three patients and 30 asymptomatic volunteers underwent MRI using<br />
the three-dimensional (3-D) FISP acquisition technique. The 43 patients (43 joints) then<br />
underwent discectomy, and the surgical and MRI findings were correlated. In 28 joints,<br />
splits surrounded by regions of high-signal intensity were seen in the discs and<br />
retrodiscal tissues on MRI. Surgically, a tear was confirmed in 26 (93 percent) of these<br />
joints. Histologically, these areas showed severe myxomatous degeneration. Disc<br />
deformity was visualized by MRI in all patients and increases in signal intensity were<br />
found in some discs. High-signal intensities also were observed in 30 joint spaces, in<br />
which serous joint effusion was confirmed surgically. The authors conclude that<br />
pathologic intracapsular changes are accurately depicted by FISP-3D, and this method is<br />
particularly useful for diagnosing changes in the disc and retrodiscal tissues. 5 figures.<br />
14 references. (AA-M).<br />
• Prevalence of Bone Marrow Signal Abnormalities Observed in the<br />
Temporomandibular Joint Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 54(4): 434-440. April 1996.<br />
Summary: This article reports on an investigation undertaken to determine the<br />
prevalence of bone marrow signal abnormalities in patients referred for<br />
temporomandibular joint (TMJ) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This investigation<br />
was done because of prior studies suggesting that condylar marrow signal abnormalities<br />
indicate avascular necrosis. Retrospective review was done of 449 consecutive TMJ MRI<br />
examinations in 415 patients from 1991 to 1994. Condylar marrow signal abnormalities<br />
were reviewed and classified into either a bone marrow edema pattern or a sclerosis<br />
pattern. Patients with typical findings of osteoarthritis were excluded from the sclerosis<br />
category. Condylar marrow signal abnormalities were present in 37 patients (9 percent);<br />
26 patients (6 percent) had the edema pattern, 14 patients (3 percent) had the sclerosis<br />
patterns, and 3 patients had both. The authors conclude that condylar marrow signal<br />
abnormalities are not rare in patients referred for TMJ MRI. The clinical significance of<br />
the changes is uncertain. The article includes a separate commentary written by a<br />
different author. 4 figures. 20 references.
6<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Use of Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Predict Who Will Get Alzheimer's<br />
Disease<br />
Source: Annals of Neurology. 47(4): 430-439. April 2000.<br />
Summary: This journal article describes a study that examined magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (MRI) as a potential method for early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD).<br />
One hundred-three healthy controls and 16 individuals with probable AD underwent<br />
MRI brain scans annually for 3 years. These subjects were divided into three groups:<br />
normal, questionable AD, and converts from questionable to probable AD. Nineteen of<br />
seventy-nine individuals with mild memory difficulties at baseline converted to a<br />
diagnosis of probable AD after three years. Results indicate that one hundred percent of<br />
normal subjects and patients with mild AD could be discriminated using MRI measures<br />
of the entorhinal cortex, the banks of the superior temporal sulcus, and the caudal<br />
portion of the anterior cingulate.<br />
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Alzheimer's Disease: From Diagnosis to Measuring<br />
Therapeutic Effect<br />
Source: Alzheimer's Reports. 2(1): 5-12. January 1999.<br />
Summary: This journal article examines clinically relevant research on the use of<br />
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Section 1 explains<br />
difficulties with early diagnosis and notes the importance of MRI in diagnosing AD.<br />
Section 2 discusses the role of MRI in excluding potentially reversible structural causes<br />
of dementia. Section 3 explains the need to distinguish aging from AD, noting<br />
difficulties in making that distinction. Section 4 examines how MRI is used to investigate<br />
hippocampal and medial temporal lobe atrophy. Section 5 discusses the role of MRI in<br />
the differential diagnosis of people with dementia. Section 6 explains measurement of<br />
disease progression using neuroimaging. The article concludes that MRI is moving the<br />
diagnosis of AD away from one of exclusion toward one of inclusion, noting MRI's<br />
potential to improve diagnosis in early disease and possibly contribute to the<br />
identification of disease modifying therapies. 4 figures, 61 references.<br />
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Hippocampal Volumetry in Patients With<br />
Dementia of the Alzheimer Type<br />
Source: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 10: 284-288. 1999.<br />
Summary: This journal article reports findings from a volumetric magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (MRI) assessment of the hippocampal region of the brain in patients with<br />
Alzheimer's disease (AD). The participants were 50 AD patients, mean age 70 years,<br />
from the Alzheimer's Disease Daily Center of Warsaw Medical School in Poland, and 25<br />
healthy controls of similar age. All participants completed MRI studies and<br />
hippocampal volumes were computed. No significant volumetric differences between<br />
right and left hippocampi were revealed for either group. However, the volumetric<br />
hippocampal measurements were 39.4 percent smaller in the AD group than in controls.<br />
In differentiating AD patients from controls, the MRI volumetric method had a<br />
sensitivity of 95 percent, a specificity of 92 percent, and a positive predictive value of 90<br />
percent. Hippocampal volumes were correlated with the severity of dementia and<br />
patient's age. The authors conclude that quantitative assessment of the hippocampal<br />
formation may be a valuable tool in the diagnosis of AD. 2 figures, 7 tables, 17<br />
references.
Federally Funded Research on Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Studies 7<br />
The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to magnetic resonance<br />
imaging. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National<br />
Institutes of Health. 2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is<br />
a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at<br />
universities, hospitals, and other institutions.<br />
Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen.<br />
You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including<br />
geography, date, and topics related to magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts.<br />
As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use<br />
animals or simulated models to explore magnetic resonance imaging. The following is<br />
typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for magnetic<br />
resonance imaging:<br />
• Project Title: 9.4T/ 65CM BORE MR SYSTEM<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ugurbil, Kamil; Director; Radiology; University of<br />
Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2004<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): The aim of this application is to locate a state-of-theart<br />
9.4T/65cm bore MRI system at the University of Minnesota's Center for Magnetic<br />
Resonance Research (CMRR) for non-human primate and human MR imaging and<br />
spectroscopy studies of brain function and neurochemistry. This system will be the first<br />
of its kind, providing for the first time, a 9.4T field magnitude with a sufficiently large<br />
bore size to conduct human and non-human primate studies. No other system at this<br />
field strength with such a bore size exists. This system will become a shared resource for<br />
CMRR collaborators at the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center (WRPR) in<br />
Madison, Wisconsin, and will serve the needs of numerous investigators from several<br />
institutions located in the Midwest and the East coast. With its in-house staff of fifty five<br />
investigators and support staff, the expertise in high field magnetic resonance research,<br />
and support as a Biotechnology Research Resource (BTRR) by NIH for "High Field<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy", the CMRR is an ideal facility to<br />
support the shared instrument and its users. The proposed 9.4T system will have a<br />
Varian Associates, Inc. lnova console and a Magnex Scientific, Inc. superconducting<br />
magnet with 7 G/cm shielded gradients and high-order shims. The magnet will have a<br />
65 cm inside diameter that will step to a gradient/shim coil inside diameter of 40cm.<br />
The gradient set will serve as a "head" gradient for human studies, while providing<br />
large access for non-human primate work including awake monkeys. With four receiver<br />
channels and two transmitter channels, this system will be capable of multi-nuclear<br />
spectroscopy from 12 MHz to 400 MHz with full second-channel decoupling capability.<br />
The echo-planar imaging (EPI) compatible gradients will make it possible to perform<br />
dynamic fMRl studies. Signal-to-noise and spectroscopic resolution at 9.4T has been<br />
demonstrated to be twice that of standard 4.7T animal research systems for 1H nuclei<br />
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health<br />
Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration<br />
(FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ),<br />
and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
8<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
and 4 times for the lower gyromagnetic ratio 170 nucleus. Overall, this non-human<br />
primate and human primate dedicated NMR system will provide state-of-the-art<br />
performance and capability for imaging of laboratory animals and humans for the first<br />
time at such high magnetic fields.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: A FUNDAMENTALLY IMPROVED MRI METHODOLOGY APPLIED<br />
TO FMRI<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Twieg, Donald B.; Professor of Biomedical<br />
Engineering; Biomedical Engineering; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab<br />
Station Birmingham, Al 35294<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): Contemporary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)<br />
methodology involves an implicit assumption, which is computationally convenient but<br />
physically inaccurate. This R21/R33 project seeks to develop a novel MRI methodology<br />
which abandons this assumption, thereby avoiding defects which commonly afflict<br />
rapid single-shot MR images. Because it interprets MRI raw data more accurately, the<br />
new methodology promises also to permit fundamentally more efficient, accurate and<br />
robust measurements to be made in several general types of MRI applications, such as<br />
diffusion imaging, measurement of tissue relaxation parameters, flow and motion<br />
imaging, and blood perfusion imaging. A strength of the general approach is that it<br />
measures tissue parameters more directly than do established approaches, which infer<br />
parameters from multiple separately acquired images. In an initial investigation and<br />
development of this methodology (termed PARSE), this project will implement a singleshot<br />
PARSE method, SS-PARSE, which is especially well-suited to functional MRI<br />
(fMRI) of the brain, with several theoretical advantages over existing methods used in<br />
fMRI. These theoretical advantages in accuracy, acquisition speed, and robustness, are<br />
substantiated in initial simulation trials. The immediate goal of the R21 project will be to<br />
experimentally verify these expected performance advantages of the SS-PARSE<br />
technique in well-controlled imaging studies using phantom objects in a 4.7T verticalbore<br />
primate MR imaging system. A shortcoming of the methodology is that it requires<br />
much longer computation times than conventional MRI approaches. The R21 project<br />
will seek to develop much faster computational algorithms, and will determine the<br />
prospects for reducing computational time to roughly that of typical conventional fMRI<br />
studies. If these two major performance milestones have been met, the R33 project will<br />
commence, testing and characterizing the new methodology in functional brain imaging<br />
studies of primates. Additionally, the R33 project will include development of more<br />
sophisticated versions of the SS-PARSE method for high-resolution functional imaging.<br />
The project promises to introduce a new methodology, which may have substantial<br />
fundamental performance benefits over a broad range of clinical MRI applications.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: APA ADVANCED TRAINING INSTITUTE IN FMRI<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Bullock, Merry; American Psychological Association<br />
750 1St St Ne Washington, Dc 200024242<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006<br />
Summary: (Provided by applicant): Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is<br />
an important new research technology that allows inquiry into the brain activities<br />
associated with a wide variety of behavioral, cognitive, and emotional processes. Major
Studies 9<br />
advances will occur as researchers continue to utilize fMRI to develop multi-level,<br />
integrative models of normal functioning and psychopathology. The theoretical and<br />
methodological expertise of psychological scientists will be crucial to the pace of<br />
progress. Although fMRI offers psychological scientists an exciting new tool to develop<br />
models of brain-behavior interactions across diverse substantive areas, opportunities to<br />
acquire the knowledge and skills needed to use it are limited. To foster development of<br />
the use of fMRI technology in psychological research, the Science Directorate at the<br />
American Psychological Association (APA) has initiated an Advanced Training Institute<br />
in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (ATI-fMRI). The Institute, to be conducted<br />
on-site at a major imaging center, will provide an introduction to fMRI at a sufficiently<br />
advanced level to enable researchers at different academic levels and with different<br />
research interests to incorporate it into their research programs. The curriculum will<br />
provide basic knowledge of the physics, biology, and mechanics underlying the imaging<br />
process, of special research design and data analysis considerations, and of practical<br />
issues related to incorporating imaging into a research program.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: ASPIRIN PROPHYLAXIS IN SICKLE CELL DISEASE<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Lerner, Norma; Pediatrics; University of Rochester<br />
Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2006<br />
Summary: (provided by the applicant): Neurologic complications secondary to<br />
cerebrovascular damage are prevalent in children with homozygous Sickle Cell Disease.<br />
These patients experience both clinically-overt cerebrovascular accidents and "silent<br />
infarctions," demonstrated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). They are also at risk<br />
for neurocognitive abnormalities. We hypothesize that daily, low-dose, aspirin therapy<br />
will safely diminish the incidence and progression of cognitive deficits, as well as the<br />
pre-disposition to overt and silent stroke in children with homozygous Sickle Cell<br />
Disease. In order to optimize the design of a future trial to test this hypothesis, we<br />
propose a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot study. The trial's primary<br />
objective is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of daily low-dose aspirin in children<br />
with Sickle Cell Disease. The secondary objectives are: 1. To establish the level of<br />
compliance with aspirin administration. 2. To identify the most useful assessments in a<br />
battery of age-appropriate neurocognitive tests. 3. To assess the feasibility of MRI and<br />
Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) studies, and the utility of classification<br />
systems for use in group comparisons. 5. To establish trends in Transcranial Doppler<br />
(TCD) ultrasound velocities over time, and the validity of using trends in group<br />
comparisons. 6. To obtain preliminary data regarding the effect of aspirin on the<br />
incidence of cognitive deficit, imaging abnormalities, overt stroke, painful crises, and<br />
Acute Chest Syndrome. 7. To establish the feasibility of recruiting patients. A minimum<br />
of 60 patients will be enrolled. Subjects will include children between the ages of 3 and<br />
10 years, with documented homozygous Sickle Cell Disease who are currently followed<br />
at the Galisano Children's Hospital (University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester,<br />
New York), and at Saint Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center (Columbia University, New<br />
York, New York). Subjects will be randomized to one of two treatment groups, daily<br />
aspirin (1-2.5 mg./kg./day), or placebo. Patients will receive therapy for 18 months.<br />
There will be careful laboratory and clinical monitoring every 3 months, and more<br />
frequently as needed. Group comparisons regarding pre- and post-treatment clinical<br />
complications, neurocognitive testing, MRI, MRA, and TCD studies will be made.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
10<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Project Title: BEHAVIORAL, EEG, AND MRI EVALUATION OF PRENATAL<br />
ALCOHOL<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Riley, Edward P.; Professor; Psychology; San Diego<br />
State University 5250 Campanile Dr San Diego, Ca 92182<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1995; Project End 31-DEC-2003<br />
Summary: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) encompasses a broad range of disabilities<br />
involving both structural and functional changes. Among the most devastating effects<br />
are those caused by alterations in the central nervous system (CNS). These CNS changes<br />
result in the cognitive and behavioral deficits reported in most studies of FAS. In<br />
addition, there is a growing body of literature that suggests that brain and behavioral<br />
changes can occur in the absence of the facial features required for an FAS diagnosis. In<br />
our study, children with heavy prenatal exposure to alcohol (PEA), who do not have the<br />
obvious physical features of FAS, show changes in both brain and behavior similar to<br />
those seen in FAS. Previous work has documented broad, fairly general, deficits in<br />
general intellectual ability. More recently, attention has been paid to specific aspects of<br />
neuropsychological functioning, documenting deficits as well as relative strengths<br />
across various cognitive domains. Needed is greater understanding of the details of<br />
these strengths and weaknesses. This level of examination, coupled with brain imaging,<br />
will provide the framework for intervention and remediation strategies for alcoholexposed<br />
children. The proposed project is multidisciplinary in nature, including<br />
neuropsychological assessment, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and<br />
electrophysiological evaluation. This proposal represents a continuation of work that we<br />
have been conducting for the last three years. We plan to continue our general<br />
evaluation and are proposing to expand the investigation of our three research domains.<br />
In the neuropsychological domain, in addition to our general test battery, we are<br />
proposing specific measures of learning, memory, and emotional functioning. In the<br />
MRI component, along with continuing to evaluate brain structure in children with FAS<br />
and PEA, we are proposing a study of developmental brain changes and a pilot study in<br />
functional MRI. Finally, in the electrophysiological component, we are proposing to<br />
continue to collect EEG and ERP data on children with PEA as well as a new component<br />
addressing emotional responses in alcohol-exposed children. We believe that our<br />
approach has been successful thus far, and that this multidisciplinary project will<br />
expand our understanding of the devastating effects of prenatal alcohol exposure,<br />
perhaps leading to new treatment strategies.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: BIO<strong>IMAGING</strong> AND INTERVENTION IN NEOCORTICAL EPILEPSY<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Duncan, James S.; Diagnostic Radiology; Yale<br />
University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007<br />
Summary: Description (provided by application): Magnetic resonance functional and<br />
spectroscopic imaging (fMRI, MRS) of the brain provides tremendous opportunities in<br />
the study and treatment of epilepsy. In neocortical epilepsy, where the epileptogenic<br />
region is highly variable in size, structure and location, deeper insight into the<br />
biochemical and functional characteristics of the region and surrounding tissue may<br />
provide critical data to assist the neurosurgeon and neurologist in localization and<br />
treatment. To fully utilize the multiple forms of information (MR and EEG), these data<br />
must be transformed into a common space and integrated into the intraoperative<br />
environment. We will develop high resolution MRS and fMRI at 4T and advanced
Studies 11<br />
analysis and integration methods to better define the epileptogenic tissue and<br />
surrounding regions, and enhance our understanding of the biochemical mechanisms<br />
underlying the dysfunction in neocortical epilepsy. We will validate these<br />
measurements against the gold standard of intracranial electrical recording. These goals<br />
will be achieved in this bioengineering research partnership (BRP) by bringing together<br />
six partners from 3 academic institutions (Yale (lead institution), Albert Einstein and the<br />
Univ. of Minnesota) and 1 industrial partner (Medtronics SNT) to carry out four<br />
integrated programs of scientific investigation and bioengineering development in the<br />
area of bioimaging and intervention: 1) development of high resolution fMRI and MRS<br />
at 4T for the study of epilepsy; 2) investigation with MRS of the relationship between<br />
neuronal damage or loss through the measurement of N-acetylaspartate (NAA),<br />
alterations in neurotransmitter metabolism through the measurement of gamma amino<br />
butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, and abnormalities in electrical activity in the<br />
epileptogenic region and surrounding tissue; 3) investigation of the relationship<br />
between fMRI activation amplitude and the cognitive task, underlying cortical structure,<br />
cortical metabolic state, and physiology, and the impact of epilepsy on these factors; 4)<br />
development of integration methodologies for fusing multimodal structural and<br />
functional (image- and electrode-derived) information for the study and treatment of<br />
epilepsy. We anticipate that by developing and integrating these high resolution<br />
functional and metabolic images of neocortical epilepsy, we will improve our<br />
understanding and treatment of this difficult disorder. The first year's effort will include<br />
high resolution coil and integrated software platform design and development, as well<br />
as the acquisition of normal control studies. In years 2 through 5, the coils will be<br />
incorporated into the MR imaging platforms, the software platform will be fully<br />
developed and hypotheses related to the biochemical makeup of neocortical<br />
epileptogenic tissue and its relation to brain function will be evaluated.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: BRAIN ATROPHY/DIFFUSION TENSOR STUDY/MULTIPLE<br />
SCLEROSIS<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Fox, Robert J.; Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500<br />
Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44195<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 02-AUG-2004; Project End 31-JUL-2009<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): This Award will allow the candidate to have the<br />
protected time necessary to focus on new and emerging MRI-based research projects in<br />
MS and provide an opportunity to become well-grounded in new areas of study<br />
relevant to his research field. Under the guidance of his mentor, co-mentor and Research<br />
Advisory Committee, the candidate will develop independent research skills and<br />
abilities in longitudinal clinical investigations and advanced magnetic resonance<br />
techniques, including diffusion tensor imaging. This mentored training experience will<br />
lead to his establishment as an independent, patient-oriented translational investigator<br />
in the following years. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disorder of the central<br />
nervous system which leads to tissue destruction and brain atrophy. Magnetic<br />
resonance (MRI) technology allows direct visualization of ongoing disease processes<br />
and has been useful in following patients over time and evaluating therapeutic<br />
interventions. We will apply advanced magnetic resonance techniques to multiple<br />
sclerosis patients in longitudinal clinical studies in order to better understand MS<br />
pathogenesis and the effects of therapeutic interventions. Aim 1 will evaluate if the<br />
short-term changes in measures of brain atrophy induced by corticosteroid infusions<br />
correlate with the subsequent rate of disease progression. We hypothesize that the short-
12<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
term decline in brain parenchymal fraction (BPF) following intravenous<br />
methylprednisolone predicts increased subsequent disease progression. In Aim 2 we<br />
will describe the diffusion tensor characteristics of multiple sclerosis brain lesions<br />
recovering from acute inflammation. This project will lead to greater insights into<br />
sensitive monitoring strategies of the pathologic process of brain tissue injury during the<br />
course of MS. These insights should lead to methods to provide for more accurate<br />
advice to MS patients in the early stages of disease, for better therapeutic decision<br />
making, and for monitoring therapeutic responses in individual MS patients.<br />
Furthermore, these studies should help develop improved methods for evaluating new<br />
therapeutic strategies for neuroprotection and neuroregeneration.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: BRAIN CHEMISTRY AND TREATMENT RESPONSES IN PEDIATRIC<br />
OCD<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosenberg, David R.; Professor; Psychiatry & Behav<br />
Neuroscis; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2008<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a competitive renewal application of the<br />
Principal Investigator's grant award RO1MH59299. Obsessive compulsive disorder<br />
(OCD) is a severe, highly prevalent and chronically disabling disorder that emerges<br />
during childhood or adolescence in as many as 80% of all cases. The clinical<br />
phenomenology/nosology and empirical treatment for pediatric OCD have been well<br />
delineated making pediatric OCD a leading candidate for developmental neurobiologic<br />
study. OCD is also less vulnerable to ambiguities in expression across the lifetime and<br />
permits us to study the disorder close to illness onset while remaining applicable to<br />
adult subjects. The overall goal of this project, which combines treatment and magnetic<br />
resonance imaging expertise at Wayne State University, is to further explicate the<br />
underlying neurobiology of pediatric OCD. The effectiveness of treatment with either a<br />
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for<br />
pediatric OCD has been demonstrated. Exciting new pilot data under NIMH grant<br />
mechanisms (R01MH59299, K24MH02037) suggest that both the SSRI, paroxetine, and<br />
CBT return neurobiological functioning toward normal in pediatric OCD patients who<br />
improve symptomatically, but perhaps through different mechanisms. This convergence<br />
of findings from neurodiagnostic and treatment research presents a unique opportunity<br />
to deepen our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of pediatric OCD in the context of<br />
the clinically relevant question, "Which treatments for which child with which set of<br />
subgrouping characteristics (e.g., SSRI or CBT for patients with increased choline and<br />
decreased N-acetyl-aspartate)?" Recent developments in neuroimaging allow for the<br />
direct and noninvasive monitoring of brain neurochemistry in multiple brain regions via<br />
proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H MRSI). Compounds that can be<br />
measured include the putative neuronal marker, N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), and choline<br />
(Cho). Preliminary studies suggest localized functional neurochemical marker<br />
alterations in ventral prefrontal-striatal-thalamic circuitry. No alterations were observed<br />
in regions not implicated in the pathogenesis of OCD, e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal<br />
cortex, parietal white matter and occipital cortex. Using targeted 1H MRSI to define the<br />
primary dependent variables, we propose to employ a 2 (treatment) x 5 (repeated<br />
assessments) experimental design to further explicate the neurochemistry of childhood<br />
OCD before and during 12 weeks of acute treatment with either paroxetine or CBT and<br />
after 6 months of naturalistic follow-up treatment. An untreated normal control group is<br />
included to characterize selected MRI markers with regard to normalization with
Studies 13<br />
treatment. This combination of biological and behavioral/symptomatic predictor and<br />
outcome variables enacts the call for translation approaches to mental illness and may<br />
potentially lead to a better mechanistic understanding of pediatric OCD and, in turn, to<br />
new diagnostic and treatment approaches.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: BRAIN MRI & MRS CHANGES IN FIRST EPISODE<br />
SCHIZOPHRENIA<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Lieberman, Jeffrey A.; Professor and Vice Chairman;<br />
Psychiatry; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350<br />
Chapel Hill, Nc 27599<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2005<br />
Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract) We have hypothesized that the<br />
clinical deterioration observed in the early stage of schizophrenia is due to a process of<br />
limited neurodegeneration that begins in the prodromal phase and is associated with<br />
the persistence of positive and negative symptoms. In our prior study we have<br />
demonstrated the clinical progression of the illness in first episode patients over a fouryear<br />
period. Preliminary volumetric MRI data from that study and from several other<br />
groups support this hypothesis but are inconsistent and inconclusive. Moreover, despite<br />
the numerous cross-sectional 'H-MRS studies of decreased NAA in temporal and frontal<br />
cortices in schizophrenia, there have been no longitudinal 'H-MRS studies. Therefore,<br />
the proposed study will utilize high resolution magnetic resonance imaging, combining<br />
MRJ and MRS in a longitudinal study with repeated measurements to determine<br />
whether the clinical progression seen in patients will be reflected by changes in brain<br />
morphology and NAA. Specifically, we predict that the progression of brain pathology<br />
seen in changes in MRI and MRS measures between baseline and end point assessments<br />
(decreasing volumes of cortical gray matter, decreasing hippocampus, increasing lateral<br />
and third ventricles and increasing subarachnoid space and decreasing lH-NAA in<br />
mesiotemporal and prefrontal cortical regions and thalamic nuclei) will be observed in a<br />
subgroup of patients with poor clinical outcomes reflected by recurrent or persistent<br />
psychopathology and functional impairment and who exhibit the greatest clinical<br />
deterioration during the scanning intervals. We also will examine trealment effects in<br />
terms of whether it prevents pathological progression in patients or introduces<br />
artifactual effects (such as in the basal ganglia). Finally, we will determine whether there<br />
are structural or metabolic abnormalities that are present at the first episode of<br />
schizophrenia which predict long-term clinical outcome. We hypothesize that MRI<br />
measures of more severe brain pathology at study entry (as reflected by greater lateral<br />
and third ventricles volumes, reduced cortical gray matter, and reduced NAA<br />
concentration in the frontal and mesiotemporal lobes and the thalamic nuclei) will be<br />
associated with poorer long term treatment outcome. We also hypothesize that<br />
treatment will be associated with preservation of brain volume in these brain regions<br />
and preservation or enhancement of NAA concentration in the frontal and temporal<br />
lobes. To test our hypotheses we will prospectively examine 100 patients ascertained in<br />
their first episode of schizophrenia using high resolution MR and spectroscopic imaging<br />
over a three-year period. Treatment will be standardized using an open label clinical<br />
treatment algorithm that provides optimal treatment with atypical antipsychotic drugs.<br />
Patients will be assessed for psychopathology, social and work performance and with<br />
MRI and MRS at study entry and at six months, eighteen months and three year of<br />
follow-up. MRI data will be analyzed using segmentation methods to determine the<br />
volume of specific regions of interest. NAA will be determined by quantitation of NAA,
14<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Cr and NAAJCr. This study will provide important information about the clinical and<br />
neuropathological course of subgroups of schizophrenia and therapeutic strategies for<br />
early identification and intervention.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: CANTILEVER <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> MICROSCOPY OF<br />
BIOMOLECULES<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Marohn, John A.; Chemistry and Chemical Biology;<br />
Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUN-2004; Project End 31-MAY-2009<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal aims to develop technology for<br />
dramatically increasing the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging. The goal is to<br />
develop a "molecular microscope" to detect, analyze, and image nanoscale entities of<br />
relevance to biomedicine. Tools for determining protein structure are central to<br />
biological research. Improved tools for determining the three dimensional structure of<br />
large macromolecules and aggregate structures are urgently needed. A majority of<br />
proteins are not well suited for analysis by current methods because they cannot be<br />
isolated in large enough quantities or because they do not form crystals. In this proposal<br />
we present plans for developing a cantilever-based molecular microscope that can<br />
determine the structure of a single copy of a protein, a task which no current technology<br />
can achieve. Such an instrument would revolutionize structural biology, dramatically<br />
impacting a broad spectrum of biological processes, disorders, and diseases. In this<br />
proposal we detail a stepwise approach to developing a molecular microscope for<br />
imaging single biomolecules based on a marriage of atomic force microscope and<br />
magnetic resonance imaging technologies. Our specific aims are: (1) To detect nuclear<br />
magnetic resonance in a new way, as a change in the spring constant of a magnetically<br />
tipped microcantilever, (2) Fabricate and characterize nanomagnets suitable for singleproton<br />
cantilever detected magnetic resonance. Explore experimentally the minimum<br />
forces and spring constant changes that can be detected when a thin, ultrasensitive,<br />
silicon microcantilever is brought close to a surface, and (3) Develop and test magnetic<br />
resonance imaging protocols suited to small ensembles of nuclear spins.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: CBV MAPPING ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN MOOD STATE<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Henry, Michael E.; Mc Lean Hospital (Belmont, Ma)<br />
Belmont, Ma 02478<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007<br />
Description (provided by applicant): Candidate (Dr. Michael Henry): I completed my<br />
residency in Psychiatry at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, and my<br />
fellowship in Psychopharmacology at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).<br />
Currently, I am Director of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) at McLean Hospital. While<br />
at the NIMH, I was responsible for a positron emission tomography (PET) study of the<br />
effects of ECT on cerebral glucose metabolism (3). Since my arrival at McLean Hospital I<br />
have collaborated with Drs Perry Renshaw, Bruce Cohen, and others, using various<br />
magnetic resonance imaging techniques to study the effects of treatment interruption<br />
(4,19), the antidepressant effects of CDP-choline, and brain pharmacokinetics (5,20). My<br />
long-term objectives are to 1) understand the pathophysiology of depression using<br />
brain-imaging techniques; and 2) define the mechanisms by which treatments for<br />
depression exert their antidepressant effects. Environment: Bruce Cohen, M.D., Ph.D.,
Studies 15<br />
the mentor for this proposal, is an internationally respected scientist and teacher, who<br />
will provide mentoring on research methods, study design, data analysis, and my<br />
overall development as an independent researcher. The didactic component of this<br />
proposal includes direct mentoring, tutorials, and consultation from experts at and<br />
outside McLean Hospital; course work in neuroanatomy, statistics, computers, and<br />
ethics at Harvard University and MIT; visiting fellowships to three other imaging<br />
laboratories; and direct hands-on research with the support of three additional MR<br />
physicists. The Brain Imaging Center (BIC) is well equipped to support this type of<br />
training. Under the direction of Perry Renshaw, M.D., Ph.D., has a reputation for<br />
excellence in both rapid sequence imaging techniques and magnetic resonance<br />
spectroscopy. The techniques to be used in this study have been utilized successfully in<br />
pilot studies described in the proposal. Research: The present study proposes to use<br />
dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to define<br />
changes in regional cerebral blood volume (CBV) that occur when female patients, who<br />
have responded well to fluoxetine, relapse into depression following medication<br />
discontinuation.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: CEREBELLAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN ALCOHOLISM<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Sullivan, Edith V.; Professor; Psychiatry and<br />
Behavioral Sci; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-1996; Project End 31-AUG-2009<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): Our recent functional and structural magnetic<br />
resonance imaging (MRI), balance physiology, and neuropsychological studies point to<br />
cerebellar systems disruption as a principal neural mechanism underlying cognitive and<br />
motor dysfunction and processing inefficiency in chronic alcoholism. This alcoholisminduced<br />
brain pathology itself may change cognition and behavior in a manner that can<br />
perpetuate drinking. We now propose to combine sway path analysis to dissect<br />
physiological components of static balance control with high resolution structural MRI,<br />
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and functional MRI (fMRI) to examine the integrity of<br />
gray matter components of corticocerebellar circuits, white matter tracts linking them,<br />
and the pattern and extent of their functional activation. Our proposal aims to delineate<br />
the specific sites and neural mechanisms by which chronic alcohol use impairs cognition<br />
and balance. Recovering alcoholic men and women and age- and sex-matched controls<br />
will undergo balance testing and neuroimaging with MRI, DTI, and fMRI in a series of<br />
inter-related studies to address three specific aims: 1. Specify sources of interference that<br />
provoke postural instability in abstinent alcoholic men and women using force platform<br />
analysis. With sway path analysis, we will test whether benefits provided by a broad<br />
support base and vision to balance stabilization will be significantly reduced in<br />
alcoholics more than controls when challenged by a secondary task (mental calculation)<br />
while balancing. 2. Characterize the integrity of cerebellopontocortical circuitry with<br />
diffusion tensor imaging and cerebellar tissue with high resolution MR imaging. We<br />
will use DTI guided by fiber tracking and high resolution MR imaging to characterize<br />
the integrity of cerebellopontocortical circuitry and relate it to balance abnormality and<br />
to volumes of cerebellum and prefrontal cortex connected by these circuits. 3. Identify<br />
neural mechanisms of processing inefficiency with fMRI. We propose two fMRI<br />
experiments to identify neural systems underlying processing inefficiency in alcoholics.<br />
Our overarching hypothesis is that alcoholics can perform challenging tasks at normal<br />
levels by recruiting frontocerebellar systems in excess of those recruited by controls, and
16<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
this would have the untoward outcome of reducing processing capacity available for<br />
simultaneous performance of other tasks, including maintenance of postural stability<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE BY MR<br />
ELASTOGRAPHY<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: An, Kai-Nan; Professor & Chair; Mayo Clinic Coll of<br />
Medicine, Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2008<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this proposal is two-fold: (1) to further<br />
develop and validate a technology, magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), for<br />
quantitatively imaging mechanical properties and tension distribution in muscle and (2)<br />
to apply the technique for in vivo evaluation of patients with four common, and<br />
clinically significant muscle disorders (spasticity, disuse atrophy, myofascial pain and a<br />
metabolic myopathy). These studies will employ a magnetic resonance imaging<br />
sequence with synchronous motion-sensitizing gradients to map propagating shear<br />
waves in the muscle. The technique will assess the mechanical properties of the muscle<br />
and its tension distribution. Specifically, the study can be divided into three specific<br />
aims. Aim 1: Optimize MRE methods of acquisition and analysis for the assessment of<br />
muscle, including electromechanical drivers, data acquisition techniques, and methods<br />
for image analysis. Advanced techniques for very rapid MRE assessment of muscle will<br />
continue to be developed. Aim 2: Validate the MRE assessment of muscle properties and<br />
tension with phantom, ex-vivo muscle, and Finite Element Modeling (FEM) techniques.<br />
Finite Element Analysis will be performed by using both phantom and bovine muscles<br />
to better correlate MRE wave-length findings as function of muscle properties, tension<br />
and fiber architecture. Aim 3: Study In Vivo Normal and Abnormal Muscle. The MRE<br />
technique will be applied in vivo to provide elastographic images of abnormal muscle<br />
with known disorders. The patient groups chosen for study are each important in their<br />
own right, and furnish unique information across the spectrum of muscular disease and<br />
dysfunction. Groups to be studied include individuals with new onset of spasticity<br />
following an ischemic, hemispheric stroke, disuse atrophy as a result of immobilization,<br />
metabolic (hyperthyroid) myopathy and myofascial pain for trigger point identification.<br />
The overall hypothesis of this work is that will bring benefits to both basic research and<br />
clinical care.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF CEREBELLAR DYSFUNCTION IN AUTISM<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Townsend, Jeanne; Associate Professor of<br />
Neurosciences; Neurosciences; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 16-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): Cerebellar abnormality may underlie many of the<br />
cognitive and clinical symptoms in autism. While brain abnormalities in autism are<br />
diverse and involve cortical and subcortical regions, the cerebellum is the most<br />
consistently reported site of damage. Developmental abnormality of the cerebellum has<br />
been found in 95% of postmortem autism cases and in several hundred individuals with<br />
autism on quantitative MRI studies performed by six independent research groups.<br />
More than 60 studies have found molecular, metabolic, functional or structural<br />
abnormalities of the cerebellum in autism. A rapidly growing body of literature suggests<br />
that the cerebellum controls or modifies diverse cognitive processes, thus altering the
Studies 17<br />
traditional neurologic view of the cerebellum as a brain structure that supports only<br />
motor function. Work in our laboratory has linked the cerebellum to both cognitive<br />
function and neural response not only in autism, but also in normal function. We have<br />
proposed that some deficits in autism may reflect fundamental cerebellar dysfunction-failure<br />
to track sensory information, predict future events and prepare a response. We<br />
now propose to test this emerging model of cerebellar dysfunction in autism using<br />
functional and structural imaging. We will assess the specificity of cerebellar<br />
involvement in these cognitive operations (track, predict, prepare) by comparison of<br />
subjects with autism: 1) to patients with cerebellar damage acquired in early childhood;<br />
and 2) to those with Asperger syndrome in which the cerebellum may be less affected.<br />
We will ground our results from these comparisons by performing fMRI (functional<br />
magnetic resonance imaging) studies in normal control subjects to establish that the<br />
cerebellum is normally active during these same operations. The fMRI studies of clinical<br />
groups will allow us to investigate whether patterns of activation suggest abnormal<br />
interaction of the cerebellum and cerebral cortical systems during these important<br />
processing operations. Our studies will link both behavioral and neural response (ERP,<br />
fMRI) to the underlying neuroanatomy (MRI). These results will help us understand the<br />
specific functional deficits associated with developmental or acquired damage to the<br />
cerebellum and thereby will contribute to understanding the brain substrates of<br />
behavioral dysfunction in autism. Such knowledge may enable more effective treatment<br />
and aid the search for the origins of this debilitating disorder.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: COMBINED MR-DIFFUSE OPTICS FOR FUNCTIONAL <strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Nalcioglu, Orhan; Professor and Director;<br />
Radiological Sciences; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 16-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2005<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy<br />
(MRI, MRS) can be used to obtain detailed physiologic and metabolic information<br />
regarding tumors. Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy and Tomography (DOS, DOT = SDOT)<br />
can provide unique and complementary information regarding tumor physiology and<br />
metabolism. Simultaneous employment of both MR and optical modalities may offer<br />
new insight that is unavailable by use of either of these techniques alone. During the<br />
past two years, based on funding under an NCI Pre-ICMIC grant, we have built a<br />
broadband frequency domain photon migration probe (FDPM) that is compatible with<br />
high magnetic fields, operates inside a 4 Tesla MR system, and provides simultaneous<br />
optical/MR measurements in small animals. Before such a system can be widely used in<br />
clinical cancer studies, we believe it is essential to validate our measurements and<br />
develop a detailed understanding of the factors that influence MRI-optics coregistration.<br />
One of the limitations for undertaking such a study is the fact that<br />
nontomographic optical measurement techniques have poor spatial localization that is<br />
due to their broad point spread function and ambiguity in the origin of the detected<br />
signals. Consequently, there is a great need to understand the underlying relationship<br />
between optical and MR signals. Once this relationship is clarified, the spatial<br />
localization of optical measurements can be improved and functional information can be<br />
accurately assigned to discrete tumor tissue structures. The long-term goal of this project<br />
is to construct an MR-compatible optical spectroscopic tomography system for<br />
improved spatial localization of optical measurements and accurate opticaI-MRI coregistration.<br />
Such a system can be scaled up for human studies of cancer. During the R21<br />
phase (Year 01) we will expand the current single transmitter/receiver optical system to
18<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
an MR compatible multi-wavelength, multi-detector system and optimize its<br />
performance for SDOT. During this process, different geometries, detectors, data<br />
acquisition techniques, and image inversion strategies will be explored. In the<br />
subsequent R33 phase (Years 02-04) of the application, we will pursue the following<br />
aims: 1) design and construct a full scale small animal MR-SDOT system, 2) using the<br />
constructed system investigate the relationship between MRI/MRS and optical<br />
measurements to improve the spatial localization in SDOT, 3) employ the developed<br />
dual imaging system for combined dynamic contrast enhanced functional imaging of<br />
tumors in animal models.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: COMBINED MR-PETT TOMOGRAPH FOR BREAST <strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Rubashov, Igor B.; President; High Medical<br />
Technologies, Llc Los Angeles, Ca 90048<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004<br />
Summary: MRI and PET have demonstrated their strengths in the diagnosis of breast<br />
cancer. In this proposal we bring the 2 modalities together and build on these strengths.<br />
The goal of this proposal is to develop a new breast imaging diagnostic instrument<br />
composed of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system and novel positron emission<br />
tomography (PET) scanner. The PET system will be placed inside the MRI magnetic<br />
field next to a breast magnetic coil. The integrated MRI-PET system will provide: MR-<br />
(anatomic/nuclear molecular image), Nuclear (nuclear medicine based molecular<br />
image) and Combined (fused image) images without the necessity of moving the<br />
patient. Use of the combined modalities will allow obtaining very high sensitivity and<br />
specificity of diagnosed lesions during the same exam. The technological novelty of the<br />
proposed approach lays in the development of a novel PET system and new<br />
reconstruction software. The PET system will be built in a form of inexpensive small size<br />
ring scanner, which is not sensitive to magnetic fields present in the MRI systems. In the<br />
Phase I effort we will develop two PET scanner modules and processing electronics and<br />
reconstruction software. The two PET modules will be tested for operation in realistic<br />
conditions using MRI clinical system at UCLA. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL<br />
APPLICATIONS: In this proposal, we will build a small PET system for imaging the<br />
breast that can be used in the magnetic field of the MRI scanner. The market for these<br />
systems is expected to be in the 100's of millions of dollars. In addition, the combination<br />
MR-PET system could reduce the number of biopsies by giving unequivocal diagnosis<br />
for breast cancer in many cases that require biopsy today. The cost of one biopsy is<br />
approximately $3,000. Approximately 2 million biopsies are performed every year. This<br />
system could save $100's of millions of dollars annually.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: COMPLEX BRAIN BEHAVIOR RELATIONS IN ALCOHOL STUDIES<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Bates, Marsha E.; Research Professor; Center of<br />
Alcohol Studies; Rutgers the St Univ of Nj New Brunswick Asb Iii New Brunswick, Nj<br />
08901<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006<br />
Summary: APPLICANT'S ABSTRACT: This is a proposal for an Independent Scientist<br />
Award (KO2) to expand the applicant's research program on alcohol-associated<br />
neuropsychological impairment and treatment-outcome. The aim is to develop a<br />
multilevel neuroscience approach for studying these complex brain-behavior relations
Studies 19<br />
by pursuing specialized collaboration and advanced training in quantitative and<br />
neuroimaging methodologies. The first career objective is to develop further expertise in<br />
complex variable-centered and person-centered quantitative methods, as well as<br />
methods for integrating these two analytic approaches. Specialized quantitative skills<br />
will be developed through collaboration with experts and participation in advanced<br />
training institutes. These skills will be used to test complex mediation and moderation<br />
models of the effects of alcohol-related neuropsychological impairment on treatment<br />
outcomes in three existing NIAAA and private data bases. The second career objective is<br />
to gain expertise in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI (fMRI)<br />
methods. Career development in neuroimaging will comprise formal course work,<br />
hands-on training, and collaboration with experts. Neuroimaging training will be<br />
applied to a preliminary study of the influence of family histories of alcoholism and<br />
depression on neuropsychological impairment and neuroanatomical changes in youth<br />
with psychiatric diagnoses compared to a control group with no psychiatric diagnoses.<br />
Hypotheses of heightened neurocognitive vulnerability and symptom severity in highrisk<br />
FH+ youth will be tested.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: CORE--<strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ahrens, Eric T.; Magee-Womens Health Corp<br />
Pittsburgh, Pa<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007<br />
Summary: To ensure maximum utility of the Imaging Core, we will combine the<br />
strengths ofnon-invasive magnetic resonance (MR) and positron emission tomography<br />
(PET) imaging techniques essential to this SCOR application. At the macroscopic whole<br />
animal level, we will utilize new small animal imaging technologies, including MRI,<br />
microPET, and microCAT. The primary roles of the Imaging Core will be to: monitor the<br />
number of mouse embryos present in pregnancy and measure the size of the embryo<br />
and placenta using MRI; perform longitudinal MRI studies of pregnant monkeys and<br />
monitor viability and phenotypic differences of the fetus and placenta throughout<br />
pregnancy; employ high-resolution 3D MRI of fixed mouse embryos to examine<br />
smoking-induced skeletal and vascular alterations; employ non-invasive monitoring of<br />
normal pregnancy in non-human primates utilizing PET imaging and glucose and<br />
amino acid tracers; delineate paternal vs. maternal contributions in adrogenotes and<br />
gynogenotes using reporter gone techniques; to monitor leukocytes invasion and<br />
inflammatory response related to the progression of physiologic and pathologic labor<br />
and evaluate the effects of smoking on the transport of glucose and amino acids across<br />
the placenta. The functions of the Imaging Core will be performed at two locations: MRI<br />
methods will be performed at the Pittsburgh NMR Center, Carnegie Mellon University<br />
and microPET/microCAT imaging studies will be performed at the UPMC PET Facility,<br />
University of Pittsburgh. Both of these facilities are designed for the purpose of<br />
providing state of the art non-invasive imaging technologies to biomedical researchers.<br />
The MRI component of the Imaging Core will provide a vital resource to the proposed<br />
Projects. Projects 1 and 2 will longitudinally follow pregnancies in mouse and in<br />
monkey. From these time-lapse data the viability and phenotypic differences of the fetus<br />
and placenta will be monitored throughout pregnancy. In Project 3, novel 3D<br />
microangiography methods will be utilized to globally examine the impact of smoking<br />
on the vascularization of the developing fetus. For the mouse studies, specialized MRI<br />
capabilities will be used called magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM); this is an<br />
emerging technique capable of imaging biological subjects in vitro and in vivo at
20<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
nearcellular resolution. MRI will help bridge the gap between pregnancy models in<br />
mouse and in primates. The Pittsburgh NMR Center has state-of-the art in vivo imaging<br />
capabilities for both model systems.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: CORE--<strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong> AND SPECTROSCOPY<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Karczmar, Gregory S.; Associate Professor;<br />
University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAY-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): Magnetic Resonance imaging technology has<br />
important applications to cancer treatment. It provides excellent soft tissue contrast,<br />
high spatial resolution, and a wide range of functional information. It is completely noninvasive<br />
and poses no significant risks to patients. Thus the faculty of the UCCRC have<br />
devoted significant effort towards development and application of MRI methods. The<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Core is a new addition to the<br />
University of Chicago Cancer Center which will expand the availability of our MR<br />
resources to Cancer Center investigators. The mission of the MRIS core is to promote the<br />
development and application of MR technology for 1) early detection of cancer, 2)<br />
evaluation of new therapeutic agents 3) and image guided design of therapies. The<br />
MRIS laboratory emphasizes translational research. New methods for detecting cancer<br />
and evaluating response to therapy are developed and applied in animal models using a<br />
4.7 Tesla 30 cm bore research MR scanner. Subsequently some of these new methods are<br />
evaluated on clinical scanners. In addition, the MRIS laboratory uses conventional MRI<br />
imaging to support clinical research such as evaluation of new drugs. Specifically the<br />
MRIS Core will provide the following support for studies of animal models of cancer<br />
and cancer patients; 3-dimensional volumetric high resolution images that depict the<br />
anatomy and size of tumors and changes during therapy; Measurement of<br />
hemodynamic parameters, i.e., tumor blood flow, blood volume, capillary permeability,<br />
and vascular architecture, and changes in these parameters during therapy;<br />
Measurements of tumor oxygenation. Changes in oxygenation caused by tumor<br />
oxygenating agents; Measurements of metabolites involved with high energy phosphate<br />
metabolism, glycolysis, and lipid metabolism; Other important functional<br />
measurements such as water diffusion rates and pH; Development and testing of new<br />
MR methods that are likely to increase the sensitivity and specificity of MR scans;<br />
Development and testing of new contrast agents; High resolution MRI of tissue samples;<br />
and Teaching: The MRIS Core facility is a focal point for instruction of Radiologists and<br />
Medical physicists in basic MR technology and its application to cancer treatment.<br />
Instruction includes lectures and hands on laboratory experience. The primary focus of<br />
the MRIS core will be to support pilot projects that are evaluated and approved by a<br />
steering committee. These pilot studies will produce preliminary results in support of<br />
applications for external funding that will make these projects self-sufficient. The MRIS<br />
Core will foster strong collaborations between oncologists, radiologists, and imaging<br />
scientists. Because studies of animal models of disease and clinical studies will be<br />
supported, this program will be an important source of translational research.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: CORE--NEURO<strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Singh, Manbir; Professor; University of Southern<br />
California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003<br />
Summary: This abstract is not available.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: CORE--NEURO<strong>IMAGING</strong> AND MORPHOLOGY<br />
Studies 21<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Gerig, Guido; Taylor Grandy Professor; University<br />
of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): The primary objective of the Neuroimaging Core of<br />
the CCNMD is to serve the pre-clinical project #3 and the clinical projects #1 and #2<br />
utilizing image acquisition and image processing technology for quantitative<br />
measurements of confocal microscopydata, structural MRI (SMRI) including diffusion<br />
tensor imaging DTI, MR spectroscopy (MRS) and functional MR (FMRI). The core will<br />
provide well-established and validated neuroimage analysis methods but also introduce<br />
novel leading-edge methods with significantly improved efficiency and reliability. This<br />
core in the CCNMD is particularly important because of the need to provide<br />
quantitative methods of image analysis to serve several of the Center projects, the<br />
unique location of the neuroimage analysis lab close to the CCNMD research groups,<br />
and the excellent, well established cooperation between neuroimaging research groups<br />
at UNC and Duke, making it possible to pool the excellent complementary expertise of<br />
all groups. This close interaction is facilitated by high-speed networking and compatible<br />
hardware and software environments. The service of the Neuroimage Analysis Core<br />
will include quality assurance of image acquisition protocols, data transfer of image data<br />
to the image analysis lab, storing and archiving of clinical study image data, image<br />
processing to obtain quantitative measurements, rigorous validation and quality control<br />
of processing with intra- and interrater studies, and transfer of quantitative results to the<br />
Biostatistics Core for statistical analysis. The combination of the processing of<br />
volumetric images from confocal microscopy and from neuroimaging in one core such<br />
as an integrated approach to process SMRI, DRI, FMRI and MRS will make it possible to<br />
apply optimal state-of-the-art medical image processing technology to various types of<br />
image data. The Core Leaders primary appointment in Computer Science and his close<br />
interaction with leading groups in medical image analysis will ensure adaptation of<br />
software to the local needs and access to latest advances in methodology.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: CORTICAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Apkarian, Apkar Vania.; Associate Professor;<br />
Physiology; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Research Chicago, Il 60611<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2003<br />
Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) This proposal is in response to the<br />
BIOBEHAVIORAL PAIN RESEARCH RFA PA-99-021. It is a COMPETING<br />
CONTINUATION application for grant NS 35115 funded from 5-1-96 to 4-30-99. In the<br />
last funding period we developed a new functional brain imaging paradigm, using<br />
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), that enables us to parcel cortical activity<br />
associated with painful stimuli along a stimulus-suffering from chronic Reflex<br />
Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD) pain show prefrontal hyperactivity. These abnormal<br />
activations are reversed to that seen in normal subjects after a sympathetic block. Given<br />
the new paradigm and our observations in chronic pain patients and normal volunteers<br />
we propose to extend the studies to extend the studies of the pathophysiology of chronic
22<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
pain by testing specific hypotheses, designed to distinguish between two chronic pain<br />
states: Specific Aim 1 tests the hypothesis that chronic low back pain with radicular<br />
involvement can be differentiated from acute low back pain, and from normal subjects<br />
by functional brain imaging studies. These studies are designed to image brain activity<br />
directly related to the pain from which the patients suffer. The acute back pain patients<br />
are studied before and three months after spinal cord surgery. Specific Aim 2 tests the<br />
hypothesis that chronic RSD pain with allodynia is distinct from chronic RSD pain with<br />
only hyperalgesia, and that chronic RSD pain is distinguishable from chronic low back<br />
pain. The studies are done using fMRI and again are designed to directly study the pain<br />
from which the patients suffer. Specific Aim 3 tests the hypothesis that chronic pain<br />
states are associated with brain biochemistry abnormalities, and that different chronic<br />
pains may be differentiated by brain biochemistry. Hydrogen-Magnetic Resonance<br />
Spectroscopy (MRS) will be used to examine different brain regions and chemicals in<br />
RSD and low back pain patients and compared to normal subjects. Specific Aim 4 tests<br />
the hypothesis that chronic pain is correlated with cognitive abnormalities. RSD and<br />
back pain patients will be tested on a battery of cognitive tests: Stroop, WCST, and<br />
Bechara's Gambling test. The chosen tests examine different frontal abilities and may<br />
differentiate between types of chronic pain. Overall the studies are designed to examine<br />
chronic pain by functional imaging, brain biochemistry, and cognitive abilities. The<br />
results, if successful, have the potential of being used in the clinic as diagnostic or<br />
prognostic tools.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: CORTICAL SURFACE BASED BRAIN <strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Dale, Anders M.; Associate Professor;<br />
Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2003<br />
Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The cerebral cortex underwent a remarkable expansion<br />
in human evolution and is, by far, the largest part of the human brain. In order to<br />
facilitate research into cortical function, we propose to create, test, streamline, and make<br />
user-friendly a new cortical mapping system designed to preserve the physical layout of<br />
the cerebral cortex, which is most accurately described as a thin, folded, twodimensional<br />
sheet. Most previous methods have mapped the cerebral cortex and other<br />
brain structures using a volume-based system with three coordinates for each point<br />
instead of two. Volume-based systems are straightforward to apply, and they generalize<br />
to non-cortical structures. However, there are a number of fundamental advantages to<br />
using a surface-based system for mapping the cerebral cortex. Preliminary results<br />
indicate that surface-based mapping yields improved inter subject comparisons. In<br />
addition, it enables many new surface-based computations as well as providing a<br />
unified, user-comprehensible way to display the constantly growing and<br />
paradigmatically diverse corpus of brain imaging data. To make it possible to exploit<br />
the advantages of both two- and three-dimensional approaches, we show how to<br />
generate a precise mapping between these two systems. We demonstrate many of the<br />
components of the proposed surface-based analysis and visualization software to show<br />
that most of the ideas are already prototyped. A number of our recent papers using this<br />
software further illustrate its usefulness in brain-mapping. In this proposal, we first plan<br />
to automate, optimize, and validate our existing software, while expanding a surfacebased<br />
brain mapping database. The database will consist of (1) structural magnetic<br />
resonance images and cortical surface reconstructions made from them, and (2)<br />
functional magnetic resonance images analyzed in a surface-based framework both
Studies 23<br />
taken from the same normal human subjects. This database will be used to construct an<br />
averaged "canonical" human cortical surface, with much less "blurriness" than current 3-<br />
D-averaged brains. This database will also be used to implement and validate a novel 2-<br />
D latitude and longitude coordinate system for the unfolded cortical surface. The<br />
software tools will be ported to several platforms, including SGI, Sun and PC (Linux), in<br />
order to facilitate their dissemination to the wider scientific community.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: DETECTION AND MODULATION OF VULNERABLE<br />
ATHEROSCLEROTIC P<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ganz, Peter; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75<br />
Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2007<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): Episodes of instability caused by plaque disruption<br />
frequently punctuate the course of stable coronary atherosclerosis. Pathological studies<br />
have identified critical features of lesions vulnerable to rupture (large lipid pool,<br />
prominent inflammatory component and thin fibrous cap) but routine testing including<br />
diagnostic angiography fails to identify these important structural features of vulnerable<br />
plaques. We aim to develop and validate in atherosclerotic rabbits and in humans, high<br />
resolution intravascular magnetic resonance imaging to identify the tissue<br />
characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques. The inflammatory component of the plaques<br />
will be delineated by the use of contrast agents that are selectively taken up by<br />
macrophages (particles of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide) or contrast agents<br />
that localize to sites of increased vascular permeability (gadolinium-labeled albumin)-classical<br />
characteristics of atheroma formation. We will use high resolution intravascular<br />
magnetic resonance imaging to characterize changes in plaque features and their time<br />
course using cholesterol lowering as a well-established intervention. We will test the<br />
hypothesis in humans, with parallel validation in rabbits, that intensive cholesterollowering<br />
can rapidly improve the high risk morphometric characteristics and the<br />
inflammatory component of plaques, thereby leading to rapid stabilization. Future<br />
extensions of this work might use the technologies validated now to test similar<br />
hypotheses with novel therapeutic agents that have a putative direct effect on<br />
atherosclerotic lesions. These projects are considered the necessary cornerstone for<br />
examining the effects in humans of new therapeutic strategies. These studies provide<br />
novel approaches to detection and characterization of vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions<br />
in patients. This much needed information cannot be obtained with conventional<br />
angiography or with other current clinical means of testing. This work should provide<br />
new mechanistic insights and promote development and evaluation of therapeutic<br />
strategies for further protection from plaque rupture, thrombosis and fatal coronary<br />
events.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL MRI FOR MOUSE<br />
PHENOTYPING<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Yoder, Elizabeth J.; Physics; University of California<br />
San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUN-2004; Project End 31-MAY-2007<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): Candidate: Dr. Elizabeth Yoder has a strong<br />
background in mouse brain imaging using optical techniques, and has received recent
24<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
training in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans. Her long-term<br />
career goal is to become an independent investigator who studies the principles and<br />
mechanisms of neurovascular coupling using mouse models. Her immediate objective is<br />
to pursue a rigorous period of developing the fMRI technology to enable this goal. She<br />
has designed a career development plan that incorporates this development of new<br />
technology to use fMRI for measurement of cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood<br />
oxygenation, and cerebral oxygen metabolism in mice. Environment: The rich research<br />
environment at the University of California, San Diego and its affiliated institutions is<br />
ideal for the candidate's career development. Dr. Yoder will be mentored by Dr. Buxton,<br />
Director of the new UCSD Center for fMRI, a facility dedicated to fMRI research in<br />
humans and animals. Part of the Center's core research program uses fMRI to study<br />
neurovascular coupling, and Dr. Yoder's participation in this program will provide her<br />
with valuable contacts and collaborations. The Center has the necessary resources for<br />
Dr. Yoder to accomplish her goals. Research: The mouse is the species of choice for<br />
generating animal models of disease and disability. Coordinated international efforts to<br />
sequence the mouse genome were just successfully completed. Accordingly, the<br />
research emphasis must now shift to generating genetically-modified animals and<br />
characterizing their phenotypes. Existing schemes for phenotyping mice utilize<br />
anatomical and behavioral strategies. This application proposes to develop a<br />
physiological phenotyping protocol using functional magnetic resonance imaging<br />
(fMRI). Specifically, technology will be developed that simultaneously and dynamically<br />
measures both cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood oxygenation. This capability will<br />
be crucial to the evaluation of mouse models of numerous neurological diseases that<br />
have vascular deficits, such as Alzheimers Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and stroke.<br />
Once developed, the proposed technology will not only be useful for characterization of<br />
mouse phenotypes, it will provide a useful, quantitative physiological metric for<br />
comparing the efficacy of treatment regimes in these mouse models, and it will enhance<br />
the usefulness of mouse models for investigation of basic biological processes. The<br />
proposed technology is not envisaged as a primary screen for "baseline" phenotyping<br />
but rather as a secondary screening for deficits in cerebral blood flow and energy<br />
metabolism. The endpoint of the project will be the submission of a novel phenotyping<br />
protocol to the Mouse Phenome Database.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> SENSORS FOR MRI CANCER<br />
<strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Perez, J Manuel.; Instructor in Chemistry;<br />
Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 18-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): The need to understand cancer biology at a cellular<br />
level requires a comprehensive interrogation of mRNA and proteins at high throughput<br />
and preferably simultaneously. The overall goal of the proposed research is to expand<br />
preliminary experiments by the applicant to further develop, validate and optimize<br />
magnetic nanosensors (magnetic relaxation switches, MRS) capable of sensing different<br />
types of molecular targets. In preliminary experiments we have shown that when<br />
monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles self-assemble into oligomeric nanoassemblies,<br />
there is a corresponding decrease in the spin-spin relaxation times (T2) of surrounding<br />
water detectable by NMR techniques. This fundamental observation has allowed us to<br />
measure DNA-DNA, protein-protein, small molecule protein interactions as well as<br />
enzyme activities (Nat Biotech 2002;20, 816-820). The magnetic relaxation switch (MRS)
Studies 25<br />
technique is exceedingly sensitive, allowing the detection of target molecules at<br />
femtomole levels with bench-top detectors and attomole levels by high-resolution MR<br />
imaging. The assay is performed in solution and does not require isolation or<br />
purification of the sample. In the proposed research the applicant will pursue three<br />
specific aims using telomerase as a cancer related target: (1) design and optimize MRS<br />
probes that independently recognize telomerase-mRNA, -protein and enzyme activity;<br />
(2) develop and optimize magnetic resonance techniques for simultaneous screening of<br />
telomerase-mRNA, -protein and -activity; and (3) develop and optimize internalization<br />
protocols for telomerase MRS probes that would allow detection of a target inside intact<br />
cells. It is hypothesized that telomerase mRNA, telomerase protein and telomerase<br />
activity can be detected in cell lysates and tissue extracts without prior purification or<br />
amplification using the developed MRS technique. Major biotechnical and medical<br />
applications of the developed technique lie in 1) the development of techniques to<br />
simultaneously interrogate RNA and proteins, 2) the development of high-throughput<br />
solution phase arrays, and 3) the ability to image molecular interactions by magnetic<br />
resonance imaging. The proposed research will be conducted in a multidisciplinary<br />
environment and the integrated training and research program will enable the candidate<br />
to establish himself as an independent cancer researcher.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: DYNAMIC FMRI TO MEASURE NEURONAL ACTIVITY<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Maciejewski, Paul K.; Internal Medicine; Yale<br />
University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): Funding is requested to advance the research career<br />
of the Candidate, Dr. Paul K. Maciejewski. The overall aim of the project is to establish<br />
the Candidate, whose prior formal training has been in mechanical engineering and<br />
statistics, as an independent investigator in the areas of neurophysiology and brain<br />
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The research career development plan<br />
consists of education/training and research components. Education in neurophysiology<br />
will be obtained primarily through courses offered in the Graduate Program in<br />
Neurobiology in the Yale University School of Medicine. Training in magnetic resonance<br />
spectroscopy (MRS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and metabolic modeling will<br />
be obtained primarily through training provided by experienced researchers at the Yale<br />
University Magnetic Resonance Center for Research in Metabolism & Physiology.<br />
Education and training in the ethical use of animals in research will be obtained<br />
primarily through the Yale Animal Resources Center. The research plan has three<br />
Specific Aims. These are: 1) Developing a 13C MRS method for measuring dynamic<br />
changes in cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption, 2) obtaining dynamic, multimodal<br />
measurements of functional activation in a rat model, and 3) developing a<br />
neurovascular model of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal and<br />
functional activation. The Aims of the research plan will be achieved through<br />
applications and extensions of MRS, metabolic modeling, fMRI, electrophysiological<br />
measurements, and dynamic modeling. The outcomes of this basic research are expected<br />
to be relevant to diagnostic evaluation in neurology and psychiatry.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
26<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Project Title: EVALUATION OF ASTROCYTOMAS WITH HRMAS 1HMR<br />
SPECTROSCOPY<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Cheng, Leo L.; Assistant Professor; Massachusetts<br />
General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2004<br />
Summary: Astrocytomas, the most common type of brain tumors, are primarily<br />
diagnosed by the histopathological evaluation of cellular morphological changes in<br />
biopsy samples. In addition to changes in cell morphology, tumors also display altered<br />
cellular biochemistry. Tumor metabolic alterations may provide valuable information<br />
for clinical grading, biology-based prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring of<br />
astrocytomas. Conventional ex vivo 1HMRS has been used to study tumor samples;<br />
however, it is hampered by the need for the often destructive chemical extraction of<br />
tissue. We propose to evaluate the diagnostic potential of the newly developed highresolution<br />
magic angle spinning (HRMAS) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy<br />
(1HMRS) on intact specimens of human astrocytomas. We plan to quantify HRMAS<br />
metabolites and measure histopathological features on the same tumor specimens, to<br />
select tumor metabolic markers, and to establish biochemical databases for astrocytoma<br />
diagnosis and prognosis. Our specific aims are: 1) To quantify metabolic concentrations<br />
with HRMAS 1HMRS in different regions of normal human brain; 2) To quantify<br />
metabolic alterations in newly diagnosed, adult supratentorial, diffuse fibrillary<br />
astrocytomas, and to use these measures to identify and define HRMAS 1HMRS<br />
markers able to type and grade these tumors; 3) To evaluate the capability of HRMAS<br />
spectroscopic markers in predicting the histological grade of adult cerebral hemisphere<br />
astrocytomas; and 4) To evaluate the usefulness of HRMAS metabolic markers as<br />
independent indicators of tumor behavior and predictors of 2 year survival for patients<br />
with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). If successful, our study will establish astrocytoma<br />
HRMAS metabolic databases and objective parameters to serve as an adjunct modality<br />
for predicting tumor development, progression and patient outcome. We expect that<br />
current diagnostic sensitivity and specificity will be improved by utilizing HRMAS<br />
1HMRS tumor markers. The results from this study will also further current<br />
understanding of tumor neurobiology and provide new linkages among fields such as<br />
clinical pathology, clinical radiology, tumor biology and molecular genetics.<br />
Astrocytoma metabolic markers obtained from this study will have important<br />
implications on the future development of magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging<br />
(MRSI) and localized in vivo MR spectroscopy for non-invasive diagnosis and<br />
therapeutic monitoring of these neoplasms.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: FOLATE DENDRIMERS AS TUMOR SPECIFIC CONTRAST AGENTS<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Wiener, Erik C.; Nuclear , Plasma & Radiological<br />
Engineering; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Henry Administration Bldg<br />
Champaign, Il 61820<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005<br />
Summary: Ovarian cancer is the leading killer of women with tumors of gynecological<br />
origin, and intracranial ependymomas are the third most common primary brain tumors<br />
found in children. The long term goal of this project is to develop a magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (MRI) contrast agent specific for ovarian tumors, childhood ependymomas,<br />
and choroid plexus tumors thus improving the specificity of both the diagnosis of these<br />
tumors and the monitoring of the treatment of these tumors. The specific aim of this
Studies 27<br />
project is to develop a high relaxivity dendrimer-Gd(III)-chelate based MRI contrast<br />
agent with strong avidity to cells expressing the high affinity folate receptor using low<br />
molecular weight targeting agents (folic acid) and actively target it to tumor cells in<br />
vivo. We are testing two hypotheses. One is that bifunctional Gd(III) chelates with faster<br />
proton exchange rates will have higher relaxivities (better efficiency) than those already<br />
achieved with bifunctional chelates of clinically approved agents following conjugation<br />
to dendrimers, and the other is that these agents have a high enough molecular<br />
efficiency (relaxivity) to enhance T1 weighted images, at 1.5 T, of tumors that express<br />
the high affinity folate receptor. The experimental approach consists of attaching a new<br />
bifunctional Gd(III) macrocyclic chelate to a new class of dendrimers. This class of<br />
dendrimers allows us to control the exact number of targeting and reporter molecules<br />
and provides a pure compound. Following the synthesis of this agent we will<br />
characterize the magnetic properties, determine the optimum number of targeting<br />
molecules, determine the number of Gd(III)- chelate complexes needed to alter the<br />
tumor contrast, prove targeting specificity in vivo, and determine the pharmacokinetics<br />
and biodistribution. We have two in vivo tumor models consisting of human ovarian<br />
tumor xenografts in nude mice that either express the high affinity folate receptor or<br />
lack it. The significance of developing a relatively low molecular weight (relative to<br />
antibody targeted systems) tumor specific MRI contrast agent is that it will allow better<br />
tumor visualization, interpretation for cancer diagnosis, and most significantly a<br />
noninvasive method for monitoring tumor therapy.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: FRONTAL PREMOTOR AREAS & CEREBELLUM & COGNITION<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Strick, Peter L.; Professor of Neurology, Psychiatry,<br />
Neur; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn<br />
554552070<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2003<br />
Summary: The present grants of the PI of this collaborative project (P. Strick) are<br />
directed primarily for connectivity studies and functional mapping in the monkey brain.<br />
Subsequent to the development of human functional imaging with magnetic resonance<br />
in 1992, an active collaborative effort has developed on human brain mapping, utilizing<br />
the 4 Tesla instrument supported as a BTRR at the University of Minnesota. These<br />
human studies are direct extensions of the monkey work and currently focus on 1)<br />
identification and somatotopic organization of premotor areas especially in the frontal<br />
lobe of the human brain and 2) cognitive role of the cerebellum in the human brain.<br />
Abstracts have been presented in 1996 ISMRM and Brain Map meetings on the first<br />
topic, and articles in Science magazine has already been published in previous years on<br />
the second subject. Classically, the primary motor cortex has been viewed as the "upper<br />
motoneuron" or the "final common pathway" for the central generation of movement.<br />
According to this concept, the primary motor cortex was the main source of descending<br />
commands for voluntary movement. The basal ganglia, cerebellum and cortical areas in<br />
the parietal and frontal lobe were thought to influence these commands largely through<br />
direct or indirect projections to the primary motor cortex. The results of our recent<br />
studies have led us to challenge this concept. We have shown that there are at least 6<br />
premotor areas in the frontal lobe. Each premotor area is somatotopically organized and<br />
contains largely separate regions for the control of arm and leg movements. Perhaps<br />
more importantly, our results indicate that each of these premotor areas has substantial<br />
direct projections to the spinal cord. Furthermore, our data suggests that the<br />
corticospinal projections from the premotor areas are involved in the control of both
28<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
distal and proximal arm movements. These observations raise the possibility that each<br />
premotor area is an independent source of central commands for the generation of limb<br />
movement. While the many of these areas are identified in the monkey brain, similar<br />
exhaustive anatomical identification in the human brain does not exist, especially the six<br />
premotor areas that were identified in the frontal cortex of the monkey brain. This issue<br />
is currently being pursued as a collaborative project at the high field national research<br />
resource at the CMRR, taking advantage of the recent developments in functional<br />
magnetic resonance imaging and the advantages of high magnetic fields in cortical<br />
mapping. The specific hypothesis tested is that the general cortical region area often<br />
referred to as Broca's area (including and near parts of Brodmann's areas BA44, BA45)<br />
may significantly overlap with and may be the location of a ventral lateral premotor<br />
area (PMv) described in monkey studies. To test this and to discriminate between<br />
functional areas, subjects are asked to perform several motor tasks and a covert<br />
speaking task. These tasks are: (I) random tongue movement, (II) toe movement, (III)<br />
complex instruction guided finger-tapping, (IV) copying of displayed hand shapes and<br />
(V) covert speaking task. Task V requires phoneme based word generation. Preliminary<br />
results demonstrate that the frontal lobe of humans contains a region that is comparable<br />
to the PMv of monkeys and this area lies in a ventral inferior part of BA6, BA44 and<br />
BA45. In addition, these studies are being extended to deaf subjects who are native users<br />
of American sign language (ASL) where the Broca's areas language and motor functions<br />
are further examined. The advantage in this approach is the similarity of the language<br />
and motor tasks that can be designed. In previous years we have accumulated a large set<br />
of data which we are in the process of analyzing.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL CONNECTIVITY IN<br />
ADOLESCENCE<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Driesen, Naomi R.; Diagnostic Radiology; Yale<br />
University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): Children gain sophisticated reasoning skills,<br />
particularly in executive function and working memory, during the adolescent years.<br />
Yet, little is known of the neurobiological substrate of these changes. The few studies<br />
bearing on this question implicate the maturation of the frontal lobe and its connections.<br />
Until recently, it has been difficult to obtain relevant information on frontal lobe<br />
maturation in vivo. Postmortem samples have been sparse. Recent advances in<br />
magnetic resonance imaging promise to provide increased knowledge of functional and<br />
anatomical brain connectivity in vivo. The proposed research exploits these innovations<br />
to increase knowledge of frontal lobe connectivity during the adolescent years. Normal<br />
adolescents will be studied using novel magnetic resonance imaging techniques within<br />
a cross-sectional study. Specifically, developmental changes in functional connectivity<br />
will be assessed via analysis of temporal correlations in low-frequency fluctuations of<br />
the blood-oxygenated level dependent signal during rest and during a working memory<br />
task. Structural connectivity will be evaluated using diffusion tensor imaging and fiber<br />
tracking. Substantively, the research aims to establish normal patterns of age-related<br />
change in functional and structural connectivity in the working memory network and<br />
relate them to pubertal status and hormonal levels. Methodologically, the project seeks<br />
to create techniques for measuring functional and structural brain connectivity that can<br />
be extended to clinical populations of interest and other cognitive domains.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies 29<br />
• Project Title: FUNCTIONAL <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong> OF THE BRAIN<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Hyde, James S.; Professor; Biophysics; Medical<br />
College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532260509<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2003<br />
Summary: The central theme of this Program Project competitive renewal proposal is<br />
the fundamental development of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) into a<br />
quantitative basis of mental health. Project I proposes a testable model of fMRI contrast<br />
expressed in terms of cerebral blood flow, blood volume and metabolism. It uses a rat<br />
fMRI model as well as human subjects to probe issues of fMRI spatial resolution and<br />
temporal response and of spontaneous fluctuations in these physiological parameters.<br />
Project II addresses polymodal sensory and attentional interactions. It seeks to<br />
determine rules governing polymodal interactions using visual and auditory motion<br />
processing paradigms as an essential step in understanding sensory and attentional<br />
deficits caused by brain pathology. Project II is designed to understand how temporal<br />
information is represented in the brain. Using pharmacological probes of normal<br />
subjects and studies of patients with basal ganglia disease, this project will test the<br />
hypothesis that a unified neural system mediates both perceptual and motor timing.<br />
Project IV is built on the experimental observation that "negative" fMRI responses are<br />
most frequently seen in brain areas that have also been implicated in semantic<br />
processing. It tests the hypothesis that non-semantic tasks produce decreases in neural<br />
activity in regions normally engaged in semantic processing. If true, novel research<br />
approaches to several neuropsychiatric diseases become available. Core A,<br />
Administration, in addition to normal activities, places emphasis on coordinating<br />
development of local brain gradient and RF coil technology. Core B focuses on fMRI<br />
technology development including interactive real time fMRI at 1/5 and 3 Tesla and<br />
extension of the integrated software system AFNI developed in the previous funding<br />
period. Core C provides stimulus delivery and subject monitoring capabilities and will<br />
continue to refine the Mock scanner for acquiring behavioral and psychophysical data in<br />
a simulated MRI environment. These closely integrated initiatives seek to extend fMRI<br />
beyond simple mapping into a technique for probing the integration of diverse brain<br />
systems in order to make further progress towards the long-term goal of application of<br />
fMRI to neuropsychiatric disease and mental health.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: FUNCTIONAL <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> STUDIES IN<br />
SCHIZOPHRENIA<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcdowell, Jennifer E.; Psychology; University of<br />
Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant) The long-term career goal of the primary investigator<br />
is to advance the knowledge ot schizophrenia-related functional neuropathology by<br />
establishing and directing a brain imaging laboratory. The short-term goal is to develop<br />
an expertise in the design, execution, and analysis of functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (fMRI) studies using a series of saccadic tasks. The realization of these goals<br />
will occur through a combination of intensive training and the completion of a<br />
systematic research plan over the course of the proposed funding period. Training in<br />
functional neuroimaging will occur within the UCSD functional neuroimaging group<br />
and during yearly 2-week training sessions at the NIMH. Training in neuroanatomy and<br />
neuropsychology will be completed within the UCSD neuroscience community. The
30<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
research plan utilizes the P.I.'s existing studies on the saccadic performance of<br />
schizophrenia patients and their relatives as a foundation for generating and testing<br />
hypotheses of basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuitry dysfunction associated with<br />
schizophrenia. Schizophrenia patients perform normally on refixation saccade tasks, but<br />
demonstrate characteristic abnormalities on antisaccade and ocular motor delayed<br />
response tasks. A similar pattern of performance is observed among biological relatives<br />
of the patients, suggesting that this phenotype may be associated with the liability for<br />
developing schizophrenia. The pattern of saccadic performance is consistent with<br />
pathology of prefrontal cortex and its associated cortical and/or subcortical circuitry.<br />
This hypothesis may be tested using saccadic tasks as behavioral probes during fMRI to<br />
measure BOLD (blood oxygenation level dependent) signal change while subjects are<br />
engaged in ongoing behavioral and cognitive activity. Three specific aims are proposed;<br />
1) evaluate the patterns of neural activation associated with refixation saccade<br />
performance in schizophrenia and normal subjects, 2) to test hypotheses of differing<br />
patterns of frontal activation between schizophrenia and normal groups during tasks<br />
that ostensibly require prefrontally-mediated inhibition (antisaccade and delayed<br />
response tasks), and 3) to test hypotheses of prefrontal cortex dysfunction among the<br />
biological relatives of schizophrenia patients.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: FUNCTIONAL MRI OF TASK INDEPENDENT PROCESSING<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Binder, Jeffrey R.; Professor; Medical College of<br />
Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532260509<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003<br />
Summary: Task-induced decreases in cerebral blood flow are a frequent finding in<br />
functional brain imaging research but have not been adequately explained. Many of the<br />
brain areas that typically show such decreases have also been implicated in semantic<br />
processing. One hypothesis accounting for both observations is that attentiondependent,<br />
unsolicited semantic processing occurs during conscious resting state and is<br />
interrupted by shifting of attention to non-semantic tasks. Non-semantic tasks thus<br />
produce decreases in neural activity in regions normally engaged in semantic processing<br />
during rest or "thinking"). The specific aims of this proposal are to test the main<br />
predications of this model using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and<br />
behavioral measures of semantic processing capacity. First, the model predicts that<br />
changing the attentional demands, or difficulty, or a non-semantic task should produce<br />
correlated changes in task-induced signal decreases measured with fMRI. More<br />
importantly, these changes should be correlated with reductions in semantic processing<br />
capacity measured during the same task conditions. Specific Aim 1 is to test these<br />
predictions by correlating changes in semantic processing capacity and fMRI signal<br />
decreases during controlled manipulations of attentional load in non-semantic task.<br />
Second, the model predicts that semantic tasks should not cause fMRI signal decreases,<br />
as these tasks engage the same brain areas that are engaged in semantic processing<br />
during rest. Specific Aim 2 is to test this prediction by measuring fMRI signal decreases<br />
during controlled manipulations of semantic processing load while attentional load is<br />
held constant. If correct, the main hypotheses will provide a unifying account of<br />
disparate findings from functional imaging studies of semantic processing, an<br />
explanation for at least some task induced "deactivations," and much needed<br />
information about resting state brain activity that would be broadly applicable to the<br />
design and interpretation of functional imaging experiments. These data could also<br />
provide novel research approaches to neuropsychiatric conditions characterized by
Studies 31<br />
abnormal thought content, including schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder,<br />
affective disorder, and autism.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: FUNCTIONAL NEURO<strong>IMAGING</strong> IN TURNER SYNDROME<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Belger, Aysenil; Psychiatry; University of North<br />
Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2004<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): The major goal of the proposed research is to<br />
examine the neurobiological correlates of visuospatial processing deficits in Turner<br />
syndrome (TS) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). TS is a<br />
neurodevelopmental syndrome with a homogeneous etiology, and provides a model for<br />
the study of brain-behavior relationships. Recent studies have suggested that<br />
individuals with TS show significant deficits in visuospatial information processing but<br />
not verbal information processing. Furthermore, these domain-specific visuospatial<br />
information processing deficits may be secondary to more central working memory<br />
problems in this syndrome. Although the cognitive deficits have been well documented<br />
to date, the neural circuitry underlying these deficits have not been characterized.<br />
Specifically, there have been no published fMRI studies of TS. In the current project the<br />
investigators will use fMRI to examine the neural circuits underlying visuospatial<br />
impairments in subjects with TS, with a particular focus on working memory. This<br />
project capitalizes on the availability of a large sample of individuals with TS, and the<br />
expertise of the investigators in conducting fMRI studies. Specific Aim 1 is to use<br />
functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify the cortical circuits activated by<br />
verbal and nonverbal working memory. The investigators will image 15 control subjects<br />
and 15 individuals with TS using a modified version of the working memory tasks<br />
developed by Belger et al. Specific Aim 2 is to characterize the neurocognitive<br />
functioning of the individuals with this disorder, in particular to explore the hypothesis<br />
of domain-specific deficits.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: GRADIENT COILS TO ENHANCE MRI RESEARCH IN MENTAL<br />
HEALTH<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ferris, Craig F.; Professor; Insight Neuroimaging<br />
Systems, Inc. 60 Prescott St Worcester, Ma 01605<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2002<br />
Summary: LONG RANGE OBJECTIVES To develop products that enhance research<br />
methods and applications in animal research using magnetic resonance imaging to<br />
study mental illness. PHASE I The planar gradient coil, or PROTOTYPE we propose to<br />
develop will optimize the working area inside MR spectrometers expanding the<br />
experimental applications and the types of animals that can be studied in small bore<br />
ultra-high field magnets. This PROTOTYPE would be an innovative advance in gradient<br />
coil design that could substitute for the conventional cylindrical gradient coils that<br />
appreciably reduce the working area in the magnet. The specific aims are: (1) Simulate<br />
the magnetic field homogeneity and linearity for different wire patterns and planar<br />
dimensions using numerical modeling programs, (2) Based on the simulation data,<br />
design, construct and bench test the electrical performance of the PROTOTYPE, and (3)<br />
Test the performance of the PROTOTYPE in a monkey functional imaging study.<br />
HEALTH RELATEDNESS Using non-invasive MRI in various animal species,
32<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
particularly monkeys to study brain development and function will make it possible to:<br />
(1) design prospective studies to understand the etiology and pathophysiology of<br />
mental illness, and (2) evaluate the site of action and efficacy of new drugs developed<br />
for the treatment of mental illness. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION:<br />
Research in the field of ultra-high field MRI for animal research is growing<br />
tremendously. Last year alone, there were over 1000 papers published in this area of<br />
science. The technological innovations proposed by INSL are expected to expand the<br />
methods and applications of MRI in the study of mental illness in animal models.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: HARMONIC PHASE MRI FOR ULTRAFAST CARDIAC STRAIN<br />
<strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Prince, Jerry L.; William B. Kouwenhoven Professor;<br />
Electrical and Computer Engr; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore,<br />
Md 21218<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2004<br />
Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): Heart disease is the leading cause of<br />
death in the United States today. Cardiac motion analysis using magnetic resonance<br />
imaging has proven to be a sensitive method to detect and quantify regions of ischemia<br />
and infarction in the diseased heart. The current methodology, however, is limited by<br />
slow image acquisition times, non-automated image analysis methods, and sparse threedimensional<br />
measurement protocols, usually limited to the left ventricle. The goals of<br />
the proposed research are to develop and validate a new, ultrafast method to image<br />
myocardial motion and strain using tagged magnetic resonance imaging and the<br />
concept of harmonic phase images. The applicants reported that harmonic phase images<br />
are instrumental in automated, accurate imaging of closely spaced tag planes, small<br />
motion fields, two-dimensional strain, and sequential two-dimensional displacement<br />
fields. Preliminary results provided in this proposal support the hypothesis that<br />
harmonic phase images can be used in real-time, two dimensional motion and strain<br />
imaging and interactive-time three-dimensional motion and strain imaging. The<br />
applicants propose to 1) characterize and optimize harmonic phase imaging methods; 2)<br />
develop, implement, and validate real-time 2-D harmonic phase imaging methods; 3)<br />
develop, implement, and validate single breath-hold 3-D harmonic phase imagine<br />
methods; and 4) develop and validate a suite of new clinical protocols using harmonic<br />
phase imaging. All methods will be extensively validated using a computer phantom,<br />
physical phantoms, and human scans. In addition, comparative studies will be<br />
conducted throughout the course of research using competing imaging, data processing,<br />
and visualization approaches. The methods to be developed for the ultrafast, automated,<br />
and accurate imaging of cardiac strain will be useful in screening for cardiac ischemic<br />
disease, rapid evaluation of myocardial infarction extent and degree, and for monitoring<br />
treatment after myocardial infarction.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: HIGH FIELD MR COILS FOR IMPROVED BREAST CANCER<br />
DETECTION<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Vaughan, John T.; Associate Professor; Radiology;<br />
University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005
Studies 33<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): According to the National Cancer Institute, breast<br />
cancer is second only to lung cancer in causing the deaths of American women. An<br />
estimated one in eight women (12.6%) will develop breast cancer in their lifetime. More<br />
than 180,000 women per year are now diagnosed, often too late for lifesaving treatment.<br />
Highly sensitive and specific detection is critical to early diagnoses and successful<br />
treatments for most breast cancers. MRI has great potential as a tool for imaging and<br />
spectroscopic detection of breast cancer in women, especially for those under 50 years of<br />
age. Younger women frequently have "radiodense' breast tissue, rendering breast cancer<br />
diagnosis with conventional mammography problematic. For this reason and others,<br />
contrast-enhanced MRI of the breast has emerged as one of the most promising clinical<br />
tools for detection of breast cancer and delineation of its anatomic extent. NMR<br />
spectroscopy in vivo of cellular metabolism in tumors may further augment imaging<br />
diagnostic methods. To encourage the promise of magnetic resonance based diagnostics,<br />
the NCI has issued at least a dozen program annDuncements over the past decade<br />
specifically requesting grant applications for MR based investigation of breast cancer.<br />
Based on preliminary human breast exams performed at 4T, and on additional human<br />
imaging experience at 4T and 7T, we postulate that the most sensitive and highly<br />
specific detection of breast cancer by MR imaging and spectroscopy methods will<br />
require the use of high sensitivity breast coil receivers together with high homogeneity<br />
chest coil transmitters, at the highest magnetic fields available. We intend to investigate<br />
this hypothetical assertion by developing a single tuned and multinuclear chest coils<br />
paired with phased array receivers to make dual breast imaging and spectroscopy<br />
possible at 4T and 7T. Currently there are no such capabilities for high field breast<br />
studies. Cancer detection in breasts will be improved with this new high field<br />
technology by the increased signal-to-noise, spectral resolution and fat suppression it<br />
facilitates. Specificity will be improved and scan time reduced by imaging both breasts<br />
simultaneously to facilitate anatomic and metabolic comparison between healthy and<br />
cancerous breasts for an individual. The chest coils will be actively switched between<br />
transmit and receive modes, and will be actively decoupled from the independent breast<br />
receiver coils. This new RF technology will be tested on forty breast cancer patients by<br />
the breast imaging and spectroscopy methods proposed. Improvements in data quality<br />
and diagnostics results will be evaluated toprove the new technology and methods<br />
developed.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: HYPERSCAN:SIMULTANEOUS FMRI ACROSS THE INTERNET<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Berns, Gregory S.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry<br />
and Behavioral Scis; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004<br />
Summary: (provided by the applicant) This project proposes the creation of a new<br />
technology that will allow the study of the biological basis of human social interaction.<br />
This technology, termed, "Hyperscan," will allow users to link magnetic resonance<br />
scanners across the internet so that functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can<br />
be performed on groups of individuals interacting with each other. The first goal of this<br />
project is to create the software platform necessary for hyperscanning. Bringing together<br />
a consortium of investigators with expertise in imaging, software development,<br />
neuroscience, and economics, we will create the software in a platform-independent<br />
manner and release it as open-source code. Additionally, we will create the architecture<br />
for locating a network of servers across the Internet to which users can connect during<br />
the performance of hyperscanning experiments. To demonstrate the utility of this
34<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
approach, a single experiment drawn from the field of experimental economics will be<br />
performed. Linking together two 3 T scanners, one at Emory University and one at<br />
Princeton University, the biological substrates associated with human-human<br />
interaction will be compared to human-computer interaction.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: HYPERTENSION, COGNITION, AND THE BRAIN IN OLDER<br />
ADULTS<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Waldstein, Shari R.; Associate Professor;<br />
Psychology; University of Maryland Balt Co Campus Baltimore, Md 21250<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2004<br />
Summary: Hypertension is a major risk factor for cerebral infarction, intracranial<br />
hemorrhage, and vascular dementia, particularly among older adults. Prior to clinical<br />
manifestations of cerebrovascular disease, subtle neuropsychological deficits are noted<br />
in hypertensives of all age ranges. In older adults, hypertension is highly prevalent, and<br />
is considered a critical factor in cognitive aging. The underlying pathogenesis of this<br />
process is poorly understood. Subtle deficits in neuropsychological performance, and<br />
accompanying central nervous system abnormalities, may constitute early markers of<br />
elevated cerebrovascular risk among older hypertensives. In this proposal, it is<br />
hypothesized that hypertension will be associated with diminished neuropsychological<br />
function, increased microvascular disease, greater macrovascular disease, and reduced<br />
cerebral perfusion. These three central nervous system mechanisms will result in subtle<br />
neuropsychological deficits among non-demented, older hypertensives. The first specific<br />
aim of this project is to compare 100 unmedicated, mild-to-moderate essential<br />
hypertensives (ages 60-80) to 100 demographically comparable normotensives with<br />
respect to: (1) neuropsychological performance; (2) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)<br />
ratings of microvascular disease involving periventricular and deep white matter; (3)<br />
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) ratings of macrovascular disease of the cerebral<br />
and cervicocerebral arteries; and (4) relative ratios of cerebral:cerebellar perfusion<br />
assessed by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). A second aim is to<br />
examine MRI, MRA, and SPECT indices of microvascular disease, macrovascular<br />
disease, and cerebral perfusion as predictors of neuropsychological performance. This<br />
study will be the first to examine concomitantly three central nervous system<br />
mechanisms as predictors of neuropsychological function in older adults.<br />
Understanding the pathogenesis of hypertension-related cognitive impairment in older<br />
adults may lead to enhanced efforts in prevention, and intervention to reduce<br />
cerebrovascular risk and improve quality of life.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: <strong>IMAGING</strong> BRAIN MATURATION AND NEUROBEHAVIORAL<br />
CORRELATES<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Sowell, Elizabeth R.; Assistant Professor;<br />
Neurology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los<br />
Angeles, Ca 90024<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 02-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004<br />
Summary: The primary objectives of this proposal are to localized and stage structural<br />
maturational brain changes between childhood and adolescence using structural<br />
magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), and to relate these brain changes to improving<br />
cognitive abilities assessed with cognitive psychological tests of learning and memory
Studies 35<br />
and functioning MRI (fMRI). Neurodevelopment in normal children and adolescents is<br />
not yet well understood, but the few studies in the literature that have focused on this<br />
topic have shown regionally specific age-related changes in brain morphology. These<br />
maturational changes are characterized by great variability between individuals, even<br />
within narrow chronological age ranges. Such variability is also found in normative<br />
studies of improving cognitive abilities, and correlations have been found between<br />
cognitive measures and some brain measures. Notably, these relationships do not tend<br />
to be mediated by age, suggesting that maturational factors that are not well indexed by<br />
chronological age are involved with the plasticity in brain structure and its<br />
neurobehavioral correlates. The increased understanding of normal brain development<br />
obtained through this proposed program of research will be useful in scientific<br />
endeavors to understand aberrant brain maturation and cognitive impairments in<br />
children with various neurodevelopmental disorders, understand aberrant brain<br />
maturation and cognitive impairments in children with various neurodevelopmental<br />
disorders. This proposal details a plan for didactic study, enabling the candidate to<br />
acquire new skills in acquisition and analysis of sMRI and fMRI data, with supervised<br />
research to address the following specific aims: (1) To analyze existing high resolution<br />
imaging data from 300 normal children and adolescents by adapting measurement tools<br />
that will provide localized information about structural change throughout<br />
development. (2) To categorize individuals based on sMRI data in such a way to enable<br />
reasonable comparisons across developmental stages. It is hypothesized that<br />
chronological age will only roughly correlate with groups of subjects that are<br />
categorized by patterns of changing brain structure. (3) To investigate neurobehavioral<br />
correlates of brain maturation in a small prospective study using sMRI, and modern<br />
cognitive psychological tests for detailed assessment of learning and memory abilities.<br />
(4) To assess neurobehavioral assessment. It is hypothesized that dissociative brain<br />
regions will be involved in distinct cognitive functions (e.g., verbal memory vs. spatial<br />
memory), and similar brain regions will be implicated in the fMRI studies of memory,<br />
and the sMRI/memory correlation studies.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: <strong>IMAGING</strong> OF MOLECULES BY OSCILLATOR COUPLED<br />
<strong>RESONANCE</strong><br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Sidles, John A.; Biological Structure; University of<br />
Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-AUG-1993; Project End 31-JUL-2005<br />
Summary: This proposal is a competing continuation to a 1993 NIH grant entitled<br />
"Imaging of Molecules by Oscillator-Coupled Resonance" (R01-RR08820-08), as renewed<br />
in 1996 by the Biomedical Technology Program of the National Center for Research<br />
Resources. The broad objective of the proposed research is to enable biomedical<br />
researchers to routinely, quickly, and easily obtain images showing the full threedimensional<br />
atomic structure of the molecules they are studying, in situ, with all their<br />
ligands, cross-links, and glycosylation in place. The technical means by which it is<br />
proposed to achieve this goal is called magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM).<br />
Magnetic resonance force microscopy combines the atomic-scale resolution of scanning<br />
probe microscopy with the three-dimensional, nondestructive imaging capacity of<br />
magnetic resonance. The proposed specific aims are: (1) to achieve a reliable theoretical<br />
understanding of electron and proton spin relaxation and dynamics in the MRFM<br />
environment, and (2) to apply this knowledge by demonstrating nanometer resolution<br />
in 3D MRFM imaging. Achieving these two specific aims will allow a feasible path to
36<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
practical molecular imaging to be specified in detail and with confidence. The logical<br />
next step will be to launch a coordinated national research initiative for quantum<br />
molecular microscopy.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: ISOFLAVONE TREATMENT FOR ALCOHOL ABUSE<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Lukas, Scott E.; Professor of Psychiatry<br />
(Pharmacology) a; Mc Lean Hospital (Belmont, Ma) Belmont, Ma 02478<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2004<br />
Summary: We propose to continue our studies of the Chinese herb, kudzu (Puerariae<br />
lobata), as a potential treatment for alcohol abuse/dependence. We are extremely<br />
encouraged by the results obtained during the first 2.75 years of this project as we have<br />
demonstrated that a two-day treatment regimen with raw kudzu root attenuates<br />
ethanol-induced subjective reports of intoxication in light, but not heavy drinkers. Our<br />
safety data indicate that the isoflavones are devoid of any physiologic, behavioral or<br />
medical side effects, and subjects cannot detect the active preparation from the placebo.<br />
A Supplement to this grant was awarded to develop an isoflavone extract and a<br />
matched placebo under GMP. They are both ready for testing and we now propose to<br />
explore the consumption-related and sex-related differences in alcohol effects using this<br />
isoflavone extract. Using a multidisciplinary battery of subjective, physiologic and<br />
behavioral measures as well as plasma ethanol levels, we propose new studies to<br />
systematically evaluate the efficacy of this extract in treating alcohol-related problems.<br />
We will first determine the dose that is effective in reducing the subjective and<br />
physiologic effects of acute ethanol challenges in male and female non-dependent heavy<br />
drinkers. The second experiment will determine if the isoflavone extract attenuates<br />
alcohol-related cue-induced craving. Third, the effects of isoflavone extract on ethanol<br />
self-administration will be measured in a natural environment to simulate realistic<br />
drinking conditions. Fourth, the extract's amethystic properties will be assessed in<br />
acutely intoxicated subjects under controlled laboratory conditions. Finally, using brain<br />
imaging techniques, we will explore the possible mechanism of action of this isoflavone<br />
preparation using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to determine whether<br />
isoflavone pretreatment alters the amount of ethanol that actually enters the brain. We<br />
plan to continue and expand this experiment and, in addition, will measure changes in<br />
cerebral blood flow and cerebral vasculature using functional MR imaging (fMRI). The<br />
results of these studies will help define the role that isoflavones may have in treating<br />
alcohol-related problems. Because of its complete lack of toxicity this isoflavone<br />
preparation may be a useful addition to treating alcohol-related problems in special<br />
populations such as adolescents and pregnant women. Further, its anti-inebriating<br />
effects may make it useful in keeping "slips" from becoming full relapses.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> ELASTOGRAPHY IN BREAST CANCER<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ehman, Richard L.; Professor; Mayo Clinic Coll of<br />
Medicine, Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 08-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006<br />
Summary: (Provided by Applicant): Mortality from breast cancer is stage-dependent<br />
and thus, early detection is vital if we are to make progress addressing the burden of<br />
this disease. Imaging methods such as mammography have made a ma contribution in<br />
the early diagnosis of breast cancer. Yet is clear that the standard imaging techniques
Studies 37<br />
have significant limitations in detecting the earliest changes of breast cancer and in<br />
distinguishing benign condition from important premalignant and malignant disease.<br />
Based on the remarkable efficacy of simple palpation as a clinical tool for detecting<br />
cancer in accessible parts of the body, it has long been recognized that a sensitive,<br />
imaging-based method, capable of assessing viscoelastjc properties of tissue, might offer<br />
considerable potential for discriminating malignant from benign tissues. The goal of this<br />
research is to develop a practical noninvasive MRJ-based method for quantitatively<br />
evaluating the mechanical properties of breast tissues. We call this technique magnetic<br />
resonance elastography (MRE). Preliminary development of MRE in our laboratory has<br />
demonstrated the feasibility of quantitatively imaging the large differences in the elastic<br />
properties of normal and cancerous breast tissues in vivo. The specific aims of this<br />
proposal are (1) to further develop the MR elastography technology for pre imaging and<br />
(2) to assess the potential of this new imaging technique to differentiate breast<br />
malignancies fr non-malignant lesions. The MRE technique is implemented on a<br />
standard MRI scanner. Therefore it is readily combined in the same examination with<br />
standard contrast-enhanced MRI protocols for breast cancer imaging. This research-will<br />
provide the first substantial body of quantitative, spatially-resolved data describing the<br />
viscoelastic properties of benign and malignant breast tissues in vivo. The planned<br />
technical development work and pilot studies will provide critical prerequisites for<br />
determining the advisability and most efficient design of a future clinical trial to test the<br />
value of MRE for distinguishing benign from malignant breast masses.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> FLUOROSCOPY TRIGGERING FOR<br />
HIGH RESOL<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Riederer, Stephen J.; Professor and Director; Mayo<br />
Clinic Coll of Medicine, Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1984; Project End 31-DEC-2004<br />
Summary: We propose to further develop real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)<br />
techniques developed in the previous funding cycle toward high resolution MR<br />
angiographic imaging. The specific hypothesis is that compared to the current<br />
performance level of fluoroscopically-triggered elliptical-centric contrast-enhanced 3D<br />
MRA 30 percent improved spatial resolution and 40 percent improved signal can be<br />
obtained in imaging many vascular areas. Despite increased interest, contrast-enhanced<br />
MRA continues to be limited by spatial resolution. In the previous funding cycle we<br />
developed the technique of fluoroscopically-triggered contrast- enhanced MRA and<br />
showed that it can reliably provide high spatial resolution, venous-suppressed<br />
angiograms in virtually all arterial areas from the carotid bifurcation to the pelvis (with<br />
the exception of the coronary arteries). We have also theoretically determined the<br />
dependence of spatial resolution in 3D CE-MRA on MR acquisition parameters and<br />
contrast bolus characteristics. We wish to further apply this real-time MRI capability,<br />
clinical experience, and theoretical development to generate images with an improved<br />
level of resolution and signal. Specific projects to be studied are: 1. k-Space Signal<br />
Enhancement Methods. The general strategy for resolution improvement is to obtain<br />
increased signal level at the peripheral k-space views. This will be done by TR<br />
reduction, FOV reduction, prolongation of the contrast bolus, and selection of scan time.<br />
2. Real-Time MRA Sequence Modification. In order to exploit the risetime of the arriving<br />
contrast bolus, a centric-in portion of the MRA acquisition will precede the standard<br />
elliptical centric- (out) sequence. The characteristics of the view order will be modified<br />
in real time in response to the instantaneously measured bolus transit time. The flip
38<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
angle of the readout will be altered dynamically to match the time-dependent Ernst<br />
angle. 3. Embedded Fluoroscopic/3D MRA. Repetition intervals devoted to 2D<br />
fluoroscopic imaging will be inserted into the elliptical centric 3D MRA sequence. These<br />
will be sorted, reconstructed and displayed during the 3D acquisition allowing he<br />
operator to observe contrast behavior and intervene, such as by triggering another<br />
temporal frame or advancing the table.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong> OF ALZHEIMER'S AMYLOID<br />
PLAQUE<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Poduslo, Joseph F.; Professor; Mayo Clinic Coll of<br />
Medicine, Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): This project will test the hypothesis that<br />
modifications of amyloid-beta protein (A beta) or derivatives of A beta can be used for<br />
the molecular imaging of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is based on<br />
the observation that not only does AI3 provide the seed for the formation of plaques, but<br />
it also binds to pre-existing plaques with high affinity and facilitates their growth.<br />
Various derivatives of A beta will be examined and compared to A beta 1-40, including<br />
A beta 1-30, which excludes the cell surface binding domain (A beta 31-34); A beta 1-25,<br />
which excludes the neurotoxic domain (A beta 25-35); and A beta 1-15, which excludes<br />
the aggregation domain (A beta 16-20). It is particularly important to develop a<br />
derivative of A beta that is non-toxic. We have solved an important problem regarding<br />
the delivery of A beta 1-40 across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after systemic<br />
administration by using polyamine-modified A beta, which results in an increase in the<br />
permeability coefficient x surface area product (PS) of the protein at the BBB. Polyamine<br />
modification increases the binding of A beta to amyloid plaques in AD brain tissue<br />
sections. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that polyamine-modified A beta 1-40<br />
labels plaques in vivo following intravenous injection in a transgenic mouse model of<br />
AD. Our preliminary results document the success of this molecular probe, now coupled<br />
with an MRI contrast agent, gadolinium, in addition to the polyamine, putrescine, to<br />
label AD amyloid plaques throughout the cortex, hippocampus, and other brain regions<br />
of AD transgenic mice following intravenous injection. We are able to image individual<br />
plaques using high-field-strength 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with high<br />
resolution and observe alterations in T1-weighted (T1W) and T2-weighted (T2W)<br />
relaxation that are probe specific. The Specific Aims reflect the further development of<br />
this contrast agent for characterizing and quantifying the deposition of amyloid plaques<br />
in AD transgenic mice by MRI. Although this research may raise numerous questions<br />
concerning the feasibility of MR imaging of AD plaques in humans, we believe that the<br />
specific aims listed will facilitate answers to these questions in a logical manner by<br />
minimizing neurotoxicity, by optimizing the molecular probe for targeting and binding<br />
to AD plaques, and by optimizing imaging parameters both ex vivo and in vivo in the<br />
AD transgenic mouse. All of these steps are clearly necessary before application to the<br />
AD patient. The ability of this MR contrast agent to image plaques in vivo in the AD<br />
transgenic mouse may enable early diagnosis of the AD patient and also provide a direct<br />
measure of the efficacy of anti-amyloid therapies currently being developed.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies 39<br />
• Project Title: <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong> OF CORONARY ARTERIES AT<br />
3.OT<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Li, Debiao; Radiology; Northwestern University<br />
Office of Sponsored Research Chicago, Il 60611<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 25-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death<br />
in the United States. The overall objective of the proposed project is to develop,<br />
optimize, and validate a high resolution magnetic resonance (MR) imaging protocol to<br />
evaluate coronary artery disease noninvasively. The long-term goal is to provide a<br />
noninvasive screening test for coronary artery disease. This test could potentially be<br />
combined with other hemodynamic, functional, and metabolic studies available from<br />
MRI to form a comprehensive examination of coronary artery disease for improved<br />
patient care and cost savings. The specific goal of the project is to improve the spatial<br />
resolution, speed, and signal intensity of coronary artery images. We will acquire the<br />
images on a 3.0-Tesla scanner which can generate images with high signal intensity than<br />
conventional 1.5-Tesla systems. We will develop and validate the coronary artery<br />
imaging techniques on 3.0T and compare with 1.5T to verify the improved performance.<br />
Finally, patients will be studied to determine the capability of the new technique in<br />
detecting functionally significant coronary artery stenoses by comparing with<br />
conventional x-ray angiography. Positive results from this study will provide the<br />
foundation for further technical improvements and clinical validation. The specific aims<br />
of the project are: Aim 1: To develop a fast coronary artery angiography protocol on 3.0T<br />
capable of acquiring high-resolution images to accurately define vessel lumen size Aim<br />
2: To verify that the developed coronary MRA protocol on 3.0T can accurately depict<br />
coronary artery stenoses in pigs; image SNR and accuracy of stenosis detection on 3.0T<br />
are better than those on 1.5T Aim 3: To demonstrate that the developed imaging<br />
protocol on 3.0T can accurately detect coronary artery disease in patients.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong> OF GLUTATHIONE IN<br />
TUMORS<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Gamcsik, Michael P.; None; Duke University<br />
Durham, Nc 27710<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant):Glutathione is a tripeptide normally found in high<br />
concentration in normal tissue and frequently elevated in tumor tissue. Glutathione and<br />
its oxidized disulfide form the primary reduction/oxidation (redox) buffer in cells. The<br />
redox balance in the cell controls gene expression, cell differentiation, proliferation and<br />
apoptosis and, therefore, it is not surprising that this balance may be elevated in cancer.<br />
In normal tissue glutathione protects the cell from toxicants and the cancer cell has<br />
adapted this defense mechanism to shield cells from the effects of anticancer therapies.<br />
This results in further elevations in glutathione metabolism in therapy-resistant tumors.<br />
Therefore, the accurate determination of glutathione in extracts from normal and tumor<br />
tissue has proven to be invaluable to predicting therapy response in patients. This<br />
proposal outlines the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods to<br />
non-invasively monitor glutathione metabolism in normal and tumor tissue. Several<br />
MRI methods will be evaluated including the use of 1H-editing, 2H NMR and 13Cchemical<br />
shift imaging. Using the most sensitive method, in vivo images of glutathione<br />
content obtained from 9L glioma tumors implanted in the flank of rats will be compared
40<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
to the concentrations measured biochemically in tissue extracts. All of the imaging<br />
modalities will measure static glutathione and require the use of stable isotope<br />
incorporation. Isotope incorporation-based methods also allow monitoring of the rate of<br />
glutathione metabolism in tissue. These types of dynamic studies may be as important<br />
as measuring static glutathione levels to stage tumors and predict therapy response.<br />
Due to the unique role played by glutathione in cell proliferation, differentiation and<br />
apoptosis, the non-invasive monitoring of glutathione metabolism would offer novel<br />
diagnostic and prognostic information on the tumor tissue.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> SPECTROSCOPIC NEOPLASM <strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Spielman, Daniel M.; Associate Professor;<br />
Radiology; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 23-JUL-1990; Project End 31-JUL-2004<br />
Summary: The overall goal of this project is the development of proton magnetic<br />
resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) techniques and their subsequent application<br />
for aiding in the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of patients with tumors. As a<br />
noninvasive tool providing unique biochemical information supplemental to<br />
conventional imaging, in vivo MRSI has been shown to have a valuable role in the study<br />
of cancer. However, significant technical improvements, particularly for the reliable<br />
acquisition of volumetric MRSI data from tumors throughout the body, are needed to<br />
fully realize the clinical potential of this powerful imaging modality. This proposal is<br />
focused on the continued technical development of innovative spectroscopic techniques<br />
for the robust and efficient collection, quantification, and display of this information.<br />
The techniques will be tested on phantoms, normal volunteers, as well as patients with<br />
brain tumors, metastatic neck nodes of squamous cell carcinomas, and breast cancer. In<br />
parallel with the continued technical development, we will conduct a focused, wellcontrolled<br />
clinical study comparing the abilities of proton MRSI and FDG PET for<br />
differentiating radiation necrosis from recurrent glial tumors.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: MR ASSESSMENT OF MAGNESIUM IN ACUTE STROKE<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Kidwell, Stella M.; Assistant Clinical Professor;<br />
Neurology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los<br />
Angeles, Ca 90024<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 02-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004<br />
Summary: The objectives of this project are to demonstrate that 1) intravenous<br />
magnesium is beneficial in acute ischemic stroke as evidenced by decrease in the growth<br />
of infarct volume over time as measured by diffusion weighted magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (DWI); 2) DWI is a valuable surrogate outcome measure in acute ischemic<br />
stroke clinical trials; 3) diffusion/perfusion mismatch is a useful entry criterion for<br />
neuroprotective treatment in acute stroke clinical trials; and 4) intravenous magnesium<br />
is safe and potentially beneficial in intracerebral hemorrhage. During the first phase of<br />
the project, objectives 1-3 will be assessed by conducting a randomized, double-blind,<br />
placebo controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous magnesium as a<br />
neuroprotective agent in acute ischemic stroke. The trial will use diffusion/perfusion<br />
magnetic resonance imaging as a surrogate outcome marker. 150 patients will be<br />
enrolled within 12 hours of symptom onset at 3 UCLA-associated hospitals. The second<br />
phase of this project will be a parallel pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-
Studies 41<br />
controlled trial to evaluate the safety and explore the efficacy of intravenous magnesium<br />
in acute intracerebral hemorrhage, enrolling 40 patients. Additional data will be<br />
collected to assess the diffusion/perfusion MR signature of acute intracerebral<br />
hemorrhage. The findings of this project will have direct relevance to future treatment of<br />
acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke as well as to the design of future trials of<br />
neuroprotective agents. The results will help establish the utility of novel<br />
diffusion/perfusion MR techniques as demonstrating physiologic, objective changes<br />
that can be used as entry and outcome criteria in evaluating stroke patients. During the<br />
award period, in addition to serving as the principal investigator of these trials, Dr.<br />
Kidwell will pursue in-depth didactic multidisciplinary training in biostatistics,<br />
epidemiology, clinimetrics and magnetic resonance radiology. She will be mentored by<br />
Drs. Jeffrey Saver, Sidney Starkman, Jeffry Alger, and Barbara Vickrey. At the<br />
completion of this training, Dr. Kidwell will have acquired all requisite experience and<br />
skills to function as an independent investigator in clinical studies of novel magnetic<br />
resonance stroke imaging techniques, pivotal trials of promising therapeutic agents, and<br />
studies of the pathophysiology of acute human cerebral ischemia.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: MR SPECTROSCROPY AND <strong>IMAGING</strong> IN HEAD AND NECK<br />
TUMORS<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Poptani, Harish; Radiology; University of<br />
Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUN-2004; Project End 31-MAY-2008<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): More than 55,000 Americans will develop cancer of<br />
the head and neck (HN) this year accounting for nearly 3% of all cancers in the United<br />
States. These cancers are more common in men and in people over age 50. More than<br />
85% of these cancers are related to tobacco and alcohol consumption. Despite aggressive<br />
surgery and radiotherapy (RT), which may result in significant functional loss, the<br />
survival rate of patients with head and neck cancer has remained relatively unchanged<br />
over the past three decades. The predictive indices based on tumor morphology or<br />
clinical characteristics are generally less accurate in defining outcome of response.<br />
Hence, there is an urgent need for a reliable predictor of early response in these tumors.<br />
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and imaging (MRI) can non-invasively identify<br />
specific metabolic patterns and tissue physiology that may be used as markers for<br />
predicting and monitoring early treatment response. Preliminary studies on 41 cases of<br />
non-Hodgkins Lymphomas and 12 cases of HN tumors indicate that 31p MRS can<br />
predict response prior to initiation of therapy. 1H MRS and MRI provides higher<br />
sensitivity and spatial resolution than 31p MRS and would thus facilitate studying<br />
smaller tumors and investigating heterogeneous tumor response. The overall goal for<br />
this proposal is to test the hypothesis that NMR spectroscopy and imaging can predict<br />
and monitor early response to treatment of head and neck tumors. This hypothesis will<br />
be tested with the following specific aims: Aim 1: To evaluate the utility of the PME/13<br />
NTP ratio in predicting and detecting treatment response by 31p MRS, Aim 2: To<br />
determine if total choline (Cho) and lactate (Lac) levels can predict and monitor<br />
treatment response and Aim 3: To use physiological MRI parameters (T2, ADC and<br />
DCE) as predictors/monitors of local tumor response to chemotherapy and radiation<br />
therapy of HN tumors. 31p MRS studies will be performed using proton decoupled and<br />
NOE enhanced 3D CSI sequence. 1H MRS studies will be performed by implementing a<br />
selective multi-quantum coherence transfer pulse sequence (Sel-MQC), for detection of<br />
lactate (Lac) and total choline (TCho) on the clinical scanner. Standard MRI pulse
42<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
sequences for implementing dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE), diffusion weighted<br />
imaging (DWI) and T2 weighted imaging (T2WI) imaging will be streamlined so that a<br />
complete examination consisting of 31p MRS or 1H MRS combined with DCE, DWI and<br />
T2WI can be implemented on human HN patients within one hour.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: MRI AND MRS OF HORMONAL INDUCED CHANGES IN BREAST<br />
CANCER<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Degani, Hadassa; Weizmann Institute of Science<br />
Box 26 Rehovot, 76100<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 05-APR-1988; Project End 31-JUL-2009<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-range objective of this proposal is to<br />
develop non-invasive methods for predicting and evaluating the response of breast<br />
cancer to hormonal therapy, by means of magnetic resonance imaging and<br />
spectroscopy. Based on the results obtained in the last supported period, we propose to<br />
continue investigating the molecular basis for estrogen-induced changes in angiogenesis<br />
and glycolysis. Specifically, we would like to test the hypothesis that estrogen<br />
interaction with the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) activates the oncogenic nuclear<br />
transcription factor c-myc, which in turn down-regulates the expression of vascular<br />
endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and up-regulates the expression of glucose transporter<br />
1 (GLUT1), thereby affecting tumor perfusion and glucose transport and metabolism<br />
through glycolysis, Furthermore, in this proposal we describe for the first time a plan to<br />
develop a new, quantitative and noninvasive approach to evaluate the level of estrogen<br />
receptors in breast cancer by means of molecular imaging. Accordingly, we intend to<br />
synthesize and test tamoxifen-derived and estrogen-derived steroidal metal-complexes<br />
that fluoresce or modify MR parameters of exchanging water, as well as peptides<br />
conjugated to fluorescent or MRI probes that bind specifically to the ligand bound<br />
ERalpha. The experimental integration of molecular Biology and MRI will involve<br />
studies of human breast cancer cells (ERalpha+-positive and ERalpha-negative for<br />
comparison), including a newly developed ERalpha+-positive clone of HCF7 cells, 35im,<br />
that is harboring a stably transfected human c-myc gene, whose expression is stringently<br />
controlled by the bacterial reverse tetracycline transcription activator protein. We will<br />
proceed to investigate the orthotopic tumors of these cells implanted in mice<br />
(immunodeficient or sever compromised immunodeficient mice), under varying<br />
hormonal manipulation by estrogen and antiestrogens. The specific aims are designed to<br />
test the above hypothesis at the molecular, cellular and whole tumor levels and to<br />
develop and test targeted probes for molecular imaging of the estrogen receptor. The<br />
experimental protocols include utilizing molecular and immunohistochemical methods<br />
that will characterize c-myc expression in conjunction with VEGF and GLUT1<br />
expression, under varying hormonal treatments of cells and tumors. In addition, efforts<br />
will be devoted to develop new, non invasive MRI and MRS methods that would enable<br />
monitoring hormonal induced changes in the vasculature properties as well as glucose<br />
transport and metabolism. The synthesis of the estrogen receptor targeted probes was<br />
already initiated. The new probes will tested in vitro and in vivo for their binding<br />
specificity to ERalpha, the transport parameters into the cells and the pharmacological<br />
and toxicological effects on cells and whole animals. Prediction based on the presence of<br />
about 1000 fmol/mg protein of the receptor (the level in MCF7 cells) indicated a small<br />
but measurable change in T1 and T2*. This work will add to the basic understanding of<br />
the hormonal regulation of breast cancer and may also help design and improve new<br />
targets for anti-estrogenic and anti-angiogenic therapy of breast cancer. The methods of
Studies 43<br />
imaging functional estrogen activities may serve as a basis for measuring the efficacy of<br />
new selective estrogen receptor modulators in animal models, The current proposal will<br />
also bring us closer to the capacity of imaging, non-invasively, both the estrogen<br />
receptor level and the parameters demonstrating its functional activity. This, in turn,<br />
may improve significantly the assessment of prognosis and the management of the<br />
approximate 75% of the breast cancer patients with ER-positive tumors.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: MRI BIOMARKERS OF RISK AND PROGRESSION IN<br />
ALZHEIMER'S<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Jack, Clifford R.; Professor of Radiology; Mayo<br />
Clinic Coll of Medicine, Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-1993; Project End 31-JUL-2008<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall aims of this renewal application are to<br />
prove that magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy<br />
(MRI/MRS) measurements can predict development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and<br />
that serial MRI/MRS measurements are valid biomarkers of AD disease progression.<br />
We will study three clearly distinguishable clinical groups: 1) cognitively normal elderly<br />
subjects, 2) patients with probable AD and 3) patients with a mild cognitive impairment<br />
(MCI). Patients and normals will be drawn from the Mayo Alzheimer's Disease patient<br />
registry (AGO6786) and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (AG16574). We will<br />
employ five different MR measures: medial temporal lobe structural measures; 1H MRS;<br />
leukoaraiosis volume; whole brain and ventricular volume, and lobar volume measures.<br />
In addition to established imaging technology, we will use a very promising new<br />
method of image registration and subtraction, and a new method for non-linear<br />
deformation (warping) of structural MRI. The grant contains three specific aims. Aim 1-<br />
to test the hypothesis that MRI/MRS measurements at baseline can predict the<br />
development of AD in normals and MCIs. Specific Aim 2 - to test the hypothesis that<br />
rates of change in MRI/MRS measurements derived from serial imaging studies are<br />
valid biomarkers of AD disease progression in normals and MCIs. Specific Aim 3 - to<br />
test the hypothesis that MRI/MRS measures are associated with change in performance<br />
on formal tests of cognition in normals, MCIs, and subjects with AD; where the<br />
dependent variables are continuous measures of cognitive performance rather than<br />
clinical group transitions. Currently no absolute diagnostic marker exists for AD. In<br />
anticipation of the coming era of therapeutic prevention and treatment for AD, better<br />
methods are needed to identify the risk of developing the disease and to track<br />
progression of the disease. Results from this project will provide new information that<br />
address an area identified as high priority for research by both the National Institute on<br />
Aging and the FDA.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: MRI STUDY OF IMPULSE & MOOD DISORDERS IN YOUTH<br />
OFFENDERS<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Olvera, Rene L.; Psychiatry; University of Texas<br />
Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2009<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): The candidate is an assistant professor of Child and<br />
Adolescent Psychiatry at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio<br />
(UTHSCSA). He is proposing a career development plan in patient oriented research to
44<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
acquire additional skills in the neuropsychological and neuroimaging assessment of<br />
aggressive juvenile offenders. This proposal investigates the hypothesis that 60 juvenile<br />
offenders can be identified by careful study of their weekly mood states and aggressive<br />
acts combined with a semi-structured diagnostic interview into the following diagnostic<br />
groups: Conduct Disorder with comorbid Bipolar Disorder (CD-BP) (n=20), Conduct<br />
Disorder with comorbid Intermittent Explosive Disorder (CD-IED) (n=20), and those<br />
with Conduct Disorder without bipolar disorder or IED (CD) (n=20). These groups will<br />
be compared to community controls matched for IQ, socioeconomic status and parental<br />
education (n=20). We expect the CD/BP group will show impairment in measures of<br />
executive function and will be impaired in terms of language, verbal memory and visual<br />
spatial functions. We anticipate the CD/IED group will show impairment in measures<br />
of executive function. We seek to determine if the three CD groups differ with respect to<br />
each other and normal controls in terms of neural anatomy and neuronal biochemistry.<br />
These subjects will undergo a 3-T proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and<br />
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) scan. We anticipate both dorsolateral and<br />
orbitomedial prefrontal cortex volume will be smaller in our CD-BP and CD-IED groups<br />
compared to CD and community controls. On MRS we expect to see decreased levels of<br />
N-Acetylaspartate (NAA) in the frontal and temporal lobes of CD-BP subjects relative to<br />
the other groups. We expect these differences to be associated with the underlying<br />
neuropsychological deficits. The career development plan also allows for the candidate<br />
to study neuroimaging techniques through the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences,<br />
radiological studies division and the UTHSCSA Research Imaging Center. The<br />
candidate will also take courses on neuropsychological testing. This plan is designed to<br />
allow the candidate to transition into an independent career in research. These activities<br />
are likely to result in contribution to the understanding of the neurocognitive and<br />
neurophysiology of bipolar disorder and intermittent explosive disorder in juvenile<br />
offenders.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: MRI, MTI AND MRS AND MPS VII AND KRABBE DISEASE<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Vite, Charles H.; Clinical Studies; University of<br />
Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 23-JUL-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2002<br />
Summary: The MCSDA candidate is a Veterinary Neurologist interested in developing<br />
and applying NMR methods to study animal models of human neurodegenerative<br />
diseases. The candidates long-term goal is a career in biomedical research studying the<br />
pathophysiology and therapy of neurodegeneration in animal models of human disease<br />
using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI magnetization transfer imaging ((MTI) and<br />
magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). A career development plan including<br />
coursework in MR physics and medical genetics, consistent interaction with the<br />
Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Research Computer Center, as well as a Research Plan<br />
with specific and testable hypotheses will provide the candidate with the training<br />
necessary to achieve scientific independence in the study of neurodegeneration. The<br />
Veterinary School of the University pf Pennsylvania and my mentor, Dr. Jerry Glickson,<br />
of the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, have enthusiastically pledged<br />
their support for the next three years of training. This application concerns the study of<br />
canine and murine animal models of lysosomal storage disorders:<br />
mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) VII and globoid-cell leukodystrophy (GCL). Lysosomal<br />
storage disorders affect approximately 1/1500 humans and no effective therapy has yet<br />
been developed for those patients with central nervous system manifestations of
Studies 45<br />
disease. The effectiveness of bone marrow transplantation and neural progenitor cell<br />
transplantation in canine and murine models of these diseases has yielded promising<br />
data regarding the treatment of neurodegeneration. Indeed, bone marrow<br />
transplantation to treat these disorders in human patients is currently being pursued<br />
based on the success demonstrated in animal models. MRI, MTI, and MRS offer exciting<br />
potential for increased tissue characterization and can be used to determine, in vivo,<br />
whether neurodegeneration is progressing, has ceased to progress, or is regressing<br />
following therapy. Specifically, animal MR scanners will be used to collect MRI, MTI,<br />
and MRS data in order to compare volumetric data and the concentrations of specific<br />
MR detectable metabolites between affected and treated animals. The "gold standard"<br />
for the efficacy of treatment will be post mortem tissue anal analysis for enzyme and<br />
substrate activity. These post mortem data will be compared to volumetric data and to<br />
the concentrations of MR detectable metabolites in order to identify MR data which are<br />
highly correlated with effective therapy.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: MRS LOCALIZATION OF ADULTS/PEDIATRIC EPILEPTIC FOCI<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ng, Thian C.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine;<br />
University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 03-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2005<br />
Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): The proposal is designed to use proton<br />
magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) in patients with drug-refractory<br />
surgically treatable focal temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) to determine if MRSI spectra of<br />
localized abnormal brain metabolites are associated with: 1) the site(s) of maximal<br />
electroencephalographic (EEG) epileptiform activity, as determined by video-EEG<br />
monitoring of conventional scalp-sphenoidal or by depth-electrode recordings, 2) postresection<br />
histopathologic tissue abnormalities in the MRSI abnormal region of interest<br />
(ROI); and 3) post-resection measurement of seizure control as predicted by the<br />
locations and extents of qualified anomalies in MSRI metabolites; 4) baseline of<br />
functional status of memory and the degree of post-surgery memory loss as determined<br />
by IAP and neuropsychological measures; 5) the study of the mechanism of correlations<br />
of MRS metabolite disturbances in hippocampal formation (HF) to the HF neuron cell<br />
loss (by histopathology) and HF atrophy (by MRI-volumetry). There is a history of using<br />
brain imaging in focal epilepsy, to lateralize temporal lobe epilepsy by fluorodeoxyglucose<br />
positron emission tomography (18F-PET), and gross anatomic pathologies<br />
by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, no imaging technique has yet actually<br />
tested if more subtle but well-established abnormalities in an epileptic focus can be<br />
reliably imaged, such as alterations in various neurochemicals and changes in their<br />
concentrations (e.g. glucose-lactate production, high-energy substrate creatine, or<br />
membrane substrate choline). Pediatric and adult patients with temporal lobe epilepsy<br />
(TLE) will be imaged interictally and early postictally by MRSI and MRS. Simultaneous<br />
acquisitions of two-dimensional double-spin echo (echo-time 135 msec.) MRSI and<br />
conventional MRI (T1, T2 and thin-slice Turbo-Flash) will provide feasibility of in situ<br />
metabolic maps for correlation to EEG seizure-onset profiles, and to the surgical regions,<br />
and pathoanatomic region(s) studied. Concentrations of and ratios between N-acetylaspertate<br />
(NAA), choline, (Cho), Creatine (Cr), and Lactate (Lac) will allow multivariate<br />
statistical tests with other variables to determine when MSRI of certain chemical<br />
substrates may be characteristic of epileptogenic areas of hippocampal sclerosis<br />
(neuronal loss and gliosis) and ultimately of seizure control after resection. This research<br />
is of great importance to the development of reliable and sensitive diagnostic methods
46<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
for isolating surgically treatable focal epilepsies as well as the more difficult surgical<br />
treatment of childhood focal epilepsy, both of which afflict about 1% of Americans.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: NANOPARTICLE TARGETING TO CONTROL ANGIOGENESIS<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Davidson, Jeffrey M.; Professor of Pathology;<br />
Pathology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 22-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this project is to achieve targeted<br />
delivery of angiostatic agents to sites of neovascularization. This is a widely accepted<br />
strategy that is limited in part by technologies of delivery and validation. The proposed<br />
studies center around a novel, biocompatible delivery device, the nanoparticle (NP), as a<br />
means to provide sustained, targeted delivery of angiostatic agents to sites of<br />
angiogenesis: wounds and tumors. The key elements of the delivery system are low<br />
toxicity and compositional flexibility, based interactions of charged polymer pairs. As a<br />
model system, we have utilized novel peptide analogs of thrombospondin-l (TSP-1)<br />
previously shown to have angiostatic properties. To provide retention within NP, these<br />
peptides have been prepared as polyethylene glycol conjugates that retain both heparin<br />
binding and biological activity. NP prepared with TSP-1 peptide conjugates show a<br />
markedly different biodistribution than empty NP and localization to sites of<br />
neovascularization. This proposal sets out to accomplish three goals: (1) optimization of<br />
the NP formulation, including dose-setting and incorporation of other targeting agents;<br />
(2) use of imaging and tracer technologies to ascertain biodistribution of targeted NP in<br />
mice; (3) validation of the efficacy of targeted delivery of NP containing angiostatic<br />
agents to wounds and tumors. In further studies, a peptide sequence derived from<br />
apolipoprotein E will be incorporated into the nanoparticle to enhance selective<br />
targeting of endothelial cells. Tumor delivery and targeting will be tested by<br />
noninvasive imaging using luciferase bioluminescence, 123I-scintigraphic imaging, and<br />
magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium contrast. Conventional tracer<br />
technologies and microscopic localization of fluorescently labeled NP will be applied as<br />
well. In vivo, real-time image analysis of tumor vascularity will be determined by power<br />
Doppler ultrasound, and tumor mass will be determined by magnetic resonance<br />
imaging. In addition, conventional morphometric and histological techniques will be<br />
used to quantify the efficacy of this novel drug delivery system. The objective is to<br />
design drug delivery systems that will specifically target pathological angiogenesis with<br />
minimal effects on the normal vasculature.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: NEURAL BASIS OF VISUAL PATTERN APPEARANCE<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Heeger, David J.; Associate Professor; Psychology;<br />
Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003<br />
Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): We propose to use functional<br />
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in conjunction with psychophysical experiments to<br />
establish a link between perceptual appearance and neural activity in human visual<br />
cortex. The goal of the proposed research is to understand the neural computations<br />
mediated visual pattern appearance. We hypothesize that subjects' psychophysical<br />
judgments about pattern appearance are reflected by neural activity in particular visual<br />
brain areas. Because the stimuli and the tasks are similar across the proposed
Studies 47<br />
experiments, we expect that the neural activity in these brain areas will prove to be good<br />
predictors of psychophysical performance in all of the experiments. Functional magnetic<br />
resonance imaging (fMRI) is very well-suited for this goal. FMRI is a noninvasive<br />
technique that can be used to measure neural activity throughout the occipital lobe of<br />
the human brain at a spatial resolution of roughly 2 mm. FMRI can be used to identify<br />
the retinotopically organized visual brain areas, so that subsequent data can be analyzed<br />
separately within each visual area. A successful demonstration of using fMRI to<br />
establish the neural basis of pattern vision would benefit the entire neuroscience<br />
community by opening the door for a wide variety of analogous fMRI studies of<br />
perception and cognition. To be confident in the proposed approach to this goal, we<br />
must demonstrate the feasibility of using fMRI to quantitatively characterize the<br />
neurophysiology of human cortex. Therefore, several of the proposed fMRI experiments<br />
are designed to measure physiological phenomena that have already been explored with<br />
other techniques (single unit recording, optical imaging, VEP). Successful<br />
demonstrations that fMRI accurately reflects the underlying neural activity would help<br />
lead the way to more powerful uses of this new technology.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: NEURO<strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Lainhart, Janet E.; University of Utah Salt Lake City,<br />
Ut 84102<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007<br />
Summary: Autism is a severe, lifelong developmental disorder that affects<br />
approximately 1.6/1000 individuals. What goes awry in brain development in autism is<br />
not known. As a result, there is no treatment targeting the pathologic process<br />
underlying autism and no way to prevent the disorder. The goal of this component is to<br />
define morphometric and functional brain abnormalities that are specific to autism and<br />
to describe how the abnormalities are related to each other and to clinical features of<br />
autism. To accomplish this goal, we will collect cross-sectional and longitudinal<br />
morphometric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI),<br />
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy<br />
(MRS) data on 73 children and adults with autism and 54 controls, with a special focus<br />
on the temporal lobe. We will describe longitudinal changes in total and regional brain<br />
volumes in autism, including gray and white and regional temporal lobe volumes.<br />
Within individuals and study groups, we will describe how abnormalities in volume<br />
and size relationships of temporal lobe structures are related to 1) abnormalities in the<br />
integrity and anatomy of white matter tracts on DT1, 2) abnormalities of brain activation<br />
on fMRI, and 3) chemical abnormalities on MRS. In addition, we will compare the<br />
variation in morphometric and functional brain phenotypes in related individuals with<br />
autism in large Utah kindred being studied in the Genetics component.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: NEURO<strong>IMAGING</strong> LANGUAGE IN THE NORMALLY DEVELOPING<br />
BRAIN<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Dapretto, Mirella; None; University of California<br />
Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004<br />
Summary: The proposed study will use both functional and structural magnetic<br />
resonance imaging (fMRI and MRI) to begin to delineate the neural systems associated
48<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
with the emergency of high-level linguistic functions in normally developing children,<br />
aged 7 to 14. More specifically, this pilot project has two main goals. First, we will use<br />
fMRI to qualify and quantify developmental changes in the pattern or cortical activity<br />
(in terms of localization, magnitude, spatial extent, and inter-regional connectivity)<br />
associated with language processing at the level of closed formal linguistic systems (i.e.,<br />
phonology, semantics, syntax), as well as with language processing in its broader<br />
communicative context (i.e., prosody, discourse, pragmatics). Second, we will relate the<br />
developmental changes in the neural networks subserving language processing<br />
observed with fMRI, to age-related changes in brain morphometry (in terms of regional<br />
volume, gray and white matter concentrations, shape, and asymmetry) as assessed by<br />
structural MRI. The findings of the proposed cross-sectional study will form the<br />
cornerstone of a longitudinal research program aimed at fully elucidating the neural<br />
developments associated with the emergence of mature linguistic competence in<br />
normally developing children. Furthermore, these developmental findings will provide<br />
normative data for evaluating the patterns of brain dysfunction associated with the<br />
linguistic and communicative impairments observed in a variety of developmental<br />
disorders (e.g., dyslexia, autism, early-onset schizophrenia). By delineating the<br />
relationship among language processing, brain function, and brain structure, this study<br />
will begin to bridge the informational gap on the neural basis of language in the<br />
normally developing brain. Moreover, the proposed project will highlight how an<br />
integrated nature of brain-behavior interactions. At a theoretical level, a deeper<br />
understanding of the neural basis of language processing, particularly of how it changes<br />
and develops as a function of learning, will enlighten our thinking about the origin and<br />
modularity of language.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: NEURO<strong>IMAGING</strong> OF INHIBITION & STIMULANT RESPONSE IN<br />
ADHD<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Pliszka, Steven R.; Associate Professor and Chief;<br />
Psychiatry; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx<br />
78229<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant) The overall objective of this project is to develop a<br />
system-level model of brain-behavior relationships in ADHD. This proposal builds on<br />
previous findings of the P1 and CoPIs using a combination of event-related potentials<br />
(ERP), behavioral tasks, anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and<br />
neuropsychology assessments in ADHD children. In the proposed project, we will use a<br />
within-subject, multi-methodological approach to clarify the relationship between<br />
anatomical and functional imaging abnormalities in ADHD. We will obtain ERP, eventrelated<br />
functional MRI (ER-fMRI), and anatomical MRI at baseline in four cohorts of<br />
subjects: ADHD subjects with no history of psychopharmacological treatment, ADHD<br />
subjects who have been chronically treated with stimulant medication, subjects with<br />
Reading Disorders (RD) who have no history of ADHD or psychopharmacological<br />
treatment, and control subjects. Subjects will perform both the ERP and the Stroop task<br />
during the ERP and ER-fMRI studies. After baseline studies, ADHD subjects will<br />
undergo a 5-week double blind placebo controlled trial of methylphenidate to establish<br />
if a child is a responder or non-responder to methyiphenidate and to determine, for the<br />
responders, which is the optimal dose. Subjects with ADHD will then undergo ERP and<br />
er-fMRI twice more, once on placebo and once on the best dose of stimulant, again<br />
performing the Stroop and Stop Signal Task. Our hypotheses are: 1) Relative to controls
Studies 49<br />
and RD subjects, ADHD children will show decreased right frontal and anterior<br />
cingulate volume as well as decreased caudate volume. 2) On ERP, ADHD subjects will<br />
show decreased N200 and P3a responses to the stop signal on ERP and decreased<br />
anterior medial negativity to Incongruent vs. Congruent stimuli on the Stroop. 3) On erfMRI,<br />
they will show decreased activity in the anterior cingulate during the Stroop task,<br />
and decreased right inferior prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity in response to the stop<br />
signal. 4) ERP and er-fMRI differences in ADHD children will be attenuated on<br />
methyiphenidate relative to placebo. The magnitude of these changes will correlate with<br />
clinical response of ADHD symptoms to methylphenidate. 5) We will control for effects<br />
of gender and age, in particular girls with ADHD may not show the same<br />
neurobiological mechanisms as boys.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: NEURO<strong>IMAGING</strong>/DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY OF<br />
AUTISM<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Hardan, Antonio Y.; Psychiatry; University of<br />
Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 21-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): The career development and research plans outlined<br />
in this Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award application are<br />
designed to enable the candidate to independently design and conduct neuroimaging<br />
studies investigating the neurobiology of autism by examining increased brain size and<br />
the involvement of the cerebelo-thalamo-frontal circuit in the pathophysiology of this<br />
neurodevelopment disorder. Autism is a severe disorder characterized by marked social<br />
and communication deficits, restricted and stereotyped patterns of behaviors and<br />
interests. A wide range of abnormalities has been reported and studies of brain structure<br />
have implicated several aspects of brain development involved in neuronal organization<br />
including the elaboration of dendritic and axonal ramifications, the establishments of<br />
synaptic connection, and cell death. Recent neuropathologic and neuroimaging studies<br />
have reported increased brain size in autism, and evidence supporting the<br />
underdevelopment of the circuitry of neural networks that involve cerebral cortex,<br />
limbic system and cerebellum. The proposed longitudinal study will use the<br />
combination of volumetric measurements obtained from magnetic resonance imaging<br />
scans and chemical shift imaging proton spectroscopy obtained at 30 months intervals<br />
from a group of children with autism (8-12 years of age) and individually-matched<br />
controls to characterize the developmental changes of brain enlargement, and the<br />
involvement of the cerebello-thalamo-frontal circuit in autism. It will also provide the<br />
candidate with the experience necessary to apply advanced neuroimaging techniques<br />
and a solid foundation from which to conduct longitudinal studies investigating the<br />
developmental neurobiology of autism and possibly identifying clinical, prognostic and<br />
therapeutic correlates. The candidate is certified in psychiatry, and child and adolescent<br />
psychiatry with four years of post-graduate clinical experience. Drs. Nancy Minshew,<br />
and Matchery Keshavan will serve as preceptors. Course work and directed reading in<br />
biostatistcs, data management, research ethics, neuroanatorny, neuroimaging and<br />
developmental neuroscience will complement the research training.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
50<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Project Title: NEUROMETABOLISM AND OUTCOME IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN<br />
INJURY<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Brooks, William M.; Director & Professor; None;<br />
University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2003<br />
Summary: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and morbidity in<br />
young, otherwise healthy populations and results in an enormous social and economic<br />
cost. Although commonly used clinical markers are statistically linked with gross<br />
functioning in large studies, they are less useful in predicting cognitive functioning in<br />
individual patients. Similarly, although conventional neuroimaging studies can guide<br />
acute clinical management, outcome prediction is unreliable, particularly at early stages<br />
of injury resolution. Preliminary data from our laboratory show that neurometabolite<br />
markers of brain cellular injury measured by non-invasive magnetic resonance<br />
spectroscopy are strongly correlated with cognitive function and outcome. Further, our<br />
data show that certain anatomic locations are more intensely injured than others (i.e.,<br />
anterior brain more than posterior), and that gray matter neurometabolites predict<br />
cognitive outcome more reliably than white matter, suggesting tissue heterogeneity of<br />
response to TBI. We also show that recovery of these neurometabolites is temporarily<br />
associated with cognitive improvement. We propose a novel approach for assessment<br />
and study of TBI using quantitative magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (SI) and<br />
MRI to quantify cellular brain injury. These measurements of N- acetylaspartate,<br />
choline-containing compounds, and water relaxation times are a powerful new tool for<br />
prediction of brain function and outcome. Using these neurometabolite markers of<br />
injury in normal-appearing (by MRI) brain, we aim to determine whether specific<br />
patterns-anatomic and/or tissue-type of injury are associated with specific forms of<br />
cognitive dysfunction. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging offers a robust new<br />
tool to investigate the metabolic integrity of the neuron following TBI, and may provide<br />
new insight into clinical management, patient heterogeneity, prediction of outcome, and<br />
the determination of effectiveness of therapeutic options.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: NMR AND MR <strong>IMAGING</strong> STUDIES OF PLAQUE RUPTURE<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Hamilton, James A.; Professor; Physiology and<br />
Biophysics; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 08-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004<br />
Summary: Although the advances have been made in the detection and treatment of<br />
vascular diseases, myocardial infarctions and strokes often strike apparently healthy<br />
persons without warning and produce disabilities or death. Atherosclerosis is the<br />
underlying cause of most heart attacks and strokes. Atherosclerotic plaques can grow<br />
slowly over time and gradually block blood flow, often producing symptoms that warn<br />
the patient of the underlying disease. However, less occlusive plaques can produce<br />
acute events within minutes by rupturing and abruptly forming an occlusive thrombus.<br />
These plaques appear to have certain physical characteristics, such as a thin fibrous cap<br />
and lipid-rich core, which distinguish them from less dangerous plaques. There is new<br />
urgency to evaluate vascular disease in humans by imaging methods that provide data<br />
about the ultrastructure of plaques, rather than invasive methods such as angiography<br />
that report only luminal narrowing. This project uses the modified Constantinides<br />
animal (rabbit) model of plaque rupture to compare plaque components and<br />
ultrastructure in non-ruptured and ruptured plaques. Magnetic resonance (MR) images
Studies 51<br />
of the aorta in rabbits (in vivo) will be obtained before and after triggering plaque<br />
rupture, and 9with higher resolution) after excision. Comparison of the MR images of<br />
ruptured and non-ruptured plaques will provide markers for plaque rupture and<br />
determine the value of MR imaging for predicting vulnerable plaques will provide<br />
markers for plaque rupture and determine the value of MR imaging for predicting<br />
vulnerable plaques in humans before rupture occurs. Magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR<br />
spectroscopy will be used to characterize in situ the composition of each lipid phase in<br />
excised plaques. MAS NMR allows quantitation of crystalline cholesterol, liquid and<br />
liquid-crystalline cholesteryl esters, and calcium salts in the intact plaque; each of these<br />
structures alone, or interactions between them, may play a role in plaque vulnerability.<br />
To enhance the interpretation of MR images, the detailed physical chemical information<br />
from MAS NMR will be integrated with the spatial information about lipid and protein<br />
components determined by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and light<br />
microscopy/histology. Because the ultrastructure of plaques appears to be key to their<br />
stability and potential for regression, MR imaging has the potential for being a more<br />
reliable predictor of acute pathological events (heart attack and stroke).<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: NONINVASIVE CORONARY ARTERY <strong>IMAGING</strong> USING MR<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Nishimura, Dwight G.; Professor; Electrical<br />
Engineering; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1987; Project End 31-AUG-2007<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant)The aim of this research project is to develop a<br />
noninvasive coronary artery imaging method using magnetic resonance (MR) to enable<br />
the detection of coronary artery lesions in humans. Given the prevalence of coronary<br />
artery disease, such noninvasive imaging has long been one of the most sought-after<br />
goals in medical imaging. Visualization of coronary arteries is challenging because the<br />
vessels are small, moving, and surrounded by muscle, fat, and other blood. Over the<br />
past ten years, advances in MR imaging technology (hardware and pulse sequences)<br />
have led to steady progress in coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).<br />
However, further progress is needed to establish it as a useful clinical method. Because<br />
of MR's flexibility, significant opportunities exist to improve the effectiveness of current<br />
methods. A successful approach must integrate solutions to achieve the proper vessel<br />
contrast, spatial resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), while compensating for<br />
cardiac motion and respiration. In addition, these features must be achieved with a<br />
scanning protocol that is efficient and easy to use. In this competing renewal<br />
application, the research plan is to develop, implement, and evaluate coronary MRA<br />
methods that address these issues. This plan will include new studies of fast spiral<br />
scanning, improved respiratory compensation, contrast-preparation methods, and realtime<br />
interactive MR imaging to achieve improved vessel contrast, higher spatial<br />
resolution and SNR, and more efficient scanning protocols. This project will build on the<br />
wide range of technology developed as a result of this research program and which<br />
have demonstrated considerable potential for effective coronary MRA. Several<br />
engineering studies will be conducted to optimize the coronary MRA methods. Clinical<br />
studies will include a comparison of the optimized method with conventional x-ray<br />
angiography in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Overall, this project<br />
will combine a proven technical program with constant clinical feedback to facilitate the<br />
improvement and refinement of the methods.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
52<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Project Title: NON-INVASIVE NMR <strong>IMAGING</strong> OF CARDIAC REMODELING IN<br />
AGING<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Forder, John R.; Medicine; University of Alabama at<br />
Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2003<br />
Summary: This project is directed toward the effects of aging on the cardiovascular<br />
system and age-related changes in extracellular matrix. Normal aging results in myocyte<br />
loss, increased fibrosis and myocardial stiffness, and depressed contractility. Aging is<br />
also associated with a significant increase in the incidence of cardiac hypertrophy, often<br />
accompanied by changes in the extracellular matrix such as increased collagen<br />
deposition and fibrosis. Thus, myocardial remodeling plays an important role in the<br />
development of cardiac dysfunction seen with increased age. However, the distinct<br />
between normal aging and the effects of underlying disease processes is difficult to<br />
assess. Currently the only quantitative methods available to assess the extent of<br />
remodeling are histological or biochemical, and require fixation or extraction of tissue<br />
samples. Clearly such methods are not optimal for the investigation of relationships<br />
between aging, left ventricular (LV) remodeling, and contractile function in humans.<br />
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has great clinical potential for the non-invasive<br />
detection and monitoring of cardiac disease and its response to therapy. In addition to<br />
high quality anatomic information, it can also be used to obtain quantitative information<br />
of both global and regional LV function. Recently, we demonstrated that MRI could<br />
detect changes in the diffusion of water during myocardial ischemia. In exciting new<br />
studies, we demonstrated that diffusion MRI could be used to determine myocardial<br />
fiber angle orientation with a high degree of precision, and the use of high diffusion<br />
gradients uncovers multiple diffusion components that correlate to different<br />
compartments in the tissue (extracellular, intracellular, etc.) The main hypotheses of this<br />
proposal are: 1) that decreased diffusion of water will be correlated with a increase in<br />
collagen accumulation and fibrosis, and 2) that measurements of myocardial fiber angle<br />
orientation combined with diffusion measurements will be used to distinguish between<br />
the effects of normal aging and the development of cardiac hypertrophy. In order to test<br />
these hypotheses diffusion tensor MRI experiments will be carried out on perfused<br />
hearts isolated from 6 and 18 month old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and<br />
age-matched non- hypertensively Wister-Kyoto rats. Hydroxyproline content of the<br />
myocardium will be used as a measure of the total tissue collagen content. This proposal<br />
will provide the foundation for the application of diffusion MRI in the quantitative<br />
evaluation of both normal and pathophysiological remodeling that occurs in the<br />
myocardium. The ability to non-invasively determine changes in the extracellular matrix<br />
of the myocardium coupled with measurements of fiber orientation will constitute a<br />
major advance in understanding the effects of aging on cardiac structure and function.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: OMRF MRI SYSTEM<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Floyd, Robert A.; Professor; Oklahoma Medical<br />
Research Foundation Oklahoma City, Ok 731045005<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUN-2004; Project End 31-MAY-2005<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): We seek funds to help purchase a Bruker BioSpec<br />
Imaging System in order to do small animal magnetic resonance imaging (MR1) and<br />
spectroscopy (MRS) that is needed for about 15 active Principal Investigators<br />
representing over 20 NIH funded proposals and several other funded scientists. This
Studies 53<br />
unit would represent the only experimental animal MRI system on this campus and as<br />
such the OMRF MRI Facility would directly benefit about 50 scientists on the<br />
OMRF/OUHSC campus alone. Usage of the proposed MRI system would mostly<br />
involve its imaging capabilities associated with projects involving transgenic animal<br />
models. In vivo morphometetric assessment, including assessment of cancer<br />
development and the progression of anatomical and skeletal changes in several<br />
experimental transgenic models will represent about one-half of its intended use. The<br />
availability of the OMRF MRI facility would significantly speed up assessment of the<br />
effects of transgenic manipulations and treatment paradigms and overall help reduce<br />
early sacrificing hence reducing the total number of experimental animals needed (i.e.<br />
reduction of between animal variations) and enhance accomplishment of the goals of the<br />
various projects. Very active prominent programs involving fundamental vascular<br />
biology require contrast-enhanced MRI and MR angiography for monitoring various<br />
tissue regions (e.g. cardiovascular, hmg, brain). Functional MRI application for<br />
prominent active programs in neurodegenerative diseases represents another major use<br />
of the proposed equipment. MRS will also be used to assess hydrogen-containing<br />
metabolites and high-energy phosphates to study carcinogenesis and various<br />
neurodenerative diseases. Additionally, new MRI technology will be developed for<br />
assessing tissue localization of specific flee radicals with a focus on nitric oxide<br />
intermediates, and tissue-specific contrast enhancement.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: PET <strong>IMAGING</strong> & MAPPING<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Potkin, Steven G.; Professor; University of<br />
California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2002<br />
Summary: This project is designed to assess the clinical and brain metabolic progression<br />
of age-related mental decline in the autosomal dominant form of familial Alzheimer<br />
disease (FAD). Families with autosomal dominant inheritance patterns for AD are rare,<br />
but such pedigrees provide information for linkage analysis of the FAD gene(s).<br />
Longitudinal investigation of "at-risk" relatives in these pedigrees is an efficient<br />
approach for studying early diagnosis and disease course because 50% of relatives<br />
eventually develop the disease. Our group already has recruited 21 FAD Pedigrees. with<br />
410 living relatives potentially available for study. We propose to perform annual<br />
clinical and W neuropsychological assessments on relatives at risk for FAD. Positron<br />
emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging scans will also be<br />
performed annually to explore relationships relating brain structure to clinical and L)<br />
metabolic decline. Our prior studies demonstrated parietal hypometabolism in patient s<br />
with mild dementias who later 5 developed probable sporadic (i.e. nonfairnilial) AD,<br />
with more hypometabolism found in early-onset patients. The proposed project aims to<br />
replicate such findings in relatives at risk for FAD. We hypothesize that initial cerebral<br />
metabolic patterns (determined with PET) will predict clinical and metabolic decline.<br />
We also predict that PET data will improve accuracy of clinical diagnoses earl), in the<br />
disease course, thus defining neurobiologically homogeneous 5 FAD pedigrees. Our<br />
previous research has demonstrated that the genetic marker, apolipoprotein E type 4<br />
allele (APOE-4) is correlated with the increased risk of Alzheimer disease (AD). While a<br />
variety of neuropsychological and functional imaging tests have been demonstrated to<br />
predict subsequent cognitive decline, such studies are unlikely to identify very early<br />
abnormalities because they: (1) assess brain function during a "resting" state when<br />
mental activity is poorly controlled and the specific mental processes showing
54<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
impairment are not activated; (2) often include subjects without genetic risk for<br />
subsequent decline: and. most importantly (3) emphasize measures sensitive only to<br />
advanced disease and substantial neuronal loss. We propose to develop methods that<br />
detect the earliest signs of brain dysfunction when patients would be most likely to<br />
benefit from experimental interventions: before the onset of irreversible and debilitating<br />
cognitive impairment. 1a. Develop cognitive behavioral and fMRI procedures that<br />
demonstrate activation in brain regions associated with neuronal dysfunction and loss<br />
in AD. 1b. Characterize the brain activation and objective behavioral performance seen<br />
in subjects with a clinical diagnosis of probable AD and in age-matched controls 2a.<br />
Identify and recruit a cohort of subjects at high risk for the subsequent development of<br />
AD, on the basis of genetic markers and pedigree. 2b.Characterize the general<br />
neuropsychological performance and baseline pattern of activation (using fMRI) and<br />
structure-specific brain volume in this population. 2c. Follow the performance in<br />
neuropsychological tests in this cohort in a longitudinal study. 3. Retrospect ively<br />
evaluate the fMRI structural and neuropsychological data, comparing the performance<br />
of those who did and did not show cognitive declines beyond normal age-associated<br />
memory impairment (AAMI).<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: PHOSPHORUS MRI OF THE LOWER EXTREMETIES IN DIABETICS<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Greenman, Robert L.; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical<br />
Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004<br />
Summary: (Provided by applicant): The overall objective of this proposal is to develop a<br />
three-dimensional MR imaging protocol to investigate the phosphorus-31 metabolism in<br />
the muscle tissue in the lower extremities of diabetic patients. Fifteen million people<br />
suffer from diabetes mellitus in the United States and there are 650,000 new cases<br />
diagnosed each year. Changes in the structure of the basement membrane of capillaries<br />
and neuropathy of the autonomic nerves create an effective ischemia in localized<br />
capillary beds in the lower leg and foot. Anatomical methods exist for assessing the<br />
blood flow and nerve viability in the lower legs and feet of diabetics. However, these<br />
techniques do not provide a direct assessment of the metabolic state of the affected<br />
muscle tissue. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been used to<br />
study the metabolism of muscle tissue and assess the metabolic state of ischemic tissue<br />
in a noninvasive way in humans. The current MRS localization technique that can be<br />
used to provide a regional assessment of the lower leg and foot with the ability to<br />
identify focal areas of ischemia is chemical shift imaging (CSI). However, a scan of the<br />
lower extremities having a resolution that is high enough to identify local areas with<br />
poor blood flow using the currently available CSI technique would take more than 21<br />
minutes making the MR examination prohibitively long. We have exploited the recent<br />
advances in high-speed magnetic resonance imaging techniques to develop a method<br />
for directly creating images of a single phosphorus metabolite (e.g. phosphocreatine) in<br />
human skeletal muscle. We have successfully acquired pure phosphocreatine images of<br />
human skeletal muscle in normal volunteers having a spatial resolution of 0.23 cm3 in 2<br />
minutes on a whole body MR scanner. We propose to establish a protocol using a 3dimensional<br />
technique for the study of muscle viability in the lower extremities of<br />
diabetic patients who suffer from complications resulting from polyneuropathy and<br />
localized ischemia.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF FUNCTIONAL MRI SIGNALS<br />
Studies 55<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Kim, Seong-Gi; Professor of Neurobiology;<br />
Radiology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn<br />
554552070<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAY-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2002<br />
Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract): Understanding the origin and the<br />
limitations of the signal intensity changes detected by functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (fMRI) is critical for full utilization of the capabilities of this technique. This in<br />
turn requires an in-depth examination of the physiological basis of fMRI signals. The<br />
most commonly used fMRI technique, based on blood oxygenation level dependent<br />
(BOLD) effect, is complex and depends on alterations in cerebral metabolic rate of<br />
oxygen consumption (CNM02), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and cerebral blood volume<br />
(CBV) in response to increased neuronal activity. Contribution of these metabolic and<br />
hemodynamic parameters to BOLD is expected to depend on vascular dimensions and<br />
geometry as well as experimental parameters such as static magnetic field and spatial<br />
resolution. Our understanding of these relationships remains largely qualitative, derives<br />
from modeling efforts, and requires additional experimental evaluation. This<br />
application aims to bring together expertise in spin-physics, BOLD modeling, and<br />
physiology, together with methods utilizing magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and<br />
spectroscopy, and different magnetic field strengths (going from 4.7 Tesla to 9.4 Tesla),<br />
to focus on investigating the spatiodynamics of vascular and metabolic basis of fMRI<br />
signal changes in a well-established animal model. The hypotheses to be tested are: 1)<br />
During steady state conditions, regional changes in CMR02 Can be calculated from<br />
BOLD and CBF data; and 2) Dynamically, the CMR02 change during neuronal activity is<br />
constant except for a transition period in the seconds domain at the onset and the<br />
termination of the neuronal stimulation, and the temporal characteristics of the BOLD<br />
response is determined by the temporal behavior of CBF and CBV.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: RANDOMIZED INDOMETHACIN GMH/IVH PREVENTION TRIAL<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ment, Laura R.; Professor; Pediatrics; Yale<br />
University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1989; Project End 31-MAR-2005<br />
Summary: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), or hemorrhage into the germinal matrix<br />
tissues of the developing brain, remains a major problem of preterm neonates. We<br />
enrolled 505 neonates of 600 - 1250 g birth weight in a prospective, randomized,<br />
placebo- controlled multicenter trial to test the hypothesis that indomethacin would<br />
lower the incidence of IVH. This study demonstrated that indomethacin both lowered<br />
the incidence and decreased the severity of IVH in preterm infants with no evidence for<br />
hemorrhage at 6 - 11 hours (p = 0.03, trend test). Infants randomized to indomethacin<br />
had less parenchymal hemorrhage (p = 0.01), less cerebral ventriculomegaly at term (p =<br />
0.04), and improved survival (p = 0.08) compared to placebo infants. At 54 months<br />
corrected age (C.A.) categorical analysis demonstrated a modest benefit on both the<br />
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-R) full scale IQ (p= 0.035)<br />
and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary - Revised (PPVT-R, p =0.02). At 72 months C.A.,<br />
indomethacin children were found to perform significantly better on the WPPSI-R<br />
verbal IQ (p = 0.04), the PPVT-R (p = 0.009), and the Vineland Communication Score (p<br />
= 0.009) when compared to placebo children; the Child Behavior Check List showed<br />
they had better social skills. We hypothesize that at 96 and 144 months C.A. children
56<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
randomized to indomethacin will score significantly better on measures of cognitive<br />
function and achievement than placebo children. These are ages when and the<br />
educational demands are great. In addition, based on ultrasound data demonstrating<br />
less ventriculomegaly in indomethacin children, we hypothesize that indomethacin<br />
subjects will have significantly less cerebral volumetric abnormalities than placebo<br />
subjects when the entire cohort is assessed by volume magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Because our indomethacin subjects appear to have significantly better verbal skills than<br />
placebo children, we will perform a verbal activation task using functional magnetic<br />
resonance imaging to test the hypothesis that indomethacin children will show<br />
significantly better patterns of fMRI activation than placebo children. Study subjects will<br />
undergo structured, systematic assessments for neuropsychiatric disorders and adaptive<br />
capacities in the social domain to test the hypothesis that indomethacin children will<br />
have less neuropsychiatric disorders, anxiety symptoms and socialization difficulties<br />
than placebo subjects. Finally, multivariate statistical analyses will be performed to<br />
determine the independent and important predictors of cognitive outcome and function<br />
at 8 and 12 years C.A.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: SICKLE-CELL DISEASE: NEURO<strong>IMAGING</strong> AND COGNITIVE<br />
DECLINE<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Rule, Randall R.; Radiology; University of<br />
California San Francisco 3333 California Street, Suite 315 San Francisco, Ca 941430962<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this neuroimaging project is to<br />
determine the anatomical basis of reduced cognition in sickle cell disease (SCD).<br />
Specifically to test the hypothesis that impaired cognition is closely associated with<br />
decreased cortical gray matter and hippocampal volumes, and is less associated with the<br />
extent of subcortical ischemia/infarction. This will be accomplished by quantitative<br />
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), long TE proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic<br />
imaging (1H MRSI), and neuropsychological testing that will include test of executive<br />
function and memory. These tests will include the California Card Sorting Task (CCST),<br />
the Self Ordered Pointing Task, tests of written and verbal fluency and the this study<br />
will focus on adult SCD patients with Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS). no history of<br />
overt clinical stroke. Overt infarcts are known to be associated with cognitive deficits.<br />
However, SCD patients with no history of CVAs are known suffer from impairment of<br />
memory and executive function. This study is designed to test whether cortical and<br />
hippocampal degeneration subsequent to subcortical ischemia is a marker of cognitive<br />
decline in these patients with no history of stroke. The ischemia that can occur in<br />
subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIVD) is similar to the silent infarcts seen in SCD.<br />
In SIVD it has been determined that cognitive decline is associated with decreased<br />
cortical gray matter and hippocampal volumes. This project is designed to look for<br />
similar relationships in SCD. The primary hypotheses are: 1.) Gray matter volume and<br />
gray matter NAA are significantly decreased in SCD versus control subjects. 2.) Comical<br />
gray matter and hippocampal volume and NAA will correlate highly with cognition<br />
while white matter lesions, lacunars infarcts, and white matter NAA will be less<br />
correlated with cognition. Secondary hypotheses are: 1.) Gray matter volume and NAA<br />
reductions in SCD compared with controls will be greater in the frontal lobe than in<br />
posterior areas. 2) Hippocampal volume will correlate with memory function. And<br />
frontal cortical gray matter volume will correlate with executive function.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: SKELETAL MUSCLE METABOLISM OF FATTY ACIDS<br />
Studies 57<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Kelley, David E.; Professor of Medicine and<br />
Director; Medicine; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall<br />
Pittsburgh, Pa 15260<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-DEC-2004<br />
Summary: Skeletal muscle has a crucial role in substrate metabolism and energy balance<br />
and perturbations can have major implications for health, as exemplified by the<br />
important role of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in obesity and Type 2 diabetes<br />
mellitus (DM). A major focus of the candidate's research has been to better understand<br />
the interaction between glucose and fatty acid metabolism in the pathogenesis of<br />
skeletal muscle insulin resistance. This research has led to the hypothesis that skeletal<br />
muscle in obesity and Type 2 DM has a reduced capacity for fat oxidation, that this<br />
impairment is most clearly manifest during fasting conditions and causes lipid<br />
accumulation within muscle; a process that aggravates insulin resistant glucose<br />
metabolism. The thrust of this proposal is to further test this hypothesis. We will seek to<br />
do this by developing several novel approaches to the clinical investigation of skeletal<br />
muscle metabolism of fatty acids. During the past 11 years of clinical investigation, the<br />
candidate has mastered the use of arterio-venous leg balance, radioactive fatty acid and<br />
glucose isotope dilution, systemic and regional (limb) indirect calorimetry, euglycemic<br />
insulin infusions and percutaneous muscle biopsy as methods to evaluate skeletal<br />
muscle physiology in Type 2 DM and obesity. All of these techniques have been in use<br />
for at least several decades. This field of clinical investigation could benefit considerably<br />
by application of exciting new modalities, including non-invasive imaging of<br />
metabolism and tissue composition. During the next five years, with the support of a<br />
MidCareer Investigator Award, the candidate will work within a multidisciplinary<br />
collaborative effort, including young colleagues to develop three methods: 1) a stable<br />
isotope method for in vivo determination of fatty acid uptake and oxidation in skeletal<br />
muscle; 2) spiral magnetic resonance imaging method for non-invasive determination<br />
of skeletal muscle lipid content; and 3) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of<br />
skeletal muscle fatty acid uptake and oxidation. These methods will be used for testing<br />
the hypothesis of that skeletal muscle oxidation of fatty acids is decreased while fatty<br />
acid esterification is increased in obesity-related insulin- resistance.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: SMALL ANIMAL 11.75 TESLA <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> SCANNER<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ackerman, Joseph J.; Professor and Chairman;<br />
Radiology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): Small laboratory animal models such as mice, rats<br />
and hamsters are widely used throughout the biomedical research community at<br />
Washington University (WU) in St. Louis and other scientific institutions. With the<br />
recent revolution in molecular biology, transgenic laboratory animal models - in<br />
particular mice - have become an indispensable part of the biomedical research<br />
armamentarium. The identification and development of methods for analyzing and<br />
evaluating the characteristics of interest within animal models remains a significant<br />
challenge. This is especially true for longitudinal studies, in which members of a sample<br />
population are followed over an extended period of time. Clearly, invasive and/or<br />
destructive procedures - especially those that require sacrifice of the subject - are<br />
incompatible with such studies. Under these circumstances, nondestructive imaging
58<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
procedures, such as those offered by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are especially<br />
valuable. This proposal from the Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Laboratory (BMRL) at<br />
WU requests funds to purchase an 11.75 tesla small animal MRI scanner. The BMRL<br />
supports resources at the forefront of imaging science through its two 4.7T small-animal<br />
MRI scanners. However, its user base of leading scientists, representing a diverse range<br />
of biological and biophysical disciplines, has requirements that can only be met through<br />
the attributes an ultra high field scanner. The associated improvements in signal-tonoise<br />
ratio and spectral dispersion provide important advantages for small animal MRI<br />
and, in particular, for the imaging of mice. This proposal provides documentation of<br />
need, past imaging performance, organizational and training competence, and<br />
institutional commitment.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: SMASH <strong>IMAGING</strong> APPLICATIONS--CARDIAC <strong>MAGNETIC</strong><br />
<strong>RESONANCE</strong><br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Sodickson, Daniel K.; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical<br />
Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003<br />
Summary: Despite significant advances in imaging speed over the past decade, many<br />
diagnostic applications of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are still limited by rapid<br />
physiologic motion. An order of magnitude improvement in imaging speed would<br />
remedy many of the existing technical limitations associated with motion; however,<br />
certain basic constraints of conventional MR imaging techniques have made this goal<br />
difficult to attain. We have recently developed and implemented an MR imaging<br />
technique called SiMultaneous Acquisition of Spatial Harmonics (SMASH), which can<br />
relax these constraints by allowing for a significant fraction of signal data points to be<br />
acquired in parallel, rather than in the traditional sequential order. Cardiac MRI is one<br />
area which stands to benefit substantially from the improvements in imaging efficiency<br />
afforded by SMASH. The application of MRI to the diagnosis and assessment of cardiac<br />
disease has been an area of intensive study in recent years, but its practical clinical<br />
implementation has generally been hindered by competing constraints of spatial and<br />
temporal resolution. In preliminary in vivo studies using SMASH, the temporal<br />
resolution of cardiac scans has been increased as much as threefold without any sacrifice<br />
in spatial resolution, and spatial resolution has been doubled or tripled at no cost in<br />
temporal resolution. Recent SMASH imaging studies in phantoms, furthermore, have<br />
demonstrated that eightfold improvements in spatial and/or temporal resolution are<br />
feasible using appropriate RF coil array technology. The ability to achieve reliable time<br />
saving factors as high as eight in cardiac MRI will require several theoretical and<br />
technical advances. The primary goal of the proposed research is to extend the basic<br />
capabilities of SMASH imaging so as to achieve an eighfold improvement in the spatial<br />
and/or temporal resolution of cardiac MR images. A stepwise approach will be<br />
followed, with the following specific aims: 1)To increase the flexibility of SMASH<br />
techniques for cardiac imaging, starting at the current level of two- to threefold speed<br />
improvements. 2)To achieve a factor of four to six improvements through the further<br />
design and implementation of SMASH hardware and software. 3) To extend these<br />
improvements to a factor of eight or more, and to apply these improvements to clinical<br />
cardiac imaging.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
• Project Title: SPIN-LOCK <strong>IMAGING</strong> OF CARTILAGE<br />
Studies 59<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Reedy, Ravinder; Radiology; University of<br />
Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): OA is a major cause of morbidity in the population<br />
over 50 and affects more than 40 million Americans. Although evidence implicates<br />
cartilage degeneration as the primary cause for OA, no cure exists as yet. Current<br />
treatments relieve symptoms but do not inhibit disease progression. However, if the<br />
disease is detected in early stages then appropriate therapeutic intervention may be<br />
possible. Currently, there are no noninvasive methods to detect early biochemical<br />
changes in cartilage. This lack of noninvasive diagnostic methods also hampered the<br />
research in the development of potential chondroprotective agents. To develop<br />
sensitive, noninvasive diagnostic tools that target early degenerative changes, one needs<br />
to understand the structural and biochemical changes that occur during degeneration<br />
and correlate these properties to measurable parameters obtained by a noninvasive<br />
method. In this application we propose to exploit proton magnetic resonance (MR)<br />
relaxation under spin-locking condition to develop a novel MR technique to monitor<br />
structural and biochemical changes in cartilage that occur during early OA. Both<br />
spectroscopic and imaging measurements will be performed on cartilage tissue models,<br />
normal bovine cartilage, on enzymatically degraded bovine cartilage (which are<br />
subjected to selective degradation of varying degrees of proteoglycans (PG) or collagen<br />
to mimic the structural and biochemical changes that occur in OA). The results obtained<br />
from the extracellular matrix (ECM) model systems will enable one to determine<br />
contributions from different components of ECM to the observed relaxation and<br />
dispersion behavior, and underlying mechanism. The data from the selective enzymatic<br />
degradation studies will provide the signal changes and contrast in spin-lock-weighted<br />
images and will help in developing optimal imaging parameters to measure changes<br />
induced by specific macromolecular degradation. Since the measured MR properties<br />
rely not only on tissue contrast, but are also dependent on structural and biochemical<br />
changes, this proposed research will aid in the development of a sensitive non-invasive<br />
technique for early diagnosis of OA as well as aid in the development/evaluation of<br />
potential chondroprotective drugs and treatment therapies.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: STUDY OF FIBER ANATOMY IN MOUSE DEVELOPMENT VIA<br />
MRI/DTI<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Davatzikos, Christos; Associate Professor;<br />
Radiology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-JUL-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2008<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): The main goal of this project is to characterize the<br />
development of the murine brain, with emphasis on white matter anatomy, using<br />
magnetic resonance micro-imaging in conjunction with mathematical methodologies for<br />
quantitative image analysis. The traditionally used histological methods for examination<br />
of murine brain sections are limited by tissue distortion or loss, by difficulties in<br />
constructing a spatially consistent volumetric image from sections, by extensive effort in<br />
preparation, and by lack of capability for in vivo examination of the mouse brain.<br />
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is emerging as a technology with strengths<br />
complementary to histology, with respect to these limitations. In this project, we will<br />
develop methods for imaging and analysis of the murine brain, and we will use them to
60<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
generate normative data for brain development of the C57BL/6J mouse strain. Our<br />
emphasis will be on using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to characterize the white<br />
matter architecture. Building upon current work by several groups in the Human Brain<br />
Project, we propose to develop mathematical methodologies for computational<br />
anatomy, which complement traditional analysis methods in mainly two ways. First,<br />
they can identify very subtle and localized shape characteristics, without the need to<br />
know the location of an affected brain region a priori. Second, they are highly<br />
automated and quantitative, thus enabling the examination of a large number of animals<br />
with minimal effort, using statistical image analysis techniques. Our image analysis<br />
methodology will involve shape analysis methods for the reconstruction and spatial<br />
normalization of murine brain structures, and it will utilize the well-established<br />
framework of stereotaxic space analysis. After mass-preserving spatial normalization of<br />
MRI images to a stereotaxic space of the respective developmental stage, the normal<br />
anatomic variation of grey and white matter structures will be measured at a number of<br />
different developmental stages. This normative data will be useful in subsequent DTIbased<br />
studies aiming to identify regions of abnormal development in neurogenetic mice,<br />
by finding regions that fall outside this normal range. We will test this methodology on<br />
a pilot study of the Emx-1 knockout mouse, a well-characterized strain with abnormal<br />
cortical lamination and defasciculated white matter fiber tracts, including the corpus<br />
callosum, and we will validate our MR-based measurements using histological sections<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: SUB-VOXEL TISSUE CHARACTERIZATION WITH IN-VIVO MRI<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Does, Mark D.; Radiology & Radiological Scis;<br />
Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall aims of this project are to develop and<br />
implement novel methods for quantitative, in vivo characterization of tissue by<br />
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The microscopic compartition of water in tissues<br />
reflects potentially important structural properties that may be probed by diverse MRI<br />
measurements. In particular, water diffusion and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)<br />
relaxation cannot be described by single components in many tissues. With some limited<br />
success, multiple component characterization of these attributes has been proposed and<br />
studied in an attempt to extract specific information about the micro-anatomical water<br />
compartments from which they are derived. The further development of efficient and<br />
effective methods for acquiring and analyzing subvoxel characteristics promises to be<br />
useful for assessing structure and pathophysiology in various tissues, particularly nerve<br />
and muscle. The studies proposed herein will provide faster, more accurate, and more<br />
informative techniques for compartmental studies using MRI. Experimental studies on<br />
model tissues will establish comprehensive and quantitative in vivo descriptions of<br />
water diffusion, longitudinal relaxation and transverse relaxation, and how they<br />
correlate to each other and the physical compartments from which they are derived.<br />
These observations will then be used to design novel MRI methods, which are more<br />
specific for depicting tissue microstructure in vivo. One example, amongst others, is the<br />
aim to develop rapid and easily implemented MRI methods of visualizing and<br />
quantifying myelin content in the brain based on detailed compartmental models of<br />
relaxation and diffusion in white matter.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies 61<br />
• Project Title: SYMPOSIUM ON <strong>IMAGING</strong> AGENTS AND MOLECULAR<br />
BEACONS<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Achilefu, Samuel; Associate Professor; Radiology;<br />
Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-FEB-2004; Project End 31-DEC-2004<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): Imaging agents play a vital role in the diagnosis and<br />
management of a variety of human diseases. With recent advances in molecular biology,<br />
there is a need to develop new imaging agents that respond to physiopathological<br />
events at the molecular level. This is within the purview of chemists who are trained to<br />
design molecules for specific applications. While many conferences on molecular<br />
imaging are held every year, the focus had not been on the strategy to develop imaging<br />
agents that are crucial in molecular imaging of diseases. Consequently, we plan to<br />
organize a chemistry-focused symposium to exchange ideas on the recent advances in<br />
the chemistry and application of imaging agents in biomedical research and clinical<br />
settings. To harness the power of the world's largest chemist organization, the American<br />
Chemical Society (ACS), to attract a large audience, we plan to hold the symposium in<br />
conjunction with the ACS National Meeting held at Anaheim, CA from March 28 to<br />
April 1, 2004. Five sessions will be held and will cover topics on nuclear, magnetic<br />
resonance, ultrasound, radiographic, optical and miscellaneous imaging agents for<br />
medical applications.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: TRACKING NEURONAL FIBERS IN LIVING HUMAN BRAIN BY<br />
MRI<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Conturo, Thomas E.; Associate Professor;<br />
Radiology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2005<br />
Summary: We propose to extend our developments with magnetic resonance imaging<br />
(MRI) for tracking neuronal fibers in the lining human brain. The method, called<br />
diffusion tensor tracking (DTT), reconstructs continuous threedimensional trajectories of<br />
neuronal fiber bundles from diffusion tensor-encoded MRI data (DT-MRI). Compared to<br />
other methods, the MR procedure is non-invasive, capable of studying connectional<br />
anatomy unique to humans, and amenable to direct correlation with fMRI activations in<br />
the same individual subjects, which potentially will uncover the neuronal connections<br />
used for human tasks. Noninvasive DTT methods are especially important for revealing<br />
connections in humans associated with cognitive functions like language that cannot be<br />
extrapolated from non-human primate studies. For Aim I we will further enhance<br />
current computations of three- dimensional whole-brain fiber trajectories from DT-MRI<br />
data and develop and refine methods for selecting different fiber groups, especially<br />
including connections between regions defined by fMRI. For Aim II we will evaluate the<br />
accuracy and precision of DTT fiber trajectories by computer simulation and test-retest<br />
evaluation of experimental data. In Aim III we will assess the ability of DTT to<br />
determine the connectivity between fMRI-defined primary sensory and higher-order<br />
regions in the somatosensory and visual systems using known monkey neuroanatomy<br />
as a standard. The visual studies will involve retinotopic fMRI mapping to identify<br />
higher visual areas and to select functional subsets of the geniculocalcarine tract, and<br />
motion perception studies to activate remote cognitive regions outside the visual cortex.<br />
For Aim IV we will examine the potential clinical utility of DTT to characterize the<br />
functional effects of white matter lesions by correlating the lesion-to-cortex DTT
62<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
projections with cortical defects in retinotopic fMRI and with visual field defects in<br />
patients with focal lesions of the geniculocalcarine tract. In Aim V, we will compare<br />
visual cortex connections in sighted, early- and late-blind subjects to assess the effects of<br />
age of blindness on the development and organization of the visual system. Successful<br />
completion of the proposed research will provide a set of tested tools for interrogating<br />
the development, functional organization, and reorganization of the human brain in<br />
normal and disease.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: ULTRA HIGH RESOLUTION HUMAN MRI OF GLIOMAS<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Christoforidis, Gregory A.; Radiology; Ohio State<br />
University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004<br />
Summary: (provided by applicant): The value of 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging<br />
(MRI) in defining gliomas is well established, but does not necessarily identify the full<br />
extent of involvement by tumor cells, or markers for tumor grade such as<br />
neovascularity, pleomorphism, nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, cell density and endothelial<br />
proliferation. Images acquired from normal volunteers with 8T ultra high field MRI<br />
(UHFMRI) system have a 4 fold increase in resolution versus typical 1.5 Tesla<br />
commercial clinical systems (i.e. General Electric Signa Horizon MRI System) and twofold<br />
increase in signal to noise when compared to the few 4 Tesla research magnetic<br />
resonance systems operating at other research sites. This could be critical for enhancing<br />
the sensitivities of MR imaging to gliomas. SPECIFIC AlMS: (1) To determine if the<br />
improved spatial resolution and magnetic susceptibility-based vascular enhancement<br />
obtained with UHFMRI allows for the identification of abnormal vascularity in gliomas.<br />
(2) To determine whether areas of increased vascularity identified at 8T correspond to<br />
areas of increased vascularity on histopathologic analysis. (3) To determine whether<br />
areas of increased vascularity identified at 8T correspond to areas of perfusion one<br />
contrast enhanced 1.5 T MRI. A group of 80 patients with astrocytoma will undergo preoperative<br />
high-resolution gradient echo imaging at 8T. Subsequently, these same<br />
patients will undergo contrast enhanced MRI and perfusion MRI at 1.5T. Foci of<br />
increased vascularity will be identified on 81 images. Semi-quantitative grades for blood<br />
vessels will be made from the 1.5 and 8 T images by two reviewers. The high vessel<br />
density foci will then be biopsied using intra-operative stereotactic-guidance. The tissue<br />
will be histologically evaluated using vessel stains and a semi-quantitative vessel<br />
grading will be made. Correlation of the various vessel grades will be made between the<br />
histologic findings and the MR findings. Reliability will be measured on the basis of<br />
interobserver and intraobserver agreement. Secondary outcome measures will be used<br />
as pilot data in order to plan future investigations.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
• Project Title: VIRUS BASED BIO-<strong>IMAGING</strong> & THERAPEUTIC DELIVERY<br />
SYSTEMS<br />
Principal Investigator & Institution: Young, Mark A.; Plant and Soil Science; Montana<br />
State University (Bozeman) Bozeman, Mt 59717<br />
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005<br />
Summary: Many viruses form stable self-assembled protein cages that function to store,<br />
protect and transport nucleic acid. We have previously shown that the cage structure of<br />
viruses can be used as constrained reaction vessels for the encapsulation and release of a
Studies 63<br />
wide range of materials other than its native RNA genome. In this way virus protein<br />
cages can be thought of as nanometer sized containers able to encapsulate other<br />
molecules through well-defined chemical interactions. The current proposal will explore<br />
the use of these virus cage structures for encapsulation and targeted delivery of<br />
therapeutic agents as well as development of these cages as magnetic resonance<br />
imaging contrast agents based on our demonstrated ability to engineer the coat protein.<br />
The principle objective of this proposal is to develop a model viral system for the use of<br />
virus cage structures in the high- density packing and release of therapeutic materials<br />
(molecules and polymers). Packaging within the virus can be driven by electrostatic<br />
complementarily between the inner protein interface and the relevant therapeutic<br />
material(s). One objective will be to extend the range of therapeutic materials that can be<br />
entrapped within the viral protein cage by engineering the electrostatic properties of the<br />
inner surface of the protein cage. A second major objective is to develop viral protein<br />
cages as potential magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents by engineering the<br />
inherent metal binding sites on the virion for binding 180 molecules of the paramagnetic<br />
Gd(III) ion. A third major objective is to express peptide 11 from the laminin protein on<br />
the outer surface of the virion and to determine its effectiveness at specifically targeting<br />
viral cages to cells expressing laminin-binding protein. A fourth major objective is to<br />
utilize inherent structural transitions in the virion to engineer new well defined<br />
chemical switches (based on redox potential and pH) to induce gating for selective<br />
entrapment and release of therapeutic materials. Virion gating results in the reversible<br />
opening/closing of 60 separate 20Angstrom units holes in the protein cage. We propose<br />
to use site-directed mutagenesis to engineer disulfide linkages and altered pH gating<br />
switches at these pores and test for their ability to entrap and release therapeutic<br />
materials.<br />
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen<br />
E-Journals: PubMed Central 3<br />
PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and<br />
managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National<br />
Library of Medicine (NLM). 4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and<br />
unrestricted. 5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc,<br />
and type “magnetic resonance imaging” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search<br />
gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for magnetic<br />
resonance imaging in the PubMed Central database:<br />
• Activation of Human Primary Visual Cortex During Visual Recall: A Magnetic<br />
Resonance Imaging Study. by Bihan DL, Turner R, Zeffiro TA, Cuenod CA, Jezzard P,<br />
Bonnerot V.; 1993 Dec 15;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr<br />
act&artid=48072<br />
3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.<br />
4 With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic<br />
literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a<br />
world-class library of the digital age.<br />
5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse<br />
sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations,<br />
and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
64<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Autologous chondrocyte implantation for cartilage repair: monitoring its success by<br />
magnetic resonance imaging and histology. by Roberts S, McCall IW, Darby AJ,<br />
Menage J, Evans H, Harrison PE, Richardson JB.; 2003;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154433<br />
• Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. by<br />
Ogawa S, Lee TM, Kay AR, Tank DW.; 1990 Dec;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt<br />
ype=pdf&artid=55275<br />
• Breast imaging technology: Application of magnetic resonance imaging to<br />
angiogenesis in breast cancer. by Leach MO.; 2001;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=138673<br />
• Breast imaging technology: Application of magnetic resonance imaging to early<br />
detection of breast cancer. by Schnall MD.; 2001;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=138672<br />
• Cerebral activity associated with auditory verbal hallucinations: a functional<br />
magnetic resonance imaging case study. by Ait Bentaleb L, Beauregard M, Liddle P,<br />
Stip E.; 2002 Mar;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161640<br />
• Contribution of Malic Enzyme, Pyruvate Kinase, Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase,<br />
and the Krebs Cycle to Respiration and Biosynthesis and to Intracellular pH<br />
Regulation during Hypoxia in Maize Root Tips Observed by Nuclear Magnetic<br />
Resonance Imaging and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. by Edwards S,<br />
Nguyen BT, Do B, Roberts JK.; 1998 Mar 1;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35077<br />
• Correlations from gadopentetate dimeglumine-enhanced magnetic resonance<br />
imaging after methotrexate chemotherapy for hemorrhagic placenta increta. by Wehbe<br />
SA, Ghulmiyyah LM, Carroll KT, Perloe M, Schwartzberg DG, Sills ES.; 2003;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=280697<br />
• Different central manifestations in response to electroacupuncture at analgesic and<br />
nonanalgesic acupoints in rats: a manganese-enhanced functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging study. by Chiu JH, Chung MS, Cheng HC, Yeh TC, Hsieh JC, Chang CY, Kuo<br />
WY, Cheng H, Ho LT.; 2003 May;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=227035<br />
• Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the sarcopenic muscle. by<br />
Nicolato E, Farace P, Asperio RM, Marzola P, Lunati E, Sbarbati A, Osculati F.; 2002;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116599<br />
• Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Stress-Induced<br />
Angiogenesis in MCF7 Human Breast Tumors. by Furman-Haran E, Margalit R,<br />
Grobgeld D, Degani H.; 1996 Jun 25;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr<br />
act&artid=39007<br />
• Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary<br />
sensory stimulation. by Kwong KK, Belliveau JW, Chesler DA, Goldberg IE, Weisskoff<br />
RM, Poncelet BP, Kennedy DN, Hoppel BE, Cohen MS, Turner R, et al.; 1992 Jun 15;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt<br />
ype=pdf&artid=49355
Studies 65<br />
• Echo-Planar Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Frontal Cortex Activation<br />
During Word Generation in Humans. by McCarthy G, Blamire AM, Rothman DL,<br />
Gruetter R, Shulman RG.; 1993 Jun 1;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr<br />
act&artid=46631<br />
• Effects on media materials of storage in proximity to a magnetic resonance imaging<br />
scanner. by Kittle PW.; 1989 Jan;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt<br />
ype=pdf&artid=227306<br />
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human prefrontal cortex activation during<br />
a spatial working memory task. by McCarthy G, Blamire AM, Puce A, Nobre AC, Bloch<br />
G, Hyder F, Goldman-Rakic P, Shulman RG.; 1994 Aug 30;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt<br />
ype=pdf&artid=44672<br />
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging of reorganization in rat brain after stroke. by<br />
Dijkhuizen RM, Ren J, Mandeville JB, Wu O, Ozdag FM, Moskowitz MA, Rosen BR,<br />
Finklestein SP.; 2001 Oct 23;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=60128<br />
• Imaging the living human brain: Magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission<br />
tomography. by Volkow ND, Rosen B, Farde L.; 1997 Apr 1;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34149<br />
• Modeling sickle cell vasoocclusion in the rat leg: quantification of trapped sickle cells<br />
and correlation with 31P metabolic and 1H magnetic resonance imaging changes. by<br />
Fabry ME, Rajanayagam V, Fine E, Holland S, Gore JC, Nagel RL, Kaul DK.; 1989 May;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt<br />
ype=pdf&artid=287230<br />
• Monitoring of implanted stem cell migration in vivo: A highly resolved in vivo<br />
magnetic resonance imaging investigation of experimental stroke in rat. by Hoehn M,<br />
Kustermann E, Blunk J, Wiedermann D, Trapp T, Wecker S, Focking M, Arnold H,<br />
Hescheler J, Fleischmann BK, Schwindt W, Buhrle C.; 2002 Dec 10;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=138600<br />
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy of Human Brain Function. by<br />
Shulman RG, Blamire AM, Rothman DL, McCarthy G.; 1993 Apr 15;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr<br />
act&artid=46253<br />
• Object-Related Activity Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in<br />
Human Occipital Cortex. by Malach R, Reppas JB, Benson RR, Kwong KK, Jiang H,<br />
Kennedy WA, Ledden PJ, Brady TJ, Rosen BR, Tootell RB.; 1995 Aug 29;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr<br />
act&artid=41110<br />
• Oscillatory flow in the cochlea visualized by a magnetic resonance imaging<br />
technique. by Denk W, Keolian RM, Ogawa S, Jelinski LW.; 1993 Feb 15;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt<br />
ype=pdf&artid=45921<br />
• Overhauser enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for tumor oximetry: Coregistration<br />
of tumor anatomy and tissue oxygen concentration. by Krishna MC, English S, Yamada
66<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
K, Yoo J, Murugesan R, Devasahayam N, Cook JA, Golman K, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH,<br />
Subramanian S, Mitchell JB.; 2002 Feb 19;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122345<br />
• Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Brain Perfusion at 1.5 T Using<br />
Steady-State Inversion of Arterial Water. by Robert DA, Detre JA, Bolinger L, Insko EK,<br />
Leigh JS Jr.; 1994 Jan 4;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr<br />
act&artid=42880<br />
• Sodium-23 magnetic resonance imaging of the eye and lens. by Garner WH, Hilal SK,<br />
Lee SW, Spector A.; 1986 Mar;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt<br />
ype=pdf&artid=323192<br />
• Three-Dimensional Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Brain on a<br />
Clinical 1.5-T Scanner. by Gelderen PV, Ramsey NF, Liu G, Duyn JH, Frank JA,<br />
Weinberger DR, Moonen CT.; 1995 Jul 18;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr<br />
act&artid=41439<br />
• Use of diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging as a tool in acute stroke<br />
clinical trials. by Warach S.; 2001;<br />
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59649<br />
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed<br />
One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English<br />
and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine. 6<br />
The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater<br />
number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web<br />
site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to<br />
sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of<br />
fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals.<br />
To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with magnetic resonance imaging,<br />
simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type<br />
“magnetic resonance imaging” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The<br />
following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):<br />
• A benign soft tissue mass simulating a glenoid labral cyst on unenhanced magnetic<br />
resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Sherman PM, Sanders TG, De Lone DR.<br />
Source: Military Medicine. 2004 May; 169(5): 376-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15186003<br />
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of<br />
Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction<br />
with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text<br />
journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with<br />
their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
Studies 67<br />
• A comparison of magnetic resonance imaging, sonography, and radiography of the<br />
hand in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis.<br />
Author(s): Hoving JL, Buchbinder R, Hall S, Lawler G, Coombs P, McNealy S, Bird P,<br />
Connell D.<br />
Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2004 April; 31(4): 663-75.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15088290<br />
• A fronto-parietal network for chewing of gum: a study on human subjects with<br />
functional magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Takada T, Miyamoto T.<br />
Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2004 April 29; 360(3): 137-40.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15082152<br />
• A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of local/global processing with<br />
stimulus presentation in the peripheral visual hemifields.<br />
Author(s): Lux S, Marshall JC, Ritzl A, Weiss PH, Pietrzyk U, Shah NJ, Zilles K, Fink GR.<br />
Source: Neuroscience. 2004; 124(1): 113-20.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14960344<br />
• A topography of executive functions and their interactions revealed by functional<br />
magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Fassbender C, Murphy K, Foxe JJ, Wylie GR, Javitt DC, Robertson IH,<br />
Garavan H.<br />
Source: Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research. 2004 July; 20(2): 132-43.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15183386<br />
• Abnormal left superior temporal gyrus volumes in children and adolescents with<br />
bipolar disorder: a magnetic resonance imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Chen HH, Nicoletti MA, Hatch JP, Sassi RB, Axelson D, Brambilla P, Monkul<br />
ES, Keshavan MS, Ryan ND, Birmaher B, Soares JC.<br />
Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2004 June 3; 363(1): 65-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15157998<br />
• Accuracy of breath-hold magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative staging of<br />
organ-confined renal cell carcinoma.<br />
Author(s): Kamel IR, Hochman MG, Keogan MT, Eng J, Longmaid HE 3rd, DeWolf W,<br />
Edelman RR.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004 May-June; 28(3): 327-32.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15100535
68<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Acute quadriceps muscle strains: magnetic resonance imaging features and prognosis.<br />
Author(s): Cross TM, Gibbs N, Houang MT, Cameron M.<br />
Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2004 April-May; 32(3): 710-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15090389<br />
• Acute vestibular neuritis visualized by 3-T magnetic resonance imaging with highdose<br />
gadolinium.<br />
Author(s): Karlberg M, Annertz M, Magnusson M.<br />
Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2004 February; 130(2): 229-<br />
32.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14967757<br />
• An approach to real-time magnetic resonance imaging for speech production.<br />
Author(s): Narayanan S, Nayak K, Lee S, Sethy A, Byrd D.<br />
Source: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2004 April; 115(4): 1771-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15101655<br />
• Anomalous prefrontal-subcortical activation in familial pediatric bipolar disorder: a<br />
functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation.<br />
Author(s): Chang K, Adleman NE, Dienes K, Simeonova DI, Menon V, Reiss A.<br />
Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2004 August; 61(8): 781-92.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15289277<br />
• Anticoagulation and thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke and the role of diagnostic<br />
magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Rincon F.<br />
Source: Archives of Neurology. 2004 May; 61(5): 801-2; Author Reply 802.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15148165<br />
• Application of magnetic resonance imaging to evaluation of femoral neck structure in<br />
growing girls.<br />
Author(s): McKay HA, Sievanen H, Petit MA, MacKelvie KJ, Forkheim KM, Whittall KP,<br />
Forster BB, Macdonald H.<br />
Source: Journal of Clinical Densitometry : the Official Journal of the International Society<br />
for Clinical Densitometry. 2004 Summer; 7(2): 161-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15181260<br />
• Application of three-tesla magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis and surgery of<br />
sellar lesions.<br />
Author(s): Wolfsberger S, Ba-Ssalamah A, Pinker K, Mlynarik V, Czech T, Knosp E,<br />
Trattnig S.<br />
Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2004 February; 100(2): 278-86.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15086236
Studies 69<br />
• Assessment of biventricular remodeling by magnetic resonance imaging after<br />
successful primary stenting for acute myocardial infarction.<br />
Author(s): Beygui F, Furber A, Delepine S, Prunier F, Helft G, Metzger JP, Le Jeune JJ,<br />
Geslin P.<br />
Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2004 August 1; 94(3): 354-7.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15276104<br />
• Assessment of cerebral hemodynamics and oxygen extraction using dynamic<br />
susceptibility contrast and spin echo blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic<br />
resonance imaging: applications to carotid stenosis patients.<br />
Author(s): Kavec M, Usenius JP, Tuunanen PI, Rissanen A, Kauppinen RA.<br />
Source: Neuroimage. 2004 May; 22(1): 258-67.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15110016<br />
• Assessment of hepatic iron content using magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Li TQ, Aisen AM, Hindmarsh T.<br />
Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2004 April; 45(2): 119-29. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15191093<br />
• Assessment of pulmonary vein anatomic variability by magnetic resonance imaging:<br />
implications for catheter ablation techniques for atrial fibrillation.<br />
Author(s): Mansour M, Holmvang G, Sosnovik D, Migrino R, Abbara S, Ruskin J, Keane<br />
D.<br />
Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. 2004 April; 15(4): 387-93.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15089984<br />
• Association of magnetic resonance imaging of anterior optic pathway with<br />
glaucomatous visual field damage and optic disc cupping.<br />
Author(s): Kashiwagi K, Okubo T, Tsukahara S.<br />
Source: Journal of Glaucoma. 2004 June; 13(3): 189-95.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15118461<br />
• B1AC-MAMBA: B1 array combined with multiple-acquisition micro B0 array parallel<br />
magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Paley MN, Lee KJ, Wild JM, Fichele S, Whitby EH, Wilkinson ID, Van Beek<br />
EJ, Griffiths PD.<br />
Source: Magnetic Resonance in Medicine : Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic<br />
Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 2003 June; 49(6):<br />
1196-200.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12768600
70<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Background and clinical impact of tissue congestion in right-lobe living-donor liver<br />
grafts: a magnetic resonance imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Yamamoto H, Maetani Y, Kiuchi T, Ito T, Kaihara S, Egawa H, Itoh K,<br />
Kamiyama Y, Tanaka K.<br />
Source: Transplantation. 2003 July 15; 76(1): 164-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12865804<br />
• Beyond mismatch: evolving paradigms in imaging the ischemic penumbra with<br />
multimodal magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Kidwell CS, Alger JR, Saver JL.<br />
Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2003 November; 34(11): 2729-35. Epub<br />
2003 October 23. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14576370<br />
• Bilateral chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the dorsal part of the forearm:<br />
the role of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis: a case report.<br />
Author(s): Kumar PR, Jenkins JP, Hodgson SP.<br />
Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003 August; 85-A(8):<br />
1557-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12925638<br />
• Bilateral giant coronary aneurysms diagnosed non-invasively by dynamic magnetic<br />
resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Tanabe M, Onishi K, Hiraoka N, Kitamura T, Okinaka T, Ito M, Isaka N,<br />
Nakano T.<br />
Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2004 April; 94(2-3): 341-2.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15094009<br />
• Biliary hamartomas (von Mayenburg complex): magnetic resonance imaging in a case<br />
report.<br />
Author(s): Neri S, Mauceri B, Cilio D, Sciacca C, Di Prima P, Finazzo M.<br />
Source: Internal Medicine Journal. 2004 January-February; 34(1-2): 71-2.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14748920<br />
• Biological effects of exposure to magnetic resonance imaging: an overview.<br />
Author(s): Formica D, Silvestri S.<br />
Source: Biomedical Engineering Online [electronic Resource]. 2004 April 22; 3(1): 11.<br />
Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15104797
Studies 71<br />
• Biometric and magnetic resonance imaging assessment of dentofacial abnormalities<br />
in a case of Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome.<br />
Author(s): Defraia E, Baccetti T, Marinelli A, Tollaro I.<br />
Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics.<br />
2004 January; 97(1): 127-32.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14716269<br />
• Bladder imaging using multidetector row computed tomography, volume rendering,<br />
and magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Lawler LP, Fishman EK.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2003 July-August; 27(4): 553-63.<br />
Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12886144<br />
• Blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging in patients with stressinduced<br />
angina.<br />
Author(s): Friedrich MG, Niendorf T, Schulz-Menger J, Gross CM, Dietz R.<br />
Source: Circulation. 2003 November 4; 108(18): 2219-23. Epub 2003 October 13.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14557359<br />
• BOLD magnetic resonance imaging of skeletal muscle.<br />
Author(s): Noseworthy MD, Bulte DP, Alfonsi J.<br />
Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology. 2003 December; 7(4): 307-15. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14735429<br />
• Bone edema scored on magnetic resonance imaging scans of the dominant carpus at<br />
presentation predicts radiographic joint damage of the hands and feet six years later<br />
in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.<br />
Author(s): McQueen FM, Benton N, Perry D, Crabbe J, Robinson E, Yeoman S, McLean<br />
L, Stewart N.<br />
Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003 July; 48(7): 1814-27.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12847674<br />
• Brain activation pattern during a verbal fluency test in healthy male and female<br />
volunteers: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Weiss EM, Siedentopf C, Hofer A, Deisenhammer EA, Hoptman MJ, Kremser<br />
C, Golaszewski S, Felber S, Fleischhacker WW, Delazer M.<br />
Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 December 11; 352(3): 191-4.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14625017
72<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Brain activation to phobia-related pictures in spider phobic humans: an event-related<br />
functional magnetic resonance imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Dilger S, Straube T, Mentzel HJ, Fitzek C, Reichenbach JR, Hecht H, Krieschel<br />
S, Gutberlet I, Miltner WH.<br />
Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 September 4; 348(1): 29-32.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12893418<br />
• Brain activity during automatic semantic priming revealed by event-related<br />
functional magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Copland DA, de Zubicaray GI, McMahon K, Wilson SJ, Eastburn M, Chenery<br />
HJ.<br />
Source: Neuroimage. 2003 September; 20(1): 302-10.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14527590<br />
• Brain edema after human cerebral hemorrhage: a magnetic resonance imaging<br />
volumetric analysis.<br />
Author(s): Carhuapoma JR, Hanley DF, Banerjee M, Beauchamp NJ.<br />
Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 2003 July; 15(3): 230-3.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12826970<br />
• Brain magnetic resonance imaging white-matter lesions and cerebrospinal fluid<br />
findings in patients with acute intermittent porphyria.<br />
Author(s): Bylesjo I, Brekke OL, Prytz J, Skjeflo T, Salvesen R.<br />
Source: European Neurology. 2004; 51(1): 1-5. Epub 2003 November 18.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14631121<br />
• Brain processing of visual sexual stimuli in healthy men: a functional magnetic<br />
resonance imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Mouras H, Stoleru S, Bittoun J, Glutron D, Pelegrini-Issac M, Paradis AL,<br />
Burnod Y.<br />
Source: Neuroimage. 2003 October; 20(2): 855-69.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14568457<br />
• B-waves in cerebral and spinal cerebrospinal fluid pulsation measurement by<br />
magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Friese S, Hamhaber U, Erb M, Klose U.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004 March-April; 28(2): 255-62.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15091131
Studies 73<br />
• Calcific tendinosis and periarthritis: classic magnetic resonance imaging appearance<br />
and associated findings.<br />
Author(s): Chung CB, Gentili A, Chew FS.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004 May-June; 28(3): 390-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15100546<br />
• Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and core cardiology training II (COCATS-2): can<br />
we get there from here?<br />
Author(s): Reichek N.<br />
Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2004 June 2; 43(11): 2113-5.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15172422<br />
• Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Darty SN, O'Neal J, Wesley-Farrington D, Davis AD, Link KM, Hundley G.<br />
Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing. 2004 Spring; 19(2): 60-7. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15133380<br />
• Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: current applications and future<br />
directions.<br />
Author(s): Desai MY, Lima JA, Bluemke DA.<br />
Source: Methods Enzymol. 2004; 386: 122-48. No Abstract Available.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15120249<br />
• Cerebral and cerebellar motor activation abnormalities in a subject with Joubert<br />
syndrome: functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study.<br />
Author(s): Parisi MA, Pinter JD, Glass IA, Field K, Maria BL, Chance PF, Mahurin RK,<br />
Cramer SC.<br />
Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2004 March; 19(3): 214-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15119482<br />
• Cerebral cortex three-dimensional profiling in human fetuses by magnetic resonance<br />
imaging.<br />
Author(s): Sbarbati A, Pizzini F, Fabene PF, Nicolato E, Marzola P, Calderan L, Simonati<br />
A, Longo L, Osculati A, Beltramello A.<br />
Source: Journal of Anatomy. 2004 June; 204(6): 465-74.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15198688<br />
• Cervical magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities not predictive of cervical spine<br />
instability in traumatically injured patients. Invited submission from the Joint<br />
Section Meeting on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves, March 2004.<br />
Author(s): Horn EM, Lekovic GP, Feiz-Erfan I, Sonntag VK, Theodore N.<br />
Source: J Neurosurg Spine. 2004 July; 1(1): 39-42.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15291018
74<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Clinical applications of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with multiple<br />
myeloma.<br />
Author(s): Tariman JD.<br />
Source: Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2004 June; 8(3): 317-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15208830<br />
• Clinical characteristics of magnetic resonance imaging-defined subcortical ischemic<br />
depression.<br />
Author(s): Krishnan KR, Taylor WD, McQuoid DR, MacFall JR, Payne ME, Provenzale<br />
JM, Steffens DC.<br />
Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2004 February 15; 55(4): 390-7.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14960292<br />
• Clinical role, accuracy, and technical aspects of cardiovascular magnetic resonance<br />
imaging in infants.<br />
Author(s): Tsai-Goodman B, Geva T, Odegard KC, Sena LM, Powell AJ.<br />
Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2004 July 1; 94(1): 69-74.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15219512<br />
• Clinical, electrophysiological and magnetic resonance imaging findings in carpal<br />
tunnel syndrome.<br />
Author(s): Musluoglu L, Celik M, Tabak H, Forta H.<br />
Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2004 April-May; 44(3): 161-5.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15125056<br />
• Clinical, hormonal and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) predictors of<br />
transsphenoidal surgery outcome in acromegaly.<br />
Author(s): Bourdelot A, Coste J, Hazebroucq V, Gaillard S, Cazabat L, Bertagna X,<br />
Bertherat J.<br />
Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine<br />
Societies. 2004 June; 150(6): 763-71.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15191345<br />
• Cognitive impairment in dementia: correlations with atrophy and cerebrovascular<br />
disease quantified by magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Swartz RH, Black SE, Sela G, Bronskill MJ.<br />
Source: Brain and Cognition. 2002 July; 49(2): 228-32.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15259397
Studies 75<br />
• Combined magnetic resonance tractography and functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging in evaluation of brain tumors involving the motor system.<br />
Author(s): Parmar H, Sitoh YY, Yeo TT.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004 July-August; 28(4): 551-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15232390<br />
• Comparison of clinical and magnetic resonance imaging diagnoses in patients with<br />
TMD history.<br />
Author(s): Usumez S, Oz F, Guray E.<br />
Source: Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2004 January; 31(1): 52-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15125597<br />
• Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in Japanese encephalitis<br />
and acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood.<br />
Author(s): Wang HS.<br />
Source: Archives of Neurology. 2004 July; 61(7): 1149-50; Author Reply 1150.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15262755<br />
• Comparison of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in 100 singleton<br />
pregnancies with suspected brain abnormalities.<br />
Author(s): Whitby EH, Paley MN, Sprigg A, Rutter S, Davies NP, Wilkinson ID, Griffiths<br />
PD.<br />
Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2004 August;<br />
111(8): 784-92.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15270925<br />
• Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings in cases of dermoid<br />
cyst coexisting with surface epithelial tumors in the same ovary.<br />
Author(s): Okada S, Ohaki Y, Ogura J, Ishihara M, Kawamura T, Kumazaki T.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004 March-April; 28(2): 169-73.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15091118<br />
• Continuous arterial spin labeled perfusion magnetic resonance imaging in patients<br />
before and after carotid endarterectomy.<br />
Author(s): Ances BM, McGarvey ML, Abrahams JM, Maldjian JA, Alsop DC, Zager EL,<br />
Detre JA.<br />
Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of<br />
Neuroimaging. 2004 April; 14(2): 133-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15095558
76<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Cost comparison of auditory brainstem response versus magnetic resonance imaging<br />
screening of acoustic neuroma.<br />
Author(s): Cheng G, Smith R, Tan AK.<br />
Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2003 December; 32(6): 394-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14967086<br />
• Decomposing components of task preparation with functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging.<br />
Author(s): Brass M, von Cramon DY.<br />
Source: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2004 May; 16(4): 609-20.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15165351<br />
• Demonstration of systematic variation in human intraorbital optic nerve size by<br />
quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and histology.<br />
Author(s): Karim S, Clark RA, Poukens V, Demer JL.<br />
Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2004 April; 45(4): 1047-51.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15037567<br />
• Detection of right atrial and pulmonary artery thrombosis after the Fontan procedure<br />
by magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Casolo G, Rega L, Gensini GF.<br />
Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2004 July; 90(7): 825.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15201263<br />
• Determining the position and size of the subthalamic nucleus based on magnetic<br />
resonance imaging results in patients with advanced Parkinson disease.<br />
Author(s): Richter EO, Hoque T, Halliday W, Lozano AM, Saint-Cyr JA.<br />
Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2004 March; 100(3): 541-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15035292<br />
• Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of mandibular<br />
involvement in oral-oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective study.<br />
Author(s): Bolzoni A, Cappiello J, Piazza C, Peretti G, Maroldi R, Farina D, Nicolai P.<br />
Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2004 July; 130(7): 837-43.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15262760<br />
• Diagnostic accuracy of staging renal cell carcinomas using multidetector-row<br />
computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective study with<br />
histopathologic correlation.<br />
Author(s): Hallscheidt PJ, Bock M, Riedasch G, Zuna I, Schoenberg SO, Autschbach F,<br />
Soder M, Noeldge G.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004 May-June; 28(3): 333-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15100536
Studies 77<br />
• Diagnostic imaging for pancreatic cancer: computed tomography, magnetic resonance<br />
imaging, and positron emission tomography.<br />
Author(s): Saisho H, Yamaguchi T.<br />
Source: Pancreas. 2004 April; 28(3): 273-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15084970<br />
• Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging of the forefeet in early rheumatoid<br />
arthritis when findings on imaging of the metacarpophalangeal joints of the hands<br />
remain normal.<br />
Author(s): Ostendorf B, Scherer A, Modder U, Schneider M.<br />
Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004 July; 50(7): 2094-102.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15248206<br />
• Differential cerebellar activation on functional magnetic resonance imaging during<br />
working memory performance in persons with multiple sclerosis.<br />
Author(s): Li Y, Chiaravalloti ND, Hillary FG, Deluca J, Liu WC, Kalnin AJ, Ricker JH.<br />
Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2004 April; 85(4): 635-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15083441<br />
• Differential growth rates of the cerebellum and posterior fossa assessed by post<br />
mortem magnetic resonance imaging of the fetus: implications for the pathogenesis of<br />
the chiari 2 deformity.<br />
Author(s): Griffiths PD, Wilkinson ID, Variend S, Jones A, Paley MN, Whitby E.<br />
Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2004 April; 45(2): 236-42.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15191112<br />
• Differentiation of anal sphincters with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging<br />
using contrast-enhanced fast low-angle shot 3-dimensional sequences.<br />
Author(s): Schaefer O, Oeksuez MO, Lohrmann C, Langer M.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004 March-April; 28(2): 174-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15091119<br />
• Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and neurobiochemical markers after<br />
aortic valve replacement: implications for future neuroprotective trials?<br />
Author(s): Stolz E, Gerriets T, Kluge A, Klovekorn WP, Kaps M, Bachmann G.<br />
Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2004 April; 35(4): 888-92. Epub 2004<br />
February 19.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14976326
78<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in internal carotid artery dissection.<br />
Author(s): Koch S, Rabinstein AA, Romano JG, Forteza A.<br />
Source: Archives of Neurology. 2004 April; 61(4): 510-2.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15096398<br />
• Direct comparison of visual cortex activation in human and nonhuman primates<br />
using functional magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Dubowitz DJ.<br />
Source: Methods Enzymol. 2004; 385: 102-34. No Abstract Available.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15130736<br />
• Dissociable brain activation responses to 5-Hz electrical pain stimulation: a high-field<br />
functional magnetic resonance imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Alkire MT, White NS, Hsieh R, Haier RJ.<br />
Source: Anesthesiology. 2004 April; 100(4): 939-46.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15087631<br />
• Distal-type cervical spondylotic amyotrophy: assessment of pathophysiology from<br />
radiological findings on magnetic resonance imaging and epidurally recorded spinal<br />
cord responses.<br />
Author(s): Kaneko K, Taguchi T, Toyoda K, Kato Y, Azuma Y, Kawai S.<br />
Source: Spine. 2004 April 23; 29(9): E185-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15105684<br />
• Distribution of cerebral atrophy assessed by magnetic resonance imaging reflects<br />
patterns of neuropsychological deficits in Alzheimer's dementia.<br />
Author(s): Pantel J, Schonknecht P, Essig M, Schroder J.<br />
Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2004 May 6; 361(1-3): 17-20.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15135882<br />
• Documenting damage progression in a two-year longitudinal study of rheumatoid<br />
arthritis patients with established disease (the DAMAGE study cohort): is there an<br />
advantage in the use of magnetic resonance imaging as compared with plain<br />
radiography?<br />
Author(s): Bird P, Kirkham B, Portek I, Shnier R, Joshua F, Edmonds J, Lassere M.<br />
Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004 May; 50(5): 1383-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15146407
Studies 79<br />
• Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in monitoring bone<br />
metastases in breast cancer patients receiving bisphosphonates and endocrine<br />
therapy.<br />
Author(s): Montemurro F, Russo F, Martincich L, Cirillo S, Gatti M, Aglietta M, Regge<br />
D.<br />
Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2004 February; 45(1): 71-4.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15164782<br />
• Dynamic weight-bearing cervical magnetic resonance imaging: technical review and<br />
preliminary results.<br />
Author(s): Vitaz TW, Shields CB, Raque GH, Hushek SG, Moser R, Hoerter N, Moriarty<br />
TM.<br />
Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2004 May; 97(5): 456-61.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15180020<br />
• Early exploration of diplopia with magnetic resonance imaging after peribulbar<br />
anaesthesia.<br />
Author(s): Taylor G, Devys JM, Heran F, Plaud B.<br />
Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2004 June; 92(6): 899-901. Epub 2004 April 19.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15096444<br />
• Effect of magnetic resonance imaging on internal magnet strength in Med-El Combi<br />
40+ cochlear implants.<br />
Author(s): Wackym PA, Michel MA, Prost RW, Banks KL, Runge-Samuelson CL, Firszt<br />
JB.<br />
Source: The Laryngoscope. 2004 August; 114(8): 1355-61.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15280707<br />
• Effect of titrated mandibular advancement and jaw opening on the upper airway in<br />
nonapneic men: a magnetic resonance imaging and cephalometric study.<br />
Author(s): Gao X, Otsuka R, Ono T, Honda E, Sasaki T, Kuroda T.<br />
Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official<br />
Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and<br />
the American Board of Orthodontics. 2004 February; 125(2): 191-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14765057<br />
• Effectiveness of preoperative staging in rectal cancer: digital rectal examination,<br />
endoluminal ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging?<br />
Author(s): Brown G, Davies S, Williams GT, Bourne MW, Newcombe RG, Radcliffe AG,<br />
Blethyn J, Dallimore NS, Rees BI, Phillips CJ, Maughan TS.<br />
Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2004 July 5; 91(1): 23-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15188013
80<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Effects of Burch colposuspension on the relative positions of the bladder neck to the<br />
levator ani muscle: An observational study that used magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Digesu GA, Bombieri L, Hutchings A, Khullar V, Freeman R.<br />
Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 March; 190(3): 614-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15041989<br />
• Effects of off-pump versus on-pump coronary surgery on reversible and irreversible<br />
myocardial injury: a randomized trial using cardiovascular magnetic resonance<br />
imaging and biochemical markers.<br />
Author(s): Selvanayagam JB, Petersen SE, Francis JM, Robson MD, Kardos A, Neubauer<br />
S, Taggart DP.<br />
Source: Circulation. 2004 January 27; 109(3): 345-50. Epub 2004 Jan 19.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14732755<br />
• Electroencephalogram-triggered functional magnetic resonance imaging in focal<br />
epilepsy.<br />
Author(s): Kikuchi S, Kubota F, Nishijima K, Hirai N, Washiya S, Fukuda J, Takahashi<br />
A, Shibata N, Kato S.<br />
Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2004 June; 58(3): 319-23.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15149300<br />
• Endorectal magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy for the detection of tumor<br />
foci in men with prior negative transrectal ultrasound prostate biopsy.<br />
Author(s): Yuen JS, Thng CH, Tan PH, Khin LW, Phee SJ, Xiao D, Lau WK, Ng WS,<br />
Cheng CW.<br />
Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 April; 171(4): 1482-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15017203<br />
• Endplate degeneration observed on magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine:<br />
correlation with pain provocation and disc changes observed on computed<br />
tomography diskography.<br />
Author(s): Kokkonen SM, Kurunlahti M, Tervonen O, Ilkko E, Vanharanta H.<br />
Source: Spine. 2002 October 15; 27(20): 2274-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12394906<br />
• Enlarged axillary nodes and position of the arms in axillary irradiation--a computed<br />
tomography and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation.<br />
Author(s): Pergolizzi S, Settineri N, Ascenti G, Blandino A, Santacaterina A, Frosina P,<br />
De Renzis C, Di Pasquale A, Gaeta M.<br />
Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2004; 43(2): 182-5.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15163167
Studies 81<br />
• Estimation of femoral head bone density using magnetic resonance imaging:<br />
comparison between men with and without hip osteoarthritis.<br />
Author(s): Arokoski JP, Arokoski MH, Vainio P, Kroger H, Jurvelin JS.<br />
Source: Journal of Clinical Densitometry : the Official Journal of the International Society<br />
for Clinical Densitometry. 2004 Summer; 7(2): 183-91.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15181262<br />
• Evaluation of brain injury after coronary artery bypass grafting. A prospective study<br />
using neuropsychological assessment and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance<br />
imaging.<br />
Author(s): Knipp SC, Matatko N, Wilhelm H, Schlamann M, Massoudy P, Forsting M,<br />
Diener HC, Jakob H.<br />
Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European<br />
Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2004 May; 25(5): 791-800.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15082284<br />
• Evaluation of cancer therapy using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Ross BD, Moffat BA, Lawrence TS, Mukherji SK, Gebarski SS, Quint DJ,<br />
Johnson TD, Junck L, Robertson PL, Muraszko KM, Dong Q, Meyer CR, Bland PH,<br />
McConville P, Geng H, Rehemtulla A, Chenevert TL.<br />
Source: Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 2003 June; 2(6): 581-7. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12813138<br />
• Evaluation of hemispheric language dominance in adult craniopagus twins with<br />
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).<br />
Author(s): Sitoh YY, Ho YC, Hong WT, Chua GE, Hui F, Goh K.<br />
Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2003 September; 32(5 Suppl): S52-3. No Abstract<br />
Available.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14968736<br />
• Evaluation of positron emission tomography with tracer 18-fluorodeoxyglucose in<br />
addition to magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer in selected<br />
women after ultrasonography.<br />
Author(s): Kawahara K, Yoshida Y, Kurokawa T, Suzuki Y, Nagahara K, Tsuchida T,<br />
Okazawa H, Fujibayashi Y, Yonekura Y, Kotsuji F.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004 July-August; 28(4): 505-16.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15232382<br />
• Evaluation of the response of metastatic brain tumors to stereotactic radiosurgery by<br />
proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 201TlCl single-photon emission<br />
computerized tomography, and gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Kimura T, Sako K, Tanaka K, Gotoh T, Yoshida H, Aburano T, Tanaka T, Arai<br />
H, Nakada T.<br />
Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2004 May; 100(5): 835-41.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15137602
82<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of reward-related brain<br />
circuitry in children and adolescents.<br />
Author(s): May JC, Delgado MR, Dahl RE, Stenger VA, Ryan ND, Fiez JA, Carter CS.<br />
Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2004 February 15; 55(4): 359-66.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14960288<br />
• Ex vivo high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in Joubert's<br />
syndrome.<br />
Author(s): Padgett KR, Maria BL, Yachnis AT, Blackband SJ.<br />
Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 December; 17(12): 911-3.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12593466<br />
• Eye dominance in visual cortex in amblyopia using functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging.<br />
Author(s): Liu GT, Miki A, Francis E, Quinn GE, Modestino EJ, Bonhomme GR,<br />
Haselgrove JC.<br />
Source: Journal of Aapos : the Official Publication of the American Association for<br />
Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric<br />
Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2004 April; 8(2): 184-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15088055<br />
• F-18-FDG uptake is a reliable predictory of functional recovery of akinetic but viable<br />
infarct regions as defined by magnetic resonance imaging before and after<br />
revascularization.<br />
Author(s): Schmidt M, Voth E, Schneider CA, Theissen P, Wagner R, Baer FM, Schicha<br />
H.<br />
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2004 February; 22(2): 229-36.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15010115<br />
• Fabry disease: renal sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings in<br />
affected males and carrier females with the classic and cardiac variant phenotypes.<br />
Author(s): Glass RB, Astrin KH, Norton KI, Parsons R, Eng CM, Banikazemi M, Desnick<br />
RJ.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004 March-April; 28(2): 158-68.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15091117<br />
• Factors associated with impaired clinical status in long-term survivors of tetralogy of<br />
Fallot repair evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Geva T, Sandweiss BM, Gauvreau K, Lock JE, Powell AJ.<br />
Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2004 March 17; 43(6): 1068-74.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15028368
Studies 83<br />
• Fat necrosis of the breast: mammographic, sonographic, computed tomography, and<br />
magnetic resonance imaging findings.<br />
Author(s): Chala LF, de Barros N, de Camargo Moraes P, Endo E, Kim SJ, Pincerato KM,<br />
Carvalho FM, Cerri GG.<br />
Source: Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology. 2004 May-June; 33(3): 106-26.<br />
Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15215818<br />
• Fetal and early postnatal magnetic resonance imaging--is there a difference?<br />
Author(s): Blaicher W, Bernaschek G, Deutinger J, Messerschmidt A, Schindler E, Prayer<br />
D.<br />
Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 2004; 32(1): 53-7.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15008387<br />
• Fetal lung volume estimated by 3-dimensional ultrasonography and magnetic<br />
resonance imaging in cases with isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia.<br />
Author(s): Ruano R, Joubin L, Sonigo P, Benachi A, Aubry MC, Thalabard JC, Brunelle<br />
F, Dumez Y, Dommergues M.<br />
Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of<br />
Ultrasound in Medicine. 2004 March; 23(3): 353-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15055782<br />
• Fetal magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Levine D.<br />
Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2004 February;15(2):85-94. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15209114<br />
• Fetal skeletal deformities - the diagnostic accuracy of prenatal ultrasonography and<br />
fetal magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Blaicher W, Mittermayer C, Messerschmidt A, Deutinger J, Bernaschek G,<br />
Prayer D.<br />
Source: Ultraschall in Der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980). 2004 June; 25(3): 195-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15146359<br />
• Flow patterns in the aortic root and the aorta studied with time-resolved, 3dimensional,<br />
phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging: implications for aortic<br />
valve-sparing surgery.<br />
Author(s): Kvitting JP, Ebbers T, Wigstrom L, Engvall J, Olin CL, Bolger AF.<br />
Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2004 June; 127(6): 1602-7.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15173713
84<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Follow-up of acute pulmonary complications in cystic fibrosis by magnetic resonance<br />
imaging: a pilot study.<br />
Author(s): Hebestreit A, Schultz G, Trusen A, Hebestreit H.<br />
Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2004 March; 93(3): 414-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15124850<br />
• Fully automated localization of the human primary somatosensory cortex in one<br />
minute by functional magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Stippich C, Romanowski A, Nennig E, Kress B, Hahnel S, Sartor K.<br />
Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2004 July 1; 364(2): 90-3.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15196684<br />
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and effects of L-dopa on visual<br />
function in normal and amblyopic subjects.<br />
Author(s): Rogers GL.<br />
Source: Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2003; 101: 401-15.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14971587<br />
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging during auditory verbal working memory in<br />
nonpsychotic relatives of persons with schizophrenia: a pilot study.<br />
Author(s): Thermenos HW, Seidman LJ, Breiter H, Goldstein JM, Goodman JM,<br />
Poldrack R, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT.<br />
Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2004 March 1; 55(5): 490-500.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15023577<br />
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging examination of two modular architectures for<br />
switching multiple internal models.<br />
Author(s): Imamizu H, Kuroda T, Yoshioka T, Kawato M.<br />
Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for<br />
Neuroscience. 2004 February 4; 24(5): 1173-81.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14762135<br />
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging in a low-field intraoperative scanner.<br />
Author(s): Schulder M, Azmi H, Biswal B.<br />
Source: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 2003; 80(1-4): 125-31.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14745221<br />
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia: cortical response to motor<br />
stimulation.<br />
Author(s): Rogowska J, Gruber SA, Yurgelun-Todd DA.<br />
Source: Psychiatry Research. 2004 April 30; 130(3): 227-43.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15135157
Studies 85<br />
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging of macaque monkeys performing visually<br />
guided saccade tasks: comparison of cortical eye fields with humans.<br />
Author(s): Koyama M, Hasegawa I, Osada T, Adachi Y, Nakahara K, Miyashita Y.<br />
Source: Neuron. 2004 March 4; 41(5): 795-807.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15003178<br />
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging of macaque monkeys.<br />
Author(s): Nakahara K.<br />
Source: Methods Enzymol. 2004; 385: 84-90. No Abstract Available.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15130734<br />
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging of working memory among multiple sclerosis<br />
patients.<br />
Author(s): Sweet LH, Rao SM, Primeau M, Mayer AR, Cohen RA.<br />
Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of<br />
Neuroimaging. 2004 April; 14(2): 150-7.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15095561<br />
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging provides new constraints on theories of the<br />
psychological refractory period.<br />
Author(s): Jiang Y, Saxe R, Kanwisher N.<br />
Source: Psychological Science : a Journal of the American Psychological Society / Aps.<br />
2004 June; 15(6): 390-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15147492<br />
• Gadolinium enhanced endorectal coil and air enema magnetic resonance imaging as a<br />
useful tool in the preoperative examination of patients with rectal carcinoma.<br />
Author(s): Matsuoka H, Masaki T, Sugiyama M, Nakamura A, Takahara T, Hachiya J,<br />
Atomi Y.<br />
Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2004 January-February; 51(55): 131-5.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15011848<br />
• Gadolinium enhancement of spinal subdural collection on magnetic resonance<br />
imaging after lumbar puncture.<br />
Author(s): Teksam M, Casey SO, McKinney A, Michel E, Truwit CL.<br />
Source: Neuroradiology. 2003 August; 45(8): 553-6. Epub 2003 July 16.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12879323<br />
• Gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents in interventional<br />
radiology.<br />
Author(s): Atar E.<br />
Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2004 July; 6(7): 412-4. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15274532
86<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:<br />
in vivo imaging of the pathologic substrate for premature cardiac death?<br />
Author(s): Kim RJ, Judd RM.<br />
Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 May 7; 41(9): 1568-72.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12742299<br />
• Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging predicts response to<br />
methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis.<br />
Author(s): Sellebjerg F, Jensen CV, Larsson HB, Frederiksen JL.<br />
Source: Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England). 2003 February; 9(1): 102-<br />
7.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12617276<br />
• Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: a useful radiological tool in<br />
diagnosing pediatric IBD.<br />
Author(s): Darbari A, Sena L, Argani P, Oliva-Hemker JM, Thompson R, Cuffari C.<br />
Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2004 March; 10(2): 67-72.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15168803<br />
• Gambling urges in pathological gambling: a functional magnetic resonance imaging<br />
study.<br />
Author(s): Potenza MN, Steinberg MA, Skudlarski P, Fulbright RK, Lacadie CM, Wilber<br />
MK, Rounsaville BJ, Gore JC, Wexler BE.<br />
Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 August; 60(8): 828-36.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12912766<br />
• Gender differences in neural correlates of recognition of happy and sad faces in<br />
humans assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Lee TM, Liu HL, Hoosain R, Liao WT, Wu CT, Yuen KS, Chan CC, Fox PT,<br />
Gao JH.<br />
Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 November 15; 333(1): 13-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12401549<br />
• Gender differences in the processing of standardized emotional visual stimuli in<br />
humans: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Wrase J, Klein S, Gruesser SM, Hermann D, Flor H, Mann K, Braus DF, Heinz<br />
A.<br />
Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 September 4; 348(1): 41-5.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12893421
Studies 87<br />
• Generalised dystonia with an abnormal magnetic resonance imaging signal in the<br />
basal ganglia: a case of adult-onset GM1 gangliosidosis.<br />
Author(s): Campdelacreu J, Munoz E, Gomez B, Pujol T, Chabas A, Tolosa E.<br />
Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2002<br />
September; 17(5): 1095-7.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12360569<br />
• Giant bladder diverticulum due to previous bullet injury: findings of gadoliniumenhanced<br />
magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Suzuki K, Tanaka O, Saito T, Tokue A.<br />
Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological<br />
Association. 2002 September; 9(9): 517-9; Discussion 520.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12410933<br />
• Giant fibroma in the left ventricle of an infant: imaging findings in magnetic<br />
resonance imaging, echocardiography and angiography.<br />
Author(s): Gutberlet M, Abdul-Khaliq H, Stiller B, Schubert U, Stoltenburg-Didinger G,<br />
Lange PE, Hetzer R, Felix R.<br />
Source: European Radiology. 2002 December; 12 Suppl 3: S143-8. Epub 2002 February<br />
15.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12522626<br />
• Glioma surgery evaluated by intraoperative low-field magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Nimsky C, Ganslandt O, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R.<br />
Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2003; 85: 55-63.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12570138<br />
• Glutaric aciduria type I: value of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for<br />
diagnosing acute striatal necrosis.<br />
Author(s): Elster AW.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004 January-February; 28(1): 98-<br />
100.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14716240<br />
• Gradenigo's syndrome: findings on computed tomography and magnetic resonance<br />
imaging.<br />
Author(s): Mathew L, Singh S, Rejee R, Varghese AM.<br />
Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2002 October-December; 48(4): 314-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12571394
88<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Grading of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Diagnostic efficacy of oblique coronal<br />
magnetic resonance imaging of the knee.<br />
Author(s): Hong SH, Choi JY, Lee GK, Choi JA, Chung HW, Kang HS.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2003 September-October; 27(5): 814-<br />
9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14501376<br />
• Growth of hepatocellular carcinoma into the right atrium. A case of antemortem<br />
diagnosis with magnetic resonance imaging of the heart.<br />
Author(s): Lazaros G, Samara C, Nikolakopoulou Z, Tassopoulos N.<br />
Source: Acta Cardiol. 2003 December; 58(6): 563-5.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14713184<br />
• Guidelines for using quantitative magnetization transfer magnetic resonance imaging<br />
for monitoring treatment of multiple sclerosis.<br />
Author(s): Horsfield MA, Barker GJ, Barkhof F, Miller DH, Thompson AJ, Filippi M.<br />
Source: Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : Jmri. 2003 April; 17(4): 389-97.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12655577<br />
• Haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets syndrome: ultrasound and<br />
magnetic resonance imaging findings in the liver.<br />
Author(s): Maher MM, Kalra MK, Lucey BC, Jhaveri K, Sahani DV, Hahn PF, O'Neill MJ,<br />
Mueller PR.<br />
Source: Australasian Radiology. 2004 March; 48(1): 64-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15027924<br />
• Head-to-head comparison between contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging<br />
and dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging in men with ischemic cardiomyopathy.<br />
Author(s): Kaandorp TA, Bax JJ, Schuijf JD, Viergever EP, van Der Wall EE, de Roos A,<br />
Lamb HJ.<br />
Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2004 June 15; 93(12): 1461-4.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15194013<br />
• Hearts late after fontan operation have normal mass, normal volume, and reduced<br />
systolic function: a magnetic resonance imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Eicken A, Fratz S, Gutfried C, Balling G, Schwaiger M, Lange R, Busch R,<br />
Hess J, Stern H.<br />
Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 September 17; 42(6): 1061-5.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=13678931
Studies 89<br />
• Hemodynamic parameters by color Doppler ultrasound and dynamic enhanced<br />
magnetic resonance imaging in palpable T1 breast cancers.<br />
Author(s): Cheung YC, Lo YF, See LC, Chen SC, Chao TC.<br />
Source: Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 2003 June; 29(6): 881-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12837503<br />
• Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: evaluation through magnetic resonance imaging<br />
(MRI).<br />
Author(s): Sehgal VN, Sehgal N, Sehgal R, Bajaj P, Kumar S, Kapur R.<br />
Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 September; 29(9): 606-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12392071<br />
• High resolution computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the preoperative<br />
assessment of cochlear implant patients.<br />
Author(s): Gleeson TG, Lacy PD, Bresnihan M, Gaffney R, Brennan P, Viani L.<br />
Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2003 September; 117(9): 692-5.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14561354<br />
• High resolution magnetic resonance imaging of retinoblastoma.<br />
Author(s): Schueler AO, Hosten N, Bechrakis NE, Lemke AJ, Foerster P, Felix R, Foerster<br />
MH, Bornfeld N.<br />
Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 March; 87(3): 330-5.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12598449<br />
• High-intensity zone, intradiscal electrothermal therapy, and magnetic resonance<br />
imaging.<br />
Author(s): Narvani AA, Tsiridis E, Wilson LF.<br />
Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 2003 April; 16(2): 130-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12679666<br />
• Highly efficient endosomal labeling of progenitor and stem cells with large magnetic<br />
particles allows magnetic resonance imaging of single cells.<br />
Author(s): Hinds KA, Hill JM, Shapiro EM, Laukkanen MO, Silva AC, Combs CA,<br />
Varney TR, Balaban RS, Koretsky AP, Dunbar CE.<br />
Source: Blood. 2003 August 1; 102(3): 867-72. Epub 2003 April 03.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12676779<br />
• High-resolution longitudinal screening with magnetic resonance imaging in a murine<br />
brain cancer model.<br />
Author(s): Bock NA, Zadeh G, Davidson LM, Qian B, Sled JG, Guha A, Henkelman RM.<br />
Source: Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.). 2003 November-December; 5(6): 546-54.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14965447
90<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of disparities in the transcapillary<br />
transfer rates in orthotopically inoculated invasive breast tumors.<br />
Author(s): Dadiani M, Margalit R, Sela N, Degani H.<br />
Source: Cancer Research. 2004 May 1; 64(9): 3155-61.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15126354<br />
• High-resolution transthoracic real-time three-dimensional echocardiography:<br />
quantitation of cardiac volumes and function using semi-automatic border detection<br />
and comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Kuhl HP, Schreckenberg M, Rulands D, Katoh M, Schafer W, Schummers G,<br />
Bucker A, Hanrath P, Franke A.<br />
Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2004 June 2; 43(11): 2083-90.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15172417<br />
• HLA genotypes and disease severity assessed by magnetic resonance imaging<br />
findings in patients with multiple sclerosis.<br />
Author(s): Zivadinov R, Uxa L, Zacchi T, Nasuelli D, Ukmar M, Furlan C, Pozzi-Mucelli<br />
R, Tommasi MA, Locatelli L, Ulivi S, Bratina A, Bosco A, Grop A, Cazzato G, Zorzon M.<br />
Source: Journal of Neurology. 2003 September; 250(9): 1099-106.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14504973<br />
• How much should one rely on computed tomography in patients with TIA in the era<br />
of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging?<br />
Author(s): Ay H, Koroshetz WJ.<br />
Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2004 April; 35(4): E72; Author Reply<br />
E72. Epub 2004 March 11.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15017014<br />
• Huge cavernous hemangioma of the adrenal gland: sonographic, computed<br />
tomographic, and magnetic resonance imaging findings.<br />
Author(s): Xu HX, Liu GJ.<br />
Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of<br />
Ultrasound in Medicine. 2003 May; 22(5): 523-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12751864<br />
• Human cardiovascular and gustatory brainstem sites observed by functional magnetic<br />
resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Topolovec JC, Gati JS, Menon RS, Shoemaker JK, Cechetto DF.<br />
Source: The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 2004 April 12; 471(4): 446-61.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15022263
Studies 91<br />
• Human cerebellum: surface-assisted cortical parcellation and volumetry with<br />
magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Makris N, Hodge SM, Haselgrove C, Kennedy DN, Dale A, Fischl B, Rosen<br />
BR, Harris G, Caviness VS Jr, Schmahmann JD.<br />
Source: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2003 May 15; 15(4): 584-99.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12803969<br />
• Hydranencephaly owing to twin-twin transfusion: serial fetal ultrasonography and<br />
magnetic resonance imaging findings.<br />
Author(s): Hahn JS, Lewis AJ, Barnes P.<br />
Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2003 May; 18(5): 367-70.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12822826<br />
• Hydrogen peroxide neurotoxicity in childhood: case report with unique magnetic<br />
resonance imaging features.<br />
Author(s): Cannon G, Caravati EM, Filloux FM.<br />
Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2003 November; 18(11): 805-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14696912<br />
• Hyperpolarized helium-3 gas magnetic resonance imaging of the lung.<br />
Author(s): Kauczor HU.<br />
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging : Tmri. 2003 June; 14(3): 223-30. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12973129<br />
• Identification of wrist and metacarpophalangeal joint erosions using a portable<br />
magnetic resonance imaging system compared to conventional radiographs.<br />
Author(s): Crues JV, Shellock FG, Dardashti S, James TW, Troum OM.<br />
Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2004 April; 31(4): 676-85.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15088291<br />
• Images in cardiology: Persistent left and absent right superior vena cava documented<br />
by magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Brueck M, Rauber K, Kramer W.<br />
Source: Clin Cardiol. 2004 March; 27(3): 141. No Abstract Available.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15049380<br />
• Impact of magnetic resonance imaging versus CT on nasopharyngeal carcinoma:<br />
primary tumor target delineation for radiotherapy.<br />
Author(s): Chung NN, Ting LL, Hsu WC, Lui LT, Wang PM.<br />
Source: Head & Neck. 2004 March; 26(3): 241-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14999799
92<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Implanon implant detection with ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Westerway SC, Picker R, Christie J.<br />
Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2003<br />
October; 43(5): 346-50.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14717309<br />
• Implantable cardioverter defibrillator dysfunction during and after magnetic<br />
resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Anfinsen OG, Berntsen RF, Aass H, Kongsgaard E, Amlie JP.<br />
Source: Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : Pace. 2002 September; 25(9): 1400-2.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12380781<br />
• In vivo application of 3D-line skeleton graph analysis (LSGA) technique with highresolution<br />
magnetic resonance imaging of trabecular bone structure.<br />
Author(s): Pothuaud L, Newitt DC, Lu Y, MacDonald B, Majumdar S.<br />
Source: Osteoporosis International : a Journal Established As Result of Cooperation<br />
between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis<br />
Foundation of the Usa. 2004 May; 15(5): 411-9. Epub 2004 March 11.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15022037<br />
• In which patients is diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging most useful in<br />
routine stroke care?<br />
Author(s): Keir SL, Wardlaw JM, Bastin ME, Dennis MS.<br />
Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of<br />
Neuroimaging. 2004 April; 14(2): 118-22.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15095556<br />
• Increased serum matrix metalloproteinase 9 levels in systemic lupus erythematosus<br />
patients with neuropsychiatric manifestations and brain magnetic resonance imaging<br />
abnormalities.<br />
Author(s): Ainiala H, Hietaharju A, Dastidar P, Loukkola J, Lehtimaki T, Peltola J,<br />
Korpela M, Heinonen T, Nikkari ST.<br />
Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004 March; 50(3): 858-65.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15022328<br />
• Inferior vena caval hemodynamics quantified in vivo at rest and during cycling<br />
exercise using magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Cheng CP, Herfkens RJ, Taylor CA.<br />
Source: American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2003 April;<br />
284(4): H1161-7. Epub 2002 December 05.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12595296
Studies 93<br />
• Inter- and intratumoral variability in magnetic resonance imaging of pleomorphic<br />
adenoma: an attempt to interpret the variable magnetic resonance findings.<br />
Author(s): Motoori K, Yamamoto S, Ueda T, Nakano K, Muto T, Nagai Y, Ikeda M,<br />
Funatsu H, Ito H.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004 March-April; 28(2): 233-46.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15091129<br />
• Intraaneurysmal flow visualization by using phase-contrast magnetic resonance<br />
imaging: feasibility study based on a geometrically realistic in vitro aneurysm model.<br />
Author(s): Tateshima S, Grinstead J, Sinha S, Nien YL, Murayama Y, Villablanca JP,<br />
Tanishita K, Vinuela F.<br />
Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2004 June; 100(6): 1041-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15200119<br />
• Intracranial fluid dynamics in normal and hydrocephalic states: systems analysis with<br />
phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): de Marco G, Idy-Peretti I, Didon-Poncelet A, Baledent O, Onen F, Feugeas<br />
MC.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004 March-April; 28(2): 247-54.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15091130<br />
• Investigations of the human visual system using functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (FMRI).<br />
Author(s): Kollias SS.<br />
Source: European Journal of Radiology. 2004 January; 49(1): 64-75. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14975494<br />
• Involvement of classical anterior and posterior language areas in sign language<br />
production, as investigated by 4 T functional magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Kassubek J, Hickok G, Erhard P.<br />
Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2004 July 8; 364(3): 168-72.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15196669<br />
• Ipsilateral motor cortex activation on functional magnetic resonance imaging during<br />
unilateral hand movements is related to interhemispheric interactions.<br />
Author(s): Kobayashi M, Hutchinson S, Schlaug G, Pascual-Leone A.<br />
Source: Neuroimage. 2003 December; 20(4): 2259-70.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14683727
94<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Is fetal magnetic resonance imaging superior to neurosonography for detection of<br />
brain anomalies?<br />
Author(s): Malinger G, Lev D, Lerman-Sagie T.<br />
Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International<br />
Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 October; 20(4): 317-21.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12383310<br />
• Is there a role for extremity magnetic resonance imaging in routine clinical<br />
management of rheumatoid arthritis?<br />
Author(s): Peterfy CG.<br />
Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2004 April; 31(4): 640-4. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15088286<br />
• Isolated acromioclavicular joint pathology in the symptomatic shoulder on magnetic<br />
resonance imaging: a pictorial essay.<br />
Author(s): Gordon BH, Chew FS.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004 March-April; 28(2): 215-22.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15091126<br />
• Jaccoud's arthropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: differentiation of deforming<br />
and erosive patterns by magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Ostendorf B, Scherer A, Specker C, Modder U, Schneider M.<br />
Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003 January; 48(1): 157-65.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12528115<br />
• Juvenile and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: magnetic resonance imaging evaluation<br />
and clinical indications.<br />
Author(s): Maenza RA.<br />
Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Part B / European Paediatric Orthopaedic<br />
Society, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. 2003 September; 12(5): 295-302.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12973035<br />
• Kinematic magnetic resonance imaging in Y pattern exodeviations.<br />
Author(s): Ozkan SB, Aribal EM, Can D, Karaman ZC.<br />
Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2003 January-February;<br />
40(1): 39-43.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12580271<br />
• Kinematic magnetic resonance imaging of a thoracic spinal extradural arachnoid cyst:<br />
an alternative suggestion for exacerbation of symptoms during straining.<br />
Author(s): Doita M, Nishida K, Miura J, Takada T, Kurosaka M, Fujii M.<br />
Source: Spine. 2003 June 15; 28(12): E229-33.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12811286
Studies 95<br />
• Kinematics of the patella in deep flexion. Analysis with magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Nakagawa S, Kadoya Y, Kobayashi A, Tatsumi I, Nishida N, Yamano Y.<br />
Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003 July; 85-A(7):<br />
1238-42.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12851348<br />
• Knees of Ironman triathletes: magnetic resonance imaging assessment of older (>35<br />
years old) competitors.<br />
Author(s): Shellock FG, Hiller WD, Ainge GR, Brown DW, Dierenfield L.<br />
Source: Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : Jmri. 2003 January; 17(1): 122-30.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12500281<br />
• k-Space based summary motion detection for functional magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Caparelli EC, Tomasi D, Arnold S, Chang L, Ernst T.<br />
Source: Neuroimage. 2003 October; 20(2): 1411-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14568510<br />
• Language functional magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative assessment of<br />
language areas: correlation with direct cortical stimulation.<br />
Author(s): Roux FE, Boulanouar K, Lotterie JA, Mejdoubi M, LeSage JP, Berry I.<br />
Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 June; 52(6): 1335-45; Discussion 1345-7.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12762879<br />
• Large diaphragmatic defect as the cause of hydrothorax in a cirrhotic patient:<br />
demonstration with peritoneal scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Ajmi S, Hassine H, Arifa N, Karmani M, Guezguez M, Elajmi S, Essabbah H.<br />
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2004 April; 22(3): 431-3.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15062941<br />
• Leukoaraiosis and mobility decline: a high resolution magnetic resonance imaging<br />
study in older people with mild cognitive impairment.<br />
Author(s): Onen F, Feugeas MC, Baron G, De Marco G, Godon-Hardy S, Peretti II,<br />
Ravaud P, Legrain S, Moretti JL, Claeys ES.<br />
Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2004 January 30; 355(3): 185-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14732462<br />
• Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter: from magnetic resonance<br />
imaging pattern to five genes.<br />
Author(s): Leegwater PA, Pronk JC, van der Knaap MS.<br />
Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2003 September; 18(9): 639-45. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14572143
96<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Limited benefit of intraoperative low-field magnetic resonance imaging in<br />
craniopharyngioma surgery.<br />
Author(s): Nimsky C, Ganslandt O, Hofmann B, Fahlbusch R.<br />
Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 July; 53(1): 72-80; Discussion 80-1.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12823875<br />
• Limited-sequence magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of the<br />
ultrasonographically indeterminate pelvic mass.<br />
Author(s): Chang SD, Cooperberg PL, Wong AD, Llewellyn PA, Bilbey JH.<br />
Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association<br />
Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 2004 April; 55(2): 87-95.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15131929<br />
• Localization of local anesthetic solution by magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Niemi-Murola L, Krootila K, Kivisaari R, Kangasmaki A, Kivisaari L,<br />
Maunuksela EL.<br />
Source: Ophthalmology. 2004 February; 111(2): 342-7.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15019387<br />
• Locked knee caused by meniscal subluxation: magnetic resonance imaging and<br />
arthroscopic verification.<br />
Author(s): George M, Wall EJ.<br />
Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official<br />
Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International<br />
Arthroscopy Association. 2003 October; 19(8): 885-8. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14551555<br />
• Loss of sensory discrimination after median nerve injury and activation in the<br />
primary somatosensory cortex on functional magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Hansson T, Brismar T.<br />
Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 July; 99(1): 100-5.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12854750<br />
• Low-field magnetic resonance imaging for intraoperative use in neurosurgery: a 5year<br />
experience.<br />
Author(s): Nimsky C, Ganslandt O, Tomandl B, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R.<br />
Source: European Radiology. 2002 November; 12(11): 2690-703. Epub 2002 May 01.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12386759
Studies 97<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities with septic encephalopathy.<br />
Author(s): Finelli PF, Uphoff DF.<br />
Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2004 August; 75(8): 1189-<br />
91.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15258229<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of acute leukoencephalopathy in<br />
children treated with tacrolimus.<br />
Author(s): Lacaille F, Hertz-Pannier L, Nassogne MC.<br />
Source: Neuropediatrics. 2004 April; 35(2): 130-3.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15127313<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging identifies the fibrous cap in atherosclerotic abdominal<br />
aortic aneurysm.<br />
Author(s): Kramer CM, Cerilli LA, Hagspiel K, DiMaria JM, Epstein FH, Kern JA.<br />
Source: Circulation. 2004 March 2; 109(8): 1016-21. Epub 2004 February 16.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14967731<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging in comparison to clinical palpation in assessing the<br />
response of breast cancer to epirubicin primary chemotherapy.<br />
Author(s): Bodini M, Berruti A, Bottini A, Allevi G, Fiorentino C, Brizzi MP, Bersiga A,<br />
Generali D, Volpi D, Marini U, Aguggini S, Tampellini M, Alquati P, Olivetti L, Dogliotti<br />
L.<br />
Source: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2004 June; 85(3): 211-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15111758<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging in stress fractures and shin splints.<br />
Author(s): Aoki Y, Yasuda K, Tohyama H, Ito H, Minami A.<br />
Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2004 April; (421): 260-7.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15123957<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging of brain function.<br />
Author(s): Clare S.<br />
Source: Methods Enzymol. 2004; 385: 134-48. No Abstract Available.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15130737<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging of the coracoclavicular ligaments: its role in defining<br />
pathoanatomy at the acromioclavicular joint.<br />
Author(s): Barnes CJ, Higgins LD, Major NM, Basamania CJ.<br />
Source: J Surg Orthop Adv. 2004 Summer; 13(2): 69-75.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15281402
98<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and great vessels.<br />
Author(s): Aviram G, Fishman JE.<br />
Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association<br />
Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 2004 April; 55(2): 96-101. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15131930<br />
• Meningioma presenting with only urinary symptoms which is diagnosed by<br />
magnetic resonance imaging followed by urodynamic study.<br />
Author(s): Ozkurkcugil C, Ilbay K, Evliyaoglu C, Gokalp A.<br />
Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2004 March; 58(3): 316-7.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15117104<br />
• Minocycline reduces gadolinium-enhancing magnetic resonance imaging lesions in<br />
multiple sclerosis.<br />
Author(s): Metz LM, Zhang Y, Yeung M, Patry DG, Bell RB, Stoian CA, Yong VW,<br />
Patten SB, Duquette P, Antel JP, Mitchell JR.<br />
Source: Annals of Neurology. 2004 May; 55(5): 756.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15122721<br />
• Near complete surgical resection predicts a favorable outcome in pediatric patients<br />
with nonbrainstem, malignant gliomas: results from a single center in the magnetic<br />
resonance imaging era.<br />
Author(s): Bucci MK, Maity A, Janss AJ, Belasco JB, Fisher MJ, Tochner ZA, Rorke L,<br />
Sutton LN, Phillips PC, Shu HK.<br />
Source: Cancer. 2004 August 15; 101(4): 817-24.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15305415<br />
• Near-miss accident during magnetic resonance imaging by a "flying sevoflurane<br />
vaporizer" due to ferromagnetism undetectable by handheld magnet.<br />
Author(s): Zimmer C, Janssen MN, Treschan TA, Peters J.<br />
Source: Anesthesiology. 2004 May; 100(5): 1329-30.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15114248<br />
• Neural activation during experimental allodynia: a functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Maihofner C, Schmelz M, Forster C, Neundorfer B, Handwerker HO.<br />
Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2004 June; 19(12): 3211-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15217377
Studies 99<br />
• Neural correlates of switching set as measured in fast, event-related functional<br />
magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Smith AB, Taylor E, Brammer M, Rubia K.<br />
Source: Human Brain Mapping. 2004 April; 21(4): 247-56.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15038006<br />
• Neural correlates underlying mental calculation in abacus experts: a functional<br />
magnetic resonance imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Hanakawa T, Honda M, Okada T, Fukuyama H, Shibasaki H.<br />
Source: Neuroimage. 2003 June; 19(2 Pt 1): 296-307.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12814580<br />
• Neural substrates of emotion as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Lee GP, Meador KJ, Loring DW, Allison JD, Brown WS, Paul LK, Pillai JJ,<br />
Lavin TB.<br />
Source: Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology : Official Journal of the Society for<br />
Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology. 2004 March; 17(1): 9-17.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15209221<br />
• Neuroanatomy of coprolalia in Tourette syndrome using functional magnetic<br />
resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Gates L, Clarke JR, Stokes A, Somorjai R, Jarmasz M, Vandorpe R, Dursun<br />
SM.<br />
Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2004 March;<br />
28(2): 397-400.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14751439<br />
• Nobel Prizes for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: 2003 and historical<br />
perspectives.<br />
Author(s): Boesch C.<br />
Source: Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : Jmri. 2004 May; 19(5): 517-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15143758<br />
• Non-herpetic acute limbic encephalitis: cerebrospinal fluid cytokines and magnetic<br />
resonance imaging findings.<br />
Author(s): Asaoka K, Shoji H, Nishizaka S, Ayabe M, Abe T, Ohori N, Ichiyama T,<br />
Eizuru Y.<br />
Source: Intern Med. 2004 January; 43(1): 42-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14964578
100<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Noninvasive assessment of the injured human spinal cord by means of functional<br />
magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Stroman PW, Kornelsen J, Bergman A, Krause V, Ethans K, Malisza KL,<br />
Tomanek B.<br />
Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of<br />
Paraplegia. 2004 February; 42(2): 59-66.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14765137<br />
• OMERACT Rheumatoid Arthritis Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies. Core set of<br />
MRI acquisitions, joint pathology definitions, and the OMERACT RA-MRI scoring<br />
system.<br />
Author(s): Ostergaard M, Peterfy C, Conaghan P, McQueen F, Bird P, Ejbjerg B, Shnier<br />
R, O'Connor P, Klarlund M, Emery P, Genant H, Lassere M, Edmonds J.<br />
Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 June; 30(6): 1385-6. Review. Erratum In: J<br />
Rheumatol. 2004 January; 31(1): 198.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12784422<br />
• OMERACT Rheumatoid Arthritis Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies. Summary of<br />
OMERACT 6 MR Imaging Module.<br />
Author(s): McQueen F, Lassere M, Edmonds J, Conaghan P, Peterfy C, Bird P, O'Connor<br />
P, Ejbjerg B, Klarlund M, Stewart N, Emery P, Shnier R, Genant H, Ostergaard M.<br />
Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 June; 30(6): 1387-92. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12784423<br />
• Oncogenic osteomalacia: culprit tumour detection whole body magnetic resonance<br />
imaging.<br />
Author(s): Dissanayake AM, Wilson JL, Holdaway IM, Reid IR.<br />
Source: Internal Medicine Journal. 2003 December; 33(12): 615-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14656239<br />
• Open-label study of infliximab treatment for psoriatic arthritis: clinical and magnetic<br />
resonance imaging measurements of reduction of inflammation.<br />
Author(s): Antoni C, Dechant C, Hanns-Martin Lorenz PD, Wendler J, Ogilvie A, Lueftl<br />
M, Kalden-Nemeth D, Kalden JR, Manger B.<br />
Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 October 15; 47(5): 506-12.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12382299<br />
• Optic neuritis: correlation of pain and magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Fazzone HE, Lefton DR, Kupersmith MJ.<br />
Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 August; 110(8): 1646-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12917187
Studies 101<br />
• Optimal acquisition parameters for contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging<br />
after chronic myocardial infarction.<br />
Author(s): Grebe O, Paetsch I, Kestler HA, Herkommer B, Schnackenburg B, Hombach<br />
V, Fleck E, Nagel E.<br />
Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance : Official Journal of the Society<br />
for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 2003; 5(4): 575-87.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14664135<br />
• Orbital schwannoma: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and pathologic<br />
findings.<br />
Author(s): Gunduz K, Shields CL, Gunalp I, Erden E, Shields JA.<br />
Source: Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2003 July;241(7):593-7. Epub 2003 June 18.<br />
Erratum In: Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2004 February;242(2):188.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12819974<br />
• Organophosphate poisoning case with atypical clinical survey and magnetic<br />
resonance imaging findings.<br />
Author(s): Teke E, Sungurtekin H, Sahiner T, Atalay H, Gur S.<br />
Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2004 June; 75(6): 936-7.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15146022<br />
• Outcome after treatment of patients with mammographically occult, magnetic<br />
resonance imaging-detected breast cancer presenting with axillary lymphadenopathy.<br />
Author(s): Chen C, Orel SG, Harris E, Schnall MD, Czerniecki BJ, Solin LJ.<br />
Source: Clinical Breast Cancer. 2004 April; 5(1): 72-7.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15140289<br />
• Overactive action monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from<br />
functional magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Ursu S, Stenger VA, Shear MK, Jones MR, Carter CS.<br />
Source: Psychological Science : a Journal of the American Psychological Society / Aps.<br />
2003 July; 14(4): 347-53.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12807408<br />
• Patient safety during anaesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Kampen J, Tonner PH, Scholz J.<br />
Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2004 April; 21(4): 320-1; Author Reply<br />
321.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15109197
102<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Perfusion homogeneity of hepatic parenchyma in magnetic resonance imaging during<br />
splenoportography.<br />
Author(s): Zhong Q, Zhang XL, Zhang YZ, Guo T, Chang RM, Cang P, Chen B, Yu LJ.<br />
Source: Di Yi June Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2004 February; 24(2): 216-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14965833<br />
• Pheochromocytoma with posthemorrhagic cystic degeneration: magnetic resonance<br />
imaging findings.<br />
Author(s): Goshima S, Kanematsu M, Kondo H, Yokoyama R, Hoshi H, Moriyama N.<br />
Source: Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : Jmri. 2004 May; 19(5): 640-4.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15112315<br />
• Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) of the knee joint: magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (MRI) using standard and dynamic paramagnetic contrast media. Report of<br />
52 cases surgically and histologically controlled.<br />
Author(s): Barile A, Sabatini M, Iannessi F, Di Cesare E, Splendiani A, Calvisi V,<br />
Masciocchi C.<br />
Source: Radiol Med (Torino). 2004 April; 107(4): 356-66. English, Italian.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15103287<br />
• Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging in 15 patients with Prop1 gene mutations:<br />
pituitary enlargement may originate from the intermediate lobe.<br />
Author(s): Voutetakis A, Argyropoulou M, Sertedaki A, Livadas S, Xekouki P, Maniati-<br />
Christidi M, Bossis I, Thalassinos N, Patronas N, Dacou-Voutetakis C.<br />
Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 May; 89(5): 2200-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15126542<br />
• Prediction of neuropsychological impairment in multiple sclerosis: comparison of<br />
conventional magnetic resonance imaging measures of atrophy and lesion burden.<br />
Author(s): Benedict RH, Weinstock-Guttman B, Fishman I, Sharma J, Tjoa CW, Bakshi R.<br />
Source: Archives of Neurology. 2004 February; 61(2): 226-30.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14967771<br />
• Preparation of magnetically labeled cells for cell tracking by magnetic resonance<br />
imaging.<br />
Author(s): Bulte JW, Arbab AS, Douglas T, Frank JA.<br />
Source: Methods Enzymol. 2004; 386: 275-99. No Abstract Available.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15120257
Studies 103<br />
• Probabilistic independent component analysis for functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging.<br />
Author(s): Beckmann CF, Smith SM.<br />
Source: Ieee Transactions on Medical Imaging. 2004 February; 23(2): 137-52.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14964560<br />
• Progressive change in primary progressive multiple sclerosis normal-appearing white<br />
matter: a serial diffusion magnetic resonance imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Schmierer K, Altmann DR, Kassim N, Kitzler H, Kerskens CM, Doege CA,<br />
Aktas O, Lunemann JD, Miller DH, Zipp F, Villringer A.<br />
Source: Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England). 2004 April; 10(2): 182-7.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15124765<br />
• Protocol for volumetric segmentation of medial temporal structures using highresolution<br />
3-D magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Bonilha L, Kobayashi E, Cendes F, Min Li L.<br />
Source: Human Brain Mapping. 2004 June; 22(2): 145-54.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15108302<br />
• Quantification of myocardial infarct size and transmurality by contrast-enhanced<br />
magnetic resonance imaging in men.<br />
Author(s): Schuijf JD, Kaandorp TA, Lamb HJ, van der Geest RJ, Viergever EP, van der<br />
Wall EE, de Roos A, Bax JJ.<br />
Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2004 August 1; 94(3): 284-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15276089<br />
• Quantification of patellofemoral joint contact area using magnetic resonance<br />
imaging.<br />
Author(s): Heino Brechter J, Powers CM, Terk MR, Ward SR, Lee TQ.<br />
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2003 November; 21(9): 955-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14684196<br />
• Quantifying the impact of seminal vesicle invasion identified using endorectal<br />
magnetic resonance imaging on PSA outcome after radiation therapy for patients with<br />
clinically localized prostate cancer.<br />
Author(s): Nguyen PL, Whittington R, Koo S, Schultz D, Cote KB, Loffredo M, Tempany<br />
CM, Titelbaum DS, Schnall MD, Renshaw AA, Tomaszewski JE, D'Amico AV.<br />
Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2004 June 1; 59(2):<br />
400-5.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15145155
104<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Quantitative analysis of uterosacral ligament origin and insertion points by magnetic<br />
resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Umek WH, Morgan DM, Ashton-Miller JA, DeLancey JO.<br />
Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 March; 103(3): 447-51.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14990404<br />
Quantitative assessment of bone marrow cellularity by magnetic resonance imaging<br />
in workers with long-term exposure to solvents.<br />
Author(s): Cheong HK, Choi DS, Park KU, Kim JR, Ha KI, Yun HJ, Yang SO, Kim Y.<br />
Source: Ind Health. 2004 April; 42(2): 179-88.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15128167<br />
Quantitative assessment of cartilage status in osteoarthritis by quantitative magnetic<br />
resonance imaging: technical validation for use in analysis of cartilage volume and<br />
further morphologic parameters.<br />
Author(s): Graichen H, von Eisenhart-Rothe R, Vogl T, Englmeier KH, Eckstein F.<br />
Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004 March; 50(3): 811-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15022323<br />
• Quantitative assessment of myocardial scar in delayed enhancement magnetic<br />
resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Setser RM, Bexell DG, O'Donnell TP, Stillman AE, Lieber ML, Schoenhagen P,<br />
White RD.<br />
Source: Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : Jmri. 2003 October; 18(4): 434-41.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14508780<br />
• Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of knee osteoarthritis<br />
progression over two years and correlation with clinical symptoms and radiologic<br />
changes.<br />
Author(s): Raynauld JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Berthiaume MJ, Labonte F, Beaudoin G, de<br />
Guise JA, Bloch DA, Choquette D, Haraoui B, Altman RD, Hochberg MC, Meyer JM,<br />
Cline GA, Pelletier JP.<br />
Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004 February; 50(2): 476-87.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14872490<br />
• Quantitative T1 mapping of hepatic encephalopathy using magnetic resonance<br />
imaging.<br />
Author(s): Shah NJ, Neeb H, Zaitsev M, Steinhoff S, Kircheis G, Amunts K, Haussinger<br />
D, Zilles K.<br />
Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2003 November; 38(5): 1219-26.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14578860
Studies 105<br />
• Quantitative ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging of the parotid gland:<br />
can they replace the histopathologic studies in patients with Sjogren's syndrome?<br />
Author(s): El Miedany YM, Ahmed I, Mourad HG, Mehanna AN, Aty SA, Gamal HM,<br />
El Baddini M, Smith P, El Gafaary M.<br />
Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2004 January; 71(1): 29-38.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14769518<br />
• Registered computed tomography images as an alternative to postimplantation<br />
magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of subthalamic electrode placement.<br />
Author(s): O'Gorman RL, Selway RP, Reid CJ, Hotton GR, Hall E, Jarosz JM, Polkey CE,<br />
Hill DL.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004 July-August; 28(4): 548-50.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15232389<br />
• Relationship between the area of cartilage shown on the magnetic resonance imaging<br />
middle-slice image of the medial and lateral tibial cartilages with cartilage volume<br />
and grade of osteoarthritis over time.<br />
Author(s): Dashti M, Wluka AE, Geso M, Davis SR, Stuckey S, Cicuttini FM.<br />
Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2004; 33(2): 87-93.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15163109<br />
• Relationship of structural magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance<br />
perfusion, and other disease factors to neuropsychological outcome in sickle cell<br />
disease.<br />
Author(s): Grueneich R, Ris MD, Ball W, Kalinyak KA, Noll R, Vannatta K, Wells R.<br />
Source: Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2004 March; 29(2): 83-92.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15096530<br />
• Results of contemporary surgical management of radiation necrosis using frameless<br />
stereotaxis and intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): McPherson CM, Warnick RE.<br />
Source: Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2004 May; 68(1): 41-7.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15174520<br />
• Retinotopic mapping of the visual cortex using functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging in a patient with central scotomas from atrophic macular degeneration.<br />
Author(s): Sunness JS, Liu T, Yantis S.<br />
Source: Ophthalmology. 2004 August; 111(8): 1595-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15288993
106<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Retromammary fluid collection as a late complication of breast implants: magnetic<br />
resonance imaging findings.<br />
Author(s): Pineda V, Caceres J, Pernas JC, Catala J.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004 May-June; 28(3): 386-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15100545<br />
• Risk factor of radiation pneumonitis: assessment with velocity-encoded cine<br />
magnetic resonance imaging of pulmonary artery.<br />
Author(s): Muryama S, Akamine T, Sakai S, Oshiro Y, Kakinohana Y, Soeda H, Toita T,<br />
Adachi G.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004 March-April; 28(2): 204-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15091124<br />
• Role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of myocardial<br />
viability.<br />
Author(s): Shan K, Constantine G, Sivananthan M, Flamm SD.<br />
Source: Circulation. 2004 March 23; 109(11): 1328-34. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15037539<br />
• Role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for deep venous<br />
thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.<br />
Author(s): Kanne JP, Lalani TA.<br />
Source: Circulation. 2004 March 30; 109(12 Suppl 1): I15-21. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15051664<br />
• Role of magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of tumors in the cardiac region.<br />
Author(s): Kaminaga T, Takeshita T, Kimura I.<br />
Source: European Radiology. 2003 December; 13 Suppl 4: L1-10.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15018158<br />
• Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary in pregnancy: clinical, ultrasonography, and<br />
magnetic resonance imaging findings.<br />
Author(s): Calabrese M, Zandrino F, Giasotto V, Rissone R, Fulcheri E.<br />
Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2004 April; 45(2): 189-92.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15191104<br />
• Screening for vestibular schwannoma by magnetic resonance imaging: analysis of<br />
1821 patients.<br />
Author(s): Kwan TL, Tang KW, Pak KK, Cheung JY.<br />
Source: Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi / Hong Kong Academy<br />
of Medicine. 2004 February; 10(1): 38-43.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14967854
Studies 107<br />
• Selection of the optimum b factor for diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance<br />
imaging assessment of ischemic stroke.<br />
Author(s): Kingsley PB, Monahan WG.<br />
Source: Magnetic Resonance in Medicine : Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic<br />
Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 2004 May; 51(5):<br />
996-1001.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15122682<br />
• Semiquantitative assessment of myelination using magnetic resonance imaging in<br />
normal fetal brains.<br />
Author(s): Abe S, Takagi K, Yamamoto T, Okuhata Y, Kato T.<br />
Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2004 May; 24(5): 352-7.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15164408<br />
• Silent functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) of tonotopicity and stimulus<br />
intensity coding in human primary auditory cortex.<br />
Author(s): Yetkin FZ, Roland PS, Christensen WF, Purdy PD.<br />
Source: The Laryngoscope. 2004 March; 114(3): 512-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15091227<br />
• Skeletal muscle lipid concentration quantified by magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Goodpaster BH, Stenger VA, Boada F, McKolanis T, Davis D, Ross R, Kelley<br />
DE.<br />
Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004 May; 79(5): 748-54.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15113711<br />
• Structural magnetic resonance imaging of the adolescent brain.<br />
Author(s): Giedd JN.<br />
Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2004 June; 1021: 77-85.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15251877<br />
• Study of magnetic resonance imaging-based arteriovenous malformation delineation<br />
without conventional angiography.<br />
Author(s): Yu C, Petrovich Z, Apuzzo ML, Zelman V, Giannotta SL.<br />
Source: Neurosurgery. 2004 May; 54(5): 1104-; Discussion 1108-10.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15113464<br />
• Symptoms before and after surgical removal of colorectal endometriosis that are<br />
assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and rectal endoscopic sonography.<br />
Author(s): Thomassin I, Bazot M, Detchev R, Barranger E, Cortez A, Darai E.<br />
Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 May; 190(5): 1264-71.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15167828
108<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Systematic correlation of transcranial magnetic stimulation and magnetic resonance<br />
imaging in cervical spondylotic myelopathy.<br />
Author(s): Lo YL, Chan LL, Lim W, Tan SB, Tan CT, Chen JL, Fook-Chong S, Ratnagopal<br />
P.<br />
Source: Spine. 2004 May 15; 29(10): 1137-45.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15131444<br />
• Temporal lobe abnormalities in semantic processing by criminal psychopaths as<br />
revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Kiehl KA, Smith AM, Mendrek A, Forster BB, Hare RD, Liddle PF.<br />
Source: Psychiatry Research. 2004 April 30; 130(3): 297-312.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15209063<br />
• The application of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy to gene therapy.<br />
Author(s): Bhakoo KK, Bell JD, Cox IJ, Taylor-Robinson SD.<br />
Source: Methods Enzymol. 2004; 386: 303-13. No Abstract Available.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15120258<br />
• The deep infrapatellar bursa: prevalence and morphology on routine magnetic<br />
resonance imaging of the knee.<br />
Author(s): Aydingoz U, Oguz B, Aydingoz O, Comert RB, Akgun I.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004 July-August; 28(4): 557-61.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15232391<br />
• The magnetic resonance imaging-based fetal-pelvic index: a pilot study in the<br />
community hospital.<br />
Author(s): Fox LK, Huerta-Enochian GS, Hamlin JA, Katz VL.<br />
Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 June; 190(6): 1679-85;<br />
Discussion 1685-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15284768<br />
• The radiation doses to erectile tissues defined with magnetic resonance imaging after<br />
intensity-modulated radiation therapy or iodine-125 brachytherapy.<br />
Author(s): Buyyounouski MK, Horwitz EM, Uzzo RG, Price RA, McNeeley SW, Azizi D,<br />
Hanlon AL, Milestone BN, Pollack A.<br />
Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2004 August 1;<br />
59(5): 1383-91.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15275723
Studies 109<br />
• The role of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in early rheumatoid<br />
arthritis.<br />
Author(s): Wakefield RJ, Kong KO, Conaghan PG, Brown AK, O'Connor PJ, Emery P.<br />
Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003 September-October; 21(5 Suppl 31): S42-9. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14969049<br />
• The spectrum of cranial ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in<br />
congenital cytomegalovirus infection.<br />
Author(s): de Vries LS, Gunardi H, Barth PG, Bok LA, Verboon-Maciolek MA,<br />
Groenendaal F.<br />
Source: Neuropediatrics. 2004 April; 35(2): 113-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15127310<br />
• Transient cortical abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging after status<br />
epilepticus: case report.<br />
Author(s): Cohen-Gadol AA, Britton JW, Worrell GA, Meyer FB.<br />
Source: Surgical Neurology. 2004 May; 61(5): 479-82; Discussion 482.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15120231<br />
• Transient ischemic attacks before ischemic stroke: preconditioning the human brain?<br />
A multicenter magnetic resonance imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Wegener S, Gottschalk B, Jovanovic V, Knab R, Fiebach JB, Schellinger PD,<br />
Kucinski T, Jungehulsing GJ, Brunecker P, Muller B, Banasik A, Amberger N, Wernecke<br />
KD, Siebler M, Rother J, Villringer A, Weih M; MRI in Acute Stroke Study Group of the<br />
German Competence Network Stroke.<br />
Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2004 March; 35(3): 616-21. Epub 2004<br />
February 12.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14963288<br />
• Tumor-third ventricular relationships in supradiaphragmatic craniopharyngiomas:<br />
correlation of morphological, magnetic resonance imaging, and operative findings.<br />
Author(s): Steno J, Malacek M, Bizik I.<br />
Source: Neurosurgery. 2004 May; 54(5): 1051-58; Discussion 1058-60.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15113458<br />
• Ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging of the neonate in a magnetic resonancecompatible<br />
incubator with a built-in coil.<br />
Author(s): Whitby EH, Griffiths PD, Lonneker-Lammers T, Srinivasan R, Connolly DJ,<br />
Capener D, Paley MN.<br />
Source: Pediatrics. 2004 February; 113(2): E150-2.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14754986
110<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Ultrasonography of salivary glands in primary Sjogren's syndrome. A comparison<br />
with magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance sialography of parotid<br />
glands.<br />
Author(s): Niemela RK, Takalo R, Paakko E, Suramo I, Paivansalo M, Salo T, Hakala M.<br />
Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2004 July; 43(7): 875-9. Epub 2004 April 27.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15113992<br />
• Ultrasonography of the metatarsophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis:<br />
comparison with magnetic resonance imaging, conventional radiography, and clinical<br />
examination.<br />
Author(s): Szkudlarek M, Narvestad E, Klarlund M, Court-Payen M, Thomsen HS,<br />
Ostergaard M.<br />
Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004 July; 50(7): 2103-12.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15248207<br />
• Understanding magnetic resonance imaging interpretations.<br />
Author(s): Tariman JD.<br />
Source: Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2004 June; 8(3): 318-20. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15208831<br />
• Unusual presentations of hematologic malignancies: CASE 1. Solitary bone<br />
plasmacytoma: role of magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission<br />
tomography.<br />
Author(s): Chim CS, Ooi GC, Loong F, Liang R.<br />
Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical<br />
Oncology. 2004 April 1; 22(7): 1328-30.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15051781<br />
• Use of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in empyema after<br />
cranioplasty.<br />
Author(s): Tamaki T, Eguchi T, Sakamoto M, Teramoto A.<br />
Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2004 February; 18(1): 40-4.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15040713<br />
• Use of multispectral magnetic resonance imaging analysis to quantify erosive<br />
changes in the hands of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: short-term and long-term<br />
longitudinal studies.<br />
Author(s): Ostrowitzki S, Redei J, Lynch JA, Carano RA, Zaim S, Miaux Y, Genant HK.<br />
Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004 March; 50(3): 716-24.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15022310
Studies 111<br />
• Use of the time-signal intensity curve from dynamic magnetic resonance imaging to<br />
evaluate remnant pancreatic fibrosis after pancreaticojejunostomy in patients<br />
undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy.<br />
Author(s): Tajima Y, Matsuzaki S, Furui J, Isomoto I, Hayashi K, Kanematsu T.<br />
Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2004 May; 91(5): 595-600.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15122611<br />
• Using magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging to assess brain<br />
damage in alcoholics.<br />
Author(s): Rosenbloom M, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A.<br />
Source: Alcohol Research & Health : the Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol<br />
Abuse and Alcoholism. 2003; 27(2): 146-52. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15303625<br />
• Using magnetic resonance imaging to characterize pedicle asymmetry in both normal<br />
patients and patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.<br />
Author(s): Rajwani T, Bagnall KM, Lambert R, Videman T, Kautz J, Moreau M, Mahood<br />
J, Raso VJ, Bhargava R.<br />
Source: Spine. 2004 April 16; 29(7): E145-52.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15087811<br />
• Vaginal metastasis from uterine leiomyosarcoma. Magnetic resonance imaging<br />
features with pathological correlation.<br />
Author(s): Cantisani V, Mortele KJ, Kalantari BN, Glickman JN, Tempany C, Silverman<br />
SG.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2003 September-October; 27(5): 805-<br />
9. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14501374<br />
• Validation of cartilage volume and thickness measurements in the human shoulder<br />
with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Graichen H, Jakob J, von Eisenhart-Rothe R, Englmeier KH, Reiser M,<br />
Eckstein F.<br />
Source: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / Oars, Osteoarthritis Research Society. 2003 July;<br />
11(7): 475-82.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12814610<br />
• Value of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of sex-reassignment surgery<br />
in male-to-female transsexuals.<br />
Author(s): Cova M, Mosconi E, Liguori G, Bucci S, Trombetta C, Belgrano E, Pozzi-<br />
Mucelli R.<br />
Source: Abdominal Imaging. 2003 September-October; 28(5): 728-32.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14628886
112<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Vancouver Consortium of MS Centers' Magnetic Resonance Imaging Guidelines.<br />
Author(s): Radue EW, Kappos L.<br />
Source: Int Ms J. 2003 December; 10(4): 131-3.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14977490<br />
• Variability and validity of a simple visual rating scale in grading white matter<br />
changes on magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Fan YH, Lam WW, Mok VC, Huang RX, Wong KS.<br />
Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of<br />
Neuroimaging. 2003 July; 13(3): 255-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12889173<br />
• Variability in position of the subthalamic nucleus targeted by magnetic resonance<br />
imaging and microelectrode recordings as compared to atlas co-ordinates.<br />
Author(s): Littlechild P, Varma TR, Eldridge PR, Fox S, Forster A, Fletcher N, Steiger M,<br />
Byrne P, Tyler K, Flintham S.<br />
Source: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 2003; 80(1-4): 82-7.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14745213<br />
• Ventricular function after coronary artery bypass grafting: evaluation by magnetic<br />
resonance imaging and myocardial strain analysis.<br />
Author(s): Maniar HS, Cupps BP, Potter DD, Moustakidis P, Camillo CJ, Chu CM,<br />
Pasque MK, Sundt TM 3rd.<br />
Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2004 July; 128(1): 76-82.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15224024<br />
• Virtopsy-postmortem multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic<br />
resonance imaging (MRI) in a fatal scuba diving incident.<br />
Author(s): Plattner T, Thali MJ, Yen K, Sonnenschein M, Stoupis C, Vock P, Zwygart-<br />
Brugger K, Kilchor T, Dirnhofer R.<br />
Source: J Forensic Sci. 2003 November; 48(6): 1347-55.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14640284<br />
• Visual perceptual impairment in children at 5 years of age with perinatal<br />
haemorrhagic or ischaemic brain damage in relation to cerebral magnetic resonance<br />
imaging.<br />
Author(s): van den Hout BM, de Vries LS, Meiners LC, Stiers P, van der Schouw YT,<br />
Jennekens-Schinkel A, Wittebol-Post D, van der Linde D, Vandenbussche E, van<br />
Nieuwenhuizen O.<br />
Source: Brain & Development. 2004 June; 26(4): 251-61.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15130692
Studies 113<br />
• Visualization of morphological details in congenitally malformed hearts: virtual<br />
three-dimensional reconstruction from magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Sorensen TS, Pedersen EM, Hansen OK, Sorensen K.<br />
Source: Cardiology in the Young. 2003 October; 13(5): 451-60.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14694940<br />
• Water diffusion in biomedical systems as related to magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Khanafer K, Vafai K, Kangarlu A.<br />
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2003 January; 21(1): 17-31.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12620542<br />
• Wernicke's encephalopathy: unusual contrast enhancement revealed by magnetic<br />
resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Kavuk I, Agelink MW, Gaertner T, Kastrup O, Doerfler A, Maschke M,<br />
Diener HC.<br />
Source: European Journal of Medical Research. 2003 November 12; 8(11): 492-4.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14644703<br />
• White matter structural integrity in healthy aging adults and patients with Alzheimer<br />
disease: a magnetic resonance imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Bartzokis G, Cummings JL, Sultzer D, Henderson VW, Nuechterlein KH,<br />
Mintz J.<br />
Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 March; 60(3): 393-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12633151<br />
• Whole body magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Eustace SJ, Nelson E.<br />
Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2004 June 12; 328(7453): 1387-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15191954<br />
• Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS) of the knee in<br />
osteoarthritis.<br />
Author(s): Psychiatry Res. 2004 Apr 30;130(3):297-312<br />
Source: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / Oars, Osteoarthritis Research Society. 2004 March;<br />
12(3): 177-90.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15209063<br />
• Word retrieval in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Abrahams S, Goldstein LH, Simmons A, Brammer M, Williams SC,<br />
Giampietro V, Leigh PN.<br />
Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2004 July; 127(Pt 7): 1507-17. Epub 2004 May 26.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15163610
114<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong><br />
Overview<br />
<strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and<br />
magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Finding Nutrition Studies on Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable<br />
bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary<br />
Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC<br />
2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:<br />
ods@nih.gov). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about<br />
dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific<br />
literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals. 7 The IBIDS<br />
includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies.<br />
As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the<br />
following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the<br />
search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database,<br />
or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only.<br />
Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search<br />
allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type<br />
“magnetic resonance imaging” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To<br />
narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.<br />
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the<br />
National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating<br />
credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an<br />
interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S.<br />
Department of Agriculture.<br />
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116<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to<br />
search for “magnetic resonance imaging” (or a synonym):<br />
• Methotrexate induced seizures associated with acute reversible magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (MRI) changes in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.<br />
Author(s): Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.<br />
Source: Rao, R D Swanson, J W Dejesus, R S Hunt, C H Tefferi, A Leuk-Lymphoma. 2002<br />
June; 43(6): 1333-6 1042-8194<br />
• Successful and safe perfusion of the primate brainstem: in vivo magnetic resonance<br />
imaging of macromolecular distribution during infusion.<br />
Author(s): Surgical Neurology Branch and Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation<br />
Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of<br />
Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. lonserr@ninds.nih.gov<br />
Source: Lonser, R R Walbridge, S Garmestani, K Butman, J A Walters, H A Vortmeyer, A<br />
O Morrison, P F Brechbiel, M W Oldfield, E H J-Neurosurg. 2002 October; 97(4): 905-13<br />
0022-3085<br />
• Using radiotracers to characterize magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents.<br />
Author(s): Ernst Felder Laboratories, Bracco Research USA, 305 College Road East,<br />
Princeton, NJ 06540, USA. Mtweedle@bru.bracco.com<br />
Source: Tweedle, M F Invest-Radiol. 2002 March; 37(3): 107-13 0020-9996<br />
Federal Resources on Nutrition<br />
In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services<br />
(HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of<br />
information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include:<br />
• healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition:<br />
http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0<br />
• The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition<br />
information: www.nutrition.gov<br />
• The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information:<br />
www.foodsafety.gov<br />
• The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States<br />
Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/<br />
• The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the<br />
Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services:<br />
http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/<br />
• Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department<br />
of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/<br />
• Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the<br />
United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/<br />
• Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture:<br />
http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources<br />
Nutrition 117<br />
A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and<br />
nutrition. The following is a representative sample:<br />
• AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats<br />
• Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html<br />
• Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/<br />
• Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/<br />
• Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/<br />
• Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/<br />
• WebMD ® Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition<br />
• WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND <strong>MAGNETIC</strong><br />
Overview<br />
<strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on<br />
complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to magnetic resonance imaging. At<br />
the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.<br />
The Combined Health Information Database<br />
The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced<br />
by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National<br />
Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID<br />
database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check<br />
the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple<br />
Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the<br />
drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type<br />
“magnetic resonance imaging” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that<br />
you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The<br />
following was extracted using this technique:<br />
• Magnet Therapy<br />
Source: Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine. 3(1): 26-31, 33. Spring-Summer 1999.<br />
Summary: This journal article reviews the literature on magnet therapy. It discusses the<br />
basic physics of magnetism, biological effects of magnetism in animal studies, the use of<br />
magnetism by migratory birds, reports of harmful effects of magnets, useful<br />
applications of magnets, the effects of magnets on pain, and possible mechanisms by<br />
which magnets might reduce pain. Although static magnetism has been shown to be of<br />
benefit in medicine, particularly in the well-established diagnostic technique of<br />
magnetic resonance imaging, the author concludes that magnet therapy remains an<br />
unproven treatment. The experimental evidence to date for magnets affecting pain or<br />
synovitis ranges from 'not yet proven' to 'highly unlikely.' Furthermore, static magnetic<br />
fields of much greater strength than those used in magnetic healing have shown little or<br />
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
no effect. Although there are many claims that magnets heal, and while many profitable<br />
commercial products exist, in the author's opinion there is no clear experimental<br />
evidence of their ability to heal. The article has 79 references.<br />
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine<br />
The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the<br />
National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National<br />
Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to<br />
magnetic resonance imaging and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the<br />
following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on<br />
PubMed.” Enter “magnetic resonance imaging” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click<br />
“Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary<br />
and alternative medicine that are related to magnetic resonance imaging:<br />
• “Cascade-release dendrimers” liberate all end groups upon a single triggering event<br />
in the dendritic core.<br />
Author(s): de Groot FM, Albrecht C, Koekkoek R, Beusker PH, Scheeren HW.<br />
Source: Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English). 2003 September 29; 42(37):<br />
4490-4.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14520746<br />
• “Hey John”: signals conveying communicative intention toward the self activate<br />
brain regions associated with “mentalizing,” regardless of modality.<br />
Author(s): Kampe KK, Frith CD, Frith U.<br />
Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for<br />
Neuroscience. 2003 June 15; 23(12): 5258-63.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12832550<br />
• Acupuncture using laser needles modulates brain function: first evidence from<br />
functional transcranial Doppler sonography and functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging.<br />
Author(s): Litscher G, Rachbauer D, Ropele S, Wang L, Schikora D, Fazekas F, Ebner F.<br />
Source: Lasers in Medical Science. 2004; 19(1): 6-11. Epub 2004 March 31.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15316852<br />
• Altered habituation in the auditory cortex in a subgroup of depressed patients by<br />
functional magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Michael N, Ostermann J, Soros P, Schwindt W, Pfleiderer B.<br />
Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2004; 49(1): 5-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14730193<br />
• An EEG-driven brain-computer interface combined with functional magnetic<br />
resonance imaging (fMRI).<br />
Author(s): Hinterberger T, Weiskopf N, Veit R, Wilhelm B, Betta E, Birbaumer N.
Alternative Medicine 121<br />
Source: Ieee Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering. 2004 June; 51(6): 971-4.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15188866<br />
• An emotion-based facial expression word activates laughter module in the human<br />
brain: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Osaka N, Osaka M, Kondo H, Morishita M, Fukuyama H, Shibasaki H.<br />
Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 April 10; 340(2): 127-30.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12668253<br />
• An investigation to dissociate the analgesic and anesthetic properties of ketamine<br />
using functional magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Rogers R, Wise RG, Painter DJ, Longe SE, Tracey I.<br />
Source: Anesthesiology. 2004 February; 100(2): 292-301.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14739803<br />
• Applications of magnetic resonance imaging for cardiac stem cell therapy.<br />
Author(s): Rickers C, Gallegos R, Seethamraju RT, Wang X, Swingen C, Jayaswal A,<br />
Rahrmann EP, Kastenberg ZJ, Clarkson CE, Bianco R, O'Brian T, Verfaillie C, Bolman<br />
RM 3rd, Wilke N, Jerosch-Herold M.<br />
Source: Journal of Interventional Cardiology. 2004 February; 17(1): 37-46.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15009770<br />
• Brain activation during manipulation of the myoelectric prosthetic hand: a functional<br />
magnetic resonance imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Maruishi M, Tanaka Y, Muranaka H, Tsuji T, Ozawa Y, Imaizumi S, Miyatani<br />
M, Kawahara J.<br />
Source: Neuroimage. 2004 April; 21(4): 1604-11.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15050584<br />
• Combretastatin A4 phosphate has tumor antivascular activity in rat and man as<br />
demonstrated by dynamic magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Galbraith SM, Maxwell RJ, Lodge MA, Tozer GM, Wilson J, Taylor NJ,<br />
Stirling JJ, Sena L, Padhani AR, Rustin GJ.<br />
Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical<br />
Oncology. 2003 August 1; 21(15): 2831-42. Epub 2003 June 13.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12807936<br />
• Different central manifestations in response to electroacupuncture at analgesic and<br />
nonanalgesic acupoints in rats: a manganese-enhanced functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Chiu JH, Chung MS, Cheng HC, Yeh TC, Hsieh JC, Chang CY, Kuo WY,<br />
Cheng H, Ho LT.
122<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Source: Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research = Revue Canadienne De Recherche<br />
Veterinaire. 2003 May; 67(2): 94-101.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12760473<br />
• Dimensions of the lumbar intervertebral foramina as determined from the sagittal<br />
plane magnetic resonance imaging scans of 95 normal subjects.<br />
Author(s): Cramer GD, Cantu JA, Dorsett RD, Greenstein JS, McGregor M, Howe JE,<br />
Glenn WV.<br />
Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2003 March-April;<br />
26(3): 160-70.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12704308<br />
• Effect of pre-instruction on anxiety levels of patients undergoing magnetic resonance<br />
imaging examination.<br />
Author(s): Selim MA.<br />
Source: East Mediterr Health J. 2001 May; 7(3): 519-25.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12690774<br />
• Effect of stage 1 sleep on auditory cortex during pure tone stimulation: evaluation by<br />
functional magnetic resonance imaging with simultaneous EEG monitoring.<br />
Author(s): Tanaka H, Fujita N, Takanashi M, Hirabuki N, Yoshimura H, Abe K,<br />
Nakamura H.<br />
Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 November-December; 24(10):<br />
1982-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14625220<br />
• Effects of amino acid supplementation on left ventricular remodeling in patients with<br />
chronic heart failure with decreased systolic function and diabetes mellitus: rationale<br />
and design of a magnetic resonance imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Klein L, Gattis WA, Borrello F, Wu E, O'Connor CM, Gheorghiade M.<br />
Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2004 April 22; 93(8A): 44A-46A.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15094106<br />
• Effects of noise from functional magnetic resonance imaging on auditory eventrelated<br />
potentials in working memory task.<br />
Author(s): Novitski N, Anourova I, Martinkauppi S, Aronen HJ, Naatanen R, Carlson S.<br />
Source: Neuroimage. 2003 October; 20(2): 1320-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14568500<br />
• Evaluation of myocardial iron by magnetic resonance imaging during iron chelation<br />
therapy with deferrioxamine: indication of close relation between myocardial iron<br />
content and chelatable iron pool.<br />
Author(s): Jensen PD, Jensen FT, Christensen T, Eiskjaer H, Baandrup U, Nielsen JL.
Alternative Medicine 123<br />
Source: Blood. 2003 June 1; 101(11): 4632-9. Epub 2003 February 06.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12576333<br />
• Evidence of correlated functional magnetic resonance imaging signals between<br />
distant human brains.<br />
Author(s): Standish LJ, Johnson LC, Kozak L, Richards T.<br />
Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2003 January-February; 9(1): 128,<br />
122-5.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14640097<br />
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after aphasia therapy: shifts in<br />
hemodynamic time to peak during an overt language task.<br />
Author(s): Peck KK, Moore AB, Crosson BA, Gaiefsky M, Gopinath KS, White K, Briggs<br />
RW.<br />
Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2004 February; 35(2): 554-9. Epub 2004<br />
January 22.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14739418<br />
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging of activation in subcortical auditory pathway.<br />
Author(s): Yetkin FZ, Roland PS, Mendelsohn DB, Purdy PD.<br />
Source: The Laryngoscope. 2004 January; 114(1): 96-101.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14710002<br />
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging of source versus item memory.<br />
Author(s): Fan J, Gay Snodgrass J, Bilder RM.<br />
Source: Neuroreport. 2003 December 2; 14(17): 2275-81.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14625462<br />
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging of verbal fluency and confrontation naming<br />
using compressed image acquisition to permit overt responses.<br />
Author(s): Abrahams S, Goldstein LH, Simmons A, Brammer MJ, Williams SC,<br />
Giampietro VP, Andrew CM, Leigh PN.<br />
Source: Human Brain Mapping. 2003 September; 20(1): 29-40.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12953304<br />
• Haloperidol challenge in healthy male humans: a functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Brassen S, Tost H, Hoehn F, Weber-Fahr W, Klein S, Braus DF.<br />
Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 April 17; 340(3): 193-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12672539
124<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• In vivo monitoring of cellular transplants by magnetic resonance imaging and<br />
positron emission tomography.<br />
Author(s): Modo M, Roberts TJ, Sandhu JK, Williams SC.<br />
Source: Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2004 February; 4(2): 145-55. Review.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14998774<br />
• Infarct remodeling after intracoronary progenitor cell treatment in patients with acute<br />
myocardial infarction (TOPCARE-AMI): mechanistic insights from serial contrastenhanced<br />
magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Britten MB, Abolmaali ND, Assmus B, Lehmann R, Honold J, Schmitt J, Vogl<br />
TJ, Martin H, Schachinger V, Dimmeler S, Zeiher AM.<br />
Source: Circulation. 2003 November 4; 108(18): 2212-8. Epub 2003 October 13.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14557356<br />
• Intensity-dependent activation of the primary auditory cortex in functional magnetic<br />
resonance imaging.<br />
Author(s): Lasota KJ, Ulmer JL, Firszt JB, Biswal BB, Daniels DL, Prost RW.<br />
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2003 March-April; 27(2): 213-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12703014<br />
• Is functional magnetic resonance imaging capable of mapping transcranial magnetic<br />
cortex stimulation?<br />
Author(s): Bestmann S, Baudewig J, Siebner HR, Rothwell JC, Frahm J.<br />
Source: Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 2003; 56: 55-62. No Abstract Available.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14677382<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging and neurosphere therapy of stroke in rat.<br />
Author(s): Zhang ZG, Jiang Q, Zhang R, Zhang L, Wang L, Zhang L, Arniego P, Ho KL,<br />
Chopp M.<br />
Source: Annals of Neurology. 2003 February; 53(2): 259-63.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12557295<br />
• Phase I trial of the antivascular agent combretastatin A4 phosphate on a 5-day<br />
schedule to patients with cancer: magnetic resonance imaging evidence for altered<br />
tumor blood flow.<br />
Author(s): Stevenson JP, Rosen M, Sun W, Gallagher M, Haller DG, Vaughn D,<br />
Giantonio B, Zimmer R, Petros WP, Stratford M, Chaplin D, Young SL, Schnall M,<br />
O'Dwyer PJ.<br />
Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical<br />
Oncology. 2003 December 1; 21(23): 4428-38.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14645433
Alternative Medicine 125<br />
• Phonological grammar shapes the auditory cortex: a functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Jacquemot C, Pallier C, LeBihan D, Dehaene S, Dupoux E.<br />
Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for<br />
Neuroscience. 2003 October 22; 23(29): 9541-6.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14573533<br />
• Physiological self-regulation of regional brain activity using real-time functional<br />
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): methodology and exemplary data.<br />
Author(s): Weiskopf N, Veit R, Erb M, Mathiak K, Grodd W, Goebel R, Birbaumer N.<br />
Source: Neuroimage. 2003 July; 19(3): 577-86.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12880789<br />
• Potential myocardial iron content evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging in<br />
thalassemia major patients treated with Deferoxamine or Deferiprone during a<br />
randomized multicenter prospective clinical study.<br />
Author(s): Galia M, Midiri M, Bartolotta V, Morabito A, Rizzo M, Mangiagli A, Malizia<br />
R, Borsellino Z, Capra M, D'Ascola DG, Magnano C, Gerardi C, Rigano P, Maggio A;<br />
Multicenter Trial Group of the Society for the Study of Thalassemia and<br />
Haemoglobinopathies.<br />
Source: Hemoglobin. 2003 May; 27(2): 63-76.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12779268<br />
• Prefrontal cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation does not change local diffusion: a<br />
magnetic resonance imaging study in patients with depression.<br />
Author(s): Li X, Nahas Z, Lomarev M, Denslow S, Shastri A, Bohning DE, George MS.<br />
Source: Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology : Official Journal of the Society for<br />
Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology. 2003 June; 16(2): 128-35.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12799599<br />
• Principles of a brain-computer interface (BCI) based on real-time functional magnetic<br />
resonance imaging (fMRI).<br />
Author(s): Weiskopf N, Mathiak K, Bock SW, Scharnowski F, Veit R, Grodd W, Goebel<br />
R, Birbaumer N.<br />
Source: Ieee Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering. 2004 June; 51(6): 966-70.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15188865<br />
• Relations between brain network activation and analgesic effect induced by low vs.<br />
high frequency electrical acupoint stimulation in different subjects: a functional<br />
magnetic resonance imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Zhang WT, Jin Z, Cui GH, Zhang KL, Zhang L, Zeng YW, Luo F, Chen AC,<br />
Han JS.<br />
Source: Brain Research. 2003 August 29; 982(2): 168-78.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12915252
126<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the prediction of tumor response in patients<br />
with locally advanced breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemo-therapy.<br />
Author(s): Martincich L, Montemurro F, Cirillo S, Marra V, De Rosa G, Ponzone R,<br />
Aglietta M, Regge D.<br />
Source: Radiol Med (Torino). 2003 July-August; 106(1-2): 51-8. English, Italian.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12951551<br />
• Semantic processing in the left inferior prefrontal cortex: a combined functional<br />
magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation study.<br />
Author(s): Devlin JT, Matthews PM, Rushworth MF.<br />
Source: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2003 January 1; 15(1): 71-84.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12590844<br />
• Sequential effects of propofol on functional brain activation induced by auditory<br />
language processing: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Heinke W, Fiebach CJ, Schwarzbauer C, Meyer M, Olthoff D, Alter K.<br />
Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2004 May; 92(5): 641-50. Epub 2004 April 02.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15064248<br />
• Serial contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopic imaging of<br />
acute multiple sclerosis lesions under high-dose methylprednisolone therapy.<br />
Author(s): Schocke MF, Berger T, Felber SR, Wolf C, Deisenhammer F, Kremser C, Seppi<br />
K, Aichner FT.<br />
Source: Neuroimage. 2003 October; 20(2): 1253-63.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14568494<br />
• Spatial working memory in heavy cannabis users: a functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging study.<br />
Author(s): Kanayama G, Rogowska J, Pope HG, Gruber SA, Yurgelun-Todd DA.<br />
Source: Psychopharmacology. 2004 June 16 [epub Ahead of Print]<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15205869<br />
• The effect of musical training on music processing: a functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging study in humans.<br />
Author(s): Schmithorst VJ, Holland SK.<br />
Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 September 11; 348(2): 65-8.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12902019<br />
• Thiamine deficiency in a dog: clinical, clinicopathologic, and magnetic resonance<br />
imaging findings.<br />
Author(s): Garosi LS, Dennis R, Platt SR, Corletto F, de Lahunta A, Jakobs C.
Alternative Medicine 127<br />
Source: J Vet Intern Med. 2003 September-October; 17(5): 719-23. No Abstract Available.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=14529142<br />
• Uptake of MnCl2 and mangafodipir trisodium in the myocardium: a magnetic<br />
resonance imaging study in pigs.<br />
Author(s): Eriksson R, Johansson L, Bjerner T, Briley Saebo K, Ahlstrom H.<br />
Source: Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : Jmri. 2004 May; 19(5): 564-9.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=15112305<br />
• What neural correlates underlie successful encoding and retrieval? A functional<br />
magnetic resonance imaging study using a divided attention paradigm.<br />
Author(s): Kensinger EA, Clarke RJ, Corkin S.<br />
Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for<br />
Neuroscience. 2003 March 15; 23(6): 2407-15.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A<br />
bstract&list_uids=12657700<br />
Additional Web Resources<br />
A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related<br />
topics. The following is a representative sample:<br />
• Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/<br />
• AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats<br />
• Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/<br />
• drkoop.com ® : http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html<br />
• Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm<br />
• Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/<br />
• Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/<br />
• MedWebPlus:<br />
http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine<br />
• Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/<br />
• HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/<br />
• WebMD ® Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs<br />
• WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html<br />
• Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
128<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
The following is a specific Web list relating to magnetic resonance imaging; please note that<br />
any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication<br />
(potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation:<br />
• General Overview<br />
Alzheimer's Disease<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Amenorrhea<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Bone Infection<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Brain Cancer<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Breast Cancer<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Depression<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Edema<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Fainting<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Fever of Unknown Origin<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Frostbite<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Hemophilia<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Hyperparathyroidism<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Low Back Pain<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Lung Cancer<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Meningitis<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Multiple Sclerosis<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Osteomyelitis<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Prostate Cancer<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Stroke<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Syncope<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
TIAs<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Transient Ischemic Attacks<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
Water Retention<br />
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com<br />
• Alternative Therapy<br />
Alternative Medicine 129<br />
Magnet Therapy<br />
Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com<br />
Hyperlink:<br />
http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,715,00.html<br />
General References<br />
A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of<br />
Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page<br />
dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the<br />
MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html.<br />
This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of<br />
general sources.
CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong><br />
Overview<br />
<strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to magnetic<br />
resonance imaging. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to<br />
stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy<br />
described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term<br />
“magnetic resonance imaging” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results<br />
that you might find while conducting research on magnetic resonance imaging, we have not<br />
necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.<br />
Dissertations on Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is<br />
located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this<br />
archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to magnetic<br />
resonance imaging. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s<br />
title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers<br />
recent dissertations found when using this search procedure:<br />
• Characterization of soft-tissue response to mechanical loading using nuclear magnetic<br />
resonance (NMR) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of neuronal<br />
activity during sustained cognitive-stimulus paradigms by Wellen, Jeremy Wayne,<br />
PhD from WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, 2003, 186 pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3097861<br />
• Clinical/pathological assessment and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance<br />
imaging of gene therapy of a naturally occurring CNS disease in the cat by Vite,<br />
Charles Herman, PhD from UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 2003, 202 pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3109228<br />
131
132<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Design factors in Medicare prospective reimbursement of computerized tomography<br />
and magnetic resonance imaging in hospital outpatient departments by Jackson, Terri<br />
Jurgens, PhD from BRANDEIS U., THE F. HELLER GRAD. SCH. FOR ADV. STUD. IN<br />
SOC. WEL., 1993, 350 pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9316016<br />
• Design of radio frequency coils for magnetic resonance imaging applications: A<br />
computational electromagnetic approach by Ibrahim, Tamer Selim, PhD from THE<br />
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, 2003, 268 pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3088858<br />
• Design of radiofrequency coils for magnetic resonance imaging applications: A<br />
computational electromagnetic approach by Ibrahim, Tamer S., PhD from THE OHIO<br />
STATE UNIVERSITY, 2003, 298 pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3119469<br />
• Dynamic contrast agent-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging assessment of tumor<br />
microvasculature by Orth, Robert Chappell, PhD from THE UNIV. OF TEXAS H.S.C.<br />
AT HOUSTON GRAD. SCH. OF BIOMED. SCI., 2003, 156 pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3099235<br />
• Extended role of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in evaluating<br />
obesity by Liu, Kin Hung, PhD from CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG<br />
(PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA), 2003, 200 pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3104873<br />
• Fast magnetic resonance imaging by data sharing: Generalized series imaging and<br />
parallel imaging by Ji, Jim Xiuquan, PhD from UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT<br />
URBANA-CHAMPAIGN, 2003, 132 pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3101872<br />
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging of eye movements and response to<br />
pharmacological challenge in schizophrenia by Tregellas, Jason Richard, PhD from<br />
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER, 2003, 88 pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3109032<br />
• High spectral and spatial resolution magnetic resonance imaging with echo-planar<br />
acquisition by Du, Weiliang, PhD from THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, 2003, 149<br />
pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3108071<br />
• Implementation of functional magnetic resonance imaging and applications to<br />
psychiatric research by Willson, Morgan Charles, MSc from UNIVERSITY OF<br />
ALBERTA (CANADA), 2003, 169 pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ82364<br />
• Localization capabilities of VEP source localization and functional magnetic<br />
resonance imaging in human visual cortex by Baker, Suzanne Lyn, PhD from<br />
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, 2003, 108 pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3105151<br />
• Localized NMR relaxation time measurement using magnetic resonance imaging<br />
techniques by Crawley, Adrian Philip, PhD from UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO<br />
(CANADA), 1988<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL46428
Dissertations 133<br />
• Modelling effective connectivity in functional magnetic resonance imaging data by<br />
state space models by Ho, Moon-ho Ringo, PhD from UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT<br />
URBANA-CHAMPAIGN, 2003, 130 pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3101864<br />
• Multivariate study of the diagnostic and prognostic value of magnetic resonance<br />
imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (hydrogen atom-<br />
MRSI) parameters for brain tumors by Li, Xiaojuan, PhD from UNIV. OF CALIF.,<br />
BERKELEY WITH THE UNIV. OF CALIF., SAN FRANCISCO, 2003, 147 pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3121859<br />
• Natural image coding in early visual areas: Functional magnetic resonance imaging<br />
and psychophysical studies of the human visual system by Olman, Cheryl Annette,<br />
PhD from UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, 2003, 177 pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3113201<br />
• Parcellation of the prefrontal cortex in persons with antisocial personality disorder: A<br />
magnetic resonance imaging study by Kopp, Lisa Michelle, PhD from UNIVERSITY OF<br />
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, 2003, 67 pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3116732<br />
• Perception of facial affect: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of<br />
adolescents and adults with and without nonverbal learning disabilities by Vallabha,<br />
Taube Lubart, PhD from FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY, 2003, 167 pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3095032<br />
• The effects of equilibrium transcytolemmal water exchange on magnetic resonance<br />
imaging measurement of contrast reagent pharmacokinetics by Yankeelov, Thomas<br />
Edward, PhD from STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT STONY BROOK, 2003, 358<br />
pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3098807<br />
• Variations in the utilization of medical technology as influenced by socioeconomic<br />
factors in the case of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by Azari, Rasool A., DSc from<br />
THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, 1996, 112 pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9700993<br />
• Verification of the child crash test dummy neck response using magnetic resonance<br />
imaging and physiologic muscle stress by Miller, Harold John, III, PhD from WAYNE<br />
STATE UNIVERSITY, 2003, 421 pages<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086455<br />
• What functional magnetic resonance imaging can tell us about theory of mind by<br />
Saxe, Rebecca R., PhD from MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 2003<br />
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f858321<br />
Keeping Current<br />
Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest<br />
Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete<br />
searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong><br />
Overview<br />
<strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or<br />
processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and<br />
Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by<br />
the Patent and Trademark Office. 8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the<br />
United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application<br />
was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention<br />
will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to<br />
understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is<br />
or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to<br />
exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United<br />
States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents.<br />
In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If<br />
you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee<br />
for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy<br />
described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “magnetic<br />
resonance imaging” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you<br />
might find while conducting research on magnetic resonance imaging, we have not<br />
necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.<br />
Patents on Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
By performing a patent search focusing on magnetic resonance imaging, you can obtain<br />
information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or<br />
the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent,<br />
and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be<br />
more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent<br />
8 Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office:<br />
http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.<br />
135
136<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references,<br />
figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter.<br />
The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a<br />
patent search on magnetic resonance imaging:<br />
• Acoustic gating monitor for magnetic resonance imaging system<br />
Inventor(s): Chang; Hsu (Fremont, CA)<br />
Assignee(s): Toshiba America MRI, Inc. (Tustin, CA)<br />
Patent Number: 6,741,879<br />
Date filed: May 6, 2003<br />
Abstract: An MRI imaging system provides an audible feedback signal in the gantry<br />
room triggered by a physiological sensor on the patient. The feedback signal is a sound<br />
generated by one of the MRI gradient coils. The sensor output signal may be indicative<br />
of the patient's heartbeat, or other physiological event. The application of the sequence<br />
causes the coil to emit a sound that is associated with the sensor output signal.<br />
Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging<br />
techniques. In particular, the invention relates to MR imaging that is triggered and/or<br />
synchronized with patient sensors that detect physiological conditions, such as a<br />
heartbeat, blood pulse, or respiration of the patient being imaged. Magnetic Resonance<br />
Imaging (MRI) is a widely accepted and commercially available technique for obtaining<br />
digitized visual images representing the internal structure of objects (such as the human<br />
body) having substantial populations of atomic nuclei that are susceptible to nuclear<br />
magnetic resonance (MR) phenomena. In MRI, nuclei in the body of a patient to be<br />
imaged are polarized by imposing a strong main magnetic field (B.sub.0) on the nuclei.<br />
The nuclei are excited by a radio frequency (RF) signal at characteristic MR (Lamor)<br />
frequencies. By spatially distributing localized magnetic fields surrounding the body<br />
and analyzing the resulting RF responses from the nuclei, a map or image of these nuclei<br />
responses as a function of their spatial location is generated and displayed. An image of<br />
the nuclei responses provides a non-invasive view of a patient's internal organs and of<br />
other tissues. The MRI system operator controls the system through a computer<br />
workstation 22 with a keyboard, screen and other operator input/output devices. The<br />
MRI system operator positions the patient within the imaging volume using a movable<br />
table 20, and may attach sensors 21 that monitor the patient during imaging.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06741879__<br />
• Apparatus and method for magnetic resonance imaging employing partial parallel<br />
acquisition with formation of signal combinations and solving of an equation system<br />
based thereon<br />
Inventor(s): Agrikola; Juergen (Eltmann, DE)<br />
Assignee(s): Siemens Aktiengesellschaft (Munich, DE)<br />
Patent Number: 6,734,673<br />
Date filed: September 6, 2002<br />
Abstract: In a magnetic resonance tomography apparatus and a method for operating<br />
such an apparatus employing a "partially parallel acquisition" (PPA), the number of the<br />
k-rows to be determined in a readout cycle corresponds to the number of coils, so that
Patents 137<br />
exposure time for acquiring an MR image is shortened for a given image quality, or the<br />
image quality is enhanced for a given exposure time.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed in general to magnetic resonance<br />
tomography (MRT) as employed in medicine for examining patients. The present<br />
invention is particularly directed to a magnetic resonance tomography apparatus as well<br />
as to a method for operating such an apparatus wherein data are acquired by a<br />
technique known as "partially parallel acquisition" (PPA). The constant technical<br />
improvement of the components of MRT apparatus and the introduction of fast imaging<br />
sequences have increased the areas of employment in medicine for MRT. Real-time<br />
imaging for supporting minimally invasive surgery, functional imaging in neurology<br />
and perfusion measurement in cardiology represent only a few examples. Despite the<br />
technical progress designing the components of an MRT apparatus, the exposure time of<br />
an MRT image remains the limiting factor for many applications of MRT in medical<br />
diagnostics. A limit is placed on a further enhancement of the performance of MRT<br />
apparatus from a technical point of view (feasibility) and for reasons of patient<br />
protection (stimulation and tissue heating). In recent years, many efforts therefore were<br />
made to develop and establish new approaches in order to achieve further shortening of<br />
the image measurement time. One approach for shortening the acquisition time is to<br />
reduce the quantity of image data to be recorded. In order to obtain a complete image<br />
from such a reduced dataset, either the missing data must be reconstructed with suitable<br />
algorithms or the faulty image from the reduced data must be corrected. The<br />
registration of the data in MRT occurs in an arrangement referred to as k-space<br />
(synonym: frequency domain). The MRT image in the image domain is obtained by an<br />
operation on the MRT data in the k-space by means of Fourier transformation. The<br />
location coding of the subject that arises the k-space occurs by means of gradients in all<br />
three spatial directions. A distinction is made between the slice selection (determines an<br />
exposure slice in the subject, usually the z-axis), the frequency coding (determines a<br />
direction in the slice, usually the x-axis), and the phase coding (defines the second<br />
dimension within the slice, usually the y-axis). Without limitation placed on the<br />
universality, a Cartesian k-space is assumed below, this being sampled row-by-row. The<br />
data of a single k-space row are frequency-coded with a gradient when read out. Each<br />
row in the k-space has the spacing.DELTA.k.sub.y that is generated by a phase-coding<br />
step. Since the phase coding requires a long time compared to the other location<br />
codings, most methods for shortening the image measurement time are based on a<br />
reduction in the number of time-consuming phase coding steps. All method of the type<br />
known as "partially parallel acquisition" (referred to below as PPA) are based on this<br />
approach.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06734673__<br />
• Apparatus for magnetic resonance imaging having a planar strip array antenna<br />
including systems and methods related thereto<br />
Inventor(s): Lee; Ray F (Clifton-Park, NY)<br />
Assignee(s): Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD)<br />
Patent Number: 6,771,070<br />
Date filed: March 30, 2001<br />
Abstract: Featured is a device for detecting electromagnetic signals, more specifically,<br />
the magnetic resonance signals from excited nuclei as well as related apparatuses,<br />
systems and methods. The detection device includes a planar strip array antenna
138<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
including a plurality, and in more particular embodiments a multiplicity of parallel<br />
conductors (e.g., 4, 16, 32 or more of conductors). The length of the conductors is<br />
adjusted to substantially reduce the coupling of a signal in one conductor to an adjacent<br />
conductor(s). In a more specific embodiment the length is set so as to be equal to be<br />
about n.lambda./4, where n is an integer.gtoreq.1 and.lambda. is the wavelength of the<br />
signal to be detected (e.g., the wavelength corresponding to the NMR resonance<br />
frequency for the nuclei). The device also is configured so that the electromagnetic wave<br />
on each conductor is one of a standing wave or a traveling wave. Additionally, the<br />
device is configurable to provide broad band de-coupling by controlling a ratio of the<br />
spacing between conductors and the height of an encapsulation member so as to be less<br />
than or equal to a given value. Such a device can further include an EMF interference<br />
guard so as to isolate at least a portion of the conductors.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to apparatus and methods for<br />
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), also known as nuclear magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (NMRI). More particularly the present invention relates to an apparatus having<br />
a near-field radio-frequency planar strip array antenna that can be used for parallel<br />
spatial encoded and for conventional series spatial encoded MRI. The present invention<br />
also relates to methods and MRI systems related thereto. Magnetic resonance imaging<br />
(MRI) is a technique that is capable of providing three-dimensional imaging of an object.<br />
A conventional MRI system typically includes a main or primary magnet(s) that<br />
provides the background magnetic field B.sub.o, gradient coils and radio frequency (RF)<br />
coils, which are used for spatial encoding, exciting and detecting the nuclei for imaging.<br />
Typically, the main or primary magnet(s) are designed to provide a homogeneous<br />
magnetic field in an internal region within the main magnet, for example, in the air<br />
space of a large central bore of a solenoid or in the air gap between the magnetic pole<br />
plates of a C-type magnet. The patient or object to be imaged is positioned in the<br />
homogeneous field region located in such air space. The gradient field and the RF coils<br />
are typically located external to the patient or object to be imaged and inside the<br />
geometry of the main or primary magnet(s) surrounding the air space. There is shown in<br />
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,968,937 and 5,990,681, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by<br />
reference, some exemplary MRI systems. In MRI, the uniform magnetic field B.sub.o<br />
generated by the main or primary magnet(s) is applied to an imaged object by<br />
convention along the Z-axis of a Cartesian coordinate system, the origin of which is<br />
within the imaged object. The uniform magnetic field B.sub.o being applied has the<br />
effect of aligning the nuclear spins, a quantum mechanical property of macroscopic<br />
particles comprising the imaged object, along the Z-axis. In response to RF pulses of the<br />
proper frequency, that are orientated within the XY plane, the nuclei resonate at their<br />
Larmor frequencies. In a typical imaging sequence, the RF signal centered about the<br />
desired Larmor frequency is applied to the imaged object at the same time a magnetic<br />
field gradient G.sub.z is being applied along the Z-axis. This gradient field G.sub.z<br />
causes only the nuclei in a slice with a limited width through the object along the XY<br />
plane, to have the resonant frequency and to be excited into resonance.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06771070__
• Audible feedback from positional guidance systems<br />
Inventor(s): Gildenberg; Philip L. (Houston, TX)<br />
Assignee(s): Houston Stereotactic Concepts, Inc. (Houston, TX)<br />
Patent Number: 6,741,883<br />
Date filed: February 28, 2002<br />
Patents 139<br />
Abstract: A computer-based system generating audible feedback to assist with guidance<br />
of at least one trackable point in space is provided. Surgical embodiments include<br />
generating audible feedback (to supplement visual and tactile feedback) to a surgeon<br />
moving the tip of a probe, for example, in a surgical field with respect to a volume of<br />
interest such as a tumor. Other surgical embodiments include generating audible<br />
feedback to assist with the precise insertion of a pedicle screw. In such surgical<br />
embodiments, as a surgeon moves a probe or instrument within the surgical field, a<br />
computer analyzes the current position of the probe and/or instrument in space with<br />
respect to a system of fiducial markers. The computer then provides audible feedback to<br />
the surgeon as to the position of the probe and/or instrument with respect to<br />
predetermined feature(s) of interest (such as a tumor) previously identified on a<br />
computer reconstruction of the surgical view obtained, for example, by a magnetic<br />
resonance imaging (MRI) scan, a computerized tomography (CT) scan and/or an<br />
ultrasound scan. The audible feedback may vary in numerous ways, such as in tone,<br />
volume, pattern and/or style, as the probe and/or instrument moves relative to the<br />
feature(s) of interest.<br />
Excerpt(s): This application relates generally to audible feedback from 3-dimensional (3-<br />
D) imagery, and more specifically to embodiments in which a surgeon receives audible<br />
feedback based on the location of a surgical instrument as mapped on reconstructed<br />
surgical views. Stereotactic surgery is known in the art as a technique for localizing a<br />
target in surgical space. The use of stereotactic instrumentation based on tomographic<br />
imaging is conventional in surgery. When used for brain or other neurosurgery, such<br />
methods may involve attaching a headring apparatus to the patient's skull, and then<br />
using conventional techniques to acquire imaging data where the data is space-related<br />
to the headring. A surgeon may use an arc system to relate the position of the head to<br />
the radiographic image. An indexing device, localizer structure or other fiducial<br />
apparatus is generally used to specify quantitative coordinates of targets (such as<br />
tumors) within the patient's head relative to the fiducial apparatus. An exoscope may be<br />
used to aid in visualization during the procedure. Current technology also allows use of<br />
a frameless system, to provide a visual reference in the operating room. Again with<br />
reference to brain surgery, fiducial markers are placed around the patient's head so as to<br />
be apparent on the pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized<br />
tomography (CT) scan. Techniques known in the art are used pre-operatively to localize<br />
the fiducial markers located on the patient, and a computer compares this information<br />
to that from the previous imaging. The actual location of the patient's head may thus be<br />
registered to, and correlated with, the computerized three-dimensional reconstruction of<br />
the patient's head.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06741883__
140<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Cable routing and potential equalizing ring for magnetic resonance imaging coils<br />
Inventor(s): Jevtic; Jovan (West Allis, WI), Johnson, Jr.; William T. (Milwaukee, WI),<br />
Menon; Ashok (Milwaukee, WI), Pikelja; Velibor (Milwaukee, WI), Seeber; Derek<br />
(Wauwatosa, WI)<br />
Assignee(s): IGC-Medical Advances, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI)<br />
Patent Number: 6,781,379<br />
Date filed: August 22, 2002<br />
Abstract: A cable routing system for an MRI coil having multiple loops and multiple<br />
signal cables provides a non-resonant conductive ring surrounding the loops and<br />
grounded to define a low electrical field region along which the signal cables may be<br />
routed for reduced interference.<br />
Excerpt(s): Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to generate medical diagnostic<br />
images by measuring faint radio frequency signals (magnetic resonance) emitted from<br />
atomic nuclei of tissue (for example, hydrogen atoms in water molecules) in the<br />
presence of a strong magnetic field after radio frequency stimulation. The radio<br />
frequency stimulation may be applied, and the resulting resonance signal detected with<br />
a "local coil" having one or more "loops" serving as antennas. The loops of the local coil<br />
are tuned to a narrow band (e.g., 64 megahertz for a one and one half Tesla magnetic<br />
field strength) and adapted to be placed near or on the patient to decrease the effects of<br />
external electrical noise on the detected signal. The detected signal may be conducted<br />
through one or more signal cables to the MRI system for processing. Signals from<br />
multiple loops may be combined prior to being processed by the MRI system, for<br />
example, as in a quadrature-type coil where perpendicular loops are combined with a<br />
ninety degree phase shift, or the signals may be conducted independently to the MRI<br />
system to provide for so-called phased array operation. The low strength of the detected<br />
resonance signals requires that the signal cables be shielded from external radio<br />
frequency interference. This interference may come from the external hospital<br />
environment, the gradient coils of the MRI machine, or from other loops of the local coil<br />
itself. Particularly, for phased array operation, it is important that the signals of each<br />
loop of the local coils be kept isolated from the signals from the other loops.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06781379__<br />
• Combining unfold with parallel magnetic resonance imaging<br />
Inventor(s): Madore; Bruno (Brookline, MA)<br />
Assignee(s): Brigham and Women's Hospital, Inc. (Boston, MA)<br />
Patent Number: 6,714,010<br />
Date filed: April 19, 2002<br />
Abstract: A method for combining UNFOLD with a parallel magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (MRI) technique, such as SMASH, SENSE, or SPACE-RIP is provided. When<br />
acquiring only one n.sup.th of the usual amount of k-space data, data is acquired n<br />
times faster, but n signals will overlap in the resulting images. By spreading the n<br />
signals over all of the available temporal frequency bandwidth, UNFOLD reduces the<br />
amount of overlap to n/2. A parallel imaging method with an acceleration n/2 can<br />
finish the reconstruction by separating the n/2 overlapped signals. The result is a time<br />
series of non-corrupted images that are acquired n times faster than normal.
Patents 141<br />
Excerpt(s): The present application relates generally to reconstruction methods for<br />
magnetic resonance (MR) image data. It has previously been proposed to combine the<br />
methods of UNFOLD with SENSE or SMASH in the publication entitled Method for<br />
Combining UNFOLD with SENSE or SMASH, 8 PROC. INTL. SOC. MAG. RESON.<br />
MED. 1507 (2000) by Peter Kellman & Elliot R. McVeigh. When the UNFOLD method is<br />
combined with SENSE or SMASH, acceleration is nearly doubled compared to using<br />
SMASH or SENSE alone. With the disclosed method, however, the dynamic portion of<br />
the field of view (FOV) is typically constrained to one quarter of the FOV. Thus, the<br />
remaining three-quarters of the FOV typically cannot display fully dynamic features of<br />
the image sought to be viewed. In contrast, the present method provides high temporal<br />
resolution to a region twice bigger; i.e., half the FOV. One embodiment of the invention<br />
is a method for combining an UNFOLD technique with a parallel MR imaging technique<br />
to obtain of an object an MR image having a one-half dynamic portion. The method<br />
includes (a) obtaining k-space information about the object at a first time point and a<br />
first set of k-space locations; (b) obtaining k-space information about the object at a<br />
second time point and a second set of k-space locations, wherein at least one of the kspace<br />
locations in said second set is not contained in said first set, (c) obtaining<br />
information for images at the first and the second time points using the first and the<br />
second sets of k-space data, respectively, said images containing spatially aliased and<br />
non-aliased components, the image having image pixels; (d) decomposing time<br />
variations of one of the image pixels into its frequency content; (e) for a predetermined<br />
frequency of the frequency content, using a parallel imaging technique to separate the<br />
aliased and the non-aliased components that are overlapped; (f) repeating step (e) for a<br />
plurality of frequencies; and (g) repeating steps (d) through (f) for a plurality of image<br />
pixels.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06714010__<br />
• Decoupling circuit for magnetic resonance imaging local coils<br />
Inventor(s): Jectic; Jovan (West Allis, WI), Menon; Ashok (Milwaukee, WI), Seeber;<br />
Derek (Wauwatosa, WI)<br />
Assignee(s): IGC Medical Advanced, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI)<br />
Patent Number: 6,747,452<br />
Date filed: November 22, 2002<br />
Abstract: A decoupling circuit for decoupling an local coil during the application of an<br />
RF excitation signal in a magnetic resonance imaging system includes a passive<br />
switching circuit for switching an inductor in parallel with a capacitive circuit in the<br />
local coil, and a discharge circuit for discharging residual currents from the circuit,<br />
therefore allowing for rapid coupling and decoupling of the local coil.<br />
Excerpt(s): The field of the invention is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and in<br />
particular decoupling circuits for local coils for use in receiving MRI signals. In MRI, a<br />
uniform magnetic field B.sub.0 is applied to an imaged object along the z-axis of a<br />
Cartesian coordinate system, the origin of which is approximately centered within the<br />
imaged object. The effect of the magnetic field B.sub.0 is to align the object's nuclear<br />
spins along the z-axis. where.omega. is the Larmor frequency, and.gamma. is the<br />
gyromagnetic ratio which is constant and a property of the particular nuclei.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06747452__
142<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Failure prediction apparatus for superconductive magnet and magnetic resonance<br />
imaging system<br />
Inventor(s): Kono; Kazuhiro (Tokyo, JP)<br />
Assignee(s): GE Medical Systems Global Technology Company, LLC (Waukesha, WI)<br />
Patent Number: 6,774,632<br />
Date filed: September 13, 2002<br />
Abstract: In order to allow easy estimation of the operating condition of a magnet by a<br />
technician of any skill level, and to allow accurate prediction of a potential failure<br />
beforehand, a data processing section 52 is provided for resolving pressure data for a<br />
cooling helium gas, level (remaining amount) data for a liquid helium, first temperature<br />
data for a first stage of a refrigerator, second temperature data for a second stage of the<br />
refrigerator, and third temperature (room temperature) data for an equipment room 13<br />
in which a compressor 40 is placed, as prespecified parameters, into a plurality of<br />
elements, using the elements as magnet data, calculating the Mahalanobis distance<br />
D.sup.2 of the normalized magnet data, and comparing the calculated Mahalanobis<br />
distance D.sup.2 with data stored in a database 53 obtained by developing magnet data<br />
in a normal condition into a Mahalanobis reference space to estimate the operating<br />
condition.<br />
Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of Japanese Application No. 2001-279881<br />
filed Sep. 14, 2001. The present invention relates to a failure prediction apparatus and<br />
method for predicting a failure of a superconductive magnet for forming a static<br />
magnetic field space employed in a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus, and a<br />
magnetic resonance imaging system employing such a failure prediction apparatus and<br />
method. In magnetic resonance imaging processing, spins within a subject are excited<br />
by an excitation pulse for each TR, and a magnetic resonance signal generated by the<br />
excitation is collected in a two-dimensional Fourier space as a spin echo or gradient<br />
echo, for example.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06774632__<br />
• Focused ultrasound system with MRI synchronization<br />
Inventor(s): Ezion; Avner (Haifa, IL), Freundlich; David (Haifa, IL), Vitek; Shuki (Haifa,<br />
IL)<br />
Assignee(s): Insightec-Txsonics LTD (IT)<br />
Patent Number: 6,735,461<br />
Date filed: June 19, 2001<br />
Abstract: Systems and methods for performing a focused ultrasound procedure<br />
monitored using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is provided. An MRI system uses a<br />
timing sequence for transmitting radio frequency (RF) signals and detecting magnetic<br />
resonance (MR) response signals from a patient's body in response to the RF pulse<br />
sequences. A piezoelectric transducer is driven with drive signals such that the<br />
transducer emits acoustic energy towards a target tissue region within the patient's<br />
body. Parameters of the drive signals are changed at times during the timing sequence<br />
that minimize interference with the MRI system detecting MR response signals, e.g.,<br />
during transmission of RF signals by the MRI system.
Patents 143<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for<br />
minimizing interference between a magnetic imaging ("MRI") system and other<br />
electrical or electronic systems used in conjunction with an MRI system, such as focused<br />
ultrasound and/or ultrasound imaging systems, and more particularly to systems and<br />
methods for synchronizing changes in operating parameters or other electrical activities,<br />
e.g., during focused ultrasound procedures, with the timing of magnetic resonance<br />
imaging cycles. Focused ultrasound systems have been suggested for directing heat to a<br />
target tissue region within a patient, such as a cancerous or benign tumor, to necrose or<br />
otherwise treat the tissue region with thermal energy. For example, a piezoelectric<br />
transducer located outside the patient's body may be used to focus high intensity<br />
acoustic waves, such as ultrasonic waves (acoustic waves with a frequency greater than<br />
about twenty kilohertz (20 kHz), and more typically between fifty kiloHertz and five<br />
Megahertz (0.05-5 MHz)), at an internal tissue region of a patient to therapeutically treat<br />
the tissue region. The ultrasonic waves may be used to ablate a tumor, thereby obviating<br />
the need for invasive surgery. During such procedures, it is often desirable to image the<br />
tissues being treated, for example, using magnetic resonance imaging ("MRI").<br />
Generally, an MRI system includes a static field magnet, a gradient field amplifier, a<br />
radio frequency ("RF") transmitter, and an RF receiver. The magnet includes a region for<br />
receiving a patient therein, and provides a static, relatively homogeneous magnetic field<br />
over the patient. A gradient field amplifier generates magnetic field gradients that vary<br />
the static magnetic field. The RF transmitter transmits RF pulse sequences over the<br />
patient to cause the patient's tissues to emit MR response signals. Raw MR response<br />
signals may be sensed by the RF receiver and then passed to a computation unit that<br />
computes an MR image, which may then be displayed.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06735461__<br />
• Magnetic field correcting method, magnetic field generating apparatus, and magnetic<br />
resonance imaging apparatus<br />
Inventor(s): Goto; Takao (Tokyo, JP)<br />
Assignee(s): GE Medical Systems Global Technology Company, LLC (Waukesha, WI)<br />
Patent Number: 6,744,252<br />
Date filed: August 19, 2003<br />
Abstract: For the purpose of efficiently correcting a quadratic term component of a static<br />
magnetic field, when an inhomogeneity error of a static magnetic field generated by a<br />
pair of magnets supported by yokes so that the magnets face each other across a space is<br />
to be corrected, a quadratic term component of the static magnetic field is corrected by a<br />
quadratic term component of a magnetic field generated by a pair of circular loop coils,<br />
and a zero-th order term component of the magnetic field from the pair of circular loop<br />
coils is compensated by a zero-th order term component of a magnetic field generated<br />
by coils wound around the yokes.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a magnetic field correcting method, magnetic<br />
field generating apparatus, and magnetic resonance imaging apparatus, and more<br />
particularly to a method of correcting an inhomogeneity error of a static magnetic field<br />
generated by a pair of magnets that are supported by yokes so that the magnets face<br />
each other across a space, an apparatus for generating a static magnetic field of which an<br />
inhomogeneity error is corrected, and a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus<br />
comprising such a magnetic field generating apparatus. In a conventional apparatus for<br />
generating a homogeneous static magnetic field in a space by a pair of magnets facing
144<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
each other, two pairs of circular loop coils disposed symmetrically with respect to a<br />
center of the static magnetic field space are employed to cancel (correct) a quadratic<br />
term component of the static magnetic field by quadratic term components of magnetic<br />
fields generated by the circular loop coil pairs. The magnetic fields generated by the two<br />
pairs of circular loop coils are made to have opposite polarities to reduce the effect of<br />
their zero-th order term components on the static magnetic field. In such a conventional<br />
method, since the polarities of the magnetic fields generated by the two pairs of circular<br />
loop coils are opposite to each other, the quadratic term component of the static<br />
magnetic field is corrected by the difference between the quadratic term components of<br />
the magnetic fields from the circular loop coil pairs. Accordingly, efficiency of the<br />
correction is poor considering the power supplied to the two pairs of circular loop coils.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06744252__<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging agents for the delivery of therapeutic agents<br />
Inventor(s): Meade; Thomas J. (Altadena, CA)<br />
Assignee(s): Research Corporation Technologies (Tucson, AZ)<br />
Patent Number: 6,713,046<br />
Date filed: October 27, 1998<br />
Abstract: The invention relates to novel magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents<br />
and methods of delivering therapeutically active agents.<br />
Excerpt(s): The invention relates to novel magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents<br />
and methods of delivering therapeutically active substances. Magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (MRI) is a diagnostic and research procedure that uses high magnetic fields and<br />
radio-frequency signals to produce images. The most abundant molecular species in<br />
biological tissues is water. It is the quantum mechanical "spin" of the water proton<br />
nuclei that ultimately gives rise to the signal in all imaging experiments. In MRI the<br />
sample to be imaged is placed in a strong static magnetic field (1-12 Tesla) and the spins<br />
are excited with a pulse of radio frequency (RF) radiation to produce a net<br />
magnetization in the sample. Various magnetic field gradients and other RF pulses then<br />
act on the spins to code spatial information into the recorded signals. MRI is able to<br />
generate structural information in three dimensions in relatively short time spans. The<br />
measured intensities in the final image will accurately reflect the spin density (i.e. water<br />
content). Regions with long T.sub.1 values compared to the time between scans will<br />
progressively lose signal until a steady state condition is reached and will appear as<br />
darker regions in the final image. Changes in T.sub.2 (spin-spin relaxation time) result in<br />
changes in the signal linewidth (shorter T.sub.2 values) yielding larger linewidths. In<br />
extreme situations the linewidth can be so large that the signal is indistinguishable from<br />
background noise. In clinical imaging, water relaxation characteristics vary from tissue<br />
to tissue, providing the contrast which allows the discrimination of tissue types.<br />
Moreover, the MRI experiment can be setup so that regions of the sample with short<br />
T.sub.1 values and/or long T.sub.2 values are preferentially enhanced so called T.sub.1 -<br />
weighted and T.sub.2 -weighted imaging protocol.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06713046__
• Magnetic resonance imaging coated assembly<br />
Patents 145<br />
Inventor(s): Gray; Robert W. (Rochester, NY), Greenwald; Howard J. (Rochester, NY),<br />
Helfer; Jeffrey L. (Webster, NY), Wang; Xingwu (Wellsville, NY), Weiner; Michael L.<br />
(Webster, NY)<br />
Assignee(s): Nanoset, LLC (East Rochester, NY)<br />
Patent Number: 6,765,144<br />
Date filed: March 7, 2003<br />
Abstract: An assembly for shielding an implanted medical device from the effects of<br />
high-frequency radiation and for emitting magnetic resonance signals during magnetic<br />
resonance imaging. The assembly includes an implanted medical device and a magnetic<br />
shield comprised of nanomagnetic material disposed between the medical device and<br />
the high-frequency radiation. In one embodiment, the magnetic resonance signals are<br />
detected by a receiver, which is thus able to locate the implanted medical device within<br />
a biological organism.<br />
Excerpt(s): An assembly for imaging an implanted medical device, wherein the medical<br />
device is shielded by nanomagnetic material which, in addition to shielding the medical<br />
device from high-frequency electromagnetic radiation, emits high frequency<br />
electromagnetic radiation. Magnetic resonance imaging ("MRI") has been developed as<br />
an imaging technique adapted to obtain both images of anatomical features of human<br />
patients as well as some aspects of the functional activities and characteristics of<br />
biological tissue. These images have medical diagnostic value in determining the state of<br />
health of the tissue examined. Unlike the situation with fluoroscopic imaging, a patient<br />
undergoing magnetic resonance imaging procedure may remain in the active-imaging<br />
system for a significant amount of time, e.g. a half-hour or more, without suffering any<br />
adverse effects. In an MRI process, a patient is typically aligned to place the portion of<br />
the patient's anatomy to be examined in the imaging volume of the MRI apparatus. Such<br />
an MRI apparatus typically comprises a primary magnet for supplying a constant<br />
magnetic field (B.sub.0) which, by convention, is along the z-axis and is substantially<br />
homogeneous over the imaging volume and secondary magnets that can provide linear<br />
magnetic field gradients along each of three principal Cartesian axes in space (generally<br />
x, y, and z, or x.sub.1, x.sub.2 and x.sub.3, respectively). As is known to those skilled in<br />
the art, a magnetic field gradient (.DELTA.B.sub.0 /.DELTA.x.sub.i) refers to the<br />
variation of the field with respect to each of the three principal Cartesian axes, x.sub.i.<br />
The MRI apparatus also comprises one or more RF (radio frequency) coils which<br />
provide excitation and detection of the MRI signal. Additionally, or alternatively,<br />
detection coils may be designed into the distal end of a catheter to be inserted into a<br />
patient. When such catheters are employed, their proximal ends are connected to the<br />
receiving signal input channel of the magnetic resonance imaging device. The detected<br />
signal is transmitted along the length of the catheter from the receiving antenna and/or<br />
receiving coil in the distal end to the MRI input channel connected at the proximal end.<br />
Other components of an MRI system are the programmable logic unit and the various<br />
software programs which the programmable logic unit executes. Construction of an<br />
image from the received signals is performed by the software of the MRI system.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06765144__
146<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging devices with a contrast medium for improved imaging<br />
Inventor(s): Talpade; Dnyanesh (Plymouth, MN)<br />
Assignee(s): SciMed Life Systems, Inc. (Maple Grove, MN)<br />
Patent Number: 6,772,000<br />
Date filed: October 19, 2001<br />
Abstract: Described herein is a medical device, such as a catheter or guidewire, which<br />
comprises an elongate body, a MRI imaging sensor and a contrast medium contained<br />
within the medical device, the contrast medium enhancing the MRI image of body<br />
tissue. The contrast medium may be contained or encapsulated in the elongate body, the<br />
imaging sensor, or a reservoir(s) in the elongate body or imaging sensor. The contrast<br />
medium may be, for example, gadolinium or a superparamagnetic contrast medium.<br />
Excerpt(s): The field of the invention is medical devices for magnetic resonance imaging<br />
("MRI") and more specifically, medical devices having a contrast medium for enhancing<br />
MRI images of body tissues and devices. Medical devices are often inserted into the<br />
body of a patient. These medical devices include catheters, guidewires and other<br />
devices. After insertion of the medical device into a patient's body, medical personnel<br />
may use imaging techniques to take images of the body tissue near the medical device.<br />
For example, it may be desirable to insert a catheter having an angioplasty balloon into<br />
the body and then image the blood vessel near the balloon in order to determine the<br />
appropriate placement of the balloon relative to a partial occlusion. Alternatively, one<br />
may want to image the blood vessel after the balloon has treated the partial occlusion in<br />
order to ascertain the effectiveness of the treatment. Commonly used medical devices<br />
are often difficult to see on MRI scans because they fail to produce sufficient contrast<br />
with respect to the surrounding body tissue or structures and/or are too small to be<br />
readily detected. Specifically, this is true for foreign objects such as catheters which are<br />
introduced into the body. U.S. Pat. No. 4,572,198 appreciated this problem and stated<br />
that if the structural portions of the catheter are simply more hydrogenous than the<br />
tissue surrounding the catheter, the catheter is detectable, but a limit is placed on the<br />
available contrast. Because of the electronic noise that they introduce to the imaging<br />
apparatus, additional functional elements such as electrode wires and the like employed<br />
in U.S. Pat. No. 4,572,198 significantly degrade the magnetic resonance image often to<br />
the point of complete image obliteration. If it is usable at all, the resulting image would<br />
be clinically less diagnostic and would make accurate localization of the implanted<br />
catheter difficult if not impossible. This appears at best to be a difficult and tenuous<br />
solution to the problem.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06772000__<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging method and apparatus<br />
Inventor(s): Takahashi; Tetsuhiko (Souka, JP), Takizawa; Masahiro (Kashiwa, JP)<br />
Assignee(s): Hitachi Medical Corporation (Tokyo, JP)<br />
Patent Number: 6,777,934<br />
Date filed: September 5, 2002<br />
Abstract: An MRI apparatus is provided for obtaining an image of a wide area using a<br />
multiple-coil, where a plural number of small receiving coils are arranged such that<br />
adjacent coils overlap spatially. An image is picked up while thinning a part of the
Patents 147<br />
measured data, such that the low spatial frequency region of the k space is dense and<br />
the high spatial frequency region thereof is sparse. The substantial sensitivity<br />
distribution of each small receiving coil is determined using data related to the low<br />
spatial frequency region, and an image is composed using the sensitivity distribution<br />
and the measured data to produce a high resolution image having no aliasing artifact in<br />
a short time.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a nuclear magnetic resonance imaging<br />
(MRI) method and to apparatus for continuously measuring a nuclear magnetic<br />
resonance (hereinafter this is referred to as "NMR") signal obtained from hydrogen or<br />
phosphorus in an object to be examined, and for imaging the density distribution and<br />
relaxation time distribution or the like of a nuclear particle in the object. As a receiving<br />
coil to detect an NMR signal generated from an object in an MRI apparatus, a high<br />
sensitivity coil called a "multiple RF coil" or "phased array coil" has been used in recent<br />
years (Japanese Patent laid open No. 2-500175). A multiple RF coil is a coil dedicated to<br />
signal reception composed of an array of small type RF coils having a relatively high<br />
sensitivity, which is capable of receiving a signal in a wide field of view with high<br />
sensitivity. Various types of multiple RF coils have been proposed, including a static<br />
magnetic field type or a detecting part. In operation, the signals received with the<br />
respective unit coils of this multiple RF coil are combined to produce an image of the<br />
object to be imaged. On the other hand, a method to shorten the imaging time by<br />
thinning out data in the phase encoding direction and using multiple coils has been<br />
proposed, for example, by [4] Daniel K Sodickson and Warren J Manning in an article<br />
entitled "Simultaneous obtainment of spatial harmonics(SMASH): fast imaging with<br />
radio frequency coil arrays", in Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol. 38, pages 591-603,<br />
(1997), and by [5] J.Wang and A.Reykowski in an article entitled "A SMASH/SENSE<br />
related method using ratios of array coil profiles", in ISMRM 99. This kind of technology<br />
is referred to as a space encoding method or parallel MRI. An aliasing artifact in<br />
thinning phase encoded data is removed using the spatial difference between respective<br />
sensitivity distributions of a multiple RF coil. However, for the removal of this aliasing<br />
artifact, a highly accurate calculation using a highly accurate sensitivity distribution of<br />
the RF coil is necessary. This operation is performed in a measurement space (k space) in<br />
the method described in the above literature [4]. And, in the method described in the<br />
literature [5], the operation is performed in real space after Fourier transformation.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06777934__<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging method and apparatus with adherence to SAR limits in<br />
a scan using data from a previous scan<br />
Inventor(s): Brinker; Gerhard (Erlangen, DE), Koellner; Richard (Weisendorf, DE),<br />
Ludwig; Klaus (Nurnberg, DE)<br />
Assignee(s): Siemens Aktiengesellschaft (Munich, DE)<br />
Patent Number: 6,762,605<br />
Date filed: October 28, 2002<br />
Abstract: In a method and apparatus for magnetic resonance imaging with adherence<br />
to SAR limits, a patient is exposed to a radio-frequency pulse sequence via at least one<br />
transmission antenna for the implementation of a measurement and the magnetic<br />
resonance signals that are generated are acquired in a spatially resolved manner via at<br />
least one reception antenna and are further-processed for generating magnetic<br />
resonance images or spectra, with current SAR values for planned parameters of the
148<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
measurement being identified before the implementation of the measurement and the<br />
parameters being modified as needed until the current SAR values lie within the SAR<br />
limits. The determination of the current SAR values ensues employing stored data that<br />
contain the time curve of the RF stressing of the patient during one or more preceding<br />
measurements, as well as information from which the temporal spacing of the RF stress<br />
of the preceding measurements from the planned measurement can be determined.<br />
Better utilization of the performance capability of the magnetic resonance tomography<br />
apparatus is achieved by the patient throughput, which is of particular interest for<br />
economic feasibility, being increased with adherence to the SAR limit values.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method for magnetic resonance<br />
imaging with adherence to SAR limits, wherein a patient is exposed to a radiofrequency<br />
pulse sequence via at least one transmission antenna for the implementation<br />
of a measurement in a magnetic resonance tomography apparatus and the magnetic<br />
resonance signals that are generated are acquired in a spatially resolved manner via at<br />
least one reception antenna and are further-processed for generating magnetic<br />
resonance images or spectra, and wherein current SAR values for planned parameters of<br />
the measurement are identified before the implementation of the measurement and the<br />
parameters are modified as needed until the current SAR values lie within the SAR<br />
limits. The invention also is directed to a magnetic resonance installation for the<br />
implementation of such a method. Magnetic resonance tomography is a known<br />
technique for acquiring images of the inside of the body of an examination subject. For<br />
implementation of magnetic resonance tomography, a basic field magnet generates a<br />
static, relatively homogeneous basic magnetic field. Rapidly switched gradient fields for<br />
location coding that are generated by gradient coils, are superimposed on this basic<br />
magnetic field during the data acquisition for exposure of magnetic resonance images.<br />
Sequences of radio-frequency pulses for triggering magnetic resonance signals are<br />
emitted into the examination subject with one or more radio-frequency transmission<br />
antennas. The magnetic resonance signals occasioned by these radio-frequency pulses<br />
are produced by radio-frequency reception antennas. Tomograms of the inside of the<br />
body of the patient are calculated and displayed on the basis of the magnetic resonance<br />
signals received from the field of view (FoV) under observation, which may cover one or<br />
more body slices of the patient. All body regions from the head to the foot can be<br />
measured in this way by displacement of the patient bed within the magnetic resonance<br />
tomography apparatus. A critical demand in modern magnetic resonance tomography is<br />
the capability for fast imaging. This demand results from economic considerations of<br />
being able to examine as many patients as possible per time interval and due to specific<br />
medical inquiries wherein a fast imaging is required for the examination result. One<br />
example of this is the reduction of motion artifacts due to movement of the patient<br />
during the measurement.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06762605__<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging method and device<br />
Inventor(s): Takahashi; Tetsuhiko (Soka, JP), Yatsui; Yumiko (Abiko, JP)<br />
Assignee(s): Hitachi Medical Corporation (Tokyo, JP)<br />
Patent Number: 6,728,568<br />
Date filed: May 10, 2002<br />
Abstract: In order to improve image quality in MRI using an EPI method without<br />
extending imaging time excessively, reference data is acquired in the absence of
Patents 149<br />
substantial phase encoding gradients by using an EPI sequence in combination with an<br />
echo shift (ETS) method, at times related to the timing of echo signals for image data.<br />
The reference data is used for phase correcting the image data acquired with application<br />
of phase encoding. The reference data can be measured for a single shot, or a few shots,<br />
and used to estimate reference data for the rest of the shots in which imaging data is<br />
acquired.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method<br />
and apparatus, particularly to techniques for removing artifacts in ultra fast MR imaging<br />
methods. An EPI (Echo Planar Imaging) method has been used as a high-speed imaging<br />
method for MRI. In image data derived by the EPI method, a phase errors can be<br />
introduced that causes artifacts. The main sources of such phase error in image data<br />
from the EPI method include non-uniformities in the MRI static magnetic field and eddy<br />
currents caused by the inversion of gradient magnetic field. An ETS (echo time shifting)<br />
technique has been developed to reduce artifacts caused by phase error due to nonuniformities<br />
in the static magnetic field. The ETS method is described in publications<br />
such as "Phase Error Corrected Interlaced Echo Planar Imaging"; Z. H Cho and C. B Ahn<br />
et. al.; Proceedings of Annual Meetings of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in<br />
Medicine (=SMRM), No.912, 1987, and "Phase Error in Multi-Shot Echo Planar Imaging";<br />
David A. Feinberg and Koichi Oshio: Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol.32, 535-539<br />
(1994), etc. These publications pertain to configuring pulse sequences in data<br />
acquisition. Techniques also have been proposed for reducing artifacts due to both nonuniformities<br />
in the static magnetic field and eddy currents generated by inversion of<br />
polarity of gradient magnetic fields. Such techniques seek to compensate phase values of<br />
image data by reference data being acquired to detect turbulence of phase of echo<br />
signals. See, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Heisei 5-68674.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06728568__<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging method and device therefor<br />
Inventor(s): Watanabe; Shigeru (Moriya-machi, JP)<br />
Assignee(s): Hitachi Medical Corporation (Tokyo, JP)<br />
Patent Number: 6,760,611<br />
Date filed: October 29, 2001<br />
Abstract: A plurality of time-series NMR signal groups are obtained before and after<br />
administration of a contrast agent, on an individual image basis, for the same region of<br />
the object. One of the obtained NMR signal group obtained before the administration is<br />
defined as standard data, a plurality of subtracted NMR signal groups are produced by<br />
performing subtraction between the standard NMR signal group and each of the other<br />
NMR signal groups obtained after the administration. The subtracted NMR signal<br />
groups are subjected to weighted-addition or cumulative addition to obtain an MR<br />
angiographic image excellent in contrast throughout the image, in which processes<br />
through which an optimal concentration portion of the contrast agent moves are joined<br />
into a single image.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for magnetic<br />
resonance imaging for obtaining tomograms of desired portions of an object to be<br />
examined using nuclear magnetic resonance (abbreviated as NMR hereinafter). In<br />
particular, it relates to a magnetic resonance imaging method and apparatus capable of<br />
obtaining a desired range of images of excellent quality in minimal time to enable
150<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
visualization of movement in the vascular system. A magnetic resonance imaging<br />
apparatus (abbreviated as MRI apparatus hereinafter) utilizes NMR to measure density<br />
distribution and relaxation time etc. of atomic nuclei in a desired portion of an object to<br />
be examined utilizing NMR and,displays images of desired slices of the object produced<br />
from the measured data. Conventional MRI apparatuses have a blood flow imaging<br />
function called MR angiography (abbreviated as MRA hereinafter). This function<br />
includes a method using a contrast agent and a method using no contrast agent. In a<br />
common method using a contrast agent, a gradient echo type sequence of short TR<br />
(repetition time) is used in combination with a T1-shortening type contrast agent such as<br />
Gd-DTPA. The principle of this method will be explained briefly. In the MRI apparatus,<br />
when excitation by an RF magnetic field is repeatedly performed at a short interval of<br />
several tens of milliseconds for the same area, nuclear spins (sometimes referred to<br />
simply as "spins" hereinafter) included in tissues of the area saturate and, consequently,<br />
the strength of NMR signals (echo signals) obtained therefrom decreases. On the other<br />
hand, blood spins containing a T1 shortening contrast agent are not likely to be<br />
saturated by the repeated excitation of a short TR because the blood spins have a shorter<br />
T1 than those of surrounding tissues, and generate high-strength signals relative to the<br />
surrounding tissues. As a result, blood vessels filled with blood containing a contrast<br />
agent can be visualized with high contrast relative to the other tissues. Utilizing this fact,<br />
NMR measurement of the region is conducted while the contrast agent remains in the<br />
blood, of the region concerned, and the obtained three-dimensional image data are<br />
processed to image the blood vessel.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06760611__<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging method and system<br />
Inventor(s): Van Vaals; Johannes Jacobus (Eindhoven, NL)<br />
Assignee(s): Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Eindhoven, NL)<br />
Patent Number: 6,768,917<br />
Date filed: June 1, 2001<br />
Abstract: A method of forming a magnetic resonance image involves separate<br />
measurement of the position of a measuring site. The magnetic resonance image is<br />
corrected on the basis of the measured position of the measuring site.<br />
Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a magnetic resonance imaging method. In order to<br />
form a magnetic resonance image of an object, the object is arranged in a steady, as<br />
uniform as possible magnetic field. Often only a part of the object is imaged; to this end,<br />
the part of the object to be imaged is then arranged in the steady magnetic field. The<br />
steady magnetic field orients spins in the object to be examined predominantly in the<br />
direction of the steady magnetic field. According to such a magnetic resonance imaging<br />
method, spins in an object to be examined are excited. Relaxation of the excited spins<br />
produces magnetic resonance signals which are acquired. A magnetic resonance image<br />
is reconstructed from the magnetic resonance signals acquired. A magnetic resonance<br />
imaging method of this kind is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,987. The known<br />
magnetic resonance imaging method is dedicated notably to measurement, on the basis<br />
of the magnetic resonance signals, of a temperature distribution in the object to be<br />
examined. The cited United States patent deals with the problems caused by<br />
displacements of the object to be examined. The cited United States patent mentions<br />
notably that the measured temperature distribution may be spoiled by displacement of<br />
the object to be examined. The known magnetic resonance imaging method offers a
Patents 151<br />
rather cumbersome, time-consuming solution to this problem. The known magnetic<br />
resonance imaging method notably necessitates the execution of separate magnetic<br />
resonance excitation sequences for the detection of displacements of the object and for<br />
the measurement of the frequency shift due to variation of the temperature, referred to<br />
as "chemical shift data", respectively. According to the known magnetic resonance<br />
imaging method, such magnetic excitation sequences must both be repeated for<br />
different values of the echo time in the measurement of the chemical shift.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06768917__<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging method with adherence to SAR limits<br />
Inventor(s): Brinker; Gerhard (Erlangen, DE), Renz; Wolfgang (Erlangen, DE)<br />
Assignee(s): Siemens Akiengesellschaft (Munich, DE)<br />
Patent Number: 6,759,847<br />
Date filed: October 11, 2002<br />
Abstract: In a method for magnetic resonance imaging with adherence to SAR limit<br />
values, a patient is charged with a radio-frequency pulse sequence via at least one<br />
transmission antenna for the implementation of a measurement in a magnetic resonance<br />
tomography apparatus, and the magnetic resonance signals that are produced are<br />
acquired in a spatially resolved manner via at least one reception antenna and are<br />
further-processed for producing magnetic resonance images or spectra. SAR values are<br />
determined before the implementation of the measurement on the basis of patient data<br />
and the position of the patient relative to the transmission antenna for planned<br />
parameters of the measurement, and the parameters are modified as needed until the<br />
SAR values lie within the SAR limit values. The position of the patient relative to the<br />
transmission antenna is exactly determined by an imaging magnetic resonance premeasurement.<br />
The method enables adherence to the SAR limit values without having to<br />
take large tolerances into consideration. No additional hardware whatsoever and no<br />
positioning rule for the user are required for the realization of the method.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method for magnetic resonance<br />
imaging with adherence to SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) limit values of the type,<br />
wherein a patient is subjected to a radio-frequency pulse sequence via at least one<br />
transmission antenna for the implementation of a measurement in a magnetic resonance<br />
tomography apparatus, and magnetic resonance signals that are produced are acquired<br />
in a spatially resolved manner via at least one reception antenna and further-processed<br />
for producing magnetic resonance images or spectra, with current SAR values being<br />
determined before the implementation of the measurement on the basis of patient data<br />
and the position of the patient relative to the transmission antenna for planned<br />
parameters of the measurement, and wherein the parameters are modified as warranted<br />
until the current SAR values lie within the SAR limit values. Magnetic resonance<br />
tomography is a known technique for acquiring images of the inside of the body of an<br />
examination subject. For implementation of magnetic resonance tomography, a basic<br />
field magnet generates a static, relatively homogeneous basic magnetic field. Rapidly<br />
switched gradient fields for location coding that are generated by, gradient coils, are<br />
superimposed on this basic magnetic field during the exposure of magnetic resonance<br />
images. Sequences of radio-frequency pulses for triggering magnetic resonance signals<br />
are emitted into the examination subject with one or more radio-frequency transmission<br />
antennas. The magnetic resonance signals produced as a result of these radio-frequency<br />
pulses are received by radio-frequency reception antennas. Tomograms of the inside of
152<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
the body of the patient are calculated and displayed on the basis of the magnetic<br />
resonance signals received from the field of view (FoV) under observation, possibly<br />
covering one or more body slices of the patient. All body regions from the head to the<br />
foot can be measured in this way by displacement of the patient bed within the<br />
magnetic resonance tomography apparatus.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06759847__<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging receiver/transmitter coils<br />
Inventor(s): Misic; George J. (Allison Park, PA)<br />
Assignee(s): Medrad, Inc. (Indianola, PA)<br />
Patent Number: 6,714,013<br />
Date filed: May 20, 2002<br />
Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging receiver/transmitter coil system for providing<br />
images for regions of interest includes a first phased array formed of a plurality of<br />
electrically conductive members and defining an array volume and a second phased<br />
array formed of a second plurality of electrically conductive members and disposed at<br />
least partially within the defined array volume. At least one of the first and second<br />
phased arrays is adapted to apply a magnetic field to the defined array volume. At least<br />
one of the first and second phased arrays is further adapted to receive said applied<br />
magnetic field. The first phased array is extendible to define a further array volume and<br />
is provided with a switch for electrically coupling and decoupling an extension to<br />
effectively extend the length of the first phased array and thereby define the further<br />
array volume. In this manner the length of the first phased array is effectively extended<br />
to approximately twice its unextended length.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of magnetic resonance imaging<br />
(MRI) systems and, more particularly, to coils for use in such systems. It is well known<br />
in the field of MRI systems to provide radio frequency signals in the form of circularly<br />
polarized or rotating magnetic fields having an axis of rotation aligned with a main<br />
magnetic field. It is also well known to use receiving coils to intercept a radio frequency<br />
magnetic field generated by a human subject or an object in the presence of the main<br />
magnetic field in order to provide an image of the human subject or the object.<br />
Receiving coils of this type were formed as volume coils in order to enclose a volume for<br />
receiving a body part such as a leg, arm or hand and intercept the radio magnetic field.<br />
See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,411,270 issued to Damadian and U.S. Pat. No. 4,923,459<br />
issued to Nambu. Additionally, surface receiving coils were developed for this purpose.<br />
The surface receiving coils were placed adjacent a region of interest. For a surface<br />
receiving coil, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,793,356 to Misic et al., for example.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06714013__
• Magnetic resonance imaging using a reduced number of echo acquisitions<br />
Inventor(s): Brown; David Gerald (College Station, TX), McDougall; Mary Preston<br />
(College Station, TX), Wright; Steven M. (College Station, TX)<br />
Assignee(s): The Texas A&M University System (College Station, TX)<br />
Patent Number: 6,771,071<br />
Date filed: November 6, 2002<br />
Patents 153<br />
Abstract: According to one embodiment of the invention, an apparatus for magnetic<br />
resonance imaging is provided. The apparatus includes a detection surface defined by a<br />
plurality of sensors. Each of the sensors is operable to receive image information<br />
concerning a particular portion of a target surface by substantially confining to the each<br />
of the sensors magnetic flux associated with the particular portion of the target surface.<br />
The detection surface is operable to acquire all image information for generating a<br />
magnetic resonance image resembling the target surface by receiving, at the each of the<br />
sensors, a single echo signal from the particular portion of the target surface that<br />
correspondingly underlies the each of the sensors. The magnetic resonance image has a<br />
resolution of at least sixty-four pixels by a number of pixels equal to M. M is an integer.<br />
Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of imagery and more particularly<br />
to magnetic resonance imaging using a reduced number of echo acquisitions. Magnetic<br />
Resonance Imaging ("MRI") is a widely used imaging technique. For example, MRI may<br />
be used to obtain an image of a patient's tumor, lesion, or other internal feature without<br />
performing invasive medical procedures. Recent advances in MRI make possible new<br />
medical procedures, such as magnetic resonance guided intervention procedures and<br />
patient interactive diagnosis. However, the practical application of these procedures<br />
using MRI has been limited because of slow imaging speed. Imaging speed depends on<br />
the number of sensors used to acquire image information and the time required to<br />
perform a required repetition of scans to produce an image of acceptable resolution. A<br />
number of different MRI techniques have been developed to improve imaging speed by<br />
increasing the number of sensors and/or reducing the time of scan repetition by<br />
increasing the rate of scan. However, the points to which these measures may be taken<br />
to improve the overall imaging speed are limited for a number of reasons. For example,<br />
as the number of sensors increases, the difficulty of decoupling the sensors from one<br />
another for independent data collection also increases. Up to sixteen sensors may have<br />
been successfully used to simultaneously acquire image information. As the scan rate is<br />
increased, the probability of bio-hazards, such as unintended neural stimulation and<br />
patient heating due to the pulse power of the radio frequency signal, may also increase.<br />
These limitations have hindered further improvement of imaging speed for MRI.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06771071__<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging using preparation scan for optimizing pulse sequence<br />
Inventor(s): Miyazaki; Mitsue (Otawara, JP), Takai; Hiroshi (Nasu-Gun, JP)<br />
Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba (Tokyo, JP)<br />
Patent Number: 6,781,375<br />
Date filed: August 15, 2002<br />
Abstract: To optimize in advance a desired image quality determining pulse sequence<br />
parameter incorporated in an imaging scan, a preparation scan is adopted. The
154<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
preparation scan is performed with the amount of at least one desired image quality<br />
parameter changed for each of plural preparatory images, so that a plurality of<br />
preparatory images at the desired same region of the object are acquired. For example,<br />
one such image quality parameter is TI (inversion time). The acquired preparatory scan<br />
data are processed into a plurality of preparatory images for display. A desired<br />
preparatory image is then selected from the plural preparatory images displayed, and<br />
the amount of the desired parameter used for that selected preparatory image is then set<br />
for use in the pulse sequence for a complete diagnostic imaging scan. Hence the desired<br />
image quality determining parameter of the pulse sequence is caused to have an<br />
optimum value before an actual complete diagnostic imaging scan.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to magnetic resonance imaging including noncontrast<br />
angiography, that uses a preparation scan to optimize a desired pulse sequence<br />
image quality parameter incorporated in an imaging scan in order to provide improved<br />
quality MR images. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique of applying a<br />
radio-frequency (RF) signal at a Larmor frequency to an object so that nuclear spins<br />
positioned in a static magnetic field are magnetically excited and then reconstructing an<br />
image from MR signals induced in response to the excitation. However, it is not always<br />
true that an MR imaging scan is performed under the best imaging conditions. That is,<br />
an imaging scan is frequently performed under an unfavorable condition where one or<br />
more pulse sequence parameters of the imaging scan, which can significantly influence<br />
MR image of quality, has not been optimized.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06781375__<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging with real-time SNR measurement<br />
Inventor(s): Schirmer; Timo (Munich, DE)<br />
Assignee(s): GE Medical Systems Global Technology Company LLC (Waukesha, WI)<br />
Patent Number: 6,772,940<br />
Date filed: July 15, 2002<br />
Abstract: An apparatus for calculating the real-time SNR of a magnetic resonance<br />
imaging system 10 is provided, including an image processing engine 16 in<br />
communication with the magnetic resonance imaging system 14, said image processing<br />
engine 16 calculating an acquired real-time signal-to-noise ratio 54 for each of a plurality<br />
of real-time images 18 received from the magnetic resonance imaging system 14 and<br />
comparing said acquired real-time signal-to-noise ratios 54 with a reference signal-tonoise<br />
ratio to develop a relative signal-to-noise variance 26, and an audio feedback<br />
device 24 broadcasting an audio signal in response to said relative SNR variance 26.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for<br />
measuring the SNR during magnetic resonance imaging, and more particularly, to a<br />
method and apparatus for real-time SNR measurement during magnetic resonance<br />
imaging. The use of magnetic resonance imaging has expanded from simple diagnostic<br />
imaging into the field of guided surgical imaging. The development of a variety of open<br />
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems has facilitated such usages and has resulted<br />
in an increase in MR guided surgical interventions. Despite the recent improvements in<br />
MR instrumentation, interventional MR imaging often still suffers from low signal-tonoise<br />
ratios (SNR) during some interventional procedures. Open MRI systems can be<br />
particularly susceptible to such low SNRs. A good portion of the SNR restrictions are<br />
often related to the MR system specifications. These portions can often only be
Patents 155<br />
improved by a redesign of the MR system. Often this is not a practical solution. Existing<br />
MR systems can represent a significant investment of capital and therefore may not be<br />
slated for replacement or reconfiguration for some time. Additionally, design and<br />
manufacturing timelines may represent a considerable hurdle for implementation of<br />
improvements to the MR instrumentation. Again, while such design improvements are<br />
desirable and undoubtedly eventual, an approach to improving SNR that can be<br />
implemented on existing systems would be highly valuable.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06772940__<br />
• Method and apparatus for decoupling RF detector arrays for magnetic resonance<br />
imaging<br />
Inventor(s): Lee; Ray Fli (Clifton Park, NY)<br />
Assignee(s): General Electric Company (Niskayuna, NY)<br />
Patent Number: 6,727,703<br />
Date filed: May 17, 2002<br />
Abstract: A radio frequency (RF) detector array assembly for use in a magnetic<br />
resonance imaging (MRI) system comprises at least one RF detector array, wherein the<br />
array has a plurality of RF detector elements for use in simultaneously acquiring radio<br />
frequency (RF) signals from the MRI system, and, a decoupling interface coupled to<br />
each of the plurality of detector elements for decoupling each detector element from the<br />
remaining detector elements. A method for decoupling radio frequency (RF) detector<br />
array elements in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system is provided. The method<br />
comprises the steps of providing at least one RF detector array, wherein the detector<br />
array has a plurality of RF detector elements, and, providing a decoupling interface<br />
coupled to each of the plurality of detector elements for decoupling each detector<br />
element from the remaining detector elements.<br />
Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and<br />
more particularly, to decoupling radio frequency (RF) detector arrays used for MRI.<br />
Generally, MRI is a well-known imaging technique. A conventional MRI device<br />
establishes a homogenous magnetic field, for example, along an axis of a person's body<br />
that is to undergo MRI. This homogeneous magnetic field conditions the interior of the<br />
person's body for imaging by aligning the nuclear spins of nuclei (in atoms and<br />
molecules forming the body tissue) along the axis of the magnetic field. If the orientation<br />
of the nuclear spin is perturbed out of alignment with the magnetic field, the nuclei<br />
attempt to realign their nuclear spins with an axis of the magnetic field. Perturbation of<br />
the orientation of nuclear spins may be caused by application of radio frequency (RF)<br />
pulses. During the realignment process, the nuclei precess about the axis of the magnetic<br />
field and emit electromagnetic signals that may be detected by one or more coils placed<br />
on or about the person. The frequency of the magnetic resonance (MR) signal emitted by<br />
a given precessing nucleus depends on the strength of the magnetic field at the nucleus'<br />
location. As is well known in the art, it is possible to distinguish radiation originating<br />
from different locations within the person's body by applying a field gradient to the<br />
magnetic field across the person's body. For the sake of convenience, direction of this<br />
field gradient may be referred to as the left-to-right direction. Radiation of a particular<br />
frequency may be assumed to originate at a given position within the field gradient, and<br />
hence at a given left-to-right position within the person's body. The application of such a<br />
field gradient is also referred to as frequency encoding.
156<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06727703__<br />
• Method and apparatus for magnetic resonance imaging of arteries using a magnetic<br />
resonance contrast agent<br />
Inventor(s): Prince; Martin R. (2745 Windwood Dr., Apt. 240, Ann Arbor, MI 48105)<br />
Assignee(s): none reported<br />
Patent Number: 6,741,881<br />
Date filed: August 5, 2002<br />
Abstract: The present invention is a technique and apparatus for providing preferential<br />
enhancement of an artery of interest relative to adjacent veins and background tissue by<br />
correlating the collection of a predetermined portion of data of a magnetic resonance<br />
contrast image during the arterial phase of the magnetic resonance contrast<br />
enhancement. The arterial phase of the contrast enhancement may be described as a<br />
period of a maximum, substantially elevated, or elevated contrast concentration in the<br />
artery of interest relative to adjacent veins. The present invention includes a detection<br />
system for monitoring and detecting the arrival of the contrast agent in the artery and<br />
tissues of interest. When the concentration of contrast agent in the artery of the region of<br />
interest is maximum, substantially elevated or elevated (e.g., about 20-50% greater than<br />
the response of the region of interest to a series of magnetic resonance pulses before<br />
administration of a magnetic resonance contrast agent), a predetermined portion of the<br />
magnetic resonance image data (e.g., data which is representative of the center of kspace)<br />
may be acquired. Thus, the present invention facilitates synchronization between<br />
collecting the central portion of k-space image data with the arterial phase of contrast<br />
enhancement. The center of k-space corresponds to the lowest spatial frequency data<br />
which dominates image contrast.<br />
Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of, and apparatus for use in, magnetic<br />
resonance imaging; and more particularly, to contrast agent enhanced magnetic<br />
resonance angiography for examining, detecting, diagnosing, and treating arterial<br />
diseases and injuries, including defining anatomic features relevant to performing aorta<br />
and aortic surgery for aneurysmal disease. Arterial diseases and injuries are common<br />
and often have severe consequences including death. Imaging arteries serves to detect<br />
and characterize arterial disease before these consequences occur as well as defining<br />
anatomic features to assist in performing surgery for aneurysmal disease. A<br />
conventional method of arterial imaging includes inserting a catheter into the artery of<br />
interest (the artery under study) and injecting radiographic contrast, for example, an<br />
iodinated contrast, while taking radiographs of the artery. Radiographs are commonly<br />
referred to as X-rays. In this technique, the contrast remains in the arteries for a few<br />
seconds during which the arteries appear distinct from both the veins and background<br />
tissue in the radiographs.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06741881__
• Method and apparatus for performing neuroimaging<br />
Patents 157<br />
Inventor(s): Allard; Arthur C. (Templeton, MA), Bogdanov; Gene (Manchester, CT),<br />
Ferris; Craig F. (Holden, MA), King; Jean A (Worcester, MA), Ludwig; Reinhold (Paxton,<br />
MA)<br />
Assignee(s): Insight Neuroimaging Systems, Inc. (Worcester, MA)<br />
Patent Number: 6,711,430<br />
Date filed: October 20, 2000<br />
Abstract: The present invention relates to systems and methods of performing magnetic<br />
resonance imaging (MRI) in awake animals. The invention utilizes head and body<br />
restrainers to position an awake animal relative to a radio frequency dual coil system<br />
operating in a high field magnetic resonance imaging system to provide images of high<br />
resolution without motion artifact.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to magnetic resonance imaging, and more<br />
particularly to a method and apparatus for performing functional magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (fMRI) in conscious animals. Human studies utilizing fMRI have advanced our<br />
understanding of the regional and functional interplay between populations of neurons<br />
serving sensory, integrative and motor functions. Changes in neuronal activity are<br />
accompanied by specific changes in hemodynamics such as cerebral blood flow, cerebral<br />
blood volume, and blood oxygenation. Functional MRI has been used to detect these<br />
changes in response to visual stimulation, somatosensory activation, motor tasks, and<br />
emotional and cognitive activity. When the brain is activated by any of these conditions,<br />
the blood flow and delivery of oxygen to the active regions the tissue oxygen uptake<br />
resulting in an increase in blood oxy-hemoglobin (HbO.sub.2) content. The<br />
susceptibility difference between diamagnetic oxy-hemoglobin and paramagnetic<br />
deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb) creates local magnetic field distortions that affect the<br />
processional frequency of the water protons. The consequential change in magnetic<br />
resonance (MR) signal intensity which is proportional to the ratio of HbO.sub.2 to Hb.<br />
These signal-intensity alterations related to blood oxygenation are termed the BOLD<br />
(blood oxygenation-level-dependent) effect. The voxels in paramagnetic Hb content is<br />
decreased are illuminated in the image. While most work on fMRI has been done in<br />
humans, it has been difficult to use this technology in conscious animals because of<br />
motion artifact. As a result, most studies to date have been limited to animals which are<br />
typically anesthetized in order to minimize this problem of motion artifacts. The low<br />
level of arousal during anesthesia either partially or completely suppresses the fMRI<br />
response and has impeded fMRI application to the more physiologically relevant<br />
functions that have been noted in humans.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06711430__<br />
• Method for compensating for effects of object motion in an image<br />
Inventor(s): Stoyle; Peter N R (Malvern, GB)<br />
Assignee(s): QinetiQ Limited (Farnborough, GB)<br />
Patent Number: 6,777,933<br />
Date filed: December 6, 2002<br />
Abstract: A method for compensation for object motion during scan, especially an<br />
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is provided. The method involves taking a first
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data set corresponding to a first focussed image and adding a number of data points to<br />
form a sligthly higher resolution image. The first data set is then used to predict what<br />
the next data points would be. The prediction can be performed in k-space, image space<br />
or in a hybrid space. The predicted data points arm then compared with the actual data<br />
points acquired as a means of determining any displacements. The displacements may<br />
be determined by comparing the phases of the actual and predicted data points and the<br />
k-space data corrected to compensate for any detected motion.<br />
Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of reducing the effects of motion of objects<br />
in an image, in particular to a method of reducing the effects of motion in magnetic<br />
resonance imaging. The invention particularly relates to a method of compensating for<br />
patient motion to produce a focussed image. Magnetic resonance imaging or MRI is a<br />
well known medical imaging technique. In essence the technique relies on the reaction<br />
of the magnetic moments of certain nuclei to applied magnetic fields. Protons and<br />
neutrons, the basic constituents of nuclei, posses magnetic dipole moments. In nuclei<br />
with an even number of protons and an even number of neutrons the net effect is no<br />
residual magnetic moment. However nuclei with uneven atomic number (or uneven<br />
atomic mass) have a net magnetic dipole and hence a magnetic moment. At room<br />
temperature in the absence of an external magnetic field one would expect to find a<br />
random orientation of magnetic moments in a medium. In an MRI imaging system an<br />
intense magnetic field is applied to the area to be imaged. This field is applied in one<br />
direction, conventionally referred to as the z-direction. The effect of the applied field is<br />
to align the magnetic dipoles in the item being imaged. The dipoles do not all line up in<br />
exactly the same way however. The dipoles tend to adopt either an orientation lined up<br />
in the same direction as the field, referred to as parallel, or an orientation where the<br />
dipoles align opposite the field direction, the antiparallel orientation. At room<br />
temperature, due to the parallel state being slightly more energetically favourable,<br />
slightly more nuclei tend to adopt the parallel configuration than the antiparallel<br />
configuration. This results in a net overall magnetic moment for the medium, parallel to<br />
the applied field.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06777933__<br />
• Method of fast and reliable tissue differentiation using diffusion-weighted magnetic<br />
resonance imaging<br />
Inventor(s): Maier; Stephan E. (Brookline, MA), Mulkern, Jr.; Robert V. (Waban, MA)<br />
Assignee(s): Brigham & Womens' Hospital (Boston, MA)<br />
Patent Number: 6,751,495<br />
Date filed: March 30, 2001<br />
Abstract: Quantified differences, such as chi.sup.2 error parameters, between a monoexponential,<br />
logarithmic best fit of a series of line scan diffusion-weighted magnetic<br />
resonance signals taken over a range of b-factors between about 100 and about 5000<br />
sec/mm.sup.2 are obtained. The quantified differences so generated are displayed as an<br />
image wherein the brightness of each pixel depends upon the size of its associated<br />
quantified difference. The resulting image is characterized by high signal to noise ratio<br />
and distinctness between varying tissue types.<br />
Excerpt(s): The invention generally relates to methods for obtaining, processing and<br />
displaying parameters associated with in vivo tissue water diffusion as pathologically<br />
significant images using magnetic resonance imaging. More particularly, the invention
Patents 159<br />
relates to methods for obtaining and processing diffusion weighted output signals from<br />
a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus, and to the fast creation of high definition<br />
images of internal bodily tissue(s) utilizing the so processed magnetic resonance output<br />
signals. Tissue differentiation and localization always have been basic goals of magnetic<br />
resonance imaging. Indeed, the desire to distinguish between normal tissue and tumor<br />
tissue using magnetic resonance imaging techniques was recognized at least thirty<br />
years ago. At that time, it was realized that the spin-lattice, so-called "T1", as well as the<br />
spin-spin, so-called "T2", relaxation parameters are different between normal and<br />
cancerous tissues. Accordingly, by appropriately mapping the various T1 and/or T2<br />
relaxation times determined from magnetic resonance signals of various voxels in an<br />
anatomical slice of interest as relative image amplitudes, it was possible to create images<br />
generally showing the demarcation of tumor tissue from adjacent normal tissue. In the<br />
intervening time period, methods of obtaining T1- or T2-weighted images using<br />
magnetic resonance imaging techniques have improved. In addition, a large amount of<br />
experience has been gained in the in vivo application of these methods in conjunction<br />
with the use of various paramagnetic contrast agents. In fact, the latter methodology has<br />
evolved to the point that presently the use of contrast agent enhanced T1- and/or T2weighted<br />
imaging for the purpose of demarcating tissue boundaries is considered to be<br />
basically conventional. Nevertheless, the determination of tumor margins using this<br />
"conventional" methodology still is not entirely successful.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06751495__<br />
• Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging apparatus<br />
Inventor(s): Biglieri; Eugenio (Masio, IT), Pugliese; Osvaldo (Genoa, IT)<br />
Assignee(s): Esaote, S.p.A. (Casale Monferrato, IT)<br />
Patent Number: 6,720,770<br />
Date filed: May 28, 2002<br />
Abstract: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance imaging apparatus, comprising a unit (1) for<br />
exciting and receiving nuclear spin signals, an electronic driver unit (3) for driving the<br />
devices of the signal exciting and receiving unit, an electronic unit for controlling the<br />
electronic driver units, a unit (6) for processing the received signals, a unit (5) for<br />
displaying the image data processed, a unit (6) for filing and storing the image data, a<br />
unit (4) for entering commands, the said units being formed partially by specific<br />
hardware and partially by a commercial available personal computer running specific<br />
programs, a bidirectional communication bus (7') being further provided for the<br />
communication between the different units, which bus encodes data consistently with<br />
the communication buses normally used to interface computer peripheral devices,<br />
and/or in communication networks, or the like, characterized in that at least one part of<br />
the personal computer hardware is formed by a client computer (30) and part by a<br />
server computer (Server PC) communicating one with the other by means of a<br />
conventional network (7).<br />
Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.sctn. 119 and/or 365 to<br />
IT SV2001A00017 filed in Italy on May 28, 2001; the entire content of which is hereby<br />
incorporated by reference. The invention relates to a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance<br />
imaging apparatus. In document U.S. Pat. No. 6,339,717 B1 a medical examination<br />
system, particularly a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus is disclosed showing the<br />
above described architecture. The apparatus has a host computer unit, a control<br />
computer unit and an image computer unit. The three computer units are integrated in a
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
commercially obtainable personal computer that contains at least two of the said<br />
computers, preferably all three of the said computers. The integrated hardware<br />
architecture is further operated also by a commercially available operating system such<br />
as Windows.RTM. or other kinds of operating systems. Part of the hardware and<br />
specifically, the units for driving the apparatuses specific exciting and receiving units as<br />
well as the analog to digital and digital to analog converters for transforming the digital<br />
control signals in analog signals for controlling the driving units and for transforming<br />
the analog received data in digital data, are housed within the frame of the nuclear<br />
magnetic resonance apparatuses, while the conventional personal computer hardware is<br />
housed in a separated case or console. Thus U.S. Pat. No. 6,339,717 B1 teaches to<br />
separate the said personal computer hardware from the nuclear magnetic resonance<br />
excitation and receipt unit.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06720770__<br />
• Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging using phase encoding with non-linear gradient<br />
fields<br />
Inventor(s): Ganesan; Krishnamurthy (Sugar Land, TX)<br />
Assignee(s): Schlumberger Technology Corporation (Sugar Land, TX)<br />
Patent Number: 6,774,628<br />
Date filed: January 18, 2002<br />
Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention is a method for nuclear magnetic<br />
resonance imaging of an investigation region of formation surrounding a wellbore. The<br />
method comprises the steps of applying a series of magnetic field gradients to phase<br />
encode nuclear spins within the investigation region, wherein the strength of the<br />
magnetic field gradient applied is different from at least one previously applied<br />
magnetic field gradient within the series. Nuclear magnetic resonance signals are<br />
detected from the investigation region resulting from the series of magnetic field<br />
gradients.<br />
Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of wellbore logging and, more particularly,<br />
to a method and apparatus for determining nuclear magnetic resonance logging<br />
characteristics of earth formations surrounding a wellbore, as a function of angular<br />
position about the borehole, either during the drilling of the wellbore or after drilling.<br />
Hydrocarbon fluids, such as oil and natural gas, are obtained from a subterranean<br />
geologic formation, referred to as a reservoir, by drilling a wellbore that penetrates the<br />
hydrocarbon-bearing formation. An understanding of the reservoir physical properties,<br />
often referred to as formation evaluation, is needed to determine the well's productive<br />
capacity, recoverable reserves, size and type of production equipment needed, and<br />
many other issues relating to the well's drilling, completion and production. Specific<br />
reservoir properties that are desired include, for example, porosity, permeability, and<br />
water saturations. Electrical "logging" dates back to 1912, when Conrad Schlumberger<br />
began studying the problem of exploring the underground by means of surface<br />
electrical measurements. Since that time, various types of well logging techniques have<br />
been developed, such as acoustic, temperature, resistivity, nuclear, and gamma-ray<br />
measurement techniques.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06774628__
• Open type magnetic resonance imaging apparatus<br />
Inventor(s): Tsuda; Munetaka (Mito, JP)<br />
Assignee(s): Hitachi Medical Corporation (Tokyo, JP)<br />
Patent Number: 6,748,749<br />
Date filed: March 13, 2002<br />
Patents 161<br />
Abstract: Within upper and lower cryostats for a super conducting magnet level sensors<br />
which measure respective amounts of liquid helium therein are assembled and are<br />
connected to a measuring circuit. When a control signal of a computer is provided to the<br />
measurement circuit via a sequencer, the measurement circuit performs automatic<br />
measurement of a remaining amount of liquid helium and the measured data is<br />
transferred to the computer. The computer records the measured data as well as<br />
performs computation processing thereof and causes a display unit to display the<br />
processing result as an effective management parameter of the liquid helium. Thereby,<br />
an open type MRI apparatus using a super conducting magnet with liquid helium<br />
monitoring system which is suitable for maintenance and management of liquid helium<br />
for the super conducting magnet can be provided.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates an open type magnetic resonance imaging<br />
(hereinafter will be referred to as MRI) apparatus using a super conducting magnet<br />
which does not give a pressing feeling to a person to be inspected and, more specifically,<br />
relates to such MRI apparatus in which maintenance and management of cooling<br />
medium for the super conducting magnet is accurate and easy. An MRI apparatus<br />
which produces a tomographic picture image of a human body by making use of<br />
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) phenomenon is broadly used in medical facilities.<br />
In such MRI apparatus a magnet for generating a uniform static magnetic field in a<br />
space where a person to be inspected is laid is provided. As such static magnetic field<br />
generation magnet, a permanent magnet, a normal conducting magnet and a super<br />
conducting magnet are conventionally used. Among these, application of the super<br />
conducting magnet to the MRI apparatus is widespreading because with the super<br />
conducting magnet a strong static magnetic field can be generated, thereby, a high<br />
speed image taking and a high quality picture image can be realized. As conventional<br />
coils for static magnetic field generation long and narrow cylindrical solenoid coils were<br />
generally used, however, an MRI apparatus having such a magnet structure which<br />
requires a person to be inspected to be laid in a long and narrow space gives the person<br />
to be inspected a pressing feeling and is not appropriate for inspecting such as a<br />
claustrophobia and a child. In contrast thereto, an open type MRI apparatus is in these<br />
days becoming popular in which a pair of magnets generating comparatively low<br />
magnetic field are disposed so as to locate the image taking space therebetween and the<br />
image taking space is opened in which the person to be inspected is laid. Further, for the<br />
magnet in such open type MRI apparatus, in place of the conventional permanent<br />
magnet and normal conducting magnet coils, a development of a magnet in which super<br />
conducting coils are assembled is now advancing.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06748749__
162<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Parallel magnetic resonance imaging techniques using radiofrequency coil arrays<br />
Inventor(s): Sodickson; Daniel K. (Newton, MA)<br />
Assignee(s): Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Inc. (Boston, MA)<br />
Patent Number: 6,717,406<br />
Date filed: March 14, 2000<br />
Abstract: Advanced processing techniques can be used to enhance the robustness,<br />
efficiency, and quality of several parallel imaging techniques, such as SMASH, SENSE<br />
and subencoding. Specifically, a magnetic resonance image is formed by measuring RF<br />
signals in an array of RF coils, and tailoring a set of spatial harmonic functions to form a<br />
set of tailored spatial harmonics that are adjusted for variations in at least one of<br />
angulation of an image plane, field of view, and coil sensitivity calibration. The<br />
harmonics may be tailored by selecting automatically a subset of the set of spatial<br />
harmonic functions, adjusting the set of spatial harmonic functions by a function not<br />
equal to 1, to adjust for sensitivity variations along a phase encode direction, and/or<br />
performing separate spatial harmonic fits of the coil sensitivities at different spatial<br />
positions to the set of tailored spatial harmonics. The magnetic resonance image may<br />
also be formed by generating a set of encoding functions representative a spatial<br />
distribution of receiver coil sensitivities and spatial modulations corresponding to the<br />
gradient encoding steps, transforming the set of encoding functions to generate a new<br />
set of functions representative of distinct spatial positions in the image, and applying<br />
the new set of functions to a set of MR signals to form the magnetic resonance image.<br />
Matrices inverted during the process of forming the magnetic resonance image may be<br />
conditioned by thresholding the eigenvalues of the matrix prior to inversion.<br />
Excerpt(s): This invention relates to magnetic resonance imaging and, more<br />
particularly, to a method and corresponding apparatus for capturing and providing<br />
MRI data suitable for use in a multi-dimensional imaging processes. Magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (MRI) is a well known method of non-invasively obtaining images<br />
representative of internal physiological structures. In fact, there are many commercially<br />
available approaches and there have been numerous publications describing various<br />
approaches to MRI. Although MRI will be described herein as applying to a person's<br />
body, it may be applied to visualize the internal structure of other objects as well, and<br />
the invention is not limited to application of MRI in a human body. A plurality of<br />
surface coils 20a, 20b. 20i may be provided to simultaneously acquire NMR signals for<br />
simultaneous signal reception, along with corresponding signal processing and<br />
digitizing channels.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06717406__<br />
• Patient transport system for multiple imaging systems<br />
Inventor(s): Josephson; Sean S. (Brookfield, WI), Kerwin; Edward M. (New Berlin, WI),<br />
Park; Mary A. (New Berlin, WI), Subirana; Jason I. (New Berlin, WI)<br />
Assignee(s): GE Medical Systems (Waukesha, WI)<br />
Patent Number: 6,782,571<br />
Date filed: November 30, 2001<br />
Abstract: A patient transport system for transporting a patient from a magnetic<br />
resonance imaging system to a second imaging system includes an elongated member
Patents 163<br />
and first and second coupling mechanisms. The elongated member has an upper surface<br />
configured to support a patient. The first coupling mechanism is coupled to the<br />
elongated member and is configured to removably couple the elongated member to the<br />
magnetic resonance imaging system. The second coupling mechanism is coupled to the<br />
elongated member and is configured to removably couple the elongated member to a<br />
second imaging system.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to imaging systems and imaging<br />
techniques. More specifically, the present invention relates to patient transport systems<br />
for multiple imaging systems. Currently, patients and objects can be imaged using a<br />
wide variety of different imaging technologies. Such imaging technologies can include<br />
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computer tomography (CT), x-ray imaging, and<br />
others. Each imaging technology has unique advantages and disadvantages in imaging<br />
certain types of physiological or physical characteristics. As an example, x-ray images of<br />
human patients have excellent spatial and temporal resolution and, therefore, show<br />
features such as coronary arteries with extreme clarity. MRI images provide excellent<br />
soft tissue contrast with no exposure to ionizing radiation. MRI images also provide<br />
three-dimensional image acquisition. One advantage of x-ray images is that they can<br />
show vessels which are too small to be seen on MRI images.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06782571__<br />
• Retracting MRI head coil<br />
Inventor(s): Gyori; Matthias (Brookfield, WI), Jevtic; Jovan (West Allis, WI), Menon;<br />
Ashok (Milwaukee, WI), Mercier; Matthew J. (Menomonee Falls, WI), Seeber; Derek<br />
(Wauwatosa, WI), Zwolinski; Steven M. (Brookfield, WI)<br />
Assignee(s): IGC-Medical Advances, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI)<br />
Patent Number: 6,762,606<br />
Date filed: November 22, 2002<br />
Abstract: A head coil for magnetic resonance imaging may be shortened longitudinally<br />
to provide for better access by a patient. Extension of the coil may be performed after the<br />
positioning of the patient's head significantly simplifying patient positioning with<br />
respect to the coil. A portion of a conductor support sliding over the patient's head<br />
removable to allow endotracheal tubes or the like to remain undisturbed.CROSS-<br />
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS<br />
Excerpt(s): The field of the invention is magnetic resonance imaging, and in particular<br />
local coils for using in magnetic resonance imaging of the head. Magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (MRI) provides images, for example, of a human patient, by detecting faint<br />
signals from precessing hydrogen protons under the influence of a strong magnetic field<br />
and after a radio frequency excitation. The quality of the image produced by MRI is<br />
strongly dependent on the strength of the received signal. For this reason, it is known to<br />
use radio frequency receiving coils placed in close proximity to the area being imaged.<br />
Such coils are called local coils.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06762606__
164<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• RF surface resonator for a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus<br />
Inventor(s): Leussler; Christoph Guenther (Hamburg, DE), Zahn; Daniel (Hamburg, DE)<br />
Assignee(s): Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Eindhoven, NL)<br />
Patent Number: 6,710,598<br />
Date filed: July 16, 2002<br />
Abstract: The invention relates to an RF surface resonator (RF coil) for transmitting<br />
and/or receiving circularly polarized electromagnetic waves, which resonator is<br />
intended in particular for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) apparatus in which a<br />
basic magnetic field (vertical field) that extends perpendicularly through an object to be<br />
examined and a circularly polarized RF field are generated. Various steps are proposed<br />
so as to achieve a desired variation of the field strength in the radial direction as well as<br />
in the direction of circulation. These steps concern the selection of the number, the shape<br />
and the length of radially extending conductor structures (30x, 31x, 32x, 33x; 40x, 41x,<br />
42x, 43x) as well as of conductor loops (310 to 390; 410 to 490) for the return current, the<br />
shape of RF shields (12, 13), and the insertion of capacitive elements (Cix, Cax) between<br />
the conductor structures and the conductor loops on the one side and a reference<br />
potential on the other side, and also capacitive elements (Clx) in the conductor<br />
structures and/or conductor loops. Finally, a desirable variation of the field strength can<br />
also be achieved by the separation of parts of the surface resonator by means of diodes<br />
(Dx) that can be switched.<br />
Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an RF surface resonator (RF coil) for transmitting<br />
and/or receiving circularly polarized electromagnetic waves, notably for magnetic<br />
resonance imaging apparatus (MRI apparatus) in which a basic magnetic field (vertical<br />
field) that extends perpendicularly through an object to be examined and a circularly<br />
polarized RF field are generated, and also relates to an MR apparatus that is provided<br />
with such an RF surface resonator. In MRI apparatus of this kind the basic magnetic<br />
field is generated generally between two pole plates wherebetween an examination<br />
zone, for example for a patient, is situated. The basic magnetic field extends through a<br />
patient essentially in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis thereof (generally<br />
speaking, vertically) so that, as opposed to imaging apparatus with a tubular<br />
examination space in which the basic magnetic field extends in the direction of the<br />
longitudinal axis of the patient, the patient remains suitably accessible from practically<br />
all sides, that is, also during image acquisition; in particular it is also possible to carry<br />
out interventional examinations. Systems of this kind, therefore, are also referred to as<br />
open MR systems or open MR imaging apparatus. In order to generate an adequately<br />
strong and homogeneous basic magnetic field it is advantageous to keep the distance<br />
between the pole plates as small as possible. On the other hand, in order to avoid<br />
deterioration of the accessibility of the examination zone that is situated between the<br />
pole plates and of the patient comfort, an as large as possible distance is required;<br />
however, such a large distance may give rise to an inhomogeneous field. Therefore, as<br />
flat as possible (or at least flattish) RF conductor structures (surface resonators) are used<br />
to generate the RF field as well as to detect MR relaxation events; these structures are<br />
arranged over the pole plates and as near as possible thereto (or on an RF shield).<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06710598__
• System combining proton beam irradiation and magnetic resonance imaging<br />
Patents 165<br />
Inventor(s): Bucholz; Richard D. (St. Louis, MO), Miller; D. Douglas (St. Louis, MO)<br />
Assignee(s): St. Louis University (St. Louis, MO)<br />
Patent Number: 6,725,078<br />
Date filed: January 4, 2001<br />
Abstract: A system which coordinates proton beam irradiation with an open magnetic<br />
resonance imaging (MRI) unit to achieve near-simultaneous, noninvasive localization<br />
and radiotherapy of various cell lines in various anatomic locations. A reference image<br />
of the target aids in determining a treatment plan and repositioning the patient within<br />
the MRI unit for later treatments. The patient is located within the MRI unit so that the<br />
target and the proton beam are coincident. MRI monitors the location of the target.<br />
Target irradiation occurs when the target and the proton beam are coincident as<br />
indicated by the MRI monitoring. The patient rotates relative to the radiation source.<br />
The target again undergoes monitoring and selective irradiation. The rotation and<br />
selective irradiation during MRI monitoring repeats according to the treatment plan.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to systems for localization and radiotherapy of<br />
various cell lines in various anatomic locations. In particular, this invention relates to a<br />
system which coordinates proton beam irradiation with an open magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (MRI) unit to achieve near-simultaneous, noninvasive localization and<br />
radiotherapy of various cell lines in various anatomic locations by maintaining<br />
coincidence between the target and the proton beam. Proton beam irradiation therapy<br />
treats tumors found in selected locations that are not subject to significant physiologic<br />
motion. Examples of such tumors include prostatic cancer, spinal chordomas, and<br />
certain retinal or orbital tumors. The proton beam generated by a medical cyclotron has<br />
similar biological activity for the destruction of tumors as standard radiation therapy<br />
techniques to target a fixed tumor site with minimal radiotoxicity to the surrounding<br />
normal tissues. Because protons of a specific energy have a specific penetration depth,<br />
adjusting the specific energy of the protons manipulates the distance the proton beam<br />
travels into the patient. Because protons deposit most of their energy at the end of the<br />
penetration depth, the highest concentration of radiation occurs in the area around the<br />
penetration depth. This area is known as the Bragg peak of the proton beam. The<br />
focused delivery of protons to a fixed site permits the radiotherapy of tumors or the<br />
destruction of tissue causing functional problems. However, tumors and tissue located<br />
in organs subject to significant physiologic motion cannot be treated without significant<br />
collateral radiotoxicity. There is a need for a system which allows proton beam delivery<br />
to a target subject to significant physiologic motion that minimizes the collateral damage<br />
to the surrounding normal tissues.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06725078__<br />
• Systems and methods for achieving a recovery of spins of nuclei<br />
Inventor(s): Asano; Kenji (Tokyo, JP), Kosugi; Susumu (Tokyo, JP)<br />
Assignee(s): GE Medical Systems Global Technology Company, LLC (Waukesha, WI)<br />
Patent Number: 6,771,069<br />
Date filed: July 9, 2002
166<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Abstract: The present invention aims at making it possible to successfully achieve fast<br />
recovery during magnetic resonance imaging in which the fast spin echo technique<br />
combined with the inversion recovery technique is implemented. A 180.degree. x pulse<br />
is applied in order to excite spins. Thereafter, when an inversion time TI has elapsed, a<br />
90.degree. x pulse is applied in order to excite the spins. Thereafter, when a half of a<br />
time esp has elapsed, a 180.degree. y pulse is applied in order to excite the spins.<br />
Thereafter, when the time esp has elapsed, the 180.degree. y pulse is applied an odd<br />
number of times in order to sequentially excite the spins. Thereafter, when a half of the<br />
time esp has elapsed, the 90.degree. x pulse is applied in order to excite the spins.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a spin exciting method, a magnetic<br />
resonance imaging method, and a magnetic resonance imaging system. More<br />
particularly, the present invention relates to a spin exciting method, a magnetic<br />
resonance imaging method, and a magnetic resonance imaging system for performing<br />
magnetic resonance imaging according to a fast spin echo (FSE) technique combined<br />
with an inversion recovery (IR) technique. In a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)<br />
system, a subject of imaging is carried into a bore of a magnet system, that is, an<br />
imaging space in which a static magnetic field is created. Magnetic field gradients and a<br />
radio-frequency magnetic field are applied to the subject in order to excite spins in the<br />
subject. Consequently, a magnetic resonance signal is induced, and an image is<br />
reconstructed based on the signal received. A sequence of exciting spins so as to induce<br />
a magnetic resonance signal and receiving the signal is repeated at predetermined<br />
intervals of a repetition time TR. The TR is often set to a time long enough for the<br />
excited spins to recover to exhibit an original longitudinal magnetization. When an<br />
imaging time must be shortened, the TR is set to a short time and spins are forcibly<br />
recovered. The forcible recovery of spins is achieved with additional excitation. This<br />
technique is referred to as fast recovery.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06771069__<br />
• Systems and methods for simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics<br />
Inventor(s): Lee; Ray Fli (Niskayuna, NY)<br />
Assignee(s): General Electric Company (Niskayuna, NY)<br />
Patent Number: 6,781,374<br />
Date filed: May 27, 2003<br />
Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method is described. The method<br />
includes simultaneously acquiring partial radial backprojection signals from a<br />
cylindrical array of m detectors surrounding an object, generating, in a k-space,<br />
additional backprojection signals with decimated b-fold backprojection steps. The<br />
generating includes producing 2-dimensional (2D) spatial harmonics to replace the<br />
decimated b-fold backprojection steps. The producing includes assuming that a sum of<br />
weighted sensitivity profiles of at least one of the detectors is a function of an angle<br />
between a vector k and an axis k.sub.x of the k-space and a function of a radius of a<br />
cylindrical surface formed by the array of detectors. The angle is an angle along which<br />
reconstruction of an image of the object is performed.<br />
Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to magnetic resonance imaging systems and<br />
methods and more particularly to radially simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics<br />
(radial SMASH) systems and methods. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a<br />
technique that is capable of providing three-dimensional imaging of an object. An MRI
Patents 167<br />
system includes a main magnet that provides a magnetic field, gradient coils and radio<br />
frequency (RF) coils, which are used for spatial encoding, exciting and detecting nuclei<br />
of the object for imaging. The object to be imaged is positioned in a homogeneous field<br />
region located in an air space between poles of the magnet. The gradient coils and the<br />
RF coils are typically located external to the object to be imaged and inside the geometry<br />
of the main magnet. One technique for decreasing imaging time has concentrated on<br />
increasing speed of sequential scanning of a k-space in which the object is located and<br />
thus acquisition of MR data by reducing intervals between scanned lines in a slice of the<br />
object. Two recent techniques, SMASH technique in a time domain or the k-space and<br />
Sensitivity Encoded (SENSE) technique in a frequency domain, changes such sequential<br />
data acquisition into a partially parallel process by using an array of detectors, thereby<br />
reducing scan time as compared to the sequential data acquisition technique. In the<br />
SMASH and SENSE techniques, it is recognized that the data sampled below the<br />
Nyquist sampling rate can be recovered if sensitivity profiles of the detectors of the<br />
array can provide enough spatial information to either interpolate the data in the time<br />
domain or unwrap the data in the frequency domain. The SMASH technique uses a<br />
numerical fitting routine to interpolate a decimated number of phase encoding steps<br />
and thus, achieve reductions in scan time. There is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,728.<br />
However, in the SMASH and SENSE techniques, a maximum aliasing fold that can be<br />
unwrapped is limited to the number of detectors in the array.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06781374__<br />
• Vascular stent with composite structure for magnetic reasonance imaging capabilities<br />
Inventor(s): Alt; Eckhard (Ottobrunn, DE), Kuhling; Michael (Munich, DE),<br />
Scheuermann; Torsten (Munich, DE)<br />
Assignee(s): Inflow Dynamics Inc. (Springfield, VA)<br />
Patent Number: 6,767,360<br />
Date filed: February 8, 2001<br />
Abstract: A stent is adapted to be implanted in a duct of a human body to maintain an<br />
open lumen at the implant site, and to allow viewing body tissue and fluids by<br />
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) energy applied external to the body. The stent<br />
constitutes a metal scaffold. An electrical circuit resonant at the resonance frequency of<br />
the MRI energy is fabricated integral with the scaffold structure of the stent to promote<br />
viewing body properties within the lumen of the stent.<br />
Excerpt(s): Interventional cardiology, interventional angiology and other interventional<br />
techniques in cardiovascular and other vessels, ducts and channels of the human body<br />
have demonstrated marked success in recent years. Studies of interventions in the<br />
treatment of acute myocardial infarction (MI), for example, indicate the effectiveness of<br />
primary angioplasty. Implantation of coronary stents has improved the outcome of such<br />
interventional treatment. For example, these results are described in an article in the<br />
Journal of American College of Cardiology 2000, 36: 1194-1201. Stents are being<br />
implanted in increasing numbers throughout the world to treat heart and cardiovascular<br />
disease, and are also coming into greater use outside strictly the field of cardiology. For<br />
example, other vascular interventions utilizing stents which are proving to be of equal<br />
importance to use in cardiology include stenting of the carotid, iliac, renal, and femoral<br />
arteries. Moreover, vascular intervention with stents in cerebral circulation is exhibiting<br />
quite promising results, especially in patients suffering acute stroke. Stents are<br />
implanted in vessels, ducts or channels of the human body to act as a scaffolding to
168<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
maintain the patency of the vessel, duct or channel lumen. A drawback of stenting is the<br />
body's natural defensive reaction to the implant of a foreign object. In many patients, the<br />
reaction is characterized by a traumatic proliferation of tissue as intimal hyperplasia at<br />
the implant site, and, where the stent is implanted in a blood vessel such as a coronary<br />
artery, formation of thrombi which become attached to the stent. Each of these adverse<br />
effects contributes to restenosis--a re-narrowing of the vessel lumen--to compromise the<br />
improvements that resulted from the initial re-opening of the lumen by implanting the<br />
stent. Consequently, a great number of stent implant patients must undergo another<br />
angiogram, on average about six months after the original implant procedure, to<br />
determine the status of tissue proliferation and thrombosis in the affected lumen. If renarrowing<br />
has occurred, one or more additional procedures are required to stem or<br />
reverse its advancement.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06767360__<br />
• Vitronectin receptor antagonist pharmaceuticals<br />
Inventor(s): Harris; Thomas D. (Salem, NH), Rajopadhye; Milind (Westford, MA)<br />
Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharma Company (Princeton, NJ)<br />
Patent Number: 6,743,412<br />
Date filed: September 7, 2001<br />
Abstract: The present invention describes novel compounds of the formula:(Q).sub.d --<br />
L.sub.n --C.sub.h,useful for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, methods of imaging<br />
tumors in a patient, and methods of treating cancer in a patient. The present invention<br />
also provides novel compounds useful for monitoring therapeutic angiogenesis<br />
treatment and destruction of new angiogenic vasculature. The present invention further<br />
provides novel compounds useful for imaging atherosclerosis, restenosis, cardiac<br />
ischemia, and myocardial reperfusion injury. The present invention still further<br />
provides novel compounds useful for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The<br />
pharmaceuticals are comprised of a targeting moiety that binds to a receptor that is<br />
upregulated during angiogenesis, an optional linking group, and a therapeutically<br />
effective radioisotope or diagnostically effective imageable moiety. The imageable<br />
moiety is a gamma ray or positron emitting radioisotope, a magnetic resonance<br />
imaging contrast agent, an X-ray contrast agent, or an ultrasound contrast agent.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention provides novel pharmaceuticals useful for the<br />
diagnosis and treatment of cancer, methods of imaging tumors in a patient, and<br />
methods of treating cancer in a patient. The pharmaceuticals are comprised of a<br />
targeting moiety that binds to the vitronectin receptor that is expressed in tumor<br />
vasculature, an optional linking group, and a therapeutically effective radioisotope or<br />
diagnostically effective imageable moiety. The therapeutically effective radioisotope<br />
emits a gamma ray or alpha particle sufficient to be cytotoxic. The imageable moiety is a<br />
gamma ray or positron emitting radioisotope, a magnetic resonance imaging contrast<br />
agent, an X-ray contrast agent, or an ultrasound contrast agent. Cancer is a major public<br />
health concern in the United States and around the world. It is estimated that over 1<br />
million new cases of invasive cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 1998. The<br />
most prevalent forms of the disease are solid tumors of the lung, breast, prostate, colon<br />
and rectum. Cancer is typically diagnosed by a combination of in vitro tests and<br />
imaging procedures. The imaging procedures include X-ray computed tomography,<br />
magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging and radionuclide scintigraphy.<br />
Frequently, a contrast agent is administered to the patient to enhance the image
Patents 169<br />
obtained by X-ray CT, MRI and ultrasound, and the administration of a<br />
radiopharmaceutical that localizes in tumors is required for radionuclide scintigraphy.<br />
Treatment of cancer typically involves the use of external beam radiation therapy and<br />
chemotherapy, either alone or in combination, depending on the type and extent of the<br />
disease. A number of chemotherapeutic agents are available, but generally they all<br />
suffer from a lack of specificity for tumors versus normal tissues, resulting in<br />
considerable side-effects. The effectiveness of these treatment modalities is also limited,<br />
as evidenced by the high mortality rates for a number of cancer types, especially the<br />
more prevalent solid tumor diseases. More effective and specific treatment means<br />
continue to be needed.<br />
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06743412__<br />
Patent Applications on Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing. 9 Applications are<br />
patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take<br />
several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000<br />
relating to magnetic resonance imaging:<br />
• Ablation therapy using chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging<br />
Inventor(s): Leigh, John S. JR.; (Philadelphia, PA), Roberts, David A.; (Bryn Mawr, PA),<br />
Rosen, Mark A.; (Bala Cynwyd, PA)<br />
Correspondence: Nath & Associates Pllc; Sixth Floor; 1030 15th Street, N.W.;<br />
Washington; DC; 20005; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040166062<br />
Date filed: February 21, 2003<br />
Abstract: The present invention relates to novel methods for direct visualization of the<br />
distribution of therapeutic agents, such as acetic acid, in the tissue of an animal, utilizing<br />
chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Said methods are particularly useful<br />
for percutaneous chemical ablation procedures to provide an optimal dosage of<br />
chemical ablation agent such as acetic acid to target tissues such as tumors, and for<br />
limiting damage to surrounding tissues.<br />
Excerpt(s): U.S. Pat. No. 4,687,658, issued Aug. 18, 1987 to Quay, discloses the use of<br />
homologs of Diester-DTPA-Paramagnetic compounds (such as dimethyl acetyl<br />
diethylene triamine triacetic acid) as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging<br />
(MRI). U.S. Pat. No. 5,799,059, issued Aug. 25, 1998 to Stembridge, et al., discloses a<br />
transparent phantom apparatus for monitoring patient support table movements during<br />
computer assisted tomography (CAT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The<br />
phantom is made of a hollow straight tube of transparent material filled with air or a<br />
liquid, wherein for CAT scan systems, the liquid may optionally have distilled water<br />
with a few drops of weak acetic acid as an algicide, and for MRI the liquid may<br />
optionally have a contrast enhancer which is preferably a copper sulfate solution.<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html<br />
9 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
170<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Apparatus and method for use in medical imaging<br />
Inventor(s): Bonutti, Peter M.; (Effingham, IL)<br />
Correspondence: Paul D. Bianco: Fleit, Kain, Gibbons,; Gutman, Bongini, & Bianco P.L.;<br />
601 Brickell Key Drive, Suite 404; Miami; FL; 33131; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040133097<br />
Date filed: September 18, 2003<br />
Abstract: The present invention relates to a magnetic resonance imaging system that<br />
includes a stationary electromagnet, a patient support for maintaining a patient in a<br />
standing or seated position, and an actuator for raising and lowering the patient relative<br />
to a magnetic field of the electromagnet such that the patient is located within the<br />
magnetic field.<br />
Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/118,665, filed Jul.<br />
17, 1998. The aforementioned application Ser. No. 09/118,665 is itself a divisional of<br />
application Ser. No. 08/455,074, filed May 31, 1995. The aforementioned application Ser.<br />
No. 08/455,074 is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/221,848, filed Apr. 1, 1994, now<br />
U.S. Pat. No. 5,577,503. The aforementioned application Ser. No. 08/221,848 is itself a<br />
divisional of application Ser. No. 07/802,358, filed Dec. 4, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No.<br />
5,349,956. The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for use in medical<br />
imaging. More particularly, the present invention relates to apparatus and method for<br />
positioning a patient and/or a secondary imaging coil inside a primary imaging coil. In<br />
magnetic resonance imaging, a patient is placed inside a coil (the "primary" coil) which<br />
is large enough in diameter to receive the patient while he is lying prone on a table<br />
slidable into and out of the coil. A selected portion of the patient is then imaged by the<br />
use of electromagnetic radiation from the primary coil.<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html<br />
• Artifact removal from an electric signal<br />
Inventor(s): Rantala, Tor Borje; (Helsinki, FI), Uutela, Kimmo Henrik; (Helsinki, FI),<br />
Virtanen, Juha Petri; (Helsinki, FI)<br />
Correspondence: Andrus, Sceales, Starke & Sawall, Llp; 100 East Wisconsin Avenue,<br />
Suite 1100; Milwaukee; WI; 53202; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040135571<br />
Date filed: November 26, 2003<br />
Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for suppressing interference<br />
in an electric signal, particularly for suppressing interference in an electrocardiogram<br />
(ECG) signal in connection with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In order to<br />
improve the accuracy of the suppression, the electric signal is first sampled at a high<br />
sampling frequency, whereby a first sequence of samples is obtained. Some of the<br />
samples in the first sequence of samples are then selected on the basis of predetermined<br />
criteria. The first sequence is then downsampled using the selected samples, whereby a<br />
second sequence of samples is obtained. The second sequence forms a digital<br />
presentation of the electric signal in which the interference is suppressed.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for<br />
suppressing or removing artifacts from an electric signal. The term "artifact" here refers<br />
to interference which has a certain structure and is therefore not noise-like random
Patents 171<br />
interference. The invention is intended especially for medical technology to eliminate<br />
artifact components from an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal in connection with<br />
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but the method can be applied to any systems in<br />
which an artifact component similar to the one caused by an MRI device to an ECG<br />
signal is superimposed on a useful signal. Artifact components are typically caused by<br />
sources which are external to the apparatus receiving the useful signal. As is known,<br />
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a technique used for getting images of a body<br />
without the use of X-rays. In MRI, the patient is placed within a rapidly changing<br />
magnetic field created by the MRI device. Radio waves are simultaneously transmitted<br />
to the patient, and images of the interior of the body are obtained by means of a<br />
computer analysis of the radio waves received from the patient. During the imaging, the<br />
condition of the patient is constantly monitored. This includes the monitoring of the<br />
ECG signal of the patient, for example. One drawback related to the monitoring is that<br />
the intense magnetic fields of the imaging device induce interference with the ECG<br />
signal of the patient. This interference, which is termed here an artifact, is short-termed<br />
and strong, and appears very frequently.<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html<br />
• Bioactivated diagnostic imaging constrast agents<br />
Inventor(s): Dumas, Stephane; (Cambridge, MA), Dunham, Stephen O.; (Madison, NJ),<br />
Lauffer, Randall B.; (Brookline, MA), McMurry, Thomas J.; (Winchester, MA), Parmelee,<br />
David J.; (Belmont, MA), Scott, Daniel M.; (Acton, MA)<br />
Correspondence: Fish & Richardson P.C.; 3300 Dain Rauscher Plaza; 60 South Sixth<br />
Street; Minneapolis; MN; 55402; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040156785<br />
Date filed: January 16, 2004<br />
Abstract: The present invention relates to improved diagnostic agents for Magnetic<br />
Resonance Imaging and optical imaging. In particular, this invention relates to MRI and<br />
optical imaging agents that allow for the sensitive detection of a specific bioactivity<br />
within a tissue. These agents are prodrug contrast agents which are bioactivated in vivo<br />
in the presence of the specific bioactivity. This invention also relates to pharmaceutical<br />
compositions comprising these agents and to methods of using the agents and<br />
compositions comprising the agents.<br />
Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.<br />
08/823,643, filed Mar. 25, 1997, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application<br />
No. 60/014,448, filed Apr. 1, 1996. This invention relates to improved diagnostic agents<br />
for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and optical imaging. These agents permit the<br />
sensitive detection of a specific bioactivity within a tissue. This invention also relates to<br />
pharmaceutical compositions comprising these agents and to methods of using the<br />
agents and compositions comprising the agents. Diagnostic imaging techniques, such as<br />
MRI, x-ray imaging, nuclear radiopharmaceutical imaging, ultraviolet/visible/infrared<br />
light imaging, and ultrasound imaging, have been used in medical diagnosis for a<br />
number of years.<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
172<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Brain therapy<br />
Inventor(s): Atalar, Ergin; (Columbia, MD), Berger, Ronald D.; (Baltimore, MD), Calkins,<br />
Hugh; (Baltimore, MD), Halperin, Henry R.; (Pikesville, MD), Lardo, Albert; (Baldwin,<br />
MD), Lima, Joao; (Timonium, MD), McVeigh, Elliot R.; (Potomac, MD)<br />
Correspondence: Foley Hoag, Llp; Patent Group, World Trade Center West; 155 Seaport<br />
Blvd; Boston; MA; 02110; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040167392<br />
Date filed: March 2, 2004<br />
Abstract: A method of performing brain therapy may include placing a subject in a main<br />
magnetic field, introducing into the subject's brain a combination imaging and<br />
therapeutic probe, the probe including a magnetic resonance imaging antenna and an<br />
electrical energy application element, acquiring a first magnetic resonance image from<br />
the antenna of the combination probe, acquiring a second magnetic resonance image<br />
from a surface coil, combining the first and second magnetic resonance images to<br />
produce a composite image, positioning the combination probe within the brain with<br />
guidance from at least one of the images, and delivering electrical energy to the brain<br />
from the electrical energy application element of the combination probe thus positioned.<br />
Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.<br />
09/428,990, filed Oct. 29, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,701,176 B1, which claims the benefit<br />
of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/106,965, filed Nov. 4, 1998. The<br />
aforementioned applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their<br />
entireties. The invention relates in general to ablation and electrophysiologic diagnostic<br />
and therapeutic procedures, and in particular to systems and methods for guiding and<br />
providing visualization during such procedures. Atrial fibrillation and ventricular<br />
tachyarrhythmias occurring in patients with structurally abnormal hearts are of great<br />
concern in contemporary cardiology. They represent the most frequently encountered<br />
tachycardias, account for the most morbidity and mortality, and, despite much progress,<br />
remain therapeutic challenges.<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html<br />
• Circular pole piece and MRI system<br />
Inventor(s): Inoue, Yuji; (Tokyo, JP)<br />
Correspondence: Patrick W. Rasche; Armstrong Teasdale Llp; One Metropolitan Square,<br />
Suite 2600; ST. Louis; MO; 63102; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040160297<br />
Date filed: February 11, 2004<br />
Abstract: The object of the present invention is to minimize the residual magnetic<br />
induction in a circular pole piece included in a magnetic circuit for magnetic resonance<br />
imaging. A circular pole piece is divided into two portions, that is, a center portion and<br />
a marginal portion. A soft magnetic material that exhibits a high permeability (for<br />
example, 10000 or more) with a relatively small external magnetic field (for example,<br />
ranging from 20 A/m to 60 A/m) applied thereto is adopted as a soft magnetic material<br />
to be made into a center-portion laminate block. A soft magnetic material that exhibits a<br />
high permeability (for example, 6000 or more) with a relatively large external magnetic<br />
field (for example, ranging from 50 A/m to 150 A/m) applied thereto is adopted as a
Patents 173<br />
soft magnetic material to be made into a marginal-portion laminate block 103b.<br />
Consequently, since the residual magnetic induction in the circular pole piece can be<br />
minimized, the degradation in image quality attributable to a residual magnetic<br />
induction can be prevented.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a circular pole piece included in a magnetic<br />
circuit for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and an MRI system. More particularly,<br />
the present invention relates to a circular pole piece capable of minimizing a residual<br />
magnetic induction and an MRI system employing the circular pole piece. The soft<br />
magnetic material tiles are made of, for example, a silicon steel sheet and exhibit a<br />
hysteresis. Therefore, after a magnetic field gradient is applied to the circular pole piece,<br />
a residual magnetic induction occurs in the circular pole piece. The magnetic induction<br />
varies depending on a change in the magnetic field gradient. However, when the<br />
residual magnetic induction in the circular pole piece varies, it affects an image. In the<br />
past, efforts have been made to devise a pulse sequence that is effective in suppressing<br />
the adverse effect (refer to, for example, Patent Document 2).<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html<br />
• Combination magnetic resonance imaging apparatus and patient table<br />
Inventor(s): Contrada, Orfeo; (Genova, IT), Satragno, Luigi; (Genova, IT)<br />
Correspondence: Burns Doane Swecker & Mathis L L P; Post Office Box 1404;<br />
Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040162480<br />
Date filed: November 20, 2003<br />
Abstract: A combination Magnetic Resonance imaging apparatus and patient table,<br />
which apparatus has a magnet structure, defining a cavity for accommodating a part of<br />
the body under examination, which is supported by a base block, the patient table and<br />
the apparatus having a base block and a supporting structure respectively, that are<br />
slidable in at least one, or more directions. The patient table and the Magnetic<br />
Resonance imaging apparatus have a mechanism for removable connection<br />
therebetween and guide thereof along predetermined relative displacement paths.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to Italian Application No.<br />
SV2002A000057 filed Nov. 28, 2002, the entire disclosure of which is herein expressly<br />
incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to a combination Magnetic<br />
Resonance imaging apparatus and patient table, which apparatus has a magnet<br />
structure, a cavity for accommodating a part of the body under examination, which is<br />
supported by a base block. The patient table and the apparatus have a base block and a<br />
supporting structure respectively, that are slidable in at least one, and possibly more<br />
directions. Such combinations are used in prior art and are provided in a number of<br />
different variants. Typically, a Magnetic Resonance imaging apparatus, including at<br />
least the magnet structure for exciting and receiving Magnetic Resonance signals, is<br />
fitted on a carriage whereto the magnetic structure is linked by combinations of arms,<br />
saddles, carriages, joints and rotary supports to allow the magnetic structure to be<br />
positioned coincident with the anatomic regions of the patient, who lies on a reclining<br />
chair, table/chair or table.<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
174<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• CONDUCTION COOLED PASSIVELY-SHIELDED MRI MAGNET<br />
Inventor(s): HUANG, Xianrui; (Clifton Park, NY), LASKARIS, Evangelos; (Schenectady,<br />
NY), OGLE, Michele Dollar; (Burnt Hills, NY)<br />
Correspondence: Foley And Lardner; Suite 500; 3000 K Street NW; Washington; DC;<br />
20007; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040119472<br />
Date filed: December 23, 2002<br />
Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) device for imaging a volume is<br />
provided with at least one main magnet for generating a magnetic field, and at least one<br />
gradient coil for manipulating the magnetic field generated by the at least one main<br />
magnet to image the volume. The magnetic fields generated by the at least one gradient<br />
coil are substantially unshielded.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to magnetic resonance imaging<br />
(MRI) devices, and more particularly to MRI devices including at least one gradient coil<br />
for manipulating the magnetic field generated by the MRI magnet, wherein the<br />
magnetic fields generated by the gradient coil are substantially magnetically unshielded.<br />
MRI devices are widely used in the medical community as a diagnostic tool for imaging<br />
items such as tissue and bone structures. Conventional MRI devices are described, for<br />
example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,782; 5,285,181; and 5,304,934 which are all incorporated<br />
by reference herein in their entirety. When the gradient coils 50 in the bore of the MRI<br />
device 10 are electrically pulsed, the resulting time changing magnetic flux in any of the<br />
electrically conducting cylinders surrounding the gradient coils induces eddy currents.<br />
These eddy currents in turn produce their own magnetic fields which degrade the<br />
quality of the desired gradient field in space and time. A second set of gradient coils 60<br />
(i.e., shield gradient coils) in the magnet bore compensate for the aggressive pulse<br />
sequences which are routinely used in MR imaging today. These shield gradient coils 60<br />
set up fields which counteract those of the main gradient coil 50 in the region outside of<br />
the shield coil 60, thus greatly reducing any mutual inductance with conducting<br />
members, such as the thermal shields, and minimizing the resultant eddy currents. The<br />
present inventors have found that, in a typical implementation, the shield coils 60<br />
generally cancel about 50% of the magnetic field produced by the gradient coils 50.<br />
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• Eddy current correction method and magnetic resonance imaging apparatus<br />
Inventor(s): Uetake, Nozomu; (Tokyo, JP)<br />
Correspondence: Patrick W. Rasche; Armstrong Teasdale Llp; Suite 2600; One<br />
Metropolitan Square; ST. Louis; MO; 63102; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040155655<br />
Date filed: February 5, 2004<br />
Abstract: For the purpose of conducting optimal eddy current correction within a<br />
limited output range, a corrective value for eddy current correction for a gradient<br />
magnetic field is calculated (501-505), if the calculated value does not exceed a<br />
predetermined upper limit value, correction is conducted on the gradient magnetic field<br />
using the calculated value (507, 521, 525), and if the calculated value exceeds the<br />
predetermined upper limit value, a plurality of gradient magnetic fields affected by
Patents 175<br />
eddy current are simulated using a plurality of candidate corrective values not greater<br />
than the upper limit value (507-517), and correction is conducted on the gradient<br />
magnetic field using a candidate corrective value by which a relatively optimal gradient<br />
magnetic field can be obtained (519-525).<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an eddy current correction method and<br />
magnetic resonance imaging apparatus, and more particularly to a method of<br />
correcting an effect by eddy current on a gradient magnetic field, and a magnetic<br />
resonance imaging apparatus comprising eddy current correcting means. In a magnetic<br />
resonance imaging apparatus, a corrective signal is appended to a gradient magnetic<br />
field signal to correct an effect by eddy current on a gradient magnetic field generated<br />
by a gradient magnetic field generating apparatus (for example, see Patent Document 1).<br />
The appending of the corrective signal for correcting eddy current of short time constant<br />
is sometimes referred to as pre-emphasis. This term is derived from a technique of,<br />
allowing for weakening of the waveform of an effective gradient magnetic field due to<br />
an effect by eddy current, emphasizing the waveform beforehand. However, the preemphasis<br />
sometimes cannot be done as required because of the output limit of a<br />
gradient power supply or the like, so that it becomes impossible to perform the eddy<br />
current correction properly.<br />
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• Enhanced relaxivity monomeric and multimeric compounds<br />
Inventor(s): Pillai, Radhakrishna; (Kendall Park, NJ), Ranganathan, Ramachandran S.;<br />
(Princeton, NJ), Ratsep, Peter C.; (Hamilton Square, NJ), Shukla, Rajesh; (Lawrenceville,<br />
NJ), Tweedle, Michael F.; (Princeton, NJ), Zhang, Xun; (Kendall Park, NJ)<br />
Correspondence: Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel Llp; Intellectual Property<br />
Department; 919 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10022; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040131551<br />
Date filed: December 19, 2003<br />
Abstract: Metal chelates capable of exhibiting an immobilized relativity between about<br />
60 and 200 mM.sup.-1s.sup.-1/metal atom are useful as magnetic resonance imaging<br />
agents. Additionally, a compound which is useful as a metal-chelating ligand has the<br />
following formula: 1whereinQ is a 4- to an 8-membered carbocyclic ring which may be<br />
fully or partially saturated;t is an integer from 2 to 16;each R group is independently<br />
hydrogen, --OH, --CH.sub.2-A, --OCH.sub.2CH(OH)CH.sub.2-A or a functional group<br />
capable of forming a conjugate with a biomolecule, provided that at least two of the R<br />
groups are selected from --CH.sub.2-A or --OCH.sub.2CH(OH)CH.sub.2-A; andA is a<br />
moiety capable of chelating a metal atom.<br />
Excerpt(s): In accordance with the present invention, novel monomeric and multimeric<br />
compounds having enhanced relaxivities are provided. These compounds are useful, for<br />
example, as metal-chelating ligands. The compounds are also useful in the form of metal<br />
complexes as diagnostic contrast agents. When the metal in the complex is<br />
paramagnetic, the diagnostic contrast agents are especially suitable for magnetic<br />
resonance imaging (MRI). or a salt or multimeric form thereof. Listed below are<br />
definitions of various terms used in the description of this invention. These definitions<br />
apply to the terms as they are used throughout this specification, unless otherwise<br />
limited in specific instances, either individually or as part of a larger group.<br />
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176<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Ferromagnetic object detector<br />
Inventor(s): Keene, Mark Nicholas; (Malvern, GB)<br />
Correspondence: Mcdonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff Llp; 300 S. Wacker Drive;<br />
32nd Floor; Chicago; IL; 60606; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040135687<br />
Date filed: November 12, 2003<br />
Abstract: An apparatus for detecting ferromagnetic objects in the vicinity of a magnetic<br />
resonance imaging scanner. The apparatus comprises primary sensor means adapted to<br />
measure a magnetic field, arranged in communication with signal processing means<br />
configured to identify temporal variations in the measured magnetic field due to the<br />
movement of a ferromagnetic object within an ambient magnetic field and to provide an<br />
output indicative of the presence of a ferromagnetic object in the vicinity of the primary<br />
sensor means. The apparatus further comprises secondary, non-magnetic, sensor means<br />
adapted to detect the movement of objects in the vicinity of the primary sensor means in<br />
order to reduce false alarms. The output from the signal processing means may be used<br />
to operate an audible alarm, a visual alarm, an automatic door lock or a physical barrier.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus for detecting ferromagnetic<br />
objects and in particular to a device for detecting the presence of ferromagnetic objects<br />
in the vicinity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners. Most major hospitals<br />
have rooms for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners. These scanners have a<br />
large magnet that is usually superconducting and produces a very high magnetic field<br />
up to several Tesla within the bore of the MRI scanner. The magnetic field strength<br />
outside of the magnet falls rapidly with distance creating very large magnetic field<br />
gradients in the surrounding room. Any ferromagnetic metal object in the vicinity of the<br />
magnet will experience a force attracting it towards the magnet. The force exerted by the<br />
magnet may be sufficiently strong to accelerate an unrestrained ferromagnetic object<br />
towards the MRI scanner, where it will come to rest in or near to the bore of the MRI<br />
scanner. This is called the projectile effect or missile effect and it can be very dangerous<br />
and damaging. Large ferromagnetic metal objects undergoing the projectile effect can<br />
enter the bore of the MRI scanner with sufficient kinetic energy to injure a patient or<br />
damage the MRI machine extensively. Furthermore, such objects may be impossible to<br />
remove from the bore without switching the magnetic field off. It can take over a week<br />
to restore the field and the down-time can be expensive for the hospital.<br />
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• Flow imaging using balanced phase contrast steady state free precession magnetic<br />
resonance imaging<br />
Inventor(s): Alley, Marcus; (Palo Alto, CA), Markl, Michael; (Palo Alto, CA), Pelc,<br />
Norbert J.; (Los Altos, CA)<br />
Correspondence: Beyer Weaver & Thomas Llp; P.O. Box 778; Berkeley; CA; 94704-0778;<br />
US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040113613<br />
Date filed: December 11, 2002
Patents 177<br />
Abstract: A novel technique for velocity measurements (PC-SSFP) is disclosed that<br />
combines CINE Phase Contrast (PC) MRI and balanced Steady State Free Precession<br />
(SSFP) imaging. Flow encoding is performed without the introduction of additional<br />
velocity encoding gradients in order to permit data acquisition with short TR<br />
comparable to repetition times of typical SSFP imaging sequences. Sensitivity to through<br />
plane velocities is instead established by inverting (i.e. negating) all gradients along the<br />
slice select direction. Velocity sensitivity (venc) can be adjusted by altering the first<br />
moments of the slice select gradients. Disturbances of the SSFP steady state are avoided<br />
by acquiring different flow echoes in consecutively (i.e. sequentially) executed scans,<br />
each over several cardiac cycles, using separate steady state preparation periods.<br />
Comparison of phantom measurements with those from established 2D-CINE-PC MRI<br />
excellent correlation between both modalities. Results of volunteer examinations exhibit<br />
advantages of PC-SSFP, which include the intrinsic high signal to noise ratio (SNR) of<br />
balanced SSFP and consequently low phase noise in measured velocities. An additional<br />
benefit of PC-SSFP is its lower reliance on in-flow dependent signal enhancement,<br />
therefore yielding more uniform SNR and better depiction of vessel geometry<br />
throughout the whole cardiac cycle in structures with slow and/or pulsatile flow.<br />
Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and<br />
more particularly, the invention relates to flow imaging using a phase contrast Steady<br />
State Free Precession MRI sequence. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) requires<br />
placing an object to be imaged in a static magnetic field, exciting nuclear spins in the<br />
object within the magnetic field, and then detecting signals emitted by the excited spins<br />
as they precess within the magnetic field. Through the use of magnetic gradient and<br />
phase encoding of the excited magnetization, detected signals can be spatially localized<br />
in three dimensions. Investigation of blood flow in the heart and vessels can provide<br />
insight in the function of the cardiovascular system. Magnetic resonance imaging with<br />
multidirectional CINE velocity mapping can be used to study relationships between<br />
aortic and left ventricular blood flow patterns and the geometry of the thoracic aortic<br />
aneurysms and grafts. Recognizable altered flow patterns were found to be associated<br />
with altered vessel geometry. The results of velocity mapping of aortic wall motion as<br />
well as pulse wave velocities can be combined with distensibility and stiffness index in<br />
order to find potential correlations of these parameters.<br />
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• Magnetic pole magnet device using the magnetic pole, and magnetic resonance<br />
imaging apparatus<br />
Inventor(s): Kakugawa, Shigeru; (Hitachi, JP), Sakakiba, Kenji; (Kashiwa, JP),<br />
Takeshima, Hirotaka; (Ryugasaki, JP), Wadayama, Yoshihide; (Hitachioka, JP), Yatsuo,<br />
Takeshi; (Kashiwa, JP)<br />
Correspondence: Mattingly, Stanger & Malur, P.C.; 1800 Diagonal Road; Suite 370;<br />
Alexandria; VA; 22314; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040124839<br />
Date filed: January 15, 2004<br />
Abstract: The present invention is intended to provide a magnetic pole, a magnet<br />
apparatus, and a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus that the magnetic structure of<br />
the magnet apparatus for generating a uniform magnetic field is formed in a lower burst<br />
mode, and the profitability is increased, and at the same time, the uniformity of the<br />
magnetic field is improved.According to the present invention, the magnetic poles
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
arranged opposite to each other across a measuring space have at least one of a plurality<br />
of hollows and a single hollow having a shape continuously changing on the section<br />
perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field formed in the measuring space and<br />
particularly in order to make the magnetic field uniform, the arrangement of the<br />
plurality of hollows and the shape of the single hollow are adjusted. The magnet<br />
apparatus and magnetic resonance imaging apparatus of the present invention are<br />
structured as mentioned above.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new magnetic pole, a magnet apparatus<br />
using it, and a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus. In recent years, in the field of a<br />
nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) apparatus, an MRI apparatus using the socalled<br />
open type magnet that static magnetic field generation sources are arranged<br />
opposite to each other vertically or horizontally across a scanning space is underdevelopment.<br />
Such an MRI apparatus has a sufficient open character, permits the socalled<br />
IVR (interventional radiology), and greatly expands medical possibilities. It is<br />
essential for a magnet for an MRI apparatus to produce a uniform static magnetic field<br />
of several ppm in a scanning space. The method for making the magnetic field of the<br />
scanning space uniform is broadly divided into two ways such as a method for using a<br />
plurality of coils and optimizing the arrangement thereof and a method for using the socalled<br />
magnetic pole and optimizing the surface shape thereof.<br />
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• Magnetic resonance imaging apparatus and image processing method<br />
Inventor(s): Takahashi, Tetsuhiko; (Chiba, JP), Yatsui, Yumiko; (Chiba, JP)<br />
Correspondence: Antonelli, Terry, Stout & Kraus, Llp; 1300 North Seventeenth Street;<br />
Suite 1800; Arlington; VA; 22209-9889; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040135577<br />
Date filed: October 7, 2003<br />
Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging apparatus having control means for fetching a<br />
plurality of image data and obtaining an image by a calculation. The control means<br />
performs an unwrap processing to a plurality of regions for removing a main value of a<br />
phase rotation amount so as to obtain a distribution diagram of a phase rotation amount<br />
caused by magnetostatic unevenness, obtains a plurality of evaluation values based on<br />
the phase value between a plurality of regions, selects a desired evaluation values based<br />
on the phase value from the plurality of evaluation values, and adjusts the phase values<br />
between the regions in accordance with the desired evaluation value.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus<br />
(hereinafter referred to as MRI apparatus); and, more particularly, the invention relates<br />
to a technique for accurately obtaining a water/fat separated image of each of two or<br />
more island-like regions included in one image. When a magnetic resonance imaging<br />
apparatus is used to obtain an image, images showing the contrast between various<br />
tissues can be obtained by changing parameters of the time of echo (TE), the time of<br />
repetition (TR), and performing image calculations. The methods of obtaining an image<br />
having the contrast include the Dixon method. The Dixon method is a method of<br />
obtaining a water/fat separated image by utilizing the phase change of water MR<br />
signals and fat MR signals in one region. Recently, in clinical settings, opportunities of<br />
imaging both right and left crural regions at the same time, or of imaging a transverse<br />
cross section of brain-basilar region of head, or of imaging a coronal cross-section of
Patents 179<br />
abdomen are increasing in diagnosing from the water/fat separated image. A<br />
conventional technique of accurately obtaining a water/fat separated image when the<br />
imaging region is separated into a plurality of island-like portions since an object to be<br />
examined includes a plurality of spatially-separated portions, or an object includes<br />
portions without signals, such as air is disclosed in "A New Two-Dimensional Phase<br />
Unwrapping Algorithm for MRI Images"; M. Hedley and D. Rosenfeld; Magnetic<br />
Resonance in medicine, Vol.24, 177-181 (1992). According to this technique, when there<br />
are two island-like regions, only the phases of the points of the first region and the<br />
second region closest to each other are simply compared. However, since, with the<br />
above technique, it is difficult to obtain a desired image of a portion where there is a<br />
local rapid change of phases, or where the island-like regions are greatly separated, the<br />
water image and the fat image cannot be separated, and portions where the water<br />
signals are extracted and portions where the fat signals are extracted are mixed up in<br />
one image.<br />
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• Magnetic resonance imaging apparatus and method incorporating multi-mode<br />
gradient coil unit<br />
Inventor(s): Sakakura, Yoshitomo; (Tokyo, JP)<br />
Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye, PC; 1100 N Glebe Road; 8th Floor; Arlington; VA;<br />
22201-4714; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040150402<br />
Date filed: December 24, 2003<br />
Abstract: A gradient coil or shield coil includes a first gradient coil part and a second<br />
gradient coil part having at least one different characteristic of (a) intensity of gradient<br />
magnetic field, (b) slew rate, (c) linearity and/or (d) changing rate of the magnetic field<br />
(as compared to characteristics of the first gradient coil part. In another aspect, a<br />
gradient coil includes a first portion close to a center of the gradient coil, a second<br />
portion which is outside of the first portion and which has a lower winding density than<br />
the first portion and a third portion which is outside of the second portion and which<br />
has a higher winding density than the second portion.<br />
Excerpt(s): This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from prior<br />
Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-381384 filed on Dec. 27, 2002, and Japanese Patent<br />
Application No. 2003-205734 filed on Aug. 4, 2003, the entire contents of which are both<br />
hereby incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates generally to<br />
magnetic resonance imaging apparatus and method incorporating a multi-mode<br />
gradient coil unit. In magnetic resonance phenomenon, a group of nuclei with a<br />
magnetic moment are placed in a homogeneous static magnetic field. The nuclei absorb<br />
energy from a high frequency (RF) magnetic field rotating at a specific (Larmor)<br />
frequency, and emit the absorbed energy as an NMR response after the high frequency<br />
(RF) magnetic field is removed. In order to create an image of chemical or physical<br />
information in a living body using such a phenomenon, it is necessary to find the spatial<br />
position where the magnetic resonance response signal is created, and 2-Dimensional<br />
Fourier Transform (2DFT) method is common. By the 2DFT method, first, a high<br />
frequency (RF) pulse is imposed together with a gradient magnetic field for slice<br />
selection. Only nuclei in a specific slice volume is selectively exited, and a transverse<br />
relaxation magnetization of nuclei is generated. When a gradient magnetic field for<br />
phase encoding is impressed after the high frequency (RF) pulse, although the
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
magnetization rotates at a frequency related to the magnetic field at a particular spatial<br />
position, even after the magnetic field is removed, the difference of the frequency is kept<br />
as a phase difference. While the gradient magnetic field for frequency encoding is<br />
impressed, the received nuclei magnetic resonance (NMR) response signal (echo signal)<br />
that is created from the transverse relaxation magnetization and that is picked up by a<br />
high frequency (RF) coil is amplified by a first amplifier, and is sampled by an analogdigital<br />
converter to output a digital signal. When the magnetization rotates at a<br />
frequency according to the magnetic field at the spatial location provided by the<br />
gradient magnetic field pulse for frequency encoding, the difference of the frequency is<br />
reflected in the frequency of the NMR echo signal. A plurality of echo signals are<br />
collected by repeatedly changing the phase encoding in successive such procedures.<br />
When Fourier transformation is performed on the collected echo signal f(t) along a<br />
frequency encoding axis, a projection F(.omega.x) along the spatial X-axis is obtained.<br />
When Fourier transformation is performed on the projection F(.omega.x) along a phase<br />
encoding axis, a spatial distribution F(.omega.x,.omega.y) of the chemical or physical<br />
information in the living body is obtained. Thus, the gradient magnetic field pulse is<br />
used for encoding spatial position information in the NMR echo signal.<br />
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• Magnetic resonance imaging apparatus and static magnetic field generating device<br />
used therefor<br />
Inventor(s): Miyawaki, Shouichi; (Chiba, JP), Takeuchi, Hiroyuki; (Chiba, JP), Tsuda,<br />
Munetaka; (Ibaraki, JP), Yoshino, Hitoshi; (Chiba, JP)<br />
Correspondence: Antonelli, Terry, Stout & Kraus, Llp; 1300 North Seventeenth Street;<br />
Suite 1800; Arlington; VA; 22209-9889; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040113620<br />
Date filed: September 11, 2003<br />
Abstract: An MRI apparatus having an open structure includes a static magnetic field<br />
generating magnet including magnetic field generating sources arranged above and<br />
below an imaging space and magnetic field fluctuation reducing plates arranged inside<br />
the magnet. Gradient magnetic field coils are fixed to the static magnetic field<br />
generating magnet so as to not be in contact with the magnetic field fluctuation reducing<br />
plates. When the strength of the magnetic field generated by the static magnetic field<br />
generating magnet fluctuates due to vibration of the gradient magnetic field coils or<br />
other devices during an imaging operation of the MRI apparatus, an eddy current is<br />
generated on the magnetic field fluctuation reducing plates in response to the magnetic<br />
field fluctuation components. Magnetic flux which cancels the static magnetic field<br />
fluctuation components is generated due to this eddy current, and consequently, a timesequentially<br />
stable static magnetic field can be obtained.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a magnetic resonance imaging (hereinafter<br />
referred to as MRI) apparatus; and, more particularly, the invention relates to an MRI<br />
apparatus and a static magnetic field generating device for use therein, in which an<br />
open-type magnet, which will not give an oppressive feeling to an object to be<br />
examined, is employed, and in which the magnetic field stability in the examination<br />
space during operation of the apparatus is improved. An MRI apparatus for obtaining a<br />
tomogram of a human body utilizing the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)<br />
phenomenon is used widely as a means for performing a diagnostic medical procedure.<br />
The MRI apparatus requires a static magnetic field generating device for generating a
Patents 181<br />
static magnetic field having a uniform magnetic field strength in the space where an<br />
object to be examined is inserted (hereinafter referred to as an examination space or<br />
imaging space) so as to accurately show an image of the inside structure of an examined<br />
portion of the object. Since a uniform static magnetic field can be obtained within a<br />
solenoid coil having an infinite length, many of the static magnetic field generating<br />
devices used in an MRI apparatus employ a magnet structure, including a solenoid coil<br />
having a long, narrow cylindrical shape for generating a magnetic field with high<br />
strength and high uniformity in a space having a predetermined size, and a shim<br />
mechanism for further improving the magnetic field stability of the static magnetic field<br />
generated by the solenoid coil.<br />
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• Magnetic resonance imaging capable catheter assembly<br />
Inventor(s): Gray, Robert W.; (Rochester, NY), Helfer, Jeffrey L.; (Webster, NY), Weiner,<br />
Michael L.; (Webster, NY)<br />
Correspondence: Howard J. Greenwald P.C.; 349 W. Commercial Street Suite 2490; East<br />
Rochester; NY; 14445-2408; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040116800<br />
Date filed: February 19, 2003<br />
Abstract: A catheter assembly which is provided with a distally positioned magnetic<br />
resonance imaging coil, comprising a cable assembly having a proximal end and a<br />
distal end, the cable assembly further comprising an outer tube, a first electronics<br />
assembly disposed within the distal end of the cable assembly, a first fiber optic strand<br />
disposed within the tube, and connected to the first electronic assembly; and a tip<br />
assembly connected to the distal end of the cable assembly further comprising a thin<br />
structural wall forming a cavity, and a coil assembly disposed within the cavity. The<br />
catheter assembly enables high resolution magnetic resonance imaging of tissue<br />
proximate to the assembly, as well as other beneficial diagnostic and therapeutic<br />
procedures.<br />
Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. provisional patent<br />
application Serial No. 60/357,935 filed Feb. 19, 2002. This invention relates in one<br />
embodiment to a catheter assembly, and more particularly to a catheter assembly that<br />
includes the capability to perform magnetic resonance imaging. A catheter assembly<br />
which is provided with a distally positioned magnetic resonance imaging coil, thereby<br />
enabling high resolution magnetic resonance imaging of tissue proximate to the<br />
assembly.<br />
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182<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Magnetic resonance imaging screening method and apparatus<br />
Inventor(s): Avrin, William F.; (San Diego, CA), Burnett, Lowell J.; (El Cajon, CA),<br />
Czipott, Peter V.; (San Diego, CA), Kumar, Sankaran; (San Marcos, CA), Massengill, R.<br />
Kemp; (Leucadia, CA), McClure, Richard J.; (San Diego, CA), Wolff, Stephen; (San<br />
Diego, CA)<br />
Correspondence: Gerald W Spinks; P. O. Box 2467; Bremerton; WA; 98310; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040147833<br />
Date filed: October 7, 2003<br />
Abstract: A method and apparatus to screen individuals specifically for paramagnetic or<br />
ferromagnetic objects they may be carrying or wearing, before they enter the high-field<br />
region of an MRI suite. The device comprises either a screening portal or a compact,<br />
hand-held magnetic gradiometer and its electronics. The device places all of the sensor<br />
arrays in close proximity to all parts of a subject's body, for screening purposes.<br />
Excerpt(s): This application relies upon U.S. Provisional Pat. App. No. 60/440,697, filed<br />
Jan. 17, 2003, for "Method and Apparatus to Use Magnetic Entryway Detectors for Pre-<br />
MRI Screening", and U.S. Provisional Pat. App. No. 60/489,250, filed Jul. 22, 2003, for<br />
"Ferromagnetic Wand Method and Apparatus for Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Screening". The present invention is in the field of methods and apparatus used to<br />
prevent the presence of paramagnetic or ferromagnetic objects near a magnetic<br />
resonance imaging (MRI) system. Paramagnetic and ferromagnetic objects are highly<br />
unsafe near MRI systems, because the strong magnetic gradients caused by MRI<br />
magnets exert a strong force on such objects, potentially turning them into dangerous<br />
missiles. Several accidents, some fatal, are known to have occurred as the result of<br />
someone inadvertently carrying such an object into the MRI room. Current MRI safety<br />
practices rely on signage and training to prevent people from taking such objects into<br />
the MRI chamber. There is currently no known technical means in use to prevent the<br />
accidental transportation of such objects into the MRI chamber, or even to warn of such<br />
an occurrence.<br />
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• Magnetic resonance imaging system and methods for the detection of brain iron<br />
deposits<br />
Inventor(s): Alsop, David Charles; (Newton, MA), Alyassin, Abdalmajeid Musa;<br />
(Niskayuna, NY), Cline, Harvey Ellis; (Schenectady, NY), Lorensen, William Edward;<br />
(Ballston Lake, NY), Schenck, John Frederick; (Voorheesville, NY)<br />
Correspondence: General Electric Company; Global Research; Patent Docket RM. BLDG.<br />
K1-4a59; Schenectady; NY; 12301-0008; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040102692<br />
Date filed: November 27, 2002<br />
Abstract: A method and system for detecting iron using magnetic resonance imaging<br />
(MRI) is provided. The method comprises acquiring magnetic resonance (MR) images<br />
by a selected pulse sequence to enhance brain iron deposits using a MRI system having<br />
a substantially high magnetic field strength and characterizing regions of interest within<br />
the MR images having statistically relevant quantities of iron deposits to indicate a<br />
given disease.
Patents 183<br />
Excerpt(s): The invention relates to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and image<br />
processing methods. More particularly, the invention relates to detection of brain iron<br />
deposits using MRI and image processing techniques. It has been known for some time<br />
that specific regions of the brain contain deposits of iron in a storage pool consisting of<br />
iron atoms in a mineral matrix associated with and largely surrounded by associated<br />
proteins. The total complex of mineralized iron and proteins is referred to as ferritin or<br />
in other cases as hemosiderin. It has also been recognized that these deposits are to some<br />
extent capable of being visualized on MR images because of the tendency of the<br />
magnetized iron atoms to alter the local magnetic field and to thereby to reduce the MR<br />
signal from protons in water molecules and other compounds in their vicinity of the<br />
iron deposits. This effect is referred to as iron-dependent shortening of the local T2<br />
relaxation time. It is known that this effect is more prominent and more easily observed<br />
at higher magnetic field strengths. However, this imaging phenomenon has not been<br />
widely used for diagnostic purposes because of the difficulty in making diagnostic<br />
inferences due to the limited sensitivity of standard MR scanners and the complex and<br />
irregular shapes of the affected brain regions. Consequently, there is a need for an<br />
invention to improve the sensitivity of MR imaging to the presence of brain iron<br />
deposits and to improve the methods of analysis of the MR images to detect diseaserelated<br />
changes. One urgent need in neurology is an imaging method capable of<br />
detecting abnormal deposits in the brain, such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary<br />
tangles, which are associated with Alzheimer's disease and related diseases. It is known<br />
that iron in the form of ferritin or related proteinaceous compounds is often associated<br />
with these deposits. Although these deposits are often too small to be imaged as<br />
individual structures within the brain by MRI, the presence of several such deposits<br />
within an MR imaging voxel may lead to reduced overall signal strength for this voxel<br />
because of the iron content. Thus, by a process of signal averaging across a single voxel,<br />
this technique may be used to establish the presence of these pathological structures.<br />
Furthermore, a number of degenerative brain diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease,<br />
Hallervorden Spatz disease and many others) have been found to be associated with<br />
increased regional iron deposition. To date, most efforts to utilize brain-iron dependent<br />
contrast have utilized relatively thick slice (e.g., 3-5 mm), low-field (e.g., 1.5 T) images<br />
analyzed by visual inspection or by measurements of the image intensity variation or T2<br />
relaxation of individual voxels. This method is cumbersome and time-consuming and,<br />
unless high-resolution imaging is used, local details of the iron distribution are not<br />
resolved.<br />
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• Magnetic resonance method for forming a fast dynamic imaging<br />
Inventor(s): Fuderer, Miha; (Eindhoven, NL), Harvey, Paul Royston; (Eindhoven, NL)<br />
Correspondence: Philips Intellectual Property & Standards; P.O. Box 3001; Briarcliff<br />
Manor; NY; 10510; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040150400<br />
Date filed: January 22, 2004<br />
Abstract: A magnetic resonance method is described for fast dynamic imaging from a<br />
plurality of signals acquired by an array of multiple sensors. The k-space will be<br />
segmented into regions of different acquisition. In the region of a first acquisition type a<br />
first partial image will be reconstructed by data of normal magnetic resonance imaging<br />
with a full set of phase encoding steps or by data of fast dynamic imaging with a
184<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
number of phase encoding steps being with a low reduction factor with respect to the<br />
full set thereof and in the region of a second acquisition type a second partial image will<br />
be reconstructed by data of fast dynamic imaging with a full reduction factor. Thereafter<br />
the first and the second partial images will be formed to the full image of the scanned<br />
object.<br />
Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a magnetic resonance method for forming a fast<br />
dynamic imaging form a plurality of signals acquired by an array of multiple sensors<br />
according to the preamble of claim 1. The invention further relates to a magnetic<br />
resonance imaging apparatus for obtaining a fast dynamic image according to the<br />
preamble of claim 11 and to a computer program product according to the preamble of<br />
claim 12. In magnetic resonance imaging there is a general tendency to obtain<br />
acceptable images in shorter time. For this reason there have been developed recently<br />
the sensitivity encoding method called "SENSE" by the Institute of Biomedical<br />
Engineering and Medical Informations, University and ETH Zurich, Switzerland. The<br />
SENSE method is based on an algorithm which directly acts on the image as detected by<br />
the coils of the magnetic resonance apparatus, wherein subsequent encoding steps can<br />
be skipped and thus an acceleration of the signal acquisition for imaging of a factor two<br />
to three can be obtained. Crucial for the SENSE method is the knowledge of the<br />
sensitivity of the coils, which are arrange in so called sensitivity maps. In order to<br />
accelerate this method there are proposals to use raw sensitivity maps which can be<br />
obtained through division by either the "sum-of-squares" of the single coil references or<br />
by an optional body coil reference (see e.g. K. Pruessmann et. al. in Proc. ISMRM, 1998,<br />
abstracts p. 579, 799, 803 and 2087. The SENSE method is preferred for acceleration of<br />
the signal acquisition for magnetic resonance imaging, which results in an enormous<br />
reduction in operating time. However, the method can only be used properly if the coil<br />
sensitivity is exactly known. Otherwise imperfections will cause fold-over artefacts<br />
which provide wrong images. In practice the coil sensitivity cannot be estimated<br />
perfectly and will be dependent on fluctuations in time (movement of the patient,<br />
temperature influences, etc.).<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html<br />
• Measurement and correction of gradient-induced cross-term magnetic fields in an EPI<br />
sequence<br />
Inventor(s): Zhang, Weiguo; (Foster City, CA)<br />
Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye, PC; 1100 N Glebe Road; 8th Floor; Arlington; VA;<br />
22201-4714; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040140802<br />
Date filed: January 22, 2003<br />
Abstract: A method is disclosed for determining a gradient-induced cross-term magnetic<br />
field in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system involving the steps of: positioning<br />
an object in a static magnetic field; applying a radio frequency (RF) excitation pulse that<br />
spatially selects a slice of the object; applying an incremented phase-encoding magnetic<br />
gradient field along a phase encoding gradient field direction parallel to the slice phase;<br />
applying a selective RF refocusing pulse to select a line in the slice; applying a switched<br />
readout magnetic gradient; which causes a cross-term magnetic field, generating a data<br />
array of a phase-encoding gradient and a corresponding sample data point along the<br />
selected line, and determining a center frequency distribution (CF) for the selected line,<br />
where the CFR is indicative of a gradient-induced cross-term magnetic field.
Patents 185<br />
Excerpt(s): The invention relates to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and in<br />
particular to high speed echo-planer imaging (EPI) techniques. EPI is a commonly used<br />
MRI technique for high speed acquisition of NMR data, in which scan times are<br />
generally about 100 msec. For the simplicity of discussion, the Z-axis is used as the slice<br />
selection direction, the X-axis is used as the phase-encoding direction, and the Y-axis is<br />
used as the readout direction. However, other orientations may be applied when using<br />
the invention described herein. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, in a conventional EPI pulse<br />
sequence, a 90.degree. radio frequency (RF) excitation pulse 10 with a slice selective<br />
magnetic field gradient (G.sub.slice) 12 is applied along an axis perpendicular to the<br />
imaging plane, e.g., (G.sub.z), to excite the nuclei in the imaging plane of the body being<br />
imaged. A phase encoding gradient (G.sub.phase) 14 and 24 is applied, along an axis<br />
(G.sub.x) parallel to the imaging plane, after the excitation pulse to spatially encode the<br />
nuclei. Similarly, a phase shift gradient (G.sub.read) 16 is applied, along an axis<br />
(G.sub.y) parallel to the imaging plane and orthogonal to the phase encoding gradient,<br />
to center the subsequent scanning of the k-space (raw data space). A 180.degree. RF<br />
rephasing pulse 18 is applied to generate a spin echo (SE) response (ADC) 20 from the<br />
excited nuclei. A slice specific gradient 19 may also be applied in conjunction with the<br />
180.degree. RF pulse.<br />
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• Medical devices visible under magnetic resonance imaging<br />
Inventor(s): Dao, Kinh-Luan; (Randolph, MA), Ma, Enxin; (Natick, MA), Zhong, Sheng-<br />
Ping; (Shrewsbury, MA)<br />
Correspondence: Mayer, Fortkort & Williams, PC; 251 North Avenue West; 2nd Floor;<br />
Westfield; NJ; 07090; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040143180<br />
Date filed: January 9, 2004<br />
Abstract: A medical device comprising a substrate and a hydrogel coating disposed over<br />
at least a portion of the substrate surface. The hydrogel coating contains an MRI contrast<br />
agent and includes inner and outer regions. The inner region comprises a first hydrogel<br />
polymer, and the outer region comprises a second hydrogel polymer that can be the<br />
same as or different from the first hydrogel polymer. The inner region exhibits more<br />
absorption upon hydration than does the outer region. Examples of hydrogel polymers<br />
include polysaccharide and polypeptide hydrogel polymers such as alginic acid,<br />
hyaluronic acid, chitin, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, collagen, and<br />
gelatin, as well as salts and copolymers thereof. Upon insertion or implantation of the<br />
medical device into a patient, the hydrogel coating is differentiable from the<br />
environment surrounding the hydrogel coating under magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to medical devices that are adapted to be<br />
visible under magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). More particularly, the present<br />
invention relates to medical devices provided with a coating, which is adapted to render<br />
the medical device visible under MRI; the use of such medical devices in a medical<br />
procedure during or after which the position of the medical device is viewed by MRI;<br />
and, the use of such coatings to render medical devices coated therewith visible under<br />
MRI. The ability to non-invasively image internal body structures and diseased tissues<br />
within a patient's body is an extremely important diagnostic tool in the practice of<br />
modern medicine. Such non-invasive imaging techniques include magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (MRI), x-ray imaging, ultrasonic imaging, x-ray computed tomography,
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
emission tomography, and others. Magnetic resonance imaging can provide twodimensional<br />
cross-sectional images through a patient, providing color or gray scale<br />
contrast images of a portion of the body. These two-dimensional images can then be<br />
reconstructed to provide a 3-dimensional image of a portion of the body. MRI is<br />
advantageous, inter alia, because it does not expose the patient or medical practitioner<br />
to harmful radiation and it can provide detailed images of the observed area. These<br />
detailed images are valuable diagnostic aids to medical practitioners and can be used,<br />
for example, to devise, monitor or alter a treatment approach. Magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (MRI) produces images by differentiating detectable magnetic species in the<br />
portion of the body being imaged. In the case of.sup.1H MRI, the detectable species are<br />
protons (hydrogen nuclei) that possess an inherent spin magnetic moment such that<br />
these protons behave like tiny magnets. Images are typically obtained by placing an area<br />
of interest within a powerful, highly uniform, static magnetic field. The protons in the<br />
area of interest align like tiny magnets in this field. Radiofrequency pulses are then<br />
utilized to create an oscillating magnetic field perpendicular to the main field, from<br />
which the nuclei absorb energy and move out of alignment with the static field in a state<br />
of excitation. As the nuclei return from excitation to the equilibrium or relaxed state, a<br />
signal induced in the receiver coil of the instrument by the nuclear magnetization can<br />
then be transformed by a series of algorithms into diagnostic images. Images based on<br />
different tissue characteristics can be obtained by varying the number and sequence of<br />
pulsed radiofrequency fields in order to take advantage of magnetic relaxation<br />
properties of the detectable protons in the area of interest.<br />
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• Method<br />
Inventor(s): Mansson, Sven; (Malmo, SE), Petersson, Stefan; (Malmo, SE)<br />
Correspondence: Amersham Health, INC.; IP Department; 101 Camegie Center;<br />
Princeton; NJ; 08540; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040171928<br />
Date filed: March 11, 2004<br />
Abstract: The present invention provides a method of magnetic resonance imaging of a<br />
sample, said method comprising:i) administering a hyperpolarised MR imaging agent<br />
comprising non-zero nuclear spin nuclei into said sample;ii) exposing said sample to a<br />
radiation at a frequency selected to excite nuclear spin transitions in said non-zero<br />
nuclear spin nuclei;iii) detecting MR signals from said sample utilising spectral-spatial<br />
excitation, in combination with line scanning, point scanning and/or steady state<br />
imaging techniques; andiv) optionally generating an image, physiological data or<br />
metabolic data from said detected signals.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of magnetic resonance imaging<br />
(MRI), in particular to the study of metabolites and methods of extracting metabolic<br />
information. In order to achieve effective contrast between MR images of different tissue<br />
types, it has long been known to administer to a subject under examination MR contrast<br />
agents (the term "MR contrast agent" in the context of the present application can be<br />
interchangeably used with the term "imaging agent", "MR imaging agent" or "contrast<br />
agent"), e.g. paramagnetic metal species which affect relaxation times in the zones in<br />
which they are administered or at which they congregate. MR signal strength is<br />
dependent on the population difference between the nuclear spin states of the imaging<br />
nuclei. This population difference is governed by a Boltzmann distribution and is
Patents 187<br />
dependent on temperature and magnetic field strength. Techniques have been<br />
developed which involve ex vivo nuclear spin polarisation of agents containing non<br />
zero nuclear spin nuclei (e.g.sup.3He,.sup.13C,.sup.15N,), prior to administration and<br />
MR signal measurement. The term "polarisation" in the context with the present<br />
application can be interchangeably used with the term "hyperpolarisation". Some such<br />
techniques involve the use of polarising agents, for example conventional OMRI<br />
imaging agents or hyperpolarised gases to achieve ex vivo nuclear spin polarisation of<br />
non zero nuclear spin nuclei in an administrable MR imaging agent. By polarising agent<br />
is meant any agent suitable for performing ex vivo polarisation of an MR imaging agent.<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html<br />
• Method and magnetic resonance apparatus for calibrating coil sensitivities<br />
Inventor(s): Kiefer, Berthold; (Erlangen, DE), Laub, Gerhard; (Chicago, IL), Simonetti,<br />
Orlando; (Chicago, IL), Wang, Jianmin; (Shenzhen, CN), Zhang, Qiang; (Chicago, IL)<br />
Correspondence: Schiff Hardin, Llp; Patent Department; 6600 Sears Tower; Chicago; IL;<br />
60606-6473; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040152969<br />
Date filed: January 31, 2003<br />
Abstract: In a method and magnetic resonance imaging apparatus wherein magnetic<br />
resonance signals are simultaneously received from an examination subject by multiple<br />
reception coils, a single, uninterrupted pulse sequence is executed which includes<br />
reference scans of the subject with a first sequence kernel that is optimized for coil<br />
sensitivity calibration, immediately followed by a series of accelerated image scans with<br />
a second sequence kernel, different from the first sequence kernel, that is optimized for<br />
imaging. Coil sensitivity maps for the respective coils are calculated from the data<br />
acquired in the reference scans, and an image of the subject is reconstructed by<br />
operating on the image data with a parallel reconstruction algorithm employing the<br />
calculated coil sensitivity maps.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method and magnetic resonance MR<br />
apparatus of the type employing multiple coils for obtaining magnetic resonance<br />
signals, and in particular to a method and apparatus for calibrating the sensitivities of<br />
those coils. Magnetic resonance signals are received with multiple coils in a magnetic<br />
resonance imaging apparatus in many types of magnetic resonance imaging sequences.<br />
These types of sequences are generally referred to as partially parallel acquisition (PPA)<br />
techniques, and include the known SMASH and SENSE sequences, as well as others.<br />
Details that are common to most PPA techniques are described in co-pending<br />
Application Ser. No. 10/117,396, filed Apr. 5, 2002 ("Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Method and Apparatus Employing Partially Parallel Acquisition," Griswold), the<br />
teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. In sequences employing PPA,<br />
an accelerated imaging acquisition is possible because magnetic resonance signals are<br />
being simultaneously received by multiple reception antennas (reception coils). The<br />
received signals are processed in parallel, however, it is important to have knowledge of<br />
the coil sensitivity of each reception coil in the processing of the received signals.<br />
Processing errors would occur if the signals were processed based on the assumption<br />
that all of the coil sensitivities are identical. Currently, two methods are known for<br />
calibrating the coil sensitivities for this purpose.<br />
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188<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR RETROSPECTIVE PHASE CORRECTION FOR<br />
FAST SPIN ECHO <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
Inventor(s): Hinks, Richard Scott; (Waukesha, WI), Peters, Robert Donald; (Sussex, WI)<br />
Correspondence: Artz & Artz, P.C.; 28333 Telegraph RD.; Suite 250; Southfield; MI;<br />
48034; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040135578<br />
Date filed: January 13, 2003<br />
Abstract: A phase correction method for MR devices includes collecting non-phase<br />
encoded reference data, calculating phase coefficients, and then phase correcting the<br />
regular phase-encoded image dataset based on these coefficients. The phase correction<br />
method can be used for two dimensional or three dimensional FSE imaging and variants<br />
thereof. As the method is conducted after signal acquisition, it is considered a<br />
retrospective phase correction.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
(MRI) systems, and more particularly, to a method and system for improving image<br />
quality through phase correction. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a well-known<br />
medical procedure for obtaining detailed, one, two and three-dimensional images of<br />
patients, using the methodology of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). MRI is well<br />
suited to the visualization of soft tissues and is primarily used for diagnosing disease<br />
pathologies and internal injuries. Typical MRI systems include a superconducting<br />
magnet capable of generating a strong, homogenous magnetic field around a patient or<br />
portion of the patient; a radio-frequency (RF) transmitter and receiver system, including<br />
transmitter and receiver coils, also surrounding or impinging upon a portion of the<br />
patient; a magnetic gradient coil system also surrounding a portion of the patient; and a<br />
computer processing/imaging system, receiving the signals from the receiver coil and<br />
processing the signals into interpretable data, such as visual images.<br />
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• Method for processing magnetic resonance imaging image information and magnetic<br />
resonance imaging system<br />
Inventor(s): Eda, Hideo; (Tokyo, JP), Matsuo, Masahiko; (Fukuoka, JP), Miyauchi,<br />
Satoru; (Tokyo, JP)<br />
Correspondence: Banner & Witcoff; 1001 G Street N W; Suite 1100; Washington; DC;<br />
20001; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040150399<br />
Date filed: October 7, 2003<br />
Abstract: A method for processing magnetic resonance imaging image information is<br />
characterized by that a magnetic resonance spectral intensity value is measured at each<br />
of a plurality of measuring points that are arranged at predetermined intervals along a<br />
lengthwise direction, a crosswise direction and a height direction on an object to be<br />
measured and several kinds of magnetic resonance imaging image information as a set<br />
of the magnetic resonance spectral intensity values measured at the measuring point are<br />
obtained by a plurality of different spectral intensity measuring methods with respect to<br />
the object to be measured, a magnetic resonance spectral intensity value at the
Patents 189<br />
predetermined position is obtained directly or indirectly from a measured results of the<br />
magnetic resonance spectral intensity values that is included in the magnetic resonance<br />
imaging image information and the predetermined position is set to be identical for all<br />
of the several varieties of magnetic resonance imaging image information with respect<br />
to each of the magnetic resonance imaging image information, and new image<br />
information at the predetermined position is derived by linear calculation between the<br />
spectral intensity values.<br />
Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for processing magnetic resonance<br />
imaging image information that is preferably used for a nondestructive inspection of an<br />
internal of a three-dimensional object such as a human body and also relates to a<br />
magnetic resonance imaging system used in the method. Conventionally, X-ray<br />
photography has been widely used for inspecting an internal of a human body. The Xray<br />
irradiating a human body transmits the human body, however, transmittance<br />
becomes low in bones. Then fracture of the bone can be diagnosed with an X-ray<br />
photograph. However, there is a problem that X-rays cannot irradiate often on a human<br />
body because enormous quantity of X-rays irradiated on a human body will damage<br />
cellular of the human body.<br />
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• Method for reducing spin-lattice relaxation time of silicone fluids used in magnetic<br />
resonance imaging<br />
Inventor(s): Skloss, Timothy W.; (Waukesha, WI)<br />
Correspondence: Steven W. Hays; 28333 Telegraph Road, Suite 250; Southfield; MI;<br />
48034; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040119474<br />
Date filed: December 19, 2002<br />
Abstract: A method for reducing the calibration time of magnetic imaging resonance<br />
systems at fields of 1 Tesla or higher utilizing silicone oil type phantom tanks. A small<br />
amount of a non-ionic paramagnetic compound such as gadolinium beta-diketonate (a<br />
common metallocomplex) is added to the silicone oil to reduce the spin-lattice relaxation<br />
time of the silicone oil in magnetic resonance phantoms. The amount of reduction of the<br />
spin lattice relaxation time is inversely proportional to the amount of paramagnetic<br />
compound added to the silicone oil in a given phantom tank and thus can be controlled<br />
in a precise manner.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to magnetic resonance imaging<br />
systems and more particularly to a method for reducing spin-lattice relaxation time of<br />
silicone fluids used in magnetic resonance imaging. The invention is suitable for use<br />
with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques, and in particular, although not<br />
exclusively, with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques, but may also be used<br />
in Nuclear Quadruple Resonance, Electron Spin Resonance, and other such techniques.<br />
NMR is a technique in which a radio frequency (RF) excitation pulse is applied to a<br />
sample in the presence of a magnetic field, and echoes or other signals resulting from<br />
the excitation of atomic nuclei with net magnetic moments in the sample are<br />
subsequently detected. Hydrogen, whose nuclei are essentially single protons, are the<br />
nuclei most commonly probed by MR due to their high abundance in water and fat and<br />
their relatively high receptivity (signal amplitude) to the MR experiment. In MRI, the<br />
magnitudes of the echo signals are used to construct an image. The concentration of
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
hydrogen atoms will generally correspond to the water and/or fat density in the<br />
sample. MRI is therefore widely used for imaging tissue in the human body.<br />
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• METHOD FOR SYNCHRONIZING <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong> DATA<br />
TO BODY MOTION<br />
Inventor(s): Larson, Andrew C.; (Washington, DC), Laub, Gerhard; (Los Angeles, CA),<br />
Simonetti, Orlando P.; (Naperville, IL), White, Richard D.; (Chagrin Falls, OH)<br />
Correspondence: Fish & Richardson PC; 225 Franklin ST; Boston; MA; 02110; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040155653<br />
Date filed: February 6, 2003<br />
Abstract: Synchronizing MR images to the motion of a patient, e.g., to the beating of the<br />
heart, respiration of the lungs, or motion of a limb, by extracting timing information<br />
from the MR imaging data, itself, rather than relying solely on additional data acquired<br />
solely for timing.<br />
Excerpt(s): The invention relates to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and more<br />
particularly to synchronization of MR imaging data to motion of a patient.<br />
Synchronizing MR images to the motion of a patient, e.g., to the beating of the heart,<br />
respiration of the lungs, or motion of a limb, gives the diagnostician images that have a<br />
known correspondence to the motion of interest, e.g., to the phase of the cardiac cycle.<br />
Such synchronization can be useful for both cine and still MR images. To achieve<br />
synchronization, it is necessary to have a timing signal that is indicative of the phase or<br />
position of the body. E.g., in cardiac imaging the timing signal might indicate the start of<br />
each cardiac cycle. One technique for providing a timing signal in cardiac imaging is to<br />
connect appropriate electrodes to the patient for monitoring the patient's ECG while MR<br />
imaging data is collected. However, the magnetic fields and pulsed magnetic field<br />
gradients used in MR can interfere with the collection of the ECG signal. Special<br />
algorithms have been developed in an effort to overcome these difficulties. Chia et al.,<br />
"Performance of QRS Detection for Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging with a Novel<br />
Vectorcardiographic Triggering Method," Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging,<br />
12:678-688 (2000). Fischer et al., "Novel Real-Time R-Wave Detection Algorithm Based<br />
on the Vectorcardiogram for Accurate Gated Magnetic Resonance Acquisitions,"<br />
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 42:361-370 (1999). Applying the ECG electrodes to the<br />
patient, and setting up to acquire the ECG data, is relatively complex and time<br />
consuming. And it can become necessary during imaging to relocate the electrodes for a<br />
viable ECG signal, and this typically requires that MR image acquisition be stopped and<br />
the patient withdrawn from the bore of the MR unit.<br />
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Patents 191<br />
• Method of and device for the compensation of variations of the main magnetic field<br />
during magnetic resonance imaging<br />
Inventor(s): Ham, Cornelis L. G.; (Eindhoven, NL), Mulder, Gerardus B.J.; (Eindhoven,<br />
NL)<br />
Correspondence: Philips Intellectual Property & Standards; P.O. Box 3001; Briarcliff<br />
Manor; NY; 10510; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040169513<br />
Date filed: March 2, 2004<br />
Abstract: At least one quantity which is characteristic of the temperature-dependent<br />
magnetic properties of magnetizable material which interacts with the magnetic fields of<br />
a magnetic resonance imaging device is determined in order to compensate the<br />
temporally varying strength of the main magnetic field of a main magnet of such a<br />
device. On the basis of this quantity a compensation signal is formed for the correction<br />
of the influence of the varying field strength on the imaging result.<br />
Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method of determining a compensation signal for<br />
the compensation of a temporally varying field strength of the main magnetic field of a<br />
main magnet of a magnetic resonance imaging device which also includes at least one<br />
gradient field coil for generating a gradient magnetic field and a magnetizable material<br />
which interacts with the magnetic fields of the device. Magnetic resonance imaging<br />
devices are known per se, for example for the imaging, by way of magnetism, of a body,<br />
such as the human body, or parts of a body. In literature such imaging is also referred to<br />
as "Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)" or "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)". A<br />
typical magnetic resonance imaging device, for example as known from U.S. Pat. No.<br />
5,214,383, includes a receiving space for accommodating an object to be imaged. A<br />
steady or main magnetic field is generated in said receiving space by means of a magnet.<br />
In order to select a region to be imaged in the relevant object, one or more so-called<br />
gradient coils are provided so as to superpose magnetic field gradients on the main<br />
magnetic field. Generally speaking, the gradient field coils produce linear variations of<br />
the main magnetic field along the x, the y and the z axis of a Cartesian co-ordinate<br />
system. In order to achieve resonance for nuclei in a selected body region to be imaged,<br />
there are provided one or more RF coils which are also capable of acting as a receiver for<br />
signals emitted by resonating nuclei.<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html<br />
• Method to determine the ADC coefficients in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance<br />
imaging given use of steady-state sequences<br />
Inventor(s): Deimling, Michael; (Mohrendorf, DE)<br />
Correspondence: Schiff Hardin & Waite; Patent Department; 6600 Sears Tower; 233<br />
South Wacker Drive; Chicago; IL; 60606; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040140803<br />
Date filed: October 31, 2003<br />
Abstract: In a magnetic resonance apparatus and method to acquire a diffusionweighted<br />
image in diffusion-weighted MRT imaging, a non-diffusion-weighted data set<br />
and a diffusion-weighted data set are measured and stored by means of a DESS<br />
sequence (Double Echo Steady State Sequence), with two readout gradients being
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
switched successively for the non-diffusion-weighted data set, and a bipolar diffusion<br />
gradient pulse sequence being switched between two readout gradients for the<br />
diffusion-weighted data set. A diffusion-weighted MRT image is calculated is calculated<br />
based on the non-diffusion-weighted data set and the diffusion-weighted data set, as<br />
well as on the basis of a value characterizing the diffusion-weighted measurement.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention in general concerns magnetic resonance tomography<br />
(MRT) as applied in medicine to examine patients. The present invention concerns in<br />
particular concerns a method to determine the ADC coefficients in diffusion-weighted<br />
magnetic resonance imaging. MRT is based on the physical phenomenon of nuclear<br />
magnetic resonance and has been successfully used as an imaging method for over 15<br />
years in medicine and biophysics. In this examination modality, the subject is exposed to<br />
a strong, constant magnetic field. The nuclear spins of the atoms in the subject, which<br />
were previously randomly oriented, thereby align. Radio-frequency energy can now<br />
excite these "ordered" nuclear spins to a specific oscillation. This oscillation generates<br />
the actual measurement signal that is acquired by appropriate reception coils. By the use<br />
of inhomogeneous magnetic fields generated by gradient coils, the signals from the<br />
measurement subject can be spatially coded in all three spatial directions, what is<br />
generally known as "spatial coding". In the assessment of pathophysiological events, in<br />
particular in the human brain (for example given a stroke), a relatively new MR<br />
technique has proven to be particularly effective: diffusion-weighted magnetic<br />
resonance tomography.<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html<br />
• Method, apparatus, and facility for magnetic resonance imaging dual scanning<br />
Inventor(s): Damadian, Raymond V.; (Woodbury, NY)<br />
Correspondence: Lerner, David, Littenberg,; Krumholz & Mentlik; 600 South Avenue<br />
West; Westfield; NJ; 07090; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040138553<br />
Date filed: November 21, 2003<br />
Abstract: A method, apparatus and facility for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The<br />
method comprises selectively directing patients to either a first magnetic resonance<br />
scanner or a second magnetic resonance scanner, so that the patient's entire body,<br />
including the torso, extremities and head can be scanned, while at the same time not<br />
requiring either scanner to have the capability to perform a full functional body scan. In<br />
accordance with another aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for magnetic<br />
resonance imaging is disclosed wherein the apparatus occupies or requires clearance<br />
space of approximately nine feet.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent No.<br />
60/428,846, entitled "Method, Apparatus, and Facility For Magnetic Resonance<br />
Imaging Dual Scanning," filed on Nov. 25, 2002, the disclosure of which is incorporated<br />
by reference herein in its entirety. The present invention relates to magnetic resonance<br />
imaging and more specifically to apparatuses and facilities that allow dual magnetic<br />
resonance image scanning of patients. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging ("MRI") is<br />
utilized for scanning and imaging biological tissue as a diagnostic aid, and is one of the<br />
most versatile and fastest growing modalities in medical imaging. Because MRI does not<br />
use x-rays or other ionizing radiation, it offers safety advantages over techniques such as<br />
conventional ray imaging, fluoroscopy and computerized axial tomography (CAT)
Patents 193<br />
imaging. Furthermore, MRI allows visualization of tissues that are difficult or<br />
impossible to depict using other techniques. Moreover, magnetic resonance imaging<br />
can show abnormal tissues in contrast to surrounding normal tissues.<br />
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• Modular local coil set for magnetic resonance imaging<br />
Inventor(s): Jevtic, Jovan; (West Allis, WI), Menon, Ashok; (Milwaukee, WI), Seeber,<br />
Derek; (Wauwatosa, WI)<br />
Correspondence: Quarles & Brady Llp; 411 E. Wisconsin Avenue; Suite 2040;<br />
Milwaukee; WI; 53202-4497; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040106336<br />
Date filed: November 25, 2003<br />
Abstract: A modular lower coil provides for a head, a vascular and, a thoracic/lumbar<br />
element that may interfit or be separated to provide individual imaging of these areas or<br />
a combined imaging region stretching from the head to the lower spine. A switch box<br />
allows individual ones of these elements to be connected to the MRI machine if<br />
necessary because of a limitation of inputs to the machine and provides for decoupling<br />
currents to minimize interference between the coil elements when one element is being<br />
used.<br />
Excerpt(s): This application is based on U.S. Provisional application 60/429,878 filed<br />
Nov. 27, 2002 and hereby claims the benefit of the application. This application is also a<br />
continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/303,582 filed Nov. 22, 2002, and<br />
hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to magnetic resonance<br />
imaging and, in particular, to local coils for use in magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects the faint nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)<br />
signals given off by protons in the presence of a strong magnetic field after excitation of<br />
the protons with a radio frequency signal. The NMR signals are detected using loop<br />
antennas termed "coils".<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html<br />
• Multiple tuned radio frequency coil for resonance imaging and spectroscopic analysis<br />
Inventor(s): Srinivasan, Ravi; (Beachwood, OH)<br />
Correspondence: Mark D. Saralino; Renner, Otto, Boisselle & Sklar, Llp; Nineteenth<br />
Floor; 1621 Euclid Avenue; Cleveland; OH; 44115-2191; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040137872<br />
Date filed: November 26, 2003<br />
Abstract: A multi-tune radio frequency (RF) coil for concurrent magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is disclosed. The multi-tune<br />
RF coil includes a first end ring having a generally annular opening and a first plurality<br />
of elongated segments coupled to and positioned circumferentially around the first end<br />
ring. The first plurality of elongated segments are azimuthally offset from one another<br />
by a substantially equal angular distance. A second RF coil includes a second end ring<br />
having a generally annular opening and a second plurality of elongated segments<br />
coupled to and positioned circumferentially around the second end ring. The second
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
plurality of elongated segments are azimuthally offset from one another by a<br />
substantially equal angular distance. The first and second plurality of elongated<br />
segments are coupled to and positioned circumferentially around at least one of an a<br />
third end ring having a generally annular opening and an end cap, thereby forming a<br />
coil volume, and the first and second plurality of elongated segments lie in a same<br />
circumferential plane.<br />
Excerpt(s): This Application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No.<br />
60/429,909 filed Nov. 29, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference. The present<br />
invention relates to magnetic resonance (MR) systems. Specifically, the invention relates<br />
to concurrent imaging and spectroscopy examination in a one patient setting. More<br />
specifically, the invention relates to a multiple tuned radio-frequency (RF) coil and<br />
method for use in such systems. In Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) systems and<br />
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) systems, a static magnetic field (B) is applied to a<br />
body under investigation. The static magnetic field defines an equilibrium axis of<br />
magnetic alignment in a region of the body under investigation. An RF field is applied<br />
in the region being examined in a direction orthogonal to the static field direction. The<br />
RF field excites magnetic resonance in the region, and resulting RF signals are detected<br />
and processed. Generally, the resulting RF signals are detected by RF coil arrangements<br />
placed close to the body. See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,411,270 to Damadian and U.S.<br />
Pat. No. 4,793,356 to Misic et al. Typically, these coils are either surface type or volume<br />
type coils, and, depending on the application, are used to transmit RF and receive NMR<br />
signals from the region of interest (ROI).<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html<br />
• Particles for imaging cells<br />
Inventor(s): Dunbar, Cynthia E.; (Washington, DC), Hinds, Kathleen Allison; (Rockville,<br />
MD)<br />
Correspondence: Merchant & Gould PC; P.O. Box 2903; Minneapolis; MN; 55402-0903;<br />
US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040109824<br />
Date filed: December 6, 2002<br />
Abstract: The invention includes a particle that includes at least one magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (MRI) active material, at least one fluorescent material, and at least one<br />
polymer. The invention also includes a method of tracking at least one cell that includes<br />
labeling the cell with a particle in accordance with the invention, and monitoring the cell<br />
using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), flow cytometry, fluorescent techniques,<br />
microscopy studies, or combinations thereof.<br />
Excerpt(s): The invention relates to particles for imaging cells. More specifically, the<br />
invention relates to particles that can be used to image cells with a number of imaging<br />
techniques, such as, for example magnetic resonance imaging, flow cytometry, and<br />
microscopy studies. Tracking of individual cells within a subject, such as a human or an<br />
animal may offer important information on a number of biological and/or clinically<br />
important processes. For example, in the case of bone marrow transplants, tracking of<br />
hematopoietic stem and/or progenitor cells in vivo could offer important insight into<br />
this biologically complex and clinically important procedure. Tracking of cells in vivo<br />
can be accomplished with a number of different techniques. Once the cell has reached its<br />
final destination, magnetic resonance imaging ("MRI") can be used to monitor the cells
Patents 195<br />
in their microenvironment. To obtain a more clear picture of the fate of the cells in vivo<br />
it would be helpful to be able to utilize other techniques as well. For example, the use of<br />
flow cytometry would allow the monitoring of intracellular distribution and sorting of<br />
the cells based on whether or not they had been labeled. Furthermore, the use of<br />
fluorescence or confocal microscopy could be utilized to further locate and image cells.<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html<br />
• Pole face for permanent magnet MRI with laminated structure<br />
Inventor(s): Aksel, Bulent; (Clifton Park, NY), Benz, Mark Gilber; (Lincoln, VT), Inoue,<br />
Yuji; (Tokyo, JP), Marte, Judson Sloan; (Wynantskill, NY), Shei, Juliana Chiang;<br />
(Niskayuna, NY)<br />
Correspondence: Foley And Lardner; Suite 500; 3000 K Street NW; Washington; DC;<br />
20007; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040119473<br />
Date filed: December 23, 2002<br />
Abstract: A method of manufacturing a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) device is<br />
provided including providing at least one magnet positioned between a keeper device<br />
and a yoke, the keeper device being positioned at a pole region of the at least one<br />
magnet, positioning at least one pole device at the pole region of the at least one magnet,<br />
and removing the keeper device from the pole region to allow the at least one pole<br />
device to be positioned at the pole region of the at least one magnet.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to magnetic resonance imaging<br />
(MRI) devices, and more particularly to MRI devices with a removable keeper plate.<br />
MRI devices are widely used in the medical community as a diagnostic tool for imaging<br />
items such as tissue and bone structures. As described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.<br />
5,680,086 (which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety), a conventional MRI<br />
device may include opposing pole pieces which define between them an imaging<br />
volume for the item to be imaged, the pole pieces having pole plates which are<br />
fabricated from wound high permeability soft magnetic material, and/or laminated<br />
members. One conventional MRI manufacturing technique is described in European<br />
Patent Application EP 0 978 727 A2 (EP "727 hereafter), filed on Jul. 22, 1999, which is<br />
incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In conventional MRI device<br />
manufacturing techniques, a yoke is assembled between two ends of the MRI device,<br />
and two pole pieces are positioned thereon with a gap provided underneath the pole<br />
piece at each end for the MRI magnet. The MRI magnet is then formed by pushing<br />
individual pre-magnetized permanent magnet blocks in place under the pole pieces on<br />
each end of the MRI device. Once all of the pre-magnetized permanent magnet blocks<br />
are positioned and secured in place, the pole pieces are lowered to their ultimate<br />
position and secured in place.<br />
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196<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Pulse tube refrigerator<br />
Inventor(s): Hughes, Timothy; (Eynsham, GB), Pan, Huaiyu; (Oxford, GB), White, Keith;<br />
(Abingdon, GB)<br />
Correspondence: Crowell & Moring Llp; Intellectual Property Group; P.O. Box 14300;<br />
Washington; DC; 20044-4300; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040112065<br />
Date filed: November 6, 2003<br />
Abstract: The present invention relates to pulse tube refrigerators for recondensing<br />
cryogenic liquids. In particular, the present invention relates to the same for magnetic<br />
resonance imaging systems. In many cryogenic applications components, e.g.<br />
superconducting coils for magnetic resonance imaging (mri), superconducting<br />
transformers, generators, electronics, are cooled by keeping them in contact with a<br />
volume of liquified gases (e.g. helium, neon, nitrogen, argon, methane). In a first aspect,<br />
the present invention provides a pulse tube refrigerator PTR pulse tube refrigerator<br />
(PTR) arrangement within a cryogenic apparatus, wherein a regenerator tube of the PTR<br />
is finned. In this configuration the fins or baffles, are believed to increase the surface<br />
area available for distributed heat transfer from the helium atmosphere to the<br />
regenerator.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pulse tube refrigerators for recondensing<br />
cryogenic liquids. In particular, the present invention relates to the same for magnetic<br />
resonance imaging systems. In many cryogenic applications components, e.g.<br />
superconducting coils for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), superconducting<br />
transformers, generators, electronics, are cooled by keeping them in contact with a<br />
volume of liquefied gases (e.g. Helium, Neon, Nitrogen, Argon, Methane). Any<br />
dissipation in the components or heat getting into the system causes the volume to part<br />
boil off. To account for the losses, replenishment is required. This service operation is<br />
considered to be problematic by many users and great efforts have been made over the<br />
years to introduce refrigerators that recondense any lost liquid right back into the bath.<br />
The second stage of the coldhead is acting as a recondensor at about 4.2 K. As it is<br />
slightly colder than the surrounding He gas, gas is condensed on the surface (which can<br />
be equipped with fins to increase surface area) and is dripped back into the liquid<br />
reservoir. Condensation locally reduces pressure, which pulls more gas towards the<br />
second stage. It has been calculated that there are hardly any losses due to natural<br />
convection of Helium, which has been verified experimentally provided that the<br />
coldhead and the sock are vertically oriented (defined as the warm end pointing<br />
upwards). Any small differences in the temperature profiles of the Gifford McMahon<br />
cooler and the walls would set up gravity assisted gas convection, as the density change<br />
of gas with temperature is great (e.g. at 4.2. K the density is 16 kg/m.sup.3; at 300 K the<br />
density is 0.16 kg/m.sup.3). Convection tends to equilibrate the temperature profiles of<br />
the sock wall and the refrigerator. The residual heat losses are small.<br />
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Patents 197<br />
• Quadruple inversion recovery for quantitative contrast-enhanced black blood<br />
imaging<br />
Inventor(s): Yarnykh, Vasily L.; (Seattle, WA), Yuan, Chun; (Bellevue, WA)<br />
Correspondence: Law Offices OF Ronald M Anderson; 600 108th Ave, NE; Suite 507;<br />
Bellevue; WA; 98004; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040133098<br />
Date filed: December 18, 2003<br />
Abstract: A contrast enhancement (CE) agent is infused into blood flowing through a<br />
site that is to be imaged with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two double inversion<br />
procedures are carried out, forming a quadruple inversion recovery (QIR) pulse<br />
sequence. Each double inversion procedure comprises a non-selective and slice-selective<br />
inversion RF pulse. The first double inversion procedure is followed by a first<br />
predefined inversion delay period, TI.sub.1, and the second procedure by a second<br />
predefined inversion delay period, TI.sub.2. A black-blood image can thus be produced<br />
in which blood appears consistently black and tissues surrounding the blood, such as a<br />
vessel wall, heart, atherosclerotic plaque, or thrombus, are clearly visible. Unlike the<br />
prior art black-blood imaging technique, the QIR method does not require a precise<br />
knowledge of the T.sub.1 of the blood carrying the CE agent in order to suppress the<br />
signal and artifacts caused by the blood flowing through the site.<br />
Excerpt(s): This application is based on prior copending provisional patent application,<br />
Serial No. 60/435,835, filed on Dec. 19, 2002, the benefit of the filing date of which is<br />
hereby claimed under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e). This invention generally pertains to<br />
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and more specifically, pertans to a method, a pulse<br />
sequence, and a system that make use of a plurality of radiofrequency (RF) inversion<br />
pulses grouped into double-inversion procedures in order to suppress the signal from<br />
flowing blood having a variety of T.sub.1 relaxation times caused by the presence of a<br />
contrast-enhancing agent. Black-blood imaging is a technique developed to improve the<br />
visualization of blood vessels and the heart in magnetic resonance images so as to more<br />
clearly reveal pathologic tissues and morphologic abnormalities, which appear close to<br />
the blood-wall interface. (See Edelman R. R., Chien D., and Kim D., "Fast Selective Black<br />
Blood MR Imaging," Radiology 1991; 181:655-660.) These improvements in visualization<br />
include the elimination of image artifacts arising from flowing blood and a reduction in<br />
the residual blood signal, which may mask pathologic conditions such as atherosclerotic<br />
plaque or thrombus formation. The combination of black-blood imaging with contrast<br />
enhancement (CE) offers a high potential for various cardiovascular applications, and in<br />
particular, for improved high-resolution MRI of atherosclerotic plaque. (See Yuan C. et<br />
al., "Contrast-Enhanced High Resolution MRI for Atherosclerotic Carotid Artery Tissue<br />
Characterization," Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2002; 15:62-67.) The ability<br />
to provide high resolution images of plaque in the carotid arteries and other vessels is<br />
becoming increasingly important in assessing the potential vulnerability and risk of<br />
patients to stroke and other cardiovascular diseases. However, due to the significant<br />
shortening of T.sub.1 in blood and the variability of T.sub.1 caused by the use of a<br />
contrast enhancement (CE) agent, a traditional method for achieving black-blood<br />
imaging, such as double inversion-recovery (DIR) cannot guarantee effective blood<br />
suppression on post-contrast images. This issue is especially important for quantitative<br />
image analysis, such as the calculation of contrast enhancement and morphological<br />
measurements. The crucial problem of DIR is that it is necessary to know the relaxation<br />
time, T.sub.1, of blood in order to calculate the inversion time (TI). The DIR method can<br />
effectively suppress the blood signal if and only if TI is determined so as to allow the
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
magnetization of blood to approach zero. However, the use of CE agent decreases the<br />
T.sub.1 parameter of blood by an unpredictable amount. Uncertainties in the effect of<br />
CE on T.sub.1 arise from various factors related to the injection technique, flow<br />
dynamics, concentration, and time between injection and imaging. Determining the<br />
proper TI is therefore uncertain. Accordingly, it would be critical to employ an MRI<br />
technique that provides the benefits of DIR in achieving black-blood images, but is<br />
much less sensitive to variations in the T.sub.1 parameter of blood due to application of<br />
a CE agent.<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html<br />
• Superconductive magnet apparatus and magnetic resonance imaging apparatus<br />
Inventor(s): Koga, Yasunori; (Hitachi, JP), Watanabe, Hiroyuki; (Hitachi, JP)<br />
Correspondence: Mattingly, Stanger & Malur, P.C.; 104 East Hume Avenue; Alexandria;<br />
VA; 22301; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040169515<br />
Date filed: February 26, 2004<br />
Abstract: A cryostat is formed into a donut form, where a cylindrical or a square<br />
concave is formed in the center of the cryostat of the superconductive magnet apparatus<br />
for an open type MRI apparatus, and the cryo-compressor is disposed in the concave.<br />
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a superconductive magnet apparatus and a<br />
magnetic resonance imaging apparatus (hereinafter referred to as MRI) using the<br />
magnet apparatus, and more particularly to a superconductive magnet apparatus and a<br />
MRI apparatus using the same that does not give feeling of blockade to human bodies to<br />
be examined or inspected. One example of a superconductive magnet apparatus used<br />
for a MRI apparatus is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open Hei 04-225503<br />
(hereinafter referred to as Reference 1). The superconductive magnet apparatus<br />
disclosed in the reference 1 is a cylindrical and a horizontal magnetic field type MRI<br />
apparatus, wherein a cryostat has a central hollow in which a cryo-compressor is<br />
disposed. The cryostat is constituted by a housing or a vacuum vessel covering the<br />
magnet. Further, an apparatus disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open Hei 11-16718<br />
(hereinafter referred to as reference 2) has a cryo-compressor for cooling a cooling<br />
medium, the cryo-compressor being placed on a vacuum vessel.<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html<br />
• Synthetic images for a magnetic resonance imaging scanner using linear combination<br />
of source images to generate contrast and spatial navigation<br />
Inventor(s): Jara, Hernan; (Belmont, MA)<br />
Correspondence: Cesari And Mckenna, Llp; 88 Black Falcon Avenue; Boston; MA; 02210;<br />
US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040169512<br />
Date filed: March 5, 2004<br />
Abstract: The invention consists of three image-postprocessing phases for the purposes<br />
of generating high-quality quantitative MR images (proton density (PD), T1, and T2) as<br />
well as high-quality virtual MR images with continuously adjustable computer-
Patents 199<br />
synthesized contrast weightings, from source images acquired directly with an MRI<br />
scanner. Each of the image-postprocessing phases uses one or several new computer<br />
algorithms that improve image quality with respect to prior art, including linearcombination-of<br />
source-images (LCSI) algorithms for generating PD images and modelconforming<br />
algorithms for generating Q-MR images of tissue properties that influence<br />
NMR relaxation.<br />
Excerpt(s): This invention relates to magnetic resonance imaging (MR imaging), and<br />
more particularly to computing quantitative images as well as synthetic images from<br />
scan data, with the purpose of allowing the user to perform virtual MRI scanning<br />
retrospectively and not requiring the presence of the patient. In magnetic resonance<br />
image scanning (MRI scanning), images of a subject, usually a patient's body, are<br />
produced through the interaction of a magnetic field applied to the patient's body and<br />
the magnetic moment of protons. Each proton behaves as small bar magnet, and the<br />
strength of the bar magnet is referred to as the "magnetic moment" of the proton. All<br />
protons have the same value of magnetic moment, just as each proton has the same<br />
value of electric charge. The protons are the nuclei of hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen is<br />
chemically bonded in compounds of the patient's tissue. It is standard engineering<br />
practice in MRI imaging to apply a strong magnetic field substantially parallel to the<br />
spinal column of the patient. This magnetic field is referred to as the "longitudinal<br />
magnetic field" and is represented in symbols as B0. Upon the application of the<br />
longitudinal magnetic field, protons in the patient's tissue align with the magnetic field<br />
to produce a magnetization (longitudinal magnetization) of the patient's tissue. The<br />
longitudinal magnetization is a vector quantity that points along the applied<br />
longitudinal magnetic field. The magnetization of the patient's tissue may be<br />
represented as formed by many protons aligned with the longitudinal magnetic field.<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html<br />
• System and method for using delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging and<br />
artificial intelligence to identify non-viable myocardial tissue<br />
Inventor(s): O'Donnell, Thomas; (New York, NY), Setser, Randolph M.; (Shaker Heights,<br />
OH), White, Richard D.; (Chagrin Falls, OH), Xu, Ning; (Champaign, IL)<br />
Correspondence: Siemens Corporation; Intellectual Property Department; 170 Wood<br />
Avenue South; Iselin; NJ; 08830; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040132006<br />
Date filed: October 2, 2003<br />
Abstract: A system and method for imaging and identifying non-viable myocardial<br />
tissue in a patient's myocardium is disclosed. Images of a section of the myocardium are<br />
obtained. An endocardial border and epicardial border of the section of the myocardium<br />
is segmented. The section of the myocardium is divided into sectors. One or more<br />
selected features of the sectors of the myocardial wall are measured and applied to a<br />
decision surface. A determination is made as to whether each sector contains viable or<br />
non-viable myocardial tissue. An image that shows each sector of the myocardial wall<br />
and an indication of its viability is displayed.<br />
Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No.<br />
60/415,840, filed on Oct. 3, 2002, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The<br />
present invention is directed to a system and method for segmenting myocardial tissue<br />
using medical images (e.g., Delayed Enhancement MR, Cine MR), and more
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
particularly, to a system and method for using support vector machines to intelligently<br />
identify non-viable myocardial tissue using one or more features that are characteristic<br />
of that tissue type. In the aftermath of a heart attack, the identification and assessment of<br />
non-viable (necrotic) tissues is necessary for effective development of intervention<br />
strategies and treatment plans for certain types of heart disease. Those tissues which are<br />
healthy or capable of recovery through coronary bypass, stent placement, etc., should be<br />
distinguished from those which are non-viable, or irreversibly damaged. In this way,<br />
predictions may be made as to which patients might benefit from revascularization so as<br />
to increase their cardiac function and survival rate.<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html<br />
• Transmit/receive phased array coil system<br />
Inventor(s): Misic, George J.; (Allison Park, PA)<br />
Correspondence: James R. Stevenson; Medrad, INC.; One Medrad Drive; Indianola; PA;<br />
15051; US<br />
Patent Application Number: 20040155657<br />
Date filed: November 14, 2003<br />
Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging receiver/transmitter coil system for providing<br />
images for regions of interest includes a first phased array formed of a plurality of<br />
electrically conductive members and defining an array volume and a second phased<br />
array formed of a second plurality of electrically conductive members and disposed at<br />
least partially within the defined array volume. At least one of the first and second<br />
phased arrays is adapted to apply a magnetic field to the defined array volume. At least<br />
one of the first and second phased arrays is further adapted to receive said applied<br />
magnetic field. The first phased array is extendible to define a further array volume and<br />
is provided with a switch for electrically coupling and decoupling an extension to<br />
effectively extend the length of the first phased array and thereby define the further<br />
array volume. In this manner the length of the first phased array is effectively extended<br />
to approximately twice its unextended length.<br />
Excerpt(s): This application for patent is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.<br />
10/151,491, filed May 20, 2002, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.<br />
09/776,132, filed Feb. 2, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,396,273, which is a continuation of<br />
U.S. application Ser. No. 09/512,093, filed Feb. 24, 2000, now abandoned, which is a<br />
divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/979,842, filed Nov. 26, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No.<br />
6,040,697, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The present<br />
invention relates to the field of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems and, more<br />
particularly, to coils for use in such systems. It is well known in the field of MRI systems<br />
to provide radio frequency signals in the form of circularly polarized or rotating<br />
magnetic fields having an axis of rotation aligned with a main magnetic field. It is also<br />
well known to use receiving coils to intercept a radio frequency magnetic field<br />
generated by a human subject or an object in the presence of the main magnetic field in<br />
order to provide an image of the human subject or the object.<br />
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current<br />
Patents 201<br />
In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with magnetic<br />
resonance imaging, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the<br />
following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad<br />
options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents,<br />
perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type<br />
“magnetic resonance imaging” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the<br />
search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on<br />
magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning magnetic<br />
resonance imaging. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select<br />
“Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
Overview<br />
This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent<br />
sources for book titles on magnetic resonance imaging include the Combined Health<br />
Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also<br />
may have these titles available for loan.<br />
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies<br />
The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety<br />
of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the<br />
following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the<br />
“Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the<br />
search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you<br />
prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “magnetic resonance<br />
imaging” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back<br />
periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a<br />
typical result when searching for books on magnetic resonance imaging:<br />
• Imaging of the Prostate<br />
Source: London, England: Martin Dunitz Ltd. 2002. 232 p.<br />
Contact: Available from Martin Dunitz. Fulfillment Center, Taylor and Francis, 7625<br />
Empire Drive, Florence, KY 41042. (800) 634-7064. E-mail: cserve@routledge_ny.com.<br />
Website: www.dunitz.co.uk. PRICE: $150.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN:<br />
1841841986.<br />
Summary: Although the prostate is a rather small gland, diseases of the prostate have a<br />
profound impact on public health in the male half of the population. Technological<br />
advances in imaging of the prostate over the past decade have resulted in marked<br />
improvement in visualization of the prostate. This fully-illustrated text reviews these<br />
advances in imaging of the prostate. Cysts, stones, and congenital anomalies that block<br />
the flow of semen may be diagnosed noninvasively. Recent studies suggest that newer<br />
203
204<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques may be useful in the<br />
diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. Newer contrast-enhanced imaging techniques<br />
may be able to identify clinically significant cancer based upon the altered<br />
hemodynamics of neovascularity. The greater part of the contents is organized into three<br />
sections to cover imaging of prostate cancer, benign disease, and therapy. Numerous<br />
gray scale and color figures have been employed to illustrate specific imaging features<br />
in the prostate. The author concludes that a physician involved in the management of<br />
patients with prostate disease should be familiar with these imaging techniques. A<br />
subject index concludes the volume.<br />
• Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System, Eleventh Edition<br />
Source: Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2002. 706 p.<br />
Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place,<br />
Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail:<br />
books@blacksci.com. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. PRICE: $178.95. ISBN:<br />
0632055820.<br />
Summary: Designed to serve practicing physicians, surgeons and pathologists, as well<br />
as clinical students, this textbook presents a comprehensive and up-to-date account of<br />
diseases of the liver and biliary system. The text offers 38 chapters: anatomy and<br />
function; the assessment of liver function; biopsy of the liver; the hematology of liver<br />
disease; ultrasound, computed tomography (CT scan) and magnetic resonance imaging<br />
(MRI); hepatocellular failure; hepatic encephalopathy; acute liver failure; ascites (fluid<br />
accumulation); the portal venous system and portal hypertension; the hepatic artery and<br />
hepatic vein, and the liver in circulatory failure; jaundice; cholestasis; primary biliary<br />
cirrhosis (PBC); sclerosing cholangitis; viral hepatitis, including general features,<br />
hepatitis A, hepatitis E, and other viruses; hepatitis B virus and hepatitis Delta virus;<br />
hepatitis C virus; chronic hepatitis, its general features and autoimmune chronic disease;<br />
drugs and the liver; hepatic cirrhosis (scarring); alcohol and the liver; iron overload<br />
states; Wilson's disease; nutritional and metabolic liver diseases; the liver in infancy and<br />
childhood; the liver in pregnancy; the liver is systemic disease, granulomas, and hepatic<br />
trauma; the liver in infections; nodules and benign liver lesions; malignant liver tumors;<br />
the role of interventional radiology and endoscopy in imaging of the biliary tract; cysts<br />
and congenital biliary abnormalities; gallstones and inflammatory gallbladder diseases;<br />
benign stricture of the bile ducts; diseases of the ampulla of Vater and the pancreas;<br />
tumors of the gallbladder and bile ducts; and hepatic transplantation. The text includes<br />
full-color and black-and-white illustrations and photographs. A detailed subject index<br />
concludes the volume.<br />
• Vanishing Mind: A Practical Guide to Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias<br />
Source: New York City, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company. 1991. 191 p.<br />
Contact: Available from W. H. Freeman and Company. Order Department, 4419 West<br />
1980 South, Salt Lake City, UT 84104. (800) 877-5351. PRICE: $22.95. ISBN: 0716721317.<br />
Summary: Directed primarily toward nonprofessionals and affected family members,<br />
this book provides an overview of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias and the care<br />
of persons with these disorders. Nine chapters cover the following topics: signs and<br />
symptoms of dementia; diseases that produce primary dementia (primary<br />
undifferentiated dementias and usually differentiated dementias); diseases and<br />
conditions associated with secondary dementia (depression, AIDS, blood vessel disease,<br />
other secondary dementias, and drugs); what doctors do and how they can help
Books 205<br />
(specialists and tests/procedures, including psychological testing,<br />
electroencephalograms, cerebrospinal fluid exams, x-rays and CAT scans, brain biopsy,<br />
and autopsy); possible causes of primary dementia (genetic factors, molecular genetics,<br />
viruses, neurotransmitters, aluminum, immune system, and hormonal factors); medical<br />
treatment and management of dementias (Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease,<br />
general principles); hospitals, nursing homes, and care alternatives; practical matters<br />
(legal responsibility, insurance, disability and retirement plans, social security, ethical<br />
decisions); and new technologies (positron emitting tomography and magnetic<br />
resonance imaging).<br />
• Brain Facts: A Primer on the Brain and Nervous System<br />
Source: Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience. 1993. 52 p.<br />
Contact: Society for Neuroscience. 11 Dupont Circle, NW, Suite 500, Washington, DC<br />
20036. (202) 462-6688. PRICE: $6.00.<br />
Summary: This book briefly describes what is known about the brain and nervous<br />
system, brain disorders, and avenues of research that promise new therapies for many<br />
of the most devastating neurological and psychiatric diseases. Topics include brain<br />
development; what a neuron is and its function; and the brain's involvement in<br />
sensation and perception, learning and memory, movement, sleep, stress, and aging.<br />
This book examines advances in research on Parkinson's disease, pain, epilepsy, major<br />
depression, and manic-depressive illness in addition to neurological disorders such as<br />
addiction, Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, brain<br />
tumors, and multiple sclerosis. It explores recent advances in diagnostic methods such<br />
as positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic source<br />
imaging, and gene diagnosis; and discusses potential therapies using drugs and<br />
transplants.<br />
• Dementia: A Clinical Approach. 2nd Ed<br />
Source: Stoneham, MA: Butterworth Heinemann. 1992. 548 p.<br />
Contact: Available from Butterworth Heinemann. 80 Montvale Avenue, Stoneham, MA<br />
02180. (617) 438-8464 or (800) 366-2665. PRICE: $95.00. ISBN: 0750690658.<br />
Summary: This book describes the clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and basic science<br />
aspects of dementia. It examines Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementias, AIDS<br />
dementia complex, hydrocephalic dementia, mental status changes in Parkinson's<br />
disease, and cognitive impairment in patients with toxic and metabolic disorders. It<br />
discusses the demography, course, genetic aspects, clinical characteristics,<br />
neuropathology, diagnostic features, differential diagnosis, and treatment of each<br />
dementia. The authors also present a diagnostic approach to common and rare<br />
dementias, as well as descriptions of neuroimaging in dementia diagnosis, including the<br />
role of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission<br />
tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography. This book also<br />
summarizes treatment and management issues such as pharmacologic treatments, the<br />
role of nursing homes and other community resources, and working with family<br />
caregivers.<br />
• Computer-Aided Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery<br />
Source: New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2002. (book and CD ROM).
206<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016.<br />
(212) 696-9000. Fax (212) 685-4540. Website: www.dekker.com. PRICE: $195.00, plus<br />
shipping and handling. ISBN: 0824706412.<br />
Summary: This book focuses on the applications of semiconductor-based technologies<br />
within clinical otorhinolargynology, head and neck surgery. While the text describes<br />
present technology, the true focus is on principles of computer-aided surgery. Twentyfive<br />
chapters cover the historical perspective of computer aided surgery, optical and<br />
electromagnetic tracking for surgical navigation, principles of registration,<br />
intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Internet-enabled surgery, virtual<br />
reality and surgical simulation, digital imaging, the neuroradiology perspective, the role<br />
of computer aided surgery in functional endoscopic surgery, image guided functional<br />
endoscopic sinus surgery, other types of sinus surgery, otologic and neurotologic<br />
surgery, computer aided tumor modeling and visualization, head and neck virtual<br />
endoscopy, computer aided facial plastic surgery, software-enabled cephalometrics,<br />
computer aided craniofacial surgery, computer aided soft tissue surgery, computer<br />
aided reduction of maxillofacial fractures, and future directions. Each chapter is<br />
illustrated and concludes with a list of references; a subject index concludes the volume.<br />
Also enclosed with the book is a CD-ROM that contains digital copes of the figures that<br />
appear in the printed text. The images are in JPG format and are mostly in color. The<br />
CD-ROM also contains four movies (AVI format) which correspond with Chapter 25.<br />
• American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry<br />
Source: Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 1994. 736 p.<br />
Contact: American Psychiatric Association. 1400 K Street, NW, Washington DC 20005.<br />
(800) 368-5777. PRICE: $105.00. ISBN: 0880483911.<br />
Summary: This book provides a comprehensive survey of the psychiatric manifestations<br />
of neurological diseases, as well as the neurobiological bases of psychiatric disorders. It<br />
emphasizes the relationships between neuropsychiatric illness and aging of the nervous<br />
system. The book is divided into five sections. Section 1 begins with an overview of the<br />
emerging clinical specialty of geriatric neuropsychiatry, followed by the demography of<br />
aging and the neurobiology of brain aging. This section's final chapter provides an<br />
integrative model linking neurobiology with behavior. Section 2 comprises three<br />
practical chapters on clinical and neuropsychological examination of older people, a<br />
chapter on memory changes in senescence, and three chapters on the role of advanced<br />
brain imaging technologies (magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission<br />
tomography, and computerized topographic electroencephalography) in the evaluation<br />
of the aging patient. Sections 3 and 4 focus on the neuropsychiatric aspects of psychiatric<br />
and neurological disorders, respectively, in older people. The chapters in this section<br />
highlight the influence of the aging nervous system on the pathophysiology,<br />
neuropsychiatric manifestations, clinical course, and prognosis of psychiatric and<br />
neurological illnesses in older patients. A chapter focuses on nondegenerative<br />
dementing disorders and another chapter focuses on Alzheimer's disease and frontal<br />
lobe dementia. Section 5 emphasizes the special considerations that are essential for safe<br />
and effective treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders in older people.<br />
• Vascular Disease: A Multi-Specialty Approach to Diagnosis and Management. 2nd ed<br />
Source: Georgetown, TX: Landes Bioscience. 1999. 560 p.
Books 207<br />
Contact: Available from Landes Bioscience. 810 South Church Street, Georgetown, TX<br />
78626. (512) 863-7762. Fax (512) 863-0081. Website: www.landesbioscience.com. PRICE:<br />
$45.00. ISBN: 1570595615.<br />
Summary: This book was written as a reference text for those involved in the<br />
management of vascular pathology, combining the perspectives of the various<br />
specialists involved in the evaluation of these patients. The book includes 42 chapters<br />
that cover patient care management for the vascular patient; stroke; the surgical and<br />
medical management of cerebrovascular disease; noninvasive assessment of the carotid<br />
bifurcation; transcranial Doppler sonography; diagnostic CT (computed tomography)<br />
and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of intracranial vascular disease; MRI and CT<br />
angiography of the head and neck; cerebrovascular applications of nuclear medicine;<br />
cerebrovascular angiography; preoperative cardiac evaluation; respiratory concerns in<br />
patients undergoing vascular surgery; pulmonary radiology; cardiac and pulmonary<br />
nuclear medicine; the aorta and iliac arteries; vascular stents; stent grafts; the kidney in<br />
vascular disease; renal artery disease; mesenteric vascular disease; the management of<br />
variceal bleeding in patients with portal hypertension; renal and mesenteric artery<br />
duplex evaluation; ultrasound imaging of the hepatic vasculature (liver arteries and<br />
veins); aortic, renal, and visceral arteriography; renal, testicular, hepatic, and intestinal<br />
nuclear medicine; magnetic resonance angiography of the body; CT angiography of the<br />
body; portal and visceral venography; peripheral arterial disease; the diabetic foot;<br />
vascular radiology of the upper and lower extremities and pelvis; carbon dioxide<br />
angiography; extremity nonimaging arterial diagnostics; colorflow duplex imaging of<br />
the extremities; thoracic outlet syndrome; nuclear medicine of the bone and of infection;<br />
nuclear angiography; venous and lymphatic disease; venography; noninvasive tests for<br />
diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis and venous insufficiency; nuclear venography; the<br />
pathology of vascular disease; and ultrasound physics. The information is presented in<br />
concise format, with numerous black and white reproductions of angiograms,<br />
sonograms, etc. A detailed subject index concludes the text. The book is spiral bound.<br />
• Everything You Need to Know About Medical Tests<br />
Source: Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation. 1996. 691 p.<br />
Contact: Available from Springhouse Publishing. Attention: Trade and Textbook<br />
Department, 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477-0908. (800) 331-<br />
3170 or (215) 646-4670 or (215) 646-4671. Fax (215) 646-8716. PRICE: $24.95 (as of 1995).<br />
ISBN: 0874348234.<br />
Summary: This consumer reference guide provides information on over 400 diagnostic<br />
tests. For each test, the book covers the reasons the test is performed; what patients<br />
should know before the test; what to expect during and after the test; risk factors<br />
associated with the test; the normal results; and what abnormal results mean. Tests are<br />
categorized in 16 chapters: x-rays; CT and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans;<br />
nuclear medicine scans; ultrasound scans; heart and brain monitoring; endoscopy;<br />
biopsies; vision and hearing tests; special function tests; blood cell and clotting tests;<br />
blood element tests; hormone tests; immune system tests; urine tests; cultures; and fluid<br />
analysis. The book also provides numerous sidebars giving readers insight into<br />
anatomy, physiology, preventive measures, and self-care behaviors. A subject index<br />
concludes the volume.<br />
• Kidney Transplant Rejection: Diagnosis and Treatment. 2nd ed<br />
Source: New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1992. 773 p.
208<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc. P.O. Box 5005, Monticello, NY 12701. (800)<br />
228-1160 or (212) 696-9000. Fax (914) 796-1772. E-mail: bookorders@dekker.com. PRICE:<br />
$275.00. ISBN: 0824784871.<br />
Summary: This medical text on the diagnosis and treatment of kidney transplant<br />
rejection presents 26 chapters in 4 sections: the biology of the allograft response; the<br />
diagnosis of rejection; new immunosuppressive agents; and systemic problems with<br />
immunosuppression. Specific topics include the mechanisms of cell-mediated rejection;<br />
the role of cytokines; suppressor cell regulation; antibody-mediated rejection; the<br />
pathology of acute tubular necrosis and acute rejection; fine needle aspiration biopsy;<br />
monitoring the components of the immune system; radionuclides in the evaluation of<br />
kidney transplant rejection; magnetic resonance imaging; antilymphocyte antibody<br />
therapy; cyclosporine; nephrotoxicity; cytomegalovirus infection; cancer in recipients of<br />
organ allografts; HIV infection and kidney transplantation; and molecular biology of<br />
transplant rejection. Each chapter, written by international experts in the field, includes<br />
numerous charts and diagrams, as well as extensive references. A detailed subject index<br />
concludes the volume.<br />
• Acute Renal Failure: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention<br />
Source: New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1991. 519 p.<br />
Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc. P.O. Box 5005, Monticello, NY 12701. (800)<br />
228-1160 or (212) 696-9000. Fax (914) 796-1772. E-mail: bookorders@dekker.com. PRICE:<br />
$165.00. ISBN: 0824782259.<br />
Summary: This medical text on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of acute renal<br />
failure (ARF) arose from the 1988 Symposium on Acute Renal Failure. The book<br />
presents 34 papers in 4 sections: background, pathogenesis, and diagnosis; nuclear<br />
magnetic resonance and the kidney; treatment of ARF; and prevention of ARF. Specific<br />
topics include the etiology of ARF; ARF in the tropics; ischemic ARF; animal studies of<br />
ARF; nephrotoxicity; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); drug therapy; early<br />
transplant nonfunction; dialysis treatment of ARF in children; acquired resistance in<br />
ARF; ARF caused by ACE inhibitors; and ARF following use of radiocontrast agents.<br />
Each chapter, written by experts in the field, includes numerous charts and diagrams, as<br />
well as extensive references. A subject index concludes the volume.<br />
• Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System. 10th ed<br />
Source: Oxford, England: Blackwell Science. 1997. 714 p.<br />
Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place,<br />
Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail:<br />
books@blacksci.com. PRICE: $150.00. ISBN: 0865429065.<br />
Summary: This medical textbook presents a comprehensive account of diseases of the<br />
liver and biliary system, designed to be of use to physicians, surgeons and pathologists,<br />
and also as a reference text for the clinical student. Chapters cover anatomy and<br />
function; assessment of liver function; needle biopsy of the liver; the hematology of liver<br />
disease; ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging; hepatocellular<br />
failure; hepatic encephalopathy; fulminant hepatic failure; ascites; the portal<br />
venous system and portal hypertension; the hepatic artery and hepatic veins, i.e., the<br />
liver in circulatory failure; jaundice; cholestasis; primary biliary cirrhosis; sclerosing<br />
cholangitis; virus hepatitis; chronic hepatitis; drugs and the liver; hepatic cirrhosis;<br />
alcohol and the liver; iron overload states; Wilson's disease; nutritional and metabolic
Books 209<br />
liver disease; the liver in infancy and childhood; the liver in pregnancy; the liver in<br />
systemic disease and hepatic trauma; the liver in infections; hepatic tumors, including<br />
hepato-cellular carcinoma; imaging of the biliary tract, including interventional<br />
radiology and endoscopy; cysts and congenital biliary abnormalities; gallstones and<br />
inflammatory gallbladder diseases; benign stricture of the bile ducts; diseases of the<br />
ampulla of Vater and pancreas; tumors of the gallbladder and bile ducts; and hepatic<br />
transplantation. The volume includes full color photographs, extensive reference lists<br />
with each chapter, and a detailed subject index.<br />
• Hepatobiliary Diseases: Pathophysiology and Imaging<br />
Source: Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2001. 764 p.<br />
Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place,<br />
Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail:<br />
books@blacksci.com. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. PRICE: $275.00. ISBN:<br />
0632055421.<br />
Summary: This textbook aims to familiarize the reader with various imaging modalities,<br />
the information they provide, and with the merits of each, in order to facilitate the<br />
combined use of different imaging techniques in the diagnosis and management of<br />
hepatobiliary (liver and bile tract) diseases. The book includes 47 chapters in seven<br />
sections: progress in imaging, anatomy and gross changes in the liver, diffuse liver<br />
diseases, vascular disease, space-occupying lesions, other liver diseases, and biliary tract<br />
disease. Specific topics include computed tomography (CT scan) and magnetic<br />
resonance imaging (MRI); harmonic ultrasound; anatomy of the liver; acute hepatitis<br />
and acute hepatic failure; chronic hepatitis; cirrhosis (liver scarring); fatty liver<br />
(steatosis); alcoholic liver disease; iron overload; Wilson's disease; amyloidosis,<br />
metabolic diseases, drug-induced and chemical-induced liver injuries; vascular anatomy<br />
of the liver and vascular anomalies; portal hypertension (high blood pressure);<br />
thrombosis (clotting) affecting the liver; Budd-Chiari syndrome; primary malignant<br />
tumors of the liver (liver cancer); benign liver lesions; cysts of the liver; liver abscess;<br />
blunt hepatic trauma; parasitic diseases; infections and the liver; transplantation;<br />
anatomy of the biliary tract; congenital anomalies and dilatation; Caroli's disease; stone<br />
disease (gallstones); biliary tract stenosis; primary sclerosing cholangitis; cholecystitis<br />
and Mirizzi syndrome; tumors of the gallbladder; adenomyomatosis and cholesterolosis;<br />
Hilar carcinoma; and tumors of the common bile duct and papilla of Vater. Each chapter<br />
includes black and white reproductions of imaging techniques and a list of references.<br />
The book includes a color plate section and a detailed subject index.<br />
Chapters on Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
In order to find chapters that specifically relate to magnetic resonance imaging, an excellent<br />
source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit<br />
your search to book chapters and magnetic resonance imaging using the “Detailed Search”<br />
option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book<br />
chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your<br />
search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.”<br />
Type “magnetic resonance imaging” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The<br />
following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on magnetic resonance<br />
imaging:
210<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Voiding Cystourethrography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Lower Urinary<br />
Tract<br />
Source: in Corcos, J.; Schick, E., eds. Urinary Sphincter. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker,<br />
Inc. 2001. p. 407-421.<br />
Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc. Cimarron Road, P.O. Box 5005, Monticello,<br />
NY 12701. (800) 228-1160 or (845) 796-1919. Fax (845) 796-1772. E-mail:<br />
custserv@dekker.com. International E-mail: intlcustserv@dekker.com. Website:<br />
www.dekker.com. PRICE: $225.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0824704770.<br />
Summary: Radiologic assessment of bladder and urethral function encompasses several<br />
technologies varying in invasiveness, availability, expense, and sensitivity. Although<br />
sonography (ultrasound) is the least invasive of these choices, perhaps the most<br />
extensive clinical experience is with voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), which<br />
remains a reliable extension of physical examination several decades after its<br />
introduction. Easily performed, and relatively easily interpreted, there is little argument<br />
that VCUG is an important part of the assessment of lower urinary tract pathology.<br />
More recently, advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology have<br />
broadened the use of this technique to include evaluation of the bladder and urethra,<br />
although a clear consensus for indications of its use remains evasive. This chapter on<br />
VCUG and MRI of the lower urinary tract is from a textbook that presents a detailed and<br />
systematic account of the current knowledge on the anatomy, physiology, functional<br />
relationships, and range of dysfunctions that affect the urinary sphincter. The chapter<br />
describes the current roles of VCUG and MRI in the evaluation of patients with voiding<br />
dysfunction. The authors conclude that VCUG is readily available, safe, and easily<br />
tolerated. Even though the lack of simulataneous intravesical pressure monitoring<br />
render it virtually impossible for this technique to definitively pinpoint the cause of<br />
urinary leakage, the clarity of the images and the cost effectiveness make VCUG<br />
extremely useful, particularly when videodynamic studies are unwarranted or<br />
unavailable. MRI of the pelvis provides the most precise anatomical information<br />
currently available, and the possible influence of MRI on clinical decision making is a<br />
fertile ground for research and new developments. However, as costs are a predominant<br />
driving force in the delivery of medical care, detailed cost benefit analysis will be<br />
required before more routine use of MRI can be accepted. The use of dynamic MRI to<br />
evaluate complex cases of pelvic prolapse may be justified before performing major<br />
surgical interventions, however. 15 figures. 17 references.<br />
Directories<br />
In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of<br />
directories relating to magnetic resonance imaging have been published that consolidate<br />
information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the<br />
following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library: 10<br />
10 You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “magnetic resonance imaging” using the "Detailed Search"<br />
option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the<br />
drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select<br />
“All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “magnetic resonance<br />
imaging” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as<br />
it is updated every three months.
• McLean Hospital: Referring Professional's Directory of Programs and Services<br />
Source: Belmont, MA: McLean Hospital. 1990. 78 p.<br />
Books 211<br />
Contact: Available from McLean Hospital. 115 Mill Street, Belmont MA 02178-9106.<br />
(617) 855-3407. PRICE: Free.<br />
Summary: This directory was developed to assist physicians in referring their patients to<br />
appropriate diagnostic, treatment, residential, and aftercare services at McLean<br />
Hospital, a nonprofit center for psychiatric care, teaching, and research. This hospital,<br />
founded in 1811, is one of the oldest psychiatric hospitals in the United States. It serves<br />
as a major teaching facility for Harvard Medical School and is closely affiliated with its<br />
sister institution, Massachusetts General Hospital. Included in this directory is a<br />
description of the McLean Memory Diagnostic Center and Alzheimer's Disease Clinical<br />
Research Program. Individuals who are affected by memory problems or develop<br />
impairments of intellectual functioning may be referred to this program. The outpatient<br />
center provides neurologic, psychiatric, and neuropsychological evaluations as well as<br />
an evaluation of family supports and resources. Neurodiagnostic tests are available,<br />
including magnetic resonance imaging and electro-encephalographic monitoring.<br />
Patients evaluated at the Memory Diagnostic Center receive ongoing follow-up and<br />
treatment when needed, as well as other services such as support and counseling to<br />
patients and families, aid with using community resources for caregiving, and referral to<br />
appropriate adult day care or extended care facilities. Psychosocial and geriatric<br />
psychiatry programs also are available.
CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON <strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong><br />
Overview<br />
<strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on<br />
magnetic resonance imaging. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal<br />
agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the<br />
National Library of Medicine.<br />
Video Recordings<br />
An excellent source of multimedia information on magnetic resonance imaging is the<br />
Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to<br />
“Videorecording” and “magnetic resonance imaging” using the “Detailed Search” option.<br />
Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video<br />
productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine<br />
your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option<br />
“Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “magnetic resonance imaging” (or<br />
synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching<br />
for video recordings on magnetic resonance imaging:<br />
• MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Source: New York, NY: American Journal of Nursing Video Library. 1989.<br />
(videocassette).<br />
Contact: Available from American Journal of Nursing Video Library. 1430 Broadway,<br />
New York, NY 10018. (800) 223-2282, (212) 582-8820 (in New York), or FAX (212) 944-<br />
9055. PRICE: $200.00 purchase; $60.00 rental. Stock Number: 5285S (purchase); 5285V<br />
(rental).<br />
Summary: This videocassette explains the procedure of magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
The information presented is appropriate for families of Alzheimer's disease patients<br />
undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. Animated computer graphics illustrate how<br />
magnetic resonance images are obtained and recorded. The video discusses the<br />
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procedure with a patient, including preparation for the test, length of the procedure,<br />
and the equipment and noises the patient will hear and see.
CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON <strong>MAGNETIC</strong><br />
Overview<br />
<strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that<br />
cover magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
News Services and Press Releases<br />
One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on magnetic resonance imaging is to<br />
search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to<br />
access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.<br />
PR Newswire<br />
To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your<br />
country. Type “magnetic resonance imaging” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will<br />
automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days.<br />
The search results are shown by order of relevance.<br />
Reuters Health<br />
The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring<br />
news archives relating to magnetic resonance imaging. While some of the listed articles are<br />
free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to<br />
http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “magnetic resonance imaging”<br />
(or synonyms).<br />
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The NIH<br />
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times<br />
Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the<br />
public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html.<br />
MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date<br />
at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often,<br />
news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.<br />
Business Wire<br />
Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to<br />
http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company<br />
name.<br />
Market Wire<br />
Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press<br />
releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal,<br />
nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at<br />
http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to<br />
Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “magnetic<br />
resonance imaging” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this<br />
service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases<br />
covering diagnostic procedures or tests.<br />
Search Engines<br />
Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines.<br />
See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or<br />
you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in<br />
“magnetic resonance imaging” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is<br />
relevant to magnetic resonance imaging, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as<br />
http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across<br />
various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at<br />
http://news.google.com/.<br />
BBC<br />
Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation<br />
(BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/.<br />
Search by “magnetic resonance imaging” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles<br />
Periodicals and News 217<br />
Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to<br />
“newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly<br />
to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the<br />
search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you<br />
prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “magnetic resonance<br />
imaging” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back<br />
periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a<br />
typical result when searching for newsletter articles on magnetic resonance imaging:<br />
• Neuroimaging Update: 1991<br />
Source: Gray Line: Medical Information Sheet. [Newsletter] Volume 4: [p. 2-3] Spring<br />
1991.<br />
Contact: Available from Gray Line Medical Information Sheet. 706 Denver Street,<br />
Wichita Falls, TX 76301. (817) 322-1131. PRICE: Call for price information.<br />
Summary: This article describes the application of imaging of the brain to advance the<br />
understanding of aging and dementing illnesses. Computerized tomography (CT)<br />
continues to be used primarily for exclusion of other diseases such as multiple<br />
infarctions, neoplasia, or hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance imaging (MR or MRI) has<br />
proven more sensitive than CT for demonstration of the expected changes of aging.<br />
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) provides a map of physiologic activity of the<br />
brain, specifically indicating areas of increased or decreased glucose metabolism. MR<br />
spectroscopy is an area of ongoing research and development that may prove useful in<br />
the evaluation of Alzheimer's disease. Spectroscopy offers a way to noninvasively<br />
evaluate metabolic activity in various regions of the brain.<br />
• TMJ Problems: When Your Jaw Joint Acts Up<br />
Source: Mayo Clinic Women's HealthSource. 7(3): 6. February 2003.<br />
Contact: Available from Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 200<br />
First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905. (800) 876-8633 or (303) 604-1465. E-mail:<br />
Healthsource@Mayo.edu.<br />
Summary: This brief article offers an update on temporomandibular joint (TMJ)<br />
problems. The TMJ is the hinge joint that connects the lower jawbone (mandible) with<br />
the temporal bone of the skull. Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) cause pain in this<br />
joint or in the muscles that surround it. The article reviews the typical symptoms of TMJ<br />
problems, then discusses how the disorder is diagnosed (with a bite check, x rays, or<br />
magnetic resonance imaging, MRI), the use of conservative remedies, self-care options,<br />
and treatment strategies including splints, medications, physical therapy, and surgery.<br />
Readers are cautioned to only consider surgery if comprehensive nonsurgical treatments<br />
have failed and the patient's quality of life has been seriously diminished by their<br />
symptoms. 1 figure.<br />
Academic Periodicals covering Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s<br />
PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to magnetic resonance imaging.
218<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering magnetic resonance<br />
imaging that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To<br />
find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the<br />
name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.”<br />
If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the<br />
following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the<br />
name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles.<br />
At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical<br />
periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then<br />
type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS<br />
Overview<br />
While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching<br />
medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking,<br />
there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private<br />
sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.<br />
U.S. Pharmacopeia<br />
Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the<br />
Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for<br />
magnetic resonance imaging. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820,<br />
eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard<br />
drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP).<br />
Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven<br />
elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and<br />
pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at<br />
http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The<br />
resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of<br />
Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of<br />
federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug<br />
Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm.<br />
While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both<br />
user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter<br />
medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web<br />
browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples<br />
of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use,<br />
precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United<br />
States Pharmacopeia (USP).<br />
Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will<br />
direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks,<br />
219
220<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
etc.). The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as<br />
being potentially applicable to magnetic resonance imaging:<br />
Mangafodipir<br />
• Systemic - U.S. Brands: Teslascan<br />
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203456.html<br />
Perflubron<br />
• Diagnostic - U.S. Brands: Imagent GI<br />
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202688.html<br />
Commercial Databases<br />
In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are<br />
available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access<br />
these sources from your local medical library.<br />
Mosby’s Drug Consult<br />
Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers<br />
45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing<br />
information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is<br />
available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.<br />
PDRhealth<br />
The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been<br />
written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information<br />
adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by<br />
brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports.<br />
Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.<br />
Other Web Sites<br />
Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as<br />
commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter,<br />
Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs<br />
and therapeutics for a nominal fee.<br />
If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you.<br />
Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA<br />
through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web<br />
at www.fda.gov.
APPENDICES<br />
221
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES<br />
Overview<br />
In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information<br />
resources created or written for a professional audience.<br />
NIH Guidelines<br />
Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of<br />
Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are<br />
available at the following by relevant Institute 11 :<br />
• Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at<br />
http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm<br />
• National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at<br />
http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/<br />
• National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with<br />
guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html<br />
• National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at<br />
http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c-<br />
714a9f7c8d25<br />
• National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at<br />
http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm<br />
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at<br />
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm<br />
• National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at<br />
http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375<br />
• National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at<br />
http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/<br />
11 These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.<br />
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224<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at<br />
http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm<br />
• National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at<br />
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/<br />
• National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact<br />
sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm<br />
• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines<br />
available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm<br />
• National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact<br />
sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/<br />
• National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at<br />
http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/<br />
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines<br />
available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm<br />
• National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at<br />
http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html<br />
• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health<br />
information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm<br />
• National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at<br />
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm<br />
• National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder<br />
information pages available at<br />
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm<br />
• National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at<br />
http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html<br />
• National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at<br />
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm<br />
• Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword<br />
searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp<br />
• National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health<br />
information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/<br />
• National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories<br />
available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp<br />
• Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at<br />
http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html<br />
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases<br />
available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
NIH Databases<br />
Physician Resources 225<br />
In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH<br />
has designed a number of databases for professionals. 12 Physician-oriented resources<br />
provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both<br />
past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic<br />
citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available.<br />
The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine: 13<br />
• Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues<br />
surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in<br />
conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University,<br />
Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html<br />
• HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS<br />
research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html<br />
• NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”:<br />
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical<br />
scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html<br />
• Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for<br />
Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops<br />
software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for<br />
the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease:<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/<br />
• Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to<br />
worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including<br />
family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy:<br />
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html<br />
• Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases:<br />
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html<br />
• Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century<br />
biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology:<br />
http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/<br />
• Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references:<br />
http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html<br />
• Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials<br />
where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality:<br />
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html<br />
• Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including<br />
NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html<br />
• MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry,<br />
veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences:<br />
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html<br />
12 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in<br />
MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html).<br />
13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering<br />
toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html<br />
• Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of<br />
normal male and female human bodies:<br />
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html<br />
The NLM Gateway 14<br />
The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users<br />
search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine<br />
(NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface,<br />
providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases. 15 To<br />
use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd.<br />
Type “magnetic resonance imaging” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.”<br />
The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each<br />
database category.<br />
HSTAT 16<br />
Results Summary<br />
Category Items Found<br />
Journal Articles 138828<br />
Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual 1270<br />
Consumer Health 534<br />
Meeting Abstracts 312<br />
Other Collections 217<br />
Total 141161<br />
HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in<br />
healthcare decision-making. 17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference<br />
guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology<br />
assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as<br />
AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice. 18 Simply search by “magnetic resonance imaging” (or<br />
synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.<br />
14 Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.<br />
15 The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical<br />
Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).<br />
16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.<br />
17 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.<br />
18 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference<br />
Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource<br />
documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse<br />
Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention<br />
(SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive<br />
Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community<br />
Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the<br />
Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists 19<br />
Physician Resources 227<br />
Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers<br />
recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing<br />
treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries.<br />
Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are<br />
used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI<br />
staff. 20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or<br />
more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature. 21 This site has new articles<br />
every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for<br />
general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following<br />
hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.<br />
Other Commercial Databases<br />
In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are<br />
commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may<br />
interest you:<br />
• CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on<br />
the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.<br />
• Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on<br />
the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.<br />
19 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.<br />
20 The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the<br />
source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story.<br />
21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a<br />
molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each<br />
vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how<br />
NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES<br />
Overview<br />
Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants,<br />
frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are<br />
typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure,<br />
information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new<br />
guidelines on magnetic resonance imaging can appear at any moment and be published by a<br />
number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the<br />
Internet-based services that post them.<br />
Patient Guideline Sources<br />
The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you<br />
find additional guidelines on topics related to magnetic resonance imaging. Due to space<br />
limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the<br />
following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the<br />
contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.<br />
The National Institutes of Health<br />
The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can<br />
search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.<br />
Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus<br />
The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare<br />
information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic<br />
pages” which list links to available materials relevant to magnetic resonance imaging. To<br />
access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From<br />
there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas.<br />
Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “magnetic resonance<br />
imaging”:<br />
229
230<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Brain Cancer<br />
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/braincancer.html<br />
Brain Diseases<br />
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/braindiseases.html<br />
Congenital Heart Disease<br />
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/congenitalheartdisease.html<br />
Diagnostic Imaging<br />
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diagnosticimaging.html<br />
Spinal Stenosis<br />
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalstenosis.html<br />
Within the health topic page dedicated to magnetic resonance imaging, the following was<br />
listed:<br />
• Children<br />
FDA Cautions Against Ultrasound 'Keepsake' Images<br />
Source: Food and Drug Administration<br />
http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2004/104_images.html<br />
Fetal Ultrasound<br />
Source: American Medical Association<br />
http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZUSI4YU7C&s<br />
ub_cat=3<br />
Pediatric Abdominal Ultrasound Imaging<br />
Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America<br />
http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/ultra-abdomen-pd.htm<br />
Pediatric CT (Computed Tomography)<br />
Source: Radiological Society of North America<br />
http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/pedia-ct.htm<br />
Pediatric Nuclear Medicine<br />
Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America<br />
http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/nuclearmed-pd.htm<br />
Pediatric Voiding Cystourethrogram<br />
Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America<br />
http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/v-cystourethrogrm-pd.htm<br />
X-Ray Use and Safety<br />
Source: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry<br />
http://www.aapd.org/publications/brochures/xray.asp<br />
• Latest News<br />
Stress Test May Miss Early Heart Disease<br />
Source: 08/18/2004, Reuters Health<br />
http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_19607<br />
.html
Patient Resources 231<br />
Test Predicts Ongoing Constipation in Kids<br />
Source: 08/23/2004, Reuters Health<br />
http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_19672<br />
.html<br />
Virtual Colonoscopy Shows Promise<br />
Source: 09/01/2004, Reuters Health<br />
http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_19854<br />
.html<br />
• Law and Policy<br />
Medicare Expands Coverage for PET Scans<br />
Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services<br />
http://www.cms.hhs.gov/media/press/release.asp?counter=727<br />
• Organizations<br />
• Research<br />
• Women<br />
Radiology Info<br />
Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America<br />
http://www.radiologyinfo.org/default.htm<br />
“Slice” Scanner Latest Advance in Early Detection of Heart Disease<br />
Source: American Heart Association<br />
http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3005482<br />
Bleed-Detecting MRI May Identify Dangerous Plaque<br />
Source: American Heart Association<br />
http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3012614<br />
NIH Licenses New MRI Technology That Produces Detailed Images of Nerves,<br />
Other Soft Tissues<br />
Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development<br />
http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jul2002/nichd-29.htm<br />
Spiral Scan Sees Stroke Blockage More Clearly<br />
Source: American Heart Association<br />
http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3001835<br />
Mammography<br />
Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America<br />
http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/mammogram.htm<br />
Ultrasound-Obstetric<br />
Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America<br />
http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/obstetric_ultrasound.htm<br />
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following<br />
Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the<br />
search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the<br />
exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system
232<br />
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(mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating<br />
unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a<br />
very targeted search.<br />
The Combined Health Information Database (CHID)<br />
CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal<br />
articles and patient education guidelines on magnetic resonance imaging. CHID offers<br />
summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing.<br />
CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to<br />
http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search<br />
options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was<br />
recently posted in this archive:<br />
• What You Should Know About Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Source: Deerfield, MI: Channing L. Bete Company, Inc. 1991. 15 p.<br />
Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete Company, Inc. 200 State Road, South,<br />
Deerfield, MI 01373. (800) 628-7733. PRICE: $.79 each; bulk pricing available. Booklet<br />
Number 14803.<br />
Summary: This patient education brochure explains the use of magnetic resonance<br />
imaging (MRI) techniques for diagnostic purposes. Topics covered include a description<br />
of how the MRI machine works, the uses of MRI, preparing for an MRI scan, the scan<br />
procedure, how and by whom the scan is evaluated, the risks and benefits of the<br />
procedure, the use of MRI in pregnant women, the costs of the procedure, MRI scans in<br />
people with pacemakers or other implanted devices, and the future of MRI. The<br />
brochure is extensively illustrated with simple line drawings and cartoon figures that<br />
symbolize each topic presented.<br />
Healthfinder<br />
Healthfinder is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and<br />
offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is<br />
located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find<br />
guidelines. The following was recently found in this database:<br />
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Summary: This document explains magnetic resonance imaging and what happens<br />
before, during, and after an MRI exam.<br />
Source: American Society of Radiologic Technologists<br />
http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7935
•<br />
What To Expect from Your Next Imaging Exam<br />
Patient Resources 233<br />
Summary: This page links to information on numerous imaging exams, including<br />
radiography (x-rays), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, computed<br />
tomography (CT), mammography, radiation therapy,<br />
Source: American Society of Radiologic Technologists<br />
http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7934<br />
The NIH Search Utility<br />
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites<br />
that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an<br />
ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate<br />
in some way to magnetic resonance imaging. The drawbacks of this approach are that the<br />
information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information<br />
for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide<br />
useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively<br />
rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search<br />
utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.<br />
Additional Web Sources<br />
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These<br />
can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative<br />
sample:<br />
• AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats<br />
• Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm<br />
• Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/<br />
• Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html<br />
• Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/<br />
• Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/<br />
• WebMD ® Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics<br />
Finding Associations<br />
There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with<br />
information on or resources relating to magnetic resonance imaging. By consulting all of<br />
associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient<br />
associations concerned with magnetic resonance imaging.<br />
The National Health Information Center (NHIC)<br />
The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people<br />
find organizations that provide information about magnetic resonance imaging. For more
234<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an<br />
information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.<br />
Directory of Health Organizations<br />
The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine<br />
Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations.<br />
The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at<br />
http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and<br />
Health Hotlines.<br />
The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers,<br />
and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine.<br />
To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/.<br />
Simply type in “magnetic resonance imaging” (or a synonym), and you will receive<br />
information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.<br />
Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access<br />
this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given<br />
the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received<br />
your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact<br />
information.<br />
The Combined Health Information Database<br />
Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined<br />
Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit<br />
your search to “Organizations” and “magnetic resonance imaging”. Type the following<br />
hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find<br />
associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine<br />
your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred<br />
language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “magnetic resonance<br />
imaging” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back<br />
periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.<br />
The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.<br />
The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at<br />
no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the<br />
following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “magnetic<br />
resonance imaging” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES<br />
Overview<br />
In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.<br />
Preparation<br />
Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the<br />
National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world.<br />
According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the<br />
National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would<br />
like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the<br />
publications for you. 22<br />
Finding a Local Medical Library<br />
The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory<br />
published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network<br />
includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health<br />
professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit<br />
http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.<br />
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada<br />
In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of<br />
libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list<br />
and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide<br />
information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of<br />
22 Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.<br />
235
236<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name<br />
of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located) 23 :<br />
• Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative,<br />
Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/<br />
• Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)<br />
• Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health<br />
System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm<br />
• California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt),<br />
http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html<br />
• California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos,<br />
http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html<br />
• California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles<br />
Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson,<br />
CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html<br />
• California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)<br />
• California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/<br />
• California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources<br />
(University of California, San Francisco),<br />
http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp<br />
• California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District),<br />
http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html<br />
• California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/<br />
• California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento),<br />
http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/<br />
• California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis),<br />
http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/<br />
• California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center<br />
(ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html<br />
• California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont),<br />
http://www.healthlibrary.org/<br />
• Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare),<br />
http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/<br />
• Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital),<br />
http://www.harthosp.org/library/<br />
• Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University<br />
of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library),<br />
http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/<br />
23 Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries 237<br />
• Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital,<br />
Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml<br />
• Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont<br />
Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington),<br />
http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm<br />
• Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington),<br />
http://www.delamed.org/chls.html<br />
• Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta),<br />
http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm<br />
• Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon),<br />
http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp<br />
• Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii<br />
Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/<br />
• Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene),<br />
http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm<br />
• Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago),<br />
http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html<br />
• Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria),<br />
http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/<br />
• Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public<br />
(Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington),<br />
http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm<br />
• Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical<br />
Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/<br />
• Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical<br />
Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/<br />
• Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical Library-<br />
Shreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/<br />
• Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital,<br />
Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm<br />
• Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston),<br />
http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html<br />
• Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor),<br />
http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm<br />
• Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland),<br />
http://www.mmc.org/library/<br />
• Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/<br />
• Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine<br />
Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10<br />
• Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine<br />
Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
238<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of<br />
Manitoba Libraries),<br />
http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html<br />
• Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg),<br />
http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp<br />
• Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery<br />
County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library),<br />
http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp<br />
• Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System),<br />
http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/<br />
• Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston<br />
University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html<br />
• Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General<br />
Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm<br />
• Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist<br />
Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp<br />
• Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital,<br />
Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/<br />
• Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts<br />
General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html<br />
• Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School,<br />
Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/<br />
• Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General<br />
Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm<br />
• Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers),<br />
http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/<br />
• Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General<br />
Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html<br />
• Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center<br />
(University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor),<br />
http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm<br />
• Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer<br />
Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330<br />
• Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences<br />
Center, Missoula)<br />
• National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer<br />
and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html<br />
• National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) -<br />
provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have<br />
access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/<br />
• National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of<br />
Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries 239<br />
• Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County<br />
Library District, Las Vegas),<br />
http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm<br />
• New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library,<br />
Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/<br />
• New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway),<br />
http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm<br />
• New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and<br />
Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm<br />
• New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center,<br />
Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/<br />
• New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer<br />
Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html<br />
• New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of<br />
New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/<br />
• New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde<br />
Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html<br />
• New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital),<br />
http://www.nyam.org/library/<br />
• Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer<br />
Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm<br />
• Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis<br />
Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp<br />
• Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles),<br />
http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/<br />
• Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical<br />
Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/<br />
• Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center,<br />
Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml<br />
• Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton),<br />
http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html<br />
• Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library<br />
System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html<br />
• Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of<br />
Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml<br />
• Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health<br />
System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp<br />
• Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh),<br />
http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm<br />
• Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital),<br />
http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
240<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
• South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional<br />
Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp<br />
• Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center<br />
Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/<br />
• Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital),<br />
http://www.kvch.com/<br />
• Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington<br />
Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
ONLINE GLOSSARIES<br />
The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National<br />
Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries:<br />
• ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference:<br />
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html<br />
• MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.):<br />
http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp<br />
• Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.):<br />
http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/<br />
• Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European<br />
Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian,<br />
Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html<br />
• On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/<br />
• Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases):<br />
http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp<br />
• Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology:<br />
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm<br />
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every<br />
aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be<br />
accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also<br />
available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web<br />
MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).<br />
Online Dictionary Directories<br />
The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of<br />
Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries:<br />
• Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization):<br />
http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical<br />
• MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries<br />
(Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html<br />
• Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project):<br />
http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/<br />
• Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University):<br />
http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine<br />
241
<strong>MAGNETIC</strong> <strong>RESONANCE</strong> <strong>IMAGING</strong><br />
DICTIONARY<br />
The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National<br />
Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU].<br />
3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional<br />
radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows<br />
doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal<br />
tissue as much as possible. [NIH]<br />
Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH]<br />
Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the<br />
chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and<br />
other organs. [NIH]<br />
Abducens: A striated, extrinsic muscle of the eyeball that originates from the annulus of<br />
Zinn. [NIH]<br />
Abducens Nerve: The 6th cranial nerve. The abducens nerve originates in the abducens<br />
nucleus of the pons and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the eye. Damage<br />
to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control. [NIH]<br />
Abducens Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the sixth cranial (abducens) nerve or its nucleus in<br />
the pons. The nerve may be injured along its course in the pons, intracranially as it travels<br />
along the base of the brain, in the cavernous sinus, or at the level of superior orbital fissure<br />
or orbit. Dysfunction of the nerve causes lateral rectus muscle weakness, resulting in<br />
horizontal diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is abducted and esotropia.<br />
Common conditions associated with nerve injury include intracranial hypertension;<br />
craniocerebral trauma; ischemia; and infratentorial neoplasms. [NIH]<br />
Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU]<br />
Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH]<br />
Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH]<br />
Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH]<br />
Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by<br />
hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing<br />
oxidation or reduction. [NIH]<br />
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory<br />
properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell,<br />
and kidney damage. [NIH]<br />
Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at<br />
neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of<br />
sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is<br />
generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by<br />
cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH]<br />
Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU]<br />
Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH]<br />
Acromioclavicular Joint: The gliding joint formed by the outer extremity of the clavicle and<br />
243
244<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
the inner margin of the acromion process of the scapula. [NIH]<br />
Acromion: The lateral extension of the spine of the scapula and the highest point of the<br />
shoulder. [NIH]<br />
Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH]<br />
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many<br />
immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow.<br />
Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH]<br />
Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many<br />
immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow.<br />
Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH]<br />
Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases,<br />
kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH]<br />
Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH]<br />
Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different<br />
from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH]<br />
Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it<br />
enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the<br />
intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing<br />
of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In<br />
dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of<br />
restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In<br />
microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU]<br />
Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH]<br />
Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH]<br />
Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine<br />
derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA<br />
and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH]<br />
Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and<br />
biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the<br />
environment. [NIH]<br />
Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology,<br />
nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU]<br />
Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex<br />
characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually<br />
referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH]<br />
Adolescent Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis,<br />
prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in individuals 13-18 years. [NIH]<br />
Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids,<br />
androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH]<br />
Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of<br />
each kidney. [NIH]<br />
Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with<br />
similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a<br />
synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU]<br />
Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH]
Dictionary 245<br />
Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the<br />
nervous system. [NIH]<br />
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element,<br />
organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the<br />
tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent<br />
chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the<br />
complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction<br />
between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the<br />
stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among<br />
simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association<br />
constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of<br />
antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean<br />
intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU]<br />
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium<br />
cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the<br />
preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making<br />
emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and<br />
stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring<br />
substances. [EU]<br />
Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH]<br />
Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during<br />
general anesthesia. [NIH]<br />
Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular<br />
quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common<br />
extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of<br />
intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU]<br />
Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions<br />
and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60<br />
per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure<br />
and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin,<br />
and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when<br />
their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low<br />
serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and<br />
renal disease. [EU]<br />
Alexia: The inability to recognize or comprehend written or printed words. [NIH]<br />
Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps<br />
to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH]<br />
Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU]<br />
Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH]<br />
Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons,<br />
i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha<br />
particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH]<br />
Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as<br />
standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments.<br />
Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and<br />
herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy,
246<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]<br />
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and<br />
atomic weight 26.98. [NIH]<br />
Amblyopia: A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include<br />
stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivationinduced<br />
amblopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between<br />
visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical<br />
development. Strabismus and refractive errors may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is<br />
a disorder of the optic nerve which is associated with alcoholism, tobacco smoking, and<br />
other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications. [NIH]<br />
Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH)<br />
group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from<br />
which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation<br />
of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration.<br />
Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by<br />
posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains.<br />
There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric<br />
acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU]<br />
Amnesia: Lack or loss of memory; inability to remember past experiences. [EU]<br />
Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence,<br />
found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH]<br />
Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH]<br />
Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral<br />
ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular<br />
fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet<br />
conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel,<br />
Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH]<br />
Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized<br />
amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either<br />
primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some<br />
types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints,<br />
heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal<br />
glands. [NIH]<br />
Amyotrophy: A type of diabetic neuropathy that causes muscle weakness and wasting. [NIH]<br />
Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile<br />
sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of<br />
pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU]<br />
Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH]<br />
Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU]<br />
Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH]<br />
Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in<br />
origin or development;. [EU]<br />
Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in<br />
the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast<br />
cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local
Dictionary 247<br />
inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a,<br />
C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but<br />
shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH]<br />
Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH]<br />
Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU]<br />
Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of<br />
the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In<br />
addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and<br />
stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH]<br />
Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of<br />
hemoglobin. [NIH]<br />
Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve<br />
function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance<br />
of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH]<br />
Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH]<br />
Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH]<br />
Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels<br />
from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the<br />
tumor. [NIH]<br />
Angiogram: An x-ray of blood vessels; the person receives an injection of dye to outline the<br />
vessels on the x-ray. [NIH]<br />
Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH]<br />
Angiopathy: Disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) that occurs when<br />
someone has diabetes for a long time. There are two types of angiopathy: macroangiopathy<br />
and microangiopathy. In macroangiopathy, fat and blood clots build up in the large blood<br />
vessels, stick to the vessel walls, and block the flow of blood. In microangiopathy, the walls<br />
of the smaller blood vessels become so thick and weak that they bleed, leak protein, and<br />
slow the flow of blood through the body. Then the cells, for example, the ones in the center<br />
of the eye, do not get enough blood and may be damaged. [NIH]<br />
Angulation: Deviation from the normal long axis, as in a fractured bone healed out of line.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans.<br />
Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test<br />
new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers<br />
or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH]<br />
Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or<br />
positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH]<br />
Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH]<br />
Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH]<br />
Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory<br />
and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or<br />
company. [NIH]<br />
Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the<br />
posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly<br />
between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence<br />
of the tibia. [NIH]
248<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Anthracycline: A member of a family of anticancer drugs that are also antibiotics. [NIH]<br />
Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU]<br />
Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or<br />
reproduction. [EU]<br />
Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of<br />
which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the<br />
lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH]<br />
Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign<br />
substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this<br />
binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on<br />
the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier<br />
for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH]<br />
Antibody therapy: Treatment with an antibody, a substance that can directly kill specific<br />
tumor cells or stimulate the immune system to kill tumor cells. [NIH]<br />
Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood<br />
thinner. [NIH]<br />
Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU]<br />
Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant.<br />
[EU]<br />
Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a<br />
specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with<br />
specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble<br />
substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue<br />
cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the<br />
antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte.<br />
Abbreviated Ag. [EU]<br />
Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody<br />
molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage<br />
causes immune complex diseases. [NIH]<br />
Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU]<br />
Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH]<br />
Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH]<br />
Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical<br />
reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH]<br />
Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the<br />
maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU]<br />
Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also<br />
neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including<br />
phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and<br />
diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat<br />
schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and<br />
dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the<br />
movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome,<br />
and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting.<br />
Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic,
Dictionary 249<br />
and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought<br />
to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic<br />
and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and<br />
tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in<br />
the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects<br />
(orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are<br />
caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU]<br />
Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a<br />
particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as<br />
antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been<br />
immunized. [NIH]<br />
Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU]<br />
Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH]<br />
Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH]<br />
Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH]<br />
Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH]<br />
Aortic Valve: The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents<br />
backflow into the left ventricle. [NIH]<br />
Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express<br />
language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the<br />
language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various<br />
subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed<br />
forms of aphasia. [NIH]<br />
Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an<br />
organ or tissue. [EU]<br />
Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the<br />
pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the<br />
physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is<br />
characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin<br />
cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA<br />
fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to<br />
mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes<br />
associated with tumor growth. [NIH]<br />
Approximate: Approximal [EU]<br />
Aptitude: The ability to acquire general or special types of knowledge or skill. [NIH]<br />
Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH]<br />
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH]<br />
Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU]<br />
Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH]<br />
Arteriography: A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because of an injection<br />
of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. [NIH]<br />
Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and<br />
the capillaries. [NIH]<br />
Arteriosus: Circle composed of anastomosing arteries derived from two long posterior<br />
ciliary and seven anterior ciliary arteries, located in the ciliary body about the root of the iris.<br />
[NIH]
250<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU]<br />
Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH]<br />
Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU]<br />
Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU]<br />
Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH]<br />
Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not<br />
by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced<br />
by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in<br />
living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. [NIH]<br />
Artificial Intelligence: The study and implementation of techniques and methods for<br />
designing computer systems to perform functions normally associated with human<br />
intelligence, such as understanding language, learning, reasoning, problem solving, etc.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH]<br />
Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH]<br />
Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH]<br />
Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs<br />
to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied<br />
in cancer prevention. [NIH]<br />
Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the<br />
biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU]<br />
Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord.<br />
Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including<br />
those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly<br />
contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical<br />
environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes<br />
have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion<br />
channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions)<br />
is not well understood. [NIH]<br />
Astrocytoma: A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells<br />
called astrocytes. [NIH]<br />
Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH]<br />
Atherectomy: Endovascular procedure in which atheromatous plaque is excised by a cutting<br />
or rotating catheter. It differs from balloon and laser angioplasty procedures which enlarge<br />
vessels by dilation but frequently do not remove much plaque. If the plaque is removed by<br />
surgical excision under general anesthesia rather than by an endovascular procedure<br />
through a catheter, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH]<br />
Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU]<br />
Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial<br />
impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH]<br />
Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording<br />
entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the<br />
heart. [EU]<br />
Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a<br />
variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition,<br />
or hormonal changes. [NIH]
Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH]<br />
Dictionary 251<br />
Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to<br />
strains of unusual type. [EU]<br />
Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU]<br />
Auditory Cortex: Area of the temporal lobe concerned with hearing. [NIH]<br />
Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign<br />
and directs an immune response against them. [NIH]<br />
Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU]<br />
Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH]<br />
Avidity: The strength of the interaction of an antiserum with a multivalent antigen. [NIH]<br />
Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is<br />
manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH]<br />
Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron<br />
cell body. [NIH]<br />
Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the<br />
thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH]<br />
Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls,<br />
multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or<br />
bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH]<br />
Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH]<br />
Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH]<br />
Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects<br />
bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the<br />
coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most<br />
important. [NIH]<br />
Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular<br />
or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH]<br />
Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located<br />
in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH]<br />
Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around<br />
smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components<br />
such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its<br />
subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH]<br />
Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus<br />
and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by<br />
basic dyes. [NIH]<br />
Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other<br />
parts of the body. [NIH]<br />
Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is<br />
used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene<br />
causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is
252<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH]<br />
Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH]<br />
Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its<br />
composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of<br />
fats in the duodenum. [NIH]<br />
Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH]<br />
Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from<br />
cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile<br />
acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the<br />
digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in<br />
the treatment of gallstones. [NIH]<br />
Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH]<br />
Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin,<br />
biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH]<br />
Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH]<br />
Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH]<br />
Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH]<br />
Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific<br />
combination with another molecule. [NIH]<br />
Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving<br />
chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU]<br />
Bioengineering: The application of engineering principles to the solution of biological<br />
problems, for example, remote-handling devices, life-support systems, controls, and<br />
displays. [NIH]<br />
Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and<br />
drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH]<br />
Bioluminescence: The emission of light by living organisms such as the firefly, certain<br />
mollusks, beetles, fish, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. [NIH]<br />
Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body<br />
fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers<br />
include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast,<br />
pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH]<br />
Biophysics: The science of physical phenomena and processes in living organisms. [NIH]<br />
Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of<br />
tissue from the living body. [NIH]<br />
Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived<br />
constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and<br />
clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic<br />
engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning<br />
technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and<br />
protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH]<br />
Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological<br />
system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an<br />
active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic<br />
(oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate<br />
conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and
clearance. [NIH]<br />
Dictionary 253<br />
Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or<br />
major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH]<br />
Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH]<br />
Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity,<br />
enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the<br />
embryonic disc. [NIH]<br />
Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in<br />
an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH]<br />
Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH]<br />
Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found<br />
in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH]<br />
Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber.<br />
Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the<br />
heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example,<br />
in the forearm. [NIH]<br />
Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a<br />
network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH]<br />
Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and<br />
erythrocyte volume. [NIH]<br />
Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight<br />
junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral<br />
capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH]<br />
Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH]<br />
Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH]<br />
Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time.<br />
Also called bolus infusion. [NIH]<br />
Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short<br />
period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH]<br />
Bone Cements: Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to<br />
bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of<br />
monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate<br />
with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste. [NIH]<br />
Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition<br />
used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is<br />
most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH]<br />
Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types,<br />
yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists<br />
mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and<br />
is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up<br />
of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled<br />
with marrow cells. [NIH]<br />
Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or<br />
animal to another. [NIH]<br />
Bone metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone.<br />
[NIH]
254<br />
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Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small<br />
amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the<br />
bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH]<br />
Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion.<br />
There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH]<br />
Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH]<br />
Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the<br />
upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the<br />
nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal<br />
cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH]<br />
Brachiocephalic Veins: Large veins on either side of the root of the neck formed by the<br />
junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. They drain blood from the head, neck,<br />
and upper extremities, and unite to form the superior vena cava. [NIH]<br />
Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It<br />
uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or<br />
within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH]<br />
Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the<br />
blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary<br />
permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut<br />
walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a<br />
neurotransmitter. [NIH]<br />
Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the<br />
intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to)<br />
the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain<br />
stem; and cerebellum. [NIH]<br />
Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal<br />
cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH]<br />
Breast Implants: Implants used to reconstruct and/or cosmetically enhance the female<br />
breast. They have an outer shell or envelope of silicone elastomer and are filled with either<br />
saline or silicone gel. The outer shell may be either smooth or textured. [NIH]<br />
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs<br />
in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH]<br />
Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of<br />
body fluids. [NIH]<br />
Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the<br />
alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic<br />
weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with<br />
phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal<br />
functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in<br />
many enzymatic processes. [NIH]<br />
Calibration: Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct<br />
value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of<br />
the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current,<br />
frequency, or other output. [NIH]<br />
Cannabis: The hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Products prepared from the dried flowering<br />
tops of the plant include marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. [NIH]<br />
Canonical: A particular nucleotide sequence in which each position represents the base
Dictionary 255<br />
more often found when many actual sequences of a given class of genetic elements are<br />
compared. [NIH]<br />
Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a<br />
network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the<br />
interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid;<br />
called also vas capillare. [EU]<br />
Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective<br />
exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen<br />
move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the<br />
endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas<br />
(tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH]<br />
Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH]<br />
Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the<br />
pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen<br />
are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates<br />
are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, poly-<br />
and heterosaccharides. [EU]<br />
Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary<br />
for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH]<br />
Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH]<br />
Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU]<br />
Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH]<br />
Cardiac Volume: The volume of the heart, usually relating to the volume of blood contained<br />
within it at various periods of the cardiac cycle. The amount of blood ejected from a<br />
ventricle at each beat is stroke volume. [NIH]<br />
Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH]<br />
Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often<br />
of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU]<br />
Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the<br />
heart. [EU]<br />
Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH]<br />
Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart<br />
and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which<br />
can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high<br />
blood pressure). [NIH]<br />
Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and<br />
circulated through the body. [NIH]<br />
Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy<br />
vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic<br />
hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through<br />
enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH]<br />
Carotid Arteries: Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply
256<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and<br />
the external carotid artery. [NIH]<br />
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in<br />
symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be<br />
caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH]<br />
Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual<br />
patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for<br />
example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH]<br />
Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar<br />
treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual<br />
patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin)<br />
and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after<br />
treatment. [NIH]<br />
Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and<br />
secreted during physiological stress. [NIH]<br />
Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH]<br />
Catheter Ablation: Removal of tissue with electrical current delivered via electrodes<br />
positioned at the distal end of a catheter. Energy sources are commonly direct current (DCshock)<br />
or alternating current at radiofrequencies (usually 750 kHz). The technique is used<br />
most often to ablate the AV junction and/or accessory pathways in order to interrupt AV<br />
conduction and produce AV block in the treatment of various tachyarrhythmias. [NIH]<br />
Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ,<br />
or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It<br />
differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in<br />
obstructions. [NIH]<br />
Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of<br />
reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU]<br />
Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be<br />
analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH]<br />
Cavernous Hemangioma: Proptosis, oedema of the conjunctiva and eyelid, together with<br />
paralysis of the oculomotor cranial nerves. [NIH]<br />
Celiac Artery: The arterial trunk that arises from the abdominal aorta and after a short<br />
course divides into the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries. [NIH]<br />
Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are<br />
made up of one or more cells. [NIH]<br />
Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as<br />
metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH]<br />
Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing<br />
specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and<br />
leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH]<br />
Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH]<br />
Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell<br />
division. [NIH]<br />
Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which<br />
oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH]<br />
Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions
correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH]<br />
Dictionary 257<br />
Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the<br />
same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH]<br />
Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage.<br />
Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH]<br />
Cellular metabolism: The sum of all chemical changes that take place in a cell through<br />
which energy and basic components are provided for essential processes, including the<br />
synthesis of new molecules and the breakdown and removal of others. [NIH]<br />
Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief<br />
constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw<br />
material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange<br />
materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH]<br />
Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system,<br />
consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH]<br />
Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU]<br />
Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the<br />
brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH]<br />
Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU]<br />
Cerebral Angiography: Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a<br />
contrast medium. [NIH]<br />
Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that<br />
develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in<br />
man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH]<br />
Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls<br />
muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and<br />
learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and<br />
the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH]<br />
Cerebral Hemorrhage: Bleeding into a cerebral hemisphere of the brain, including lobar,<br />
subcortical white matter, and basal ganglia hemorrhages. Commonly associated conditions<br />
include hypertension; intracranial arteriosclerosis; intracranial aneurysm; craniocerebral<br />
trauma; intracranial arteriovenous malformations; cerebral amyloid angiopathy; and<br />
cerebral infarction. [NIH]<br />
Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU]<br />
Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord.<br />
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH]<br />
Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU]<br />
Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called<br />
the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also<br />
controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH]<br />
Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph<br />
nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is<br />
the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH]<br />
Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and<br />
vagina. [NIH]<br />
Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the<br />
relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH]
258<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU]<br />
Chelation Therapy: Therapy of heavy metal poisoning using agents which sequester the<br />
metal from organs or tissues and bind it firmly within the ring structure of a new compound<br />
which can be eliminated from the body. [NIH]<br />
Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory<br />
and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial)<br />
bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced<br />
oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU]<br />
Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The<br />
concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or<br />
immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of<br />
infection or insult. [NIH]<br />
Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH]<br />
Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH]<br />
Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that<br />
contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti).<br />
This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental<br />
protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for<br />
the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH]<br />
Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH]<br />
Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder. [NIH]<br />
Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially<br />
the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH]<br />
Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is<br />
important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes,<br />
and in lipid metabolism. [NIH]<br />
Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing<br />
acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU]<br />
Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become<br />
confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular<br />
reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of<br />
chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is<br />
also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH]<br />
Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye<br />
between the retina and sclera. [NIH]<br />
Choroid Plexus: A villous structure of tangled masses of blood vessels contained within the<br />
third, lateral, and fourth ventricles of the brain. It regulates part of the production and<br />
composition of cerebrospinal fluid. [NIH]<br />
Choroid plexus tumor: A rare type of cancer that occurs in the ventricles of the brain. It<br />
usually occurs in children younger than 2 years. [NIH]<br />
Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone<br />
proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH]<br />
Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU]<br />
Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all
human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH]<br />
Dictionary 259<br />
Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH]<br />
Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH]<br />
Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH]<br />
CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public,<br />
interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and<br />
providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by<br />
calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH]<br />
Clavicle: A long bone of the shoulder girdle. [NIH]<br />
Clinical Protocols: Precise and detailed plans for the study of a medical or biomedical<br />
problem and/or plans for a regimen of therapy. [NIH]<br />
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other<br />
medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case<br />
reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH]<br />
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other<br />
interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening,<br />
prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]<br />
Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of<br />
inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment<br />
originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic<br />
engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA<br />
molecules. [NIH]<br />
Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior<br />
part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU]<br />
Cochlear Implantation: Surgical insertion of an electronic device implanted beneath the skin<br />
with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural<br />
deafness. [NIH]<br />
Cochlear Implants: Electronic devices implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the<br />
cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness. [NIH]<br />
Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The<br />
cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally<br />
to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus) of the brain stem.<br />
They mediate the sense of hearing. [NIH]<br />
Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the<br />
action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH]<br />
Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains<br />
knowledge. [NIH]<br />
Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in<br />
mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic<br />
substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all<br />
consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is<br />
differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline,
260<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the<br />
high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH]<br />
Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU]<br />
Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The<br />
remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and<br />
leaves the body through the anus. [NIH]<br />
Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH]<br />
Common Bile Duct: The largest biliary duct. It is formed by the junction of the cystic duct<br />
and the hepatic duct. [NIH]<br />
Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes<br />
immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire<br />
functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector<br />
not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation<br />
occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the<br />
classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols<br />
C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and<br />
C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin<br />
system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names.<br />
Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with<br />
lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix<br />
'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a<br />
bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1<br />
to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1,<br />
IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative<br />
pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials<br />
including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the<br />
classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the<br />
alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in<br />
the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement<br />
activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments<br />
that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU]<br />
Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in<br />
addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices<br />
are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements,<br />
megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy,<br />
spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]<br />
Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as<br />
standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the<br />
standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements,<br />
megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such<br />
as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]<br />
Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or<br />
bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH]<br />
Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up<br />
secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH]<br />
Compulsions: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to<br />
perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better<br />
judgment. [NIH]
Dictionary 261<br />
Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques<br />
for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make<br />
biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and<br />
theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving<br />
biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH]<br />
Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body,<br />
taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray<br />
machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT)<br />
scan. [NIH]<br />
Computer Graphics: The process of pictorial communication, between human and<br />
computers, in which the computer input and output have the form of charts, drawings, or<br />
other appropriate pictorial representation. [NIH]<br />
Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena<br />
such as chemical processes. [NIH]<br />
Computer Systems: Systems composed of a computer or computers, peripheral equipment,<br />
such as disks, printers, and terminals, and telecommunications capabilities. [NIH]<br />
Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body,<br />
taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray<br />
machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized<br />
tomography. [NIH]<br />
Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken<br />
from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine.<br />
Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT<br />
scan). [NIH]<br />
Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the<br />
formation of a viable zygote. [EU]<br />
Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU]<br />
Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that<br />
provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH]<br />
Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH]<br />
Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU]<br />
Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU]<br />
Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual<br />
process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is<br />
exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a<br />
form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of<br />
its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates<br />
differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the<br />
recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of<br />
separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a<br />
fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union<br />
of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two<br />
compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with<br />
some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU]<br />
Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the<br />
anterior part of the sclera. [NIH]<br />
Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective
262<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]<br />
Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective<br />
tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]<br />
Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH]<br />
Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH]<br />
Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH]<br />
Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and<br />
the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH]<br />
Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of<br />
organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU]<br />
Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU]<br />
Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or<br />
treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH]<br />
Contrast Media: Substances used in radiography that allow visualization of certain tissues.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of<br />
the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues,<br />
allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU]<br />
Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being<br />
studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the<br />
new treatment works. [NIH]<br />
Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera<br />
as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH]<br />
Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral<br />
or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral<br />
discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH]<br />
Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or<br />
groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH]<br />
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for<br />
poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae. [NIH]<br />
Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments,<br />
etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a<br />
pathologic involvement of them. [EU]<br />
Coronary Aneurysm: A saclike dilatation of the walls of a blood vessel, usually an artery.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Coronary Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries. [NIH]<br />
Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary<br />
arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried<br />
by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or<br />
clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD<br />
results. [NIH]<br />
Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a<br />
myocardial infarction. [NIH]<br />
Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH]<br />
Corpus Callosum: Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect
Dictionary 263<br />
regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The<br />
corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure. [NIH]<br />
Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the<br />
internal substance. [EU]<br />
Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU]<br />
Cortices: The outer layer of an organ; used especially of the cerebrum and cerebellum. [NIH]<br />
Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex<br />
hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic<br />
hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to<br />
angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into<br />
three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein<br />
metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance;<br />
and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees,<br />
and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal<br />
replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as<br />
antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune<br />
response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU]<br />
Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to<br />
stress. [NIH]<br />
Cost Savings: Reductions in all or any portion of the costs of providing goods or services.<br />
Savings may be incurred by the provider or the consumer. [NIH]<br />
Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans)<br />
end of the body. [EU]<br />
Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special<br />
afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers. [NIH]<br />
Craniopharyngioma: A benign brain tumor that may be considered malignant because it<br />
can damage the hypothalamus, the area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger,<br />
and thirst. [NIH]<br />
Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue,<br />
creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are<br />
measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH]<br />
Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU]<br />
Cryostat: A batchwise operating apparatus in which a cryogenic liquid or solid is used to<br />
maintain by evaporation a cryotemperature which needs not be constant but may vary in a<br />
predetermined fashion. [NIH]<br />
Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU]<br />
Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical<br />
compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU]<br />
Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow<br />
transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to<br />
anticancer drugs. [NIH]<br />
Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH]<br />
Cystic Duct: The tube that carries bile from the gallbladder into the common bile duct and<br />
the small intestine. [NIH]
264<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic<br />
cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in<br />
that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands.<br />
They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH]<br />
Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae,<br />
infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they<br />
produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with<br />
Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH]<br />
Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a<br />
continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it<br />
(phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU]<br />
Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH]<br />
Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources,<br />
including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices.<br />
The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH]<br />
Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide,<br />
from a chemical compound. [NIH]<br />
Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum<br />
reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized,<br />
the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH]<br />
Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented<br />
with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a<br />
course of action or an idea. [NIH]<br />
Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or<br />
involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU]<br />
Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes),<br />
bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH]<br />
Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced<br />
ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by<br />
rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness,<br />
sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of<br />
psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment.<br />
Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of<br />
cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or<br />
withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia,<br />
hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called<br />
also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU]<br />
Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of<br />
sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is<br />
multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial<br />
relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline<br />
is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH]<br />
Demography: Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to<br />
distribution, composition, or structure. [NIH]<br />
Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive<br />
stimuli from other neurons. [NIH]<br />
Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU]
Dictionary 265<br />
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH]<br />
Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three<br />
layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure.<br />
The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule<br />
cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of<br />
pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH]<br />
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral<br />
activity. [NIH]<br />
Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU]<br />
Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH]<br />
Dermoid: A benign mixed tumor, usually congenital, containing teeth, hairs, skin glands,<br />
fibrous tissue, and other skin elements, rarely found in the limbal region of the eye and<br />
orbit. [NIH]<br />
Dermoid Cyst: A benign mixed tumor, usually congenital, containing teeth, hairs, skin<br />
glands, fibrous tissue, and other skin elements, rarely found in the limbal region of the eye<br />
and orbit. [NIH]<br />
Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by<br />
administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and<br />
immunotherapy. [EU]<br />
Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton<br />
in the nucleus. [NIH]<br />
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant<br />
and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of<br />
attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple<br />
mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating<br />
release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a<br />
psychotomimetic. [NIH]<br />
Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in<br />
common. [NIH]<br />
Diabetic Foot: Ulcers of the foot as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot, often with<br />
infection, is a common serious complication of diabetes and may require hospitalization and<br />
disfiguring surgery. The foot ulcers are probably secondary to neuropathies and vascular<br />
problems. [NIH]<br />
Diagnostic Imaging: Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or<br />
tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses<br />
to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy. [NIH]<br />
Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH]<br />
Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU]<br />
Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus,<br />
hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH]<br />
Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or<br />
concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself<br />
throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH]<br />
Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH]<br />
Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are<br />
the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH]
266<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Digital rectal examination: DRE. An examination in which a doctor inserts a lubricated,<br />
gloved finger into the rectum to feel for abnormalities. [NIH]<br />
Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given<br />
quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH]<br />
Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH]<br />
Diplopia: A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two<br />
objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include refractive errors;<br />
strabismus; oculomotor nerve diseases; trochlear nerve diseases; abducens nerve diseases;<br />
and diseases of the brain stem and occipital lobe. [NIH]<br />
Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention<br />
of subsidiary means. [EU]<br />
Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become<br />
blended; not running together; separate. [NIH]<br />
Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or<br />
more stimuli. [NIH]<br />
Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate<br />
objects. [EU]<br />
Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU]<br />
Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH]<br />
Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a<br />
molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by<br />
the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense<br />
mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's<br />
mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or<br />
in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is<br />
roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration<br />
in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal<br />
consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU]<br />
Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used<br />
to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU]<br />
Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a<br />
tubular or sacular organ. [NIH]<br />
Dobutamine: A beta-2 agonist catecholamine that has cardiac stimulant action without<br />
evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia. It is proposed as a cardiotonic after myocardial<br />
infarction or open heart surgery. [NIH]<br />
Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and<br />
homozygotes. [EU]<br />
Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The<br />
dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important<br />
physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH]<br />
Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several<br />
systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate<br />
precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the<br />
extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of<br />
dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for<br />
its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic
effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH]<br />
Dictionary 267<br />
Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the<br />
back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy;<br />
superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU]<br />
Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH]<br />
Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject<br />
nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is<br />
receiving. [EU]<br />
Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a<br />
hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid<br />
tumors. [NIH]<br />
Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given<br />
stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present<br />
before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH]<br />
Drug Delivery Systems: Systems of administering drugs through controlled delivery so that<br />
an optimum amount reaches the target site. Drug delivery systems encompass the carrier,<br />
route, and target. [NIH]<br />
Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity<br />
of another drug. [NIH]<br />
Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH]<br />
Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH]<br />
Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring<br />
may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents<br />
in medicine and scientific research. [NIH]<br />
Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or<br />
incomplete movements. [EU]<br />
Dyslexia: Partial alexia in which letters but not words may be read, or in which words may<br />
be read but not understood. [NIH]<br />
Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart<br />
and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH]<br />
Echo-Planar Imaging: A type of magnetic resonance imaging that uses only one nuclear<br />
spin excitation per image and therefore can obtain images in a fraction of a second rather<br />
than the minutes required in traditional MRI techniques. It is used in a variety of medical<br />
and scientific applications. [NIH]<br />
Ectoderm: The outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH]<br />
Ectodermal Dysplasia: A group of hereditary disorders involving tissues and structures<br />
derived from the embryonic ectoderm. They are characterized by the presence of<br />
abnormalities at birth and involvement of both the epidermis and skin appendages. They<br />
are generally nonprogressive and diffuse. Various forms exist, including anhidrotic and<br />
hidrotic dysplasias, focal dermal hypoplasia, and aplasia cutis congenita. [NIH]<br />
Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most<br />
commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH]<br />
Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active<br />
second messenger. [NIH]<br />
Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service<br />
produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is
268<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH]<br />
Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU]<br />
Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH]<br />
Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion<br />
applied by a force. [EU]<br />
Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH]<br />
Electroacupuncture: A form of acupuncture using low frequency electrically stimulated<br />
needles to produce analgesia and anesthesia and to treat disease. [NIH]<br />
Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH]<br />
Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the<br />
interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH]<br />
Electroencephalography: Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of<br />
electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of<br />
the brain. [NIH]<br />
Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus<br />
becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU]<br />
Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in<br />
all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The<br />
numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the<br />
chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the<br />
latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH]<br />
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is<br />
concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their<br />
functional activity. [EU]<br />
Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear<br />
particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only<br />
transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e.,<br />
radiation. [NIH]<br />
Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried<br />
until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air<br />
bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH]<br />
Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid<br />
morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH]<br />
Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU]<br />
Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory<br />
laboratory test results. [NIH]<br />
Empyema: Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity. [NIH]<br />
Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of<br />
a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion<br />
medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution<br />
is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or<br />
aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous<br />
phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official<br />
standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with<br />
malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU]<br />
Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue.
[NIH]<br />
Dictionary 269<br />
Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and<br />
other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of<br />
this condition. [NIH]<br />
Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection.<br />
Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections;<br />
Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae<br />
infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae<br />
infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH]<br />
Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or<br />
chemicals. [NIH]<br />
Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the<br />
atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as<br />
an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH]<br />
Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said<br />
of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU]<br />
Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous)<br />
production. [NIH]<br />
Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large<br />
peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this<br />
group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used<br />
to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used<br />
for the broader group. [NIH]<br />
Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH]<br />
Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum<br />
for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH]<br />
Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the<br />
body. [NIH]<br />
Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph<br />
vessels, and the heart. [NIH]<br />
Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium,<br />
vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH]<br />
Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes<br />
it. [NIH]<br />
Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with<br />
the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are<br />
released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU]<br />
Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain<br />
microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released<br />
upon lysis of the cells. [NIH]<br />
Enema: The injection of a liquid through the anus into the large bowel. [NIH]<br />
Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work.<br />
Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH]<br />
Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH]<br />
Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The<br />
enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous
270<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH]<br />
Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory<br />
systems. [NIH]<br />
Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences,<br />
or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH]<br />
Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH]<br />
Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a<br />
slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are<br />
uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH]<br />
Ependymal: It lines the cavities of the brain's ventricles and the spinal cord and slowly<br />
divides to create a stem cell. [NIH]<br />
Ependymal tumors: A type of brain tumor that usually begins in the central canal of the<br />
spinal cord. Ependymomas may also develop in the cells lining the ventricles of the brain,<br />
which produce and store the special fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) that protects the brain and<br />
spinal cord. Also called ependymomas. [NIH]<br />
Ependymomas: Brain tumors that usually begin in the central canal of the spinal cord.<br />
Ependymomas may also develop in the cells lining the ventricles of the brain, which<br />
produce and store the special fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) that protects the brain and spinal<br />
cord. Also called ependymal tumors. [NIH]<br />
Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said<br />
especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated<br />
event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU]<br />
Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers:<br />
1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum<br />
epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum<br />
lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH]<br />
Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales.<br />
Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH]<br />
Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH]<br />
Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most<br />
species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic<br />
vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi<br />
and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local<br />
anesthetics. [NIH]<br />
Epirubicin: An anthracycline antibiotic which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The<br />
compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of<br />
DNA. Clinical studies indicate activity in breast cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, ovarian<br />
cancer, soft-tissue sarcomas, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, small-cell lung cancer and<br />
acute leukemia. It is equal in activity to doxorubicin but exhibits less acute toxicities and less<br />
cardiotoxicity. [NIH]<br />
Epithalamus: The dorsal posterior subdivision of the diencephalon. The epithalamus is<br />
generally considered to include the habenular nuclei (habenula) and associated fiber<br />
bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle. The anterior and<br />
posterior paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus are included with the thalamic nuclei<br />
although they develop from the same pronuclear mass as the epithalamic nuclei and are
sometimes considered part of the epithalamus. [NIH]<br />
Dictionary 271<br />
Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH]<br />
Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH]<br />
Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which<br />
covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH]<br />
Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also<br />
called impotence. [NIH]<br />
Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with<br />
blood. [EU]<br />
Erythrocyte Volume: Volume of circulating erythrocytes. It is usually measured by<br />
radioisotope dilution technique. [NIH]<br />
Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks<br />
containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH]<br />
Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most<br />
frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a<br />
trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol.<br />
Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH]<br />
Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH]<br />
Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and<br />
distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical<br />
disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations<br />
as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH]<br />
Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a<br />
peripheral sense organ. [NIH]<br />
Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of<br />
energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU]<br />
Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input<br />
they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH]<br />
Excitatory Amino Acids: Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory<br />
neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the<br />
brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the<br />
extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear. [NIH]<br />
Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU]<br />
Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU]<br />
Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU]<br />
External radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the<br />
cancer. Also called external-beam radiation. [NIH]<br />
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at<br />
the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH]<br />
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU]<br />
Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and<br />
in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular<br />
proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture
272<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
dishes adhere. [NIH]<br />
Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon,<br />
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an<br />
intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the<br />
relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular<br />
matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of<br />
macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked<br />
to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and<br />
laminin). [NIH]<br />
Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous<br />
and fibrous substances. [NIH]<br />
Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU]<br />
Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU]<br />
Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or<br />
foot. [EU]<br />
Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH]<br />
Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU]<br />
Facial Expression: Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional<br />
stimuli. [NIH]<br />
Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root<br />
which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root.<br />
Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the<br />
lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior<br />
two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH]<br />
Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling<br />
reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH]<br />
Fast Neutrons: Neutrons, the energy of which exceeds some arbitrary level, usually around<br />
one million electron volts. [NIH]<br />
Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH]<br />
Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical,<br />
characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other<br />
causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH]<br />
Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU]<br />
Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the<br />
knee. [NIH]<br />
Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron<br />
with the protein apoferritin. [NIH]<br />
Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH]<br />
Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin,<br />
resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU]<br />
Fibroma: A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue. [NIH]<br />
Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ,<br />
usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH]
Dictionary 273<br />
Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a<br />
microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH]<br />
Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral<br />
cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU]<br />
Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The<br />
condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but<br />
distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression<br />
(return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but<br />
if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and<br />
(2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such<br />
as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer<br />
to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral,<br />
anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a<br />
fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process<br />
whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in<br />
carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so<br />
that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the<br />
chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed<br />
silver to form a permanent image. [EU]<br />
Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH]<br />
Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and<br />
displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension.<br />
Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of<br />
interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the<br />
excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure<br />
of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell<br />
sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering,<br />
the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and<br />
stain uptake. [NIH]<br />
Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation<br />
emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can<br />
be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in<br />
diagnosis. [NIH]<br />
Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the<br />
emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances<br />
that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds<br />
with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH]<br />
Fluoroscopy: Production of an image when X-rays strike a fluorescent screen. [NIH]<br />
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an<br />
antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional<br />
antidepressants. [NIH]<br />
Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called<br />
folic acid. [NIH]<br />
Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH]<br />
Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic<br />
acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system.<br />
It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves,<br />
and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and
274<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
megaloblastic anemia. [NIH]<br />
Foot Ulcer: Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by<br />
inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with<br />
diabetes or leprosy. [NIH]<br />
Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH]<br />
Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH]<br />
Fourth Ventricle: An irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the<br />
medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is<br />
continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above,<br />
and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH]<br />
Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free<br />
radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or<br />
suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation,<br />
damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention<br />
of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH]<br />
Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH]<br />
Fulminant Hepatic Failure: Liver failure that occurs suddenly in a previously healthy<br />
person. The most common causes of FHF are acute hepatitis, acetaminophen overdose, and<br />
liver damage from prescription drugs. [NIH]<br />
Functional Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes<br />
or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either<br />
sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous<br />
fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH]<br />
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd,<br />
atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some<br />
nuclear reactors. [NIH]<br />
Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored<br />
in the gallbladder. [NIH]<br />
Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of<br />
shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually<br />
between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH]<br />
Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized<br />
connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH]<br />
Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body<br />
through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH]<br />
Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH]<br />
Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH]<br />
Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH]<br />
Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as<br />
a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical<br />
preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH]<br />
Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes
Dictionary 275<br />
are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene<br />
action. [NIH]<br />
Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease<br />
by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors,<br />
transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single<br />
cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes<br />
may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g.,<br />
fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression<br />
is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency<br />
diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug<br />
sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH]<br />
Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base<br />
sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and<br />
order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called<br />
codons (codon). [NIH]<br />
Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify<br />
a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH]<br />
Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of<br />
heredity. [NIH]<br />
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH]<br />
Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU]<br />
Geriatric Psychiatry: A subspecialty of psychiatry concerned with the mental health of the<br />
aged. [NIH]<br />
Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH]<br />
Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of<br />
fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU]<br />
Gestures: Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication. [NIH]<br />
Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body.<br />
Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or<br />
participate in blood production. [NIH]<br />
Glial tumors: A general term for many types of tumors of the central nervous system,<br />
including astrocytomas, ependymal tumors, glioblastoma multiforme, and primitive<br />
neuroectodermal tumors. [NIH]<br />
Glioblastoma: A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by<br />
pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in<br />
any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres,<br />
basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in<br />
the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures. [NIH]<br />
Glioblastoma multiforme: A type of brain tumor that forms from glial (supportive) tissue of<br />
the brain. It grows very quickly and has cells that look very different from normal cells. Also<br />
called grade IV astrocytoma. [NIH]<br />
Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH]<br />
Gliosis: The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis,<br />
which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion. [NIH]
276<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism<br />
(gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin<br />
secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat<br />
and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective<br />
tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and<br />
functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH]<br />
Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally<br />
occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used<br />
therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH]<br />
Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less<br />
than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration<br />
following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen<br />
frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH]<br />
Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal<br />
kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides<br />
in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the<br />
body. [NIH]<br />
Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH]<br />
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid<br />
(glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid<br />
metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and<br />
used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH]<br />
Glycolysis: The pathway by which glucose is catabolized into two molecules of pyruvic acid<br />
with the generation of ATP. [NIH]<br />
Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH]<br />
Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to<br />
other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this<br />
biochemical reaction. [NIH]<br />
Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated<br />
institutions and organizations. [NIH]<br />
Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a<br />
microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are<br />
different for each type of cancer. [NIH]<br />
Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when<br />
examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information<br />
about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to<br />
grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to<br />
replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH]<br />
Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH]<br />
Granulomas: Small lumps in tissues caused by inflammation. [NIH]<br />
Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses
Dictionary 277<br />
produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH]<br />
Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and<br />
pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC<br />
4.6.1.2. [NIH]<br />
Gyrus Cinguli: One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere. It<br />
surrounds the rostral part of the brain and interhemispheric commissure and forms part of<br />
the limbic system. [NIH]<br />
Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of<br />
habit, customary. [EU]<br />
Habituation: Decline in response of an organism to environmental or other stimuli with<br />
repeated or maintained exposure. [NIH]<br />
Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when<br />
coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody<br />
response. [NIH]<br />
Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH]<br />
Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue,<br />
breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH]<br />
Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH]<br />
Hematologic malignancies: Cancers of the blood or bone marrow, including leukemia and<br />
lymphoma. Also called hematologic cancers. [NIH]<br />
Hematology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology,<br />
and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [NIH]<br />
Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH]<br />
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the<br />
prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH]<br />
Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or<br />
regional blood circulation. [NIH]<br />
Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated<br />
hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to<br />
hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the<br />
previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma<br />
glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of<br />
glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level<br />
may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially<br />
lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels<br />
of 9 percent or more. [NIH]<br />
Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha<br />
and two beta chains. [NIH]<br />
Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations<br />
within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH]<br />
Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells,<br />
cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the<br />
Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal<br />
failure. [NIH]<br />
Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH]<br />
Hemorrhagic stroke: A disorder involving bleeding within ischemic brain tissue.
278<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when blood vessels that are damaged or dead from lack of blood<br />
supply (infarcted), located within an area of infarcted brain tissue, rupture and transform an<br />
"ischemic" stroke into a hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemia is inadequate tissue oxygenation<br />
caused by reduced blood flow; infarction is tissue death resulting from ischemia. Bleeding<br />
irritates the brain tissues, causing swelling (cerebral edema). Blood collects into a mass<br />
(hematoma). Both swelling and hematoma will compress and displace brain tissue. [NIH]<br />
Hemosiderin: Molecule which can bind large numbers of iron atoms. [NIH]<br />
Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels<br />
carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion<br />
and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of<br />
sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular<br />
weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver,<br />
lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood<br />
clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH]<br />
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH]<br />
Hepatic Artery: A branch of the celiac artery that distributes to the stomach, pancreas,<br />
duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and greater omentum. [NIH]<br />
Hepatic Encephalopathy: A condition that may cause loss of consciousness and coma. It is<br />
usually the result of advanced liver disease. Also called hepatic coma. [NIH]<br />
Hepatic Veins: Veins which drain the liver. [NIH]<br />
Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic<br />
alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH]<br />
Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal<br />
contamination of food or water. [NIH]<br />
Hepatobiliary: Pertaining to the liver and the bile or the biliary ducts. [EU]<br />
Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU]<br />
Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver<br />
tumor. [NIH]<br />
Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH]<br />
Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans<br />
and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food<br />
or water. [NIH]<br />
Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one<br />
generation to another. [NIH]<br />
Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring.<br />
2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU]<br />
Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they<br />
are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous<br />
chromosomes. [NIH]<br />
Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of
Dictionary 279<br />
the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum,<br />
and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the<br />
entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH]<br />
Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic<br />
decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of<br />
bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH]<br />
Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH]<br />
Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform<br />
quality throughout. [EU]<br />
Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird<br />
and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU]<br />
Homozygotes: An individual having a homozygous gene pair. [NIH]<br />
Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU]<br />
Hormonal therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also<br />
called hormone therapy or endocrine therapy. [NIH]<br />
Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin<br />
help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small<br />
intestine. [NIH]<br />
Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also<br />
called endocrine therapy. [NIH]<br />
Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see<br />
also crossing. [NIH]<br />
Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH]<br />
Hydrogel: A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical<br />
applications. [NIH]<br />
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H,<br />
atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless,<br />
odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1<br />
isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive<br />
isotope tritium. [NIH]<br />
Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of<br />
water. [NIH]<br />
Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain<br />
collagens. [NIH]<br />
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic<br />
acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH]<br />
Hyperalgesia: Excessive sensitiveness or sensibility to pain. [EU]<br />
Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount<br />
of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH]<br />
Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor<br />
formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in<br />
the number of cells. [NIH]<br />
Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions<br />
upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH]<br />
Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels
280<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH]<br />
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease that leads to thickening of the heart<br />
walls, interfering with the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood. [NIH]<br />
Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to<br />
an increase in the number of cells. [NIH]<br />
Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU]<br />
Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH]<br />
Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic<br />
chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral<br />
walls of the third ventricle. [NIH]<br />
Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH]<br />
Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH]<br />
Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH]<br />
Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens).<br />
[NIH]<br />
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and<br />
disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH]<br />
Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU]<br />
Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience<br />
with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large<br />
amounts of antibody. [NIH]<br />
Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH]<br />
Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU]<br />
Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It<br />
may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or<br />
radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the<br />
simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH]<br />
Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH]<br />
Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several<br />
mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA<br />
synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by<br />
inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about<br />
in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving<br />
mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH]<br />
Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of<br />
psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH]<br />
Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds,<br />
wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH]<br />
Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or<br />
radioactive material. [EU]<br />
Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH]<br />
In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of<br />
neighbouring tissues. [EU]
Dictionary 281<br />
In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH]<br />
In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH]<br />
Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH]<br />
Incubator: Consists of a transparent plastic cubicle, electrical heating equipment, safety and<br />
warning devices, and oxygen and air filtering and regulating apparatus; an enclosed<br />
transparent boxlike apparatus for housing prematurely born babies under optimum<br />
conditions. [NIH]<br />
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme<br />
cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also<br />
inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH]<br />
Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a<br />
specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators<br />
or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate<br />
agents. [EU]<br />
Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in<br />
walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH]<br />
Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an<br />
area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus,<br />
or a vascular torsion. [NIH]<br />
Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be<br />
clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins,<br />
intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized,<br />
subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local<br />
infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic<br />
clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the<br />
microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease.<br />
[EU]<br />
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues<br />
caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical<br />
signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH]<br />
Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called<br />
intravenous infusion. [NIH]<br />
Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH]<br />
Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU]<br />
Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a<br />
step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH]<br />
Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous<br />
energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU]<br />
Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own<br />
psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH]<br />
Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or<br />
silicone. [NIH]<br />
Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role<br />
in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of<br />
glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as<br />
a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH]
282<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood<br />
glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune,<br />
genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH]<br />
Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well<br />
as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis,<br />
secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory<br />
stimuli. [NIH]<br />
Intermediate Filaments: Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10<br />
nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of<br />
any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus. [NIH]<br />
Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU]<br />
Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds,<br />
wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy,<br />
implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH]<br />
Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU]<br />
Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU]<br />
Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus<br />
has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower<br />
lumbar region. [NIH]<br />
Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH]<br />
Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the<br />
large intestine and small intestine. [NIH]<br />
Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU]<br />
Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH]<br />
Intracranial Aneurysm: A saclike dilatation of the walls of a blood vessel, usually an artery.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis: Vascular diseases characterized by thickening, hardening, and<br />
remodeling of the walls of intracranial arteries. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis,<br />
marked by fatty depositions in the innermost layer of the arterial walls, (2) Monckeberg's<br />
sclerosis, which features calcium deposition in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis, which<br />
refers to sclerosis of small caliber arteries. Clinically, this process may be associated with<br />
transient ischemic attack, brain infarction, intracranial embolism and thrombosis, or<br />
intracranial aneurysm. [NIH]<br />
Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU]<br />
Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH]<br />
Intravesical: Within the bladder. [NIH]<br />
Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU]<br />
Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin<br />
or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques.<br />
[EU]<br />
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH]<br />
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic<br />
symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential<br />
element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective<br />
properties and is used topically. [NIH]
Dictionary 283<br />
Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a<br />
net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the<br />
passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU]<br />
Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles,<br />
etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH]<br />
Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a<br />
gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a<br />
positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH]<br />
Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill<br />
cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body<br />
(external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes<br />
produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells.<br />
This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation,<br />
interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive<br />
substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body.<br />
Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH]<br />
Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction<br />
of a blood vessel. [EU]<br />
Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also<br />
called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight,<br />
speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost.<br />
Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes.<br />
Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow<br />
in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel<br />
bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH]<br />
Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is<br />
attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH]<br />
Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile<br />
pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA<br />
fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH]<br />
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of<br />
action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, N-<br />
Methyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH]<br />
Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to<br />
another. [NIH]<br />
Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU]<br />
Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2.<br />
Chemically unstable. [EU]<br />
Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an<br />
osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH]<br />
Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the<br />
basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement<br />
membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH]<br />
Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large<br />
intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large
284<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called<br />
colon. [NIH]<br />
Leiomyosarcoma: A tumor of the muscles in the uterus, abdomen, or pelvis. [NIH]<br />
Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended<br />
between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH]<br />
Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH]<br />
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH]<br />
Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils,<br />
and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH]<br />
Leukoencephalopathy: A condition with spongy holes in the brain's white matter. [NIH]<br />
Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German<br />
scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it<br />
is longer acting. [NIH]<br />
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine.<br />
Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is<br />
rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the<br />
treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to<br />
dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH]<br />
Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and<br />
strengthen joints. [EU]<br />
Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH]<br />
Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU]<br />
Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined<br />
functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory,<br />
and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival<br />
behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala,<br />
epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus,<br />
parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of<br />
the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames,<br />
http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH]<br />
Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together<br />
from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of<br />
independent assortment. [NIH]<br />
Lipid: Fat. [NIH]<br />
Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows<br />
strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH]<br />
Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH]<br />
Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the<br />
blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or<br />
cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol,<br />
and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity<br />
lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU]<br />
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number<br />
3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood
and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH]<br />
Dictionary 285<br />
Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive<br />
substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in<br />
the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH]<br />
Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH]<br />
Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or<br />
disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or<br />
site. [NIH]<br />
Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH]<br />
Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of<br />
individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH]<br />
Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic<br />
method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified<br />
who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different<br />
degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a<br />
given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large<br />
numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups<br />
that differ in exposure levels. [NIH]<br />
Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability,<br />
requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH]<br />
Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside<br />
diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH]<br />
Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be<br />
associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement;<br />
and other conditions. [NIH]<br />
Lucida: An instrument, invented by Wollaton, consisting essentially of a prism or a mirror<br />
through which an object can be viewed so as to appear on a plane surface seen in direct view<br />
and on which the outline of the object may be traced. [NIH]<br />
Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain<br />
marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes<br />
luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The<br />
color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for<br />
measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH]<br />
Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU]<br />
Lumbar puncture: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal<br />
column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a<br />
spinal tap. [NIH]<br />
Lung volume: The amount of air the lungs hold. [NIH]<br />
Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically<br />
involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH]<br />
Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries<br />
cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH]<br />
Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of<br />
connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along
286<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph).<br />
[NIH]<br />
Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH]<br />
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph<br />
nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH]<br />
Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells<br />
that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen,<br />
thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells.<br />
These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH]<br />
Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH]<br />
Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune<br />
system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and<br />
diseases. [NIH]<br />
Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by<br />
T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct<br />
drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on<br />
bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH]<br />
Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH]<br />
Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU]<br />
Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to<br />
the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH]<br />
Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH]<br />
Magnetic Resonance Angiography: Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and<br />
determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation<br />
exposure. The technique is used especially in cerebral angiography as well as for studies of<br />
other vascular structures. [NIH]<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy<br />
based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of<br />
radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into<br />
computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH]<br />
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic<br />
moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in<br />
clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH]<br />
Malformation: A morphologic defect resulting from an intrinsically abnormal<br />
developmental process. [EU]<br />
Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and<br />
spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]<br />
Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH]<br />
Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU]<br />
Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH]<br />
Mammography: Radiographic examination of the breast. [NIH]<br />
Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports<br />
the lower teeth. [NIH]
Dictionary 287<br />
Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical<br />
hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU]<br />
Manic: Affected with mania. [EU]<br />
Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely<br />
expressed in behaviour. [EU]<br />
Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins,<br />
such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e.,<br />
extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work<br />
properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in<br />
wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH]<br />
Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH]<br />
Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median<br />
nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel<br />
via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm<br />
and hand. [NIH]<br />
Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of<br />
the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical<br />
substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve<br />
or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen<br />
with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU]<br />
MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical<br />
Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH]<br />
Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious<br />
anaemia. [EU]<br />
Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by<br />
means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes<br />
characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH]<br />
Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH]<br />
Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning,<br />
(2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into<br />
immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH]<br />
Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH]<br />
Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU]<br />
Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the<br />
adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior<br />
producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH]<br />
Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH]<br />
Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH]<br />
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the<br />
atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight<br />
200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed<br />
therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be<br />
absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning.<br />
Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH]<br />
Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to<br />
the body wall. [EU]
288<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the<br />
abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH]<br />
Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH]<br />
Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted,<br />
usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH]<br />
Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU]<br />
Metacarpophalangeal Joint: The articulation between a metacarpal bone and a phalanx.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from<br />
cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in<br />
the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH]<br />
Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the<br />
body to another. [NIH]<br />
Metatarsophalangeal Joint: The articulation between a metatarsal bone and a phalanx. [NIH]<br />
Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body<br />
functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH]<br />
Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an<br />
inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate,<br />
necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH]<br />
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the<br />
treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms<br />
appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [NIH]<br />
Methylprednisolone: (6 alpha,11 beta)-11,17,21-Trihydroxy-6-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,2dione.<br />
A prednisolone derivative which has pharmacological actions similar to<br />
prednisolone. [NIH]<br />
MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of<br />
the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary<br />
arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]<br />
Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular<br />
animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH]<br />
Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and<br />
viruses. [NIH]<br />
Microtubule-Associated Proteins: High molecular weight proteins found in the<br />
microtubules of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for<br />
tubulin assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules. [NIH]<br />
Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal<br />
cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH]<br />
Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species,<br />
geographic race, or variety. [NIH]<br />
Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller<br />
than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic<br />
centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH]<br />
Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU]<br />
Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of<br />
water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in
Dictionary 289<br />
renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid<br />
secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH]<br />
Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes<br />
place. [NIH]<br />
Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it<br />
occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of<br />
altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH]<br />
Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei<br />
normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells<br />
of the species. [NIH]<br />
Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU]<br />
Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which<br />
the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH]<br />
Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired<br />
from its own activity or environment. [NIH]<br />
Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region.<br />
[EU]<br />
Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU]<br />
Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the<br />
same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two<br />
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA,<br />
can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH]<br />
Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration,<br />
pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other<br />
procedures. [NIH]<br />
Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of<br />
a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH]<br />
Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone<br />
marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus<br />
surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH]<br />
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH]<br />
Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other<br />
forms of life). [NIH]<br />
Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU]<br />
Motion Perception: The real or apparent movement of objects through the visual field. [NIH]<br />
Motor Cortex: Area of the frontal lobe concerned with primary motor control. It lies anterior<br />
to the central sulcus. [NIH]<br />
MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging (mag-NET-ik REZ-o- nans IM-a-jing). A procedure in<br />
which a magnet linked to a computer is used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the<br />
body. [NIH]<br />
Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow;<br />
characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones<br />
proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH]<br />
Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness,<br />
numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder
290<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's<br />
immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat<br />
(lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH]<br />
Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous<br />
chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH]<br />
Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be<br />
induced by mutagens. [NIH]<br />
Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the<br />
function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in<br />
chromosomes. [NIH]<br />
Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH]<br />
Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the<br />
blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary<br />
arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]<br />
Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to<br />
the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the<br />
coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary<br />
thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels<br />
within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result<br />
in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH]<br />
Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is<br />
ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source<br />
including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping.<br />
Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an<br />
occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and<br />
artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further<br />
damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH]<br />
Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic<br />
heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal<br />
to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration,<br />
sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme<br />
washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular<br />
arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals.<br />
Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and<br />
injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle<br />
known as cardiac muscle. [NIH]<br />
Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU]<br />
Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable<br />
tendency to fall asleep. [NIH]<br />
Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit.<br />
Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense<br />
pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH]<br />
Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes<br />
that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial<br />
swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH]
Dictionary 291<br />
Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a<br />
microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH]<br />
Neocortex: The largest portion of the cerebral cortex. It is composed of neurons arranged in<br />
six layers. [NIH]<br />
Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH]<br />
Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH]<br />
Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining<br />
to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU]<br />
Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with<br />
other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]<br />
Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and<br />
ganglia. [NIH]<br />
Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers<br />
or strands. [NIH]<br />
Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis,<br />
as the neutral arch. [EU]<br />
Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical<br />
manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH]<br />
Neuroanatomy: Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized<br />
by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with<br />
atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH]<br />
Neurofibrillary Tangles: Abnormal structures located in various parts of the brain and<br />
composed of dense arrays of paired helical filaments (neurofilaments and microtubules).<br />
These double helical stacks of transverse subunits are twisted into left-handed ribbon-like<br />
filaments that likely incorporate the following proteins: (1) the intermediate filaments:<br />
medium- and high-molecular-weight neurofilaments; (2) the microtubule-associated<br />
proteins map-2 and tau; (3) actin; and (4) ubiquitin. As one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer<br />
disease, the neurofibrillary tangles eventually occupy the whole of the cytoplasm in certain<br />
classes of cell in the neocortex, hippocampus, brain stem, and diencephalon. The number of<br />
these tangles, as seen in post mortem histology, correlates with the degree of dementia<br />
during life. Some studies suggest that tangle antigens leak into the systemic circulation both<br />
in the course of normal aging and in cases of Alzheimer disease. [NIH]<br />
Neurofilaments: Bundle of neuronal fibers. [NIH]<br />
Neuroglia: The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They are divided into macroglia<br />
(astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and schwann cells) and microglia. They not only provide<br />
physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of<br />
the extracellular milieu, participate in the blood-brain and blood-retina barriers, form the<br />
myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and<br />
exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake<br />
systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release<br />
transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear. [NIH]<br />
Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of<br />
antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of<br />
emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and<br />
normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU]
292<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH]<br />
Neurologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the<br />
nervous system. [NIH]<br />
Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and<br />
diseases of the nervous system. [NIH]<br />
Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH]<br />
Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU]<br />
Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon,<br />
and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous<br />
system. [NIH]<br />
Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord.<br />
Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH]<br />
Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous<br />
system. [NIH]<br />
Neuroprotective Agents: Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord<br />
from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event,<br />
but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but<br />
often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino<br />
acids. [NIH]<br />
Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with<br />
certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central<br />
nervous system disorders or injury. [NIH]<br />
Neuropsychology: A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between<br />
experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term<br />
neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly<br />
defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology. [NIH]<br />
Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not<br />
affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH]<br />
Neurosurgeon: A doctor who specializes in surgery on the brain, spine, and other parts of<br />
the nervous system. [NIH]<br />
Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders<br />
of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH]<br />
Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU]<br />
Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the<br />
axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel<br />
across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many<br />
substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine,<br />
epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins,<br />
endorphins, and serotonin. [EU]<br />
Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light<br />
hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are<br />
unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal,<br />
and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier<br />
nuclei during their decay. [NIH]
Dictionary 293<br />
Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by<br />
slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and<br />
stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH]<br />
Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It<br />
is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase.<br />
Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular<br />
endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as<br />
acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of<br />
aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide<br />
activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14.<br />
Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by<br />
volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH]<br />
Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a<br />
widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal<br />
transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in<br />
the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used<br />
pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH]<br />
Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a<br />
mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through<br />
the kidneys. [NIH]<br />
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: NMRI. A procedure in which a magnet linked to a<br />
computer is used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. Also called magnetic<br />
resonance imaging (MRI). [NIH]<br />
Nuclear Medicine: A specialty field of radiology concerned with diagnostic, therapeutic,<br />
and investigative use of radioactive compounds in a pharmaceutical form. [NIH]<br />
Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the<br />
chromosomes. [NIH]<br />
Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by<br />
polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the<br />
information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the<br />
next. [NIH]<br />
Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the<br />
chromosomes. [NIH]<br />
Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH]<br />
Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention,<br />
experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its<br />
course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other<br />
characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study<br />
designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is<br />
observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze<br />
results. [NIH]<br />
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent<br />
obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are<br />
experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly<br />
purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which<br />
the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH]
294<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH]<br />
Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU]<br />
Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU]<br />
Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain<br />
and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH]<br />
Oculomotor Nerve: The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the<br />
levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique<br />
muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the<br />
muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in<br />
the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain. [NIH]<br />
Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue<br />
spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the<br />
subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to<br />
increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease.<br />
Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal<br />
cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive<br />
generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU]<br />
Omentum: A fold of the peritoneum (the thin tissue that lines the abdomen) that surrounds<br />
the stomach and other organs in the abdomen. [NIH]<br />
Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]<br />
Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH]<br />
Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye<br />
and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH]<br />
Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At<br />
the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other<br />
side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each<br />
half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Optic cup: The white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc. [NIH]<br />
Optic disc: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH]<br />
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the<br />
retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the<br />
optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the<br />
lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the<br />
suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of<br />
the central nervous system. [NIH]<br />
Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a<br />
bony socket or orbit. [NIH]<br />
Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU]<br />
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from<br />
arginine. [NIH]<br />
Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU]<br />
Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a<br />
solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated
Dictionary 295<br />
by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable<br />
to the solvent). [EU]<br />
Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis,<br />
especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but<br />
from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the<br />
foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH]<br />
Osteomalacia: A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired<br />
mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular<br />
weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium.<br />
[EU]<br />
Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment<br />
in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH]<br />
Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and<br />
secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH]<br />
Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of<br />
what is normally used. [NIH]<br />
Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the<br />
increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological<br />
oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation)<br />
from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor<br />
molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons.<br />
[EU]<br />
Oximetry: The determination of oxygen-hemoglobin saturation of blood either by<br />
withdrawing a sample and passing it through a classical photoelectric oximeter or by<br />
electrodes attached to some translucent part of the body like finger, earlobe, or skin fold. It<br />
includes non-invasive oxygen monitoring by pulse oximetry. [NIH]<br />
Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference<br />
between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH]<br />
Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 -<br />
oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU]<br />
Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon<br />
occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac<br />
pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of<br />
interrelated reactions. [EU]<br />
Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU]<br />
Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine<br />
consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the<br />
outlines of organs. [NIH]<br />
Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior<br />
abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is<br />
comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar<br />
gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH]<br />
Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH]<br />
Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH]<br />
Pancreaticoduodenectomy: The excision of the head of the pancreas and the encircling loop<br />
of the duodenum to which it is connected. [NIH]<br />
Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH]
296<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH]<br />
Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at<br />
least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH]<br />
Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives<br />
on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH]<br />
Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often<br />
contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct<br />
exposure. [NIH]<br />
Parenchyma: The essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a<br />
general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its<br />
framework, or stroma. [EU]<br />
Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness,<br />
occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In<br />
the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General<br />
paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity<br />
paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH]<br />
Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that<br />
are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH]<br />
Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the<br />
parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU]<br />
Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH]<br />
Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and<br />
muscular rigidity. [EU]<br />
Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid<br />
artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH]<br />
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU]<br />
Patella: The flat, triangular bone situated at the anterior part of the knee. [NIH]<br />
Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (=<br />
branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural<br />
and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU]<br />
Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of<br />
tissues and organs. [NIH]<br />
Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH]<br />
Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH]<br />
Patient Care Management: Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical<br />
and nursing care and services for patients. [NIH]<br />
Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Pedicle: Embryonic link between the optic vesicle or optic cup and the forebrain or<br />
diencephalon, which becomes the optic nerve. [NIH]<br />
Pedigree: A record of one's ancestors, offspring, siblings, and their offspring that may be
Dictionary 297<br />
used to determine the pattern of certain genes or disease inheritance within a family. [NIH]<br />
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU]<br />
Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH]<br />
Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of<br />
proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH]<br />
Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences<br />
among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or<br />
multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH]<br />
Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in<br />
radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU]<br />
Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of<br />
the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood<br />
vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH]<br />
Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: A type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used<br />
to check the flow of blood to normal tissue and diseased tissue. [NIH]<br />
Periarthritis: Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. [EU]<br />
Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously<br />
defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation<br />
and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU]<br />
Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The<br />
peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous<br />
system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic<br />
nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral<br />
sensory receptors. [NIH]<br />
Peripheral vision: Side vision; ability to see objects and movement outside of the direct line<br />
of vision. [NIH]<br />
Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and<br />
covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH]<br />
Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the<br />
greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs<br />
are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH]<br />
Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering<br />
the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the<br />
mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal<br />
layer of the bowel wall. [NIH]<br />
Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied<br />
to each other. [NIH]<br />
PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that<br />
of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative<br />
logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity<br />
increases and below it acidity increases. [EU]<br />
Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU]<br />
Phantom: Used to absorb and/or scatter radiation equivalently to a patient, and hence to<br />
estimate radiation doses and test imaging systems without actually exposing a patient. It<br />
may be an anthropomorphic or a physical test object. [NIH]<br />
Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in
298<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or<br />
formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH]<br />
Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution,<br />
and elimination of drugs. [NIH]<br />
Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU]<br />
Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions<br />
between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer<br />
phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH]<br />
Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the<br />
phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the<br />
individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social<br />
functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III<br />
phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used<br />
as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the<br />
stem to which it is affixed. [EU]<br />
Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and<br />
irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to<br />
avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH]<br />
Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH]<br />
Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived<br />
from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine<br />
(sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and<br />
function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not<br />
stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH]<br />
Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and<br />
teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for<br />
the body's cells.) [NIH]<br />
Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs<br />
of disease or abnormality. [NIH]<br />
Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following<br />
disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase<br />
"physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their<br />
cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH]<br />
Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Pilot Projects: Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the<br />
pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work. [NIH]<br />
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH]<br />
Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected<br />
to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH]<br />
Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other<br />
nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth<br />
day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH]
Dictionary 299<br />
Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized<br />
by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized<br />
regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of<br />
organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid<br />
and diploid generations. [NIH]<br />
Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized<br />
destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a<br />
fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH]<br />
Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins<br />
that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH]<br />
Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH]<br />
Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma,<br />
including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and<br />
other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors,<br />
precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of<br />
proteins. [EU]<br />
Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator<br />
dilution techniques. [NIH]<br />
Plasmacytoma: Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic plasma cells either in<br />
bone marrow or various extramedullary sites. [NIH]<br />
Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene<br />
changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to<br />
changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH]<br />
Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together<br />
can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the<br />
mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH]<br />
Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form.<br />
Also called thrombocytes. [NIH]<br />
Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic<br />
weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment<br />
for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a<br />
spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae".<br />
[NIH]<br />
Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the<br />
size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH]<br />
Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or<br />
veins. [EU]<br />
Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH]<br />
Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and<br />
molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH]<br />
Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation<br />
of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH]<br />
Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched<br />
or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear<br />
polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile<br />
strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses.<br />
[NIH]
300<br />
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Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by<br />
covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides,<br />
proteins, plastics). [NIH]<br />
Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called<br />
tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU]<br />
Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together<br />
chemically. [NIH]<br />
Porosity: Condition of having pores or open spaces. This often refers to bones, bone<br />
implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance. [NIH]<br />
Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or<br />
their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme<br />
pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic,<br />
hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings<br />
connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are<br />
attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin,<br />
hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component<br />
in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH]<br />
Portal Hypertension: High blood pressure in the portal vein. This vein carries blood into the<br />
liver. Portal hypertension is caused by a blood clot. This is a common complication of<br />
cirrhosis. [NIH]<br />
Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of<br />
the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU]<br />
Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU]<br />
Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH]<br />
Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU]<br />
Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on<br />
the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and<br />
costs. [NIH]<br />
Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for<br />
the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis,<br />
therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government<br />
agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the<br />
convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of<br />
health care and delivery. [NIH]<br />
Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer.<br />
Also called premalignant. [NIH]<br />
Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which<br />
another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or<br />
symptom that heralds another. [EU]<br />
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the<br />
drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is<br />
indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH]<br />
Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral<br />
fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the<br />
thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the
Dictionary 301<br />
diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual,<br />
auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH]<br />
Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer.<br />
Also called precancerous. [NIH]<br />
Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU]<br />
Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU]<br />
Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU]<br />
Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a<br />
designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases<br />
in the population at a given time. [NIH]<br />
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease. Slowly destroys the bile ducts in the<br />
liver. This prevents release of bile. Long-term irritation of the liver may cause scarring and<br />
cirrhosis in later stages of the disease. [NIH]<br />
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Irritation, scarring, and narrowing of the bile ducts inside<br />
and outside the liver. Bile builds up in the liver and may damage its cells. Many people with<br />
this condition also have ulcerative colitis. [NIH]<br />
Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH]<br />
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors: PNET. A type of bone cancer that forms in the middle<br />
(shaft) of large bones. Also called Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor. [NIH]<br />
Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of<br />
strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for<br />
exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH]<br />
Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a<br />
selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH]<br />
Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not<br />
itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH]<br />
Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH]<br />
Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH]<br />
Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or<br />
severity. [EU]<br />
Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is<br />
emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH]<br />
Prolapse: The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential<br />
component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH]<br />
Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH]<br />
Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the<br />
nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward<br />
opposite poles. [NIH]<br />
Propofol: A widely used anesthetic. [NIH]<br />
Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a<br />
sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the<br />
selection of the study group. [NIH]
302<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all<br />
free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed<br />
over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed<br />
and unexposed groups. [NIH]<br />
Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids,<br />
primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent<br />
mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH]<br />
Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1));<br />
(5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic<br />
acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring<br />
secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy<br />
derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH]<br />
Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes<br />
a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the<br />
lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests<br />
upon the rectum. [NIH]<br />
Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by<br />
thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va<br />
and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH]<br />
Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein<br />
C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to<br />
recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH]<br />
Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino<br />
acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH]<br />
Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not<br />
working properly. [NIH]<br />
Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH]<br />
Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that<br />
promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with<br />
formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU]<br />
Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or<br />
vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other<br />
aspects of trial design. [NIH]<br />
Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the<br />
nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus<br />
of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH]<br />
Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the<br />
animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to<br />
macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora,<br />
Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH]<br />
Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU]<br />
Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and<br />
treatment of mental disorders. [NIH]<br />
Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU]<br />
Psychological Tests: Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence,<br />
aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits. [NIH]
Dictionary 303<br />
Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man<br />
and animals. [NIH]<br />
Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of<br />
mental illness. [NIH]<br />
Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as<br />
evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and<br />
agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the<br />
incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer<br />
to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere<br />
grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the<br />
term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first<br />
described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged<br />
psychotic. [EU]<br />
Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease<br />
and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the<br />
international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH]<br />
Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among<br />
alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH]<br />
Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of<br />
literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and<br />
editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH]<br />
Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right<br />
ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH]<br />
Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH]<br />
Pulsation: A throb or rhythmical beat, as of the heart. [EU]<br />
Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of<br />
pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living<br />
organisms. [NIH]<br />
Putrescine: A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine<br />
and ornithine. [NIH]<br />
Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and<br />
enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH]<br />
Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is<br />
both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not<br />
sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH]<br />
Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH]<br />
Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the<br />
waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons,<br />
alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH]<br />
Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons,
304<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a<br />
machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from<br />
radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation<br />
therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive<br />
substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body.<br />
Also called radiotherapy. [NIH]<br />
Radicular: Having the character of or relating to a radicle or root. [NIH]<br />
Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with<br />
wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short<br />
Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency)<br />
waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH]<br />
Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH]<br />
Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of<br />
roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH]<br />
Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies<br />
in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather<br />
than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells,<br />
which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire.<br />
Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can<br />
also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH]<br />
Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes<br />
can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH]<br />
Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH]<br />
Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and<br />
interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH]<br />
Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in<br />
the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH]<br />
Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or<br />
more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH]<br />
Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign<br />
conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays,<br />
gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a<br />
cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an<br />
antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH]<br />
Raloxifene: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to<br />
prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and<br />
cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland<br />
and uterine tissue. [NIH]<br />
Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects<br />
are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH]<br />
Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure,<br />
produce, etc., other substances. [EU]<br />
Receptivity: The condition of the reproductive organs of a female flower that permits<br />
effective pollination. [NIH]<br />
Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and<br />
causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH]
Dictionary 305<br />
Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular<br />
changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been<br />
recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH]<br />
Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together<br />
in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU]<br />
Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in<br />
crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to<br />
crossing-over. [NIH]<br />
Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large<br />
intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH]<br />
Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH]<br />
Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH]<br />
Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH]<br />
Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH]<br />
Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a<br />
stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH]<br />
Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive<br />
error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH]<br />
Refractive Errors: Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye<br />
through its dioptric or refractive apparatus. [NIH]<br />
Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU]<br />
Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of<br />
treatment. [NIH]<br />
Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH]<br />
Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the<br />
extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial<br />
remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete<br />
remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be<br />
cancer in the body. [NIH]<br />
Renal Artery: A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands<br />
and ureters. [NIH]<br />
Renal cell carcinoma: A type of kidney cancer. [NIH]<br />
Renovascular: Of or pertaining to the blood vessels of the kidneys. [EU]<br />
Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in<br />
normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic<br />
obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for<br />
treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus<br />
limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage<br />
the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH]<br />
Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH]<br />
Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into<br />
the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which<br />
contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary,
306<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration<br />
(= cell respiration). [NIH]<br />
Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic<br />
nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its<br />
outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The<br />
outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH]<br />
Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative<br />
enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the<br />
retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal<br />
combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another,<br />
all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin<br />
by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines<br />
with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour<br />
vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU]<br />
Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell<br />
layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in<br />
size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner<br />
plexiform layer. [NIH]<br />
Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It<br />
occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH]<br />
Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous<br />
membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs<br />
called retinoids. [NIH]<br />
Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH]<br />
Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH]<br />
Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue<br />
structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH]<br />
Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU]<br />
Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although<br />
infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested<br />
as possible causes. [NIH]<br />
Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the<br />
binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series<br />
of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve<br />
impulses to the brain. [NIH]<br />
Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the<br />
cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA<br />
attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH]<br />
Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of<br />
developing a disease. [NIH]<br />
Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide<br />
side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH]<br />
Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical<br />
plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to<br />
the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH]<br />
Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH]
Dictionary 307<br />
Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the<br />
mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH]<br />
Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH]<br />
Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH]<br />
Sarcolemma: The plasma membrane of a smooth, striated, or cardiac muscle fiber. [NIH]<br />
Saturate: Means fatty acids without double bond. [NIH]<br />
Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and<br />
monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or<br />
computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.<br />
In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the<br />
bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create<br />
pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed<br />
pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to<br />
create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH]<br />
Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in<br />
qualitatively different tests. [NIH]<br />
Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the<br />
personality. [NIH]<br />
Schwannoma: A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that begins in the nerve sheath<br />
(protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have<br />
been reported. [NIH]<br />
Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths<br />
of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the<br />
external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU]<br />
Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical<br />
structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH]<br />
Scoliosis: A lateral curvature of the spine. [NIH]<br />
Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH]<br />
Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to<br />
another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and<br />
cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast<br />
cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary<br />
cancer. [NIH]<br />
Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a<br />
gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the<br />
elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU]<br />
Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in<br />
successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH]<br />
Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes<br />
through the body. [NIH]<br />
Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal,<br />
excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include<br />
abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to<br />
as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH]<br />
Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some<br />
tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are
308<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
SERMs. [NIH]<br />
Semantics: The relationships between symbols and their meanings. [NIH]<br />
Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs<br />
discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains<br />
spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH]<br />
Senescence: The bodily and mental state associated with advancing age. [NIH]<br />
Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the<br />
quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false<br />
negatives. [NIH]<br />
Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light,<br />
magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording,<br />
movement, or operating control. [NIH]<br />
Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH]<br />
Septal Nuclei: Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. They have afferent and<br />
cholinergic efferent connections with a variety of forebrain and brainstem areas including<br />
the hippocampus, the lateral hypothalamus, the tegmentum, and the amygdala. Included<br />
are the dorsal, lateral, medial, and triangular septal nuclei, septofimbrial nucleus, nucleus of<br />
diagonal band, nucleus of anterior commissure, and the nucleus of stria terminalis. [NIH]<br />
Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU]<br />
Sequencer: Device that reads off the order of nucleotides in a cloned gene. [NIH]<br />
Sequester: A portion of dead bone which has become detached from the healthy bone<br />
tissue, as occurs in necrosis. [NIH]<br />
Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino<br />
acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system,<br />
gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important<br />
physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis,<br />
and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the<br />
broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH]<br />
Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH]<br />
Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins<br />
have been removed. [NIH]<br />
Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The<br />
primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary<br />
sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to<br />
reproduction. [NIH]<br />
Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral<br />
upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the<br />
circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Sialography: Radiography of the salivary glands or ducts following injection of contrast<br />
medium. [NIH]<br />
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as<br />
the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the<br />
one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU]<br />
Sign Language: A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by<br />
people speaking different languages. [NIH]
Dictionary 309<br />
Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by<br />
a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH]<br />
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of<br />
silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic<br />
number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH]<br />
Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst,<br />
chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in<br />
water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH]<br />
Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH]<br />
Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects<br />
many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or<br />
cartilage. [NIH]<br />
Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the<br />
brain. [NIH]<br />
Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the<br />
large intestine. [NIH]<br />
Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and<br />
processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH]<br />
Social Security: Government sponsored social insurance programs. [NIH]<br />
Socialization: The training or molding of an individual through various relationships,<br />
educational agencies, and social controls, which enables him to become a member of a<br />
particular society. [NIH]<br />
Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of<br />
the body. [NIH]<br />
Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic<br />
system. [NIH]<br />
Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of<br />
dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU]<br />
Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall<br />
in contrast to the viscera. [EU]<br />
Somatosensory Cortex: Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving general<br />
sensations. It lies posterior to the central sulcus. [NIH]<br />
Sonogram: A computer picture of areas inside the body created by bouncing sound waves<br />
off organs and other tissues. Also called ultrasonogram or ultrasound. [NIH]<br />
Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle<br />
displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such<br />
alterations. [NIH]<br />
Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH]<br />
Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a<br />
subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters<br />
distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In<br />
taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or<br />
Latinized adjective or noun. [EU]<br />
Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and<br />
types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and<br />
the extents of these reactions. [NIH]
310<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH]<br />
Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by<br />
refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of<br />
bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of<br />
a disease. [EU]<br />
Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.<br />
Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists<br />
mainly of chromatin. [NIH]<br />
Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and<br />
forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH]<br />
Sphenoidal: Relating or belonging to the sphenoid bone. [NIH]<br />
Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural<br />
orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU]<br />
Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in<br />
the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH]<br />
Spinal tap: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to<br />
collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a lumbar<br />
puncture. [NIH]<br />
Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes,<br />
filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side<br />
of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH]<br />
Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated<br />
manner. [EU]<br />
Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation<br />
or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are<br />
ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or<br />
overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH]<br />
Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU]<br />
Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells<br />
resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the<br />
skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and<br />
digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH]<br />
Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells<br />
resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the<br />
skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and<br />
digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH]<br />
Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover<br />
internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH]<br />
Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU]<br />
Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body,<br />
especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level;<br />
preventing increase or multiplication. [EU]<br />
Status Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of<br />
consciousness between attacks. [NIH]
Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU]<br />
Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU]<br />
Dictionary 311<br />
Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent<br />
carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and<br />
instrumentation. [NIH]<br />
Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the<br />
ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become<br />
specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH]<br />
Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU]<br />
Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal<br />
tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH]<br />
Stereotactic: Radiotherapy that treats brain tumors by using a special frame affixed directly<br />
to the patient's cranium. By aiming the X-ray source with respect to the rigid frame,<br />
technicians can position the beam extremely precisely during each treatment. [NIH]<br />
Stereotactic radiosurgery: A radiation therapy technique involving a rigid head frame that<br />
is attached to the skull; high-dose radiation is administered through openings in the head<br />
frame to the tumor while decreasing the amount of radiation given to normal brain tissue.<br />
This procedure does not involve surgery. Also called stereotaxic radiosurgery and<br />
stereotactic radiation therapy. [NIH]<br />
Stereotaxis: Use of a computer and scanning devices to create three-dimensional pictures.<br />
This method can be used to direct a biopsy, external radiation, or the insertion of radiation<br />
implants. [NIH]<br />
Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH]<br />
Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on<br />
muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation.<br />
[EU]<br />
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other<br />
excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]<br />
Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between<br />
the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH]<br />
Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH]<br />
Strabismus: Deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome. The visual axes<br />
assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological<br />
conditions. The various forms of strabismus are spoken of as tropias, their direction being<br />
indicated by the appropriate prefix, as cyclo tropia, esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and<br />
hypotropia. Called also cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation, and squint. [EU]<br />
Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are<br />
coiled together. [NIH]<br />
Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or<br />
tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH]<br />
Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH]<br />
Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may<br />
be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]<br />
Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH]<br />
Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH]
312<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU]<br />
Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU]<br />
Subclavian: The direct continuation of the axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib. It<br />
passes medially to join the internal jugular vein and form the brachiocephalic vein on each<br />
side. [NIH]<br />
Subclavian Artery: Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from<br />
the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord,<br />
brain, meninges, and upper limb. [NIH]<br />
Subclavian Vein: The continuation of the axillary vein which follows the subclavian artery<br />
and then joins the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein. [NIH]<br />
Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other<br />
disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by<br />
clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other<br />
disease or abnormality. [EU]<br />
Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH]<br />
Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH]<br />
Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a<br />
smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally<br />
conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH]<br />
Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and<br />
peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions<br />
of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU]<br />
Superior vena cava: Vein which returns blood from the head and neck, upper limbs, and<br />
thorax. It is formed by the union of the two brachiocephalic veins. [NIH]<br />
Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH]<br />
Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis<br />
and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH]<br />
Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in<br />
which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH]<br />
Supratentorial: Located in the upper part of the brain. [NIH]<br />
Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and<br />
followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the<br />
beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using<br />
life table methods. [NIH]<br />
Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous<br />
system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral<br />
column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which<br />
in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's<br />
response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to<br />
the parasympathetic system. [NIH]<br />
Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH]<br />
Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH]<br />
Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the
Dictionary 313<br />
nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but,<br />
according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH]<br />
Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between<br />
neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or<br />
chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of<br />
homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of<br />
meiosis). [EU]<br />
Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU]<br />
Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable<br />
joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH]<br />
Synovitis: Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on<br />
motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac.<br />
Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic,<br />
puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc. [EU]<br />
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH]<br />
Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH]<br />
Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease<br />
marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation<br />
of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems.<br />
Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH]<br />
Systems Analysis: The analysis of an activity, procedure, method, technique, or business to<br />
determine what must be accomplished and how the necessary operations may best be<br />
accomplished. [NIH]<br />
Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of<br />
the heart. [EU]<br />
Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above<br />
100 beats per minute. [NIH]<br />
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces<br />
tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the<br />
activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH]<br />
Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an<br />
agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in<br />
mammary and uterine. [NIH]<br />
Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late<br />
in appearing. [EU]<br />
Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina<br />
terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a<br />
synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the<br />
cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH]<br />
Telomerase: Essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA to<br />
the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase appears to be repressed in normal human<br />
somatic tissues but reactivated in cancer, and thus may be necessary for malignant<br />
transformation. EC 2.7.7.-. [NIH]<br />
Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the<br />
skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH]<br />
Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH]
314<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU]<br />
Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and<br />
the male hormones. [NIH]<br />
Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used<br />
mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein<br />
synthesis. [NIH]<br />
Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH]<br />
Thalamic Nuclei: Several groups of nuclei in the thalamus that serve as the major relay<br />
centers for sensory impulses in the brain. [NIH]<br />
Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral<br />
wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the<br />
diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Thalassemia: A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased<br />
synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types<br />
with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and<br />
fatal anemia. [NIH]<br />
Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases,<br />
palliative or curative. [NIH]<br />
Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU]<br />
Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less<br />
comparable to a leg. [NIH]<br />
Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH]<br />
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A neurovascular syndrome associated with compression of the<br />
brachial plexus; subclavian artery; and subclavian vein at the superior thoracic outlet. This<br />
may result from a variety of anomalies such as a cervical rib (cervical rib syndrome),<br />
anomalous fascial bands, and abnormalities of the origin or insertion of the anterior or<br />
medial scalene muscles. Clinical features may include pain in the shoulder and neck region<br />
which radiates into the arm, paresis or paralysis of brachial plexus innervated muscles,<br />
paresthesia, loss of sensation, reduction of arterial pulses in the affected extremity, ischemia,<br />
and edema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp214-5). [NIH]<br />
Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH]<br />
Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level<br />
(absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or<br />
intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH]<br />
Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.<br />
(Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH]<br />
Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also<br />
called platelets. [NIH]<br />
Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and<br />
serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH]<br />
Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment<br />
of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation.<br />
Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot
formation. [EU]<br />
Dictionary 315<br />
Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and<br />
multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH]<br />
Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone,<br />
which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH]<br />
Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid<br />
metabolism. [NIH]<br />
Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower<br />
leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally. [NIH]<br />
Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a<br />
specific function. [NIH]<br />
Tissue Extracts: Preparations made from animal tissues or organs; they usually contain<br />
many components, any one of which may be pharmacologically or physiologically active;<br />
extracts may contain specific, but uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific actions.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen<br />
plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH]<br />
Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive<br />
elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make<br />
permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a<br />
heavy metal. [EU]<br />
Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not<br />
undergoing active contraction. [NIH]<br />
Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures<br />
preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH]<br />
Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH]<br />
Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH]<br />
Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances<br />
usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH]<br />
Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic<br />
microbe or of a poison. [EU]<br />
Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test<br />
substances. [NIH]<br />
Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and<br />
pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of<br />
toxic manifestations. [NIH]<br />
Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific<br />
biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or<br />
animals. [NIH]<br />
Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in<br />
extremely small amounts. [NIH]<br />
Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH]<br />
Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA<br />
molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides<br />
(ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH]
316<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is<br />
analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH]<br />
Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group<br />
or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another<br />
compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme<br />
"donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH]<br />
Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The<br />
blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person<br />
earlier and stored until needed. [NIH]<br />
Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of<br />
ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a<br />
protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH]<br />
Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein<br />
through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH]<br />
Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell<br />
to the other at the synapse. [NIH]<br />
Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual,<br />
between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH]<br />
Transrectal ultrasound: A procedure used to examine the prostate. An instrument is<br />
inserted into the rectum, and sound waves bounce off the prostate. These sound waves<br />
create echoes, which a computer uses to create a picture called a sonogram. [NIH]<br />
Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock,<br />
producing a disturbance. [NIH]<br />
Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of<br />
management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy,<br />
effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU]<br />
Trochlear Nerve: The 4th cranial nerve. The trochlear nerve carries the motor innervation of<br />
the superior oblique muscles of the eye. [NIH]<br />
Trochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the fourth cranial (trochlear) nerve or its nucleus in<br />
the midbrain. The nerve crosses as it exits the midbrain dorsally and may be injured along<br />
its course through the intracranial space, cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, or orbit.<br />
Clinical manifestations include weakness of the superior oblique muscle which causes<br />
vertical diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is adducted and directed inferiorly.<br />
Head tilt may be seen as a compensatory mechanism for diplopia and rotation of the visual<br />
axis. Common etiologies include craniocerebral trauma and infratentorial neoplasms. [NIH]<br />
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for<br />
nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH]<br />
Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other<br />
body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body.<br />
Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA<br />
(ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate<br />
cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH]<br />
Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A<br />
new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive;<br />
called also neoplasm. [EU]
Dictionary 317<br />
Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Tunica Intima: The innermost coat of blood vessels, consisting of a thin lining of endothelial<br />
cells longitudinally oriented and continuous with the endothelium of capillaries on the one<br />
hand and the endocardium of the heart on the other. [NIH]<br />
Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH]<br />
Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This<br />
condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and<br />
mucus from the bowel. [NIH]<br />
Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the<br />
reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of<br />
ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10<br />
megahertz. [NIH]<br />
Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH]<br />
Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of<br />
urine. [NIH]<br />
Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the<br />
kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH]<br />
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in<br />
the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH]<br />
Urodynamic: Measures of the bladder's ability to hold and release urine. [NIH]<br />
Urography: Radiography of any part of the urinary tract. [NIH]<br />
Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in<br />
which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH]<br />
Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi,<br />
protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs,<br />
administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH]<br />
Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU]<br />
Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new<br />
blood vessel formation. [NIH]<br />
Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which<br />
constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH]<br />
Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH]<br />
VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH]<br />
Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in<br />
nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH]<br />
Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH]<br />
Vena: A vessel conducting blood from the capillary bed to the heart. [NIH]<br />
Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU]<br />
Venous Insufficiency: Inadequacy of the venous valves and impairment of venous return<br />
(venous stasis) usually from the legs, often with edema and sometimes with stasis ulcers at
318<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
the ankle. [NIH]<br />
Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH]<br />
Venter: Belly. [NIH]<br />
Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the<br />
belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU]<br />
Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives<br />
oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary<br />
artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the<br />
body through the aorta. [NIH]<br />
Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU]<br />
Ventricular Remodeling: The geometric and structural changes that the ventricle<br />
undergoes, usually following myocardial infarction. It comprises expansion of the infarct<br />
and dilatation of the healthy ventricle segments. While most prevalent in the left ventricle, it<br />
can also occur in the right ventricle. [NIH]<br />
Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together<br />
to form veins. [NIH]<br />
Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH]<br />
Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth<br />
surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU]<br />
Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle<br />
and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH]<br />
Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and<br />
treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH]<br />
Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH]<br />
Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU]<br />
Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most<br />
commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH]<br />
Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a<br />
protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope<br />
called the peplos. [NIH]<br />
Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or<br />
viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the<br />
tissues of the host. [NIH]<br />
Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some<br />
viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and<br />
kill, tumor cells. [NIH]<br />
Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU]<br />
Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH]<br />
Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral<br />
vision. [NIH]<br />
Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye<br />
(corpus vitreum). [EU]<br />
Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation<br />
occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used<br />
together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH]
Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH]<br />
Dictionary 319<br />
Weight-Bearing: The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the<br />
weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine,<br />
hip, knee, and foot. [NIH]<br />
White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection<br />
and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others.<br />
[NIH]<br />
Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH]<br />
Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH]<br />
X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to<br />
treat cancer. [NIH]<br />
X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink<br />
tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation<br />
therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be<br />
placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment<br />
is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or<br />
brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a<br />
radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also<br />
called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH]<br />
Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers'<br />
and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]<br />
Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]<br />
Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form,<br />
usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
INDEX<br />
3<br />
3-dimensional, 20, 54, 77, 83, 139, 186, 243<br />
A<br />
Abdomen, 179, 230, 243, 254, 270, 284, 294,<br />
295, 297, 310, 311, 314<br />
Abdominal, 97, 111, 230, 243, 256, 288,<br />
295, 297, 305, 317<br />
Abducens, 243, 266<br />
Abducens Nerve, 243, 266<br />
Abducens Nerve Diseases, 243, 266<br />
Aberrant, 35, 243<br />
Ablate, 143, 243, 256<br />
Ablation, 169, 172, 243<br />
Abscess, 209, 243, 308<br />
Acceptor, 243, 295, 316<br />
Acetaminophen, 243, 274<br />
Acetylcholine, 243, 258, 292, 293<br />
Acidity, 243, 297<br />
Acoustic, 3, 76, 136, 142, 143, 160, 243<br />
Acromioclavicular Joint, 94, 97, 243<br />
Acromion, 244<br />
Actin, 244, 291<br />
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 116, 244<br />
Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 244<br />
Acute renal, 208, 244, 277<br />
Acyl, 244, 271<br />
Adaptability, 244, 256<br />
Adaptation, 21, 244, 299<br />
Adenocarcinoma, 244, 278<br />
Adenoma, 93, 244<br />
Adenosine, 244, 298<br />
Adjustment, 244<br />
Adjuvant, 244, 274<br />
Adolescence, 12, 34, 244<br />
Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 49, 244<br />
Adrenal Cortex, 244, 263<br />
Adrenal Glands, 244, 246, 305<br />
Adrenergic, 244, 248, 266, 270<br />
Adverse Effect, 145, 168, 173, 244, 246, 308<br />
Afferent, 245, 263, 272, 300, 308<br />
Affinity, 27, 38, 245, 250, 291<br />
Agar, 245, 299<br />
Agonist, 245, 266, 304, 313<br />
Agoraphobia, 245, 298<br />
Airway, 79, 245<br />
Akathisia, 245, 249<br />
Albumin, 23, 245, 299<br />
Alexia, 245, 267<br />
321<br />
Algorithms, 8, 137, 186, 190, 199, 245, 252<br />
Alkaline, 245, 254<br />
Allograft, 208, 245<br />
Alpha Particles, 245, 303<br />
Alternative medicine, 216, 245<br />
Aluminum, 205, 246<br />
Amblyopia, 82, 246<br />
Amnesia, 5, 246<br />
Amplification, 25, 246<br />
Ampulla, 204, 209, 246, 258, 269<br />
Amygdala, 246, 284, 308, 314<br />
Amyloid, 38, 183, 246, 257<br />
Amyloidosis, 209, 246<br />
Amyotrophy, 78, 246<br />
Anaesthesia, 79, 101, 126, 246, 281<br />
Anal, 19, 45, 77, 246, 273, 285<br />
Analgesic, 64, 121, 125, 243, 246, 284<br />
Analog, 160, 180, 246<br />
Analogous, 47, 246, 316<br />
Anaphylatoxins, 246, 260<br />
Anaplasia, 247<br />
Anatomical, 4, 24, 28, 48, 53, 54, 56, 60,<br />
145, 159, 210, 247, 250, 253, 258, 280,<br />
296, 307<br />
Androgens, 244, 247, 263<br />
Anemia, 247, 274, 289, 314<br />
Anesthesia, 157, 245, 247, 250, 268, 269,<br />
283<br />
Aneurysm, 93, 247, 249<br />
Angina, 71, 247<br />
Angiogenesis, 42, 46, 64, 168, 247, 287<br />
Angiogram, 168, 247<br />
Angiography, 4, 23, 39, 50, 51, 53, 87, 107,<br />
150, 154, 207, 247<br />
Angiopathy, 247, 257<br />
Angulation, 162, 247<br />
Animal model, 18, 20, 24, 32, 43, 44, 53, 55,<br />
57, 247<br />
Anions, 245, 247, 283<br />
Ankle, 247, 318<br />
Anomalies, 45, 94, 203, 209, 247, 314<br />
Anorexia, 247, 295<br />
Anterior Cruciate Ligament, 88, 247<br />
Anthracycline, 248, 270<br />
Antiallergic, 248, 263<br />
Antibacterial, 248, 310<br />
Antibiotic, 248, 267, 270, 310, 314<br />
Antibodies, 248, 249, 277, 286, 299, 304
322<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Antibody, 27, 208, 245, 248, 260, 264, 277,<br />
279, 280, 281, 283, 287, 289, 304, 309, 319<br />
Antibody therapy, 208, 248<br />
Anticoagulant, 248, 302<br />
Antidote, 248, 262<br />
Antiemetic, 248, 249<br />
Antigen, 245, 248, 249, 251, 260, 279, 280,<br />
281, 287<br />
Antigen-Antibody Complex, 248, 260<br />
Anti-infective, 248, 282<br />
Anti-inflammatory, 243, 248, 250, 263, 276,<br />
281<br />
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 248, 250, 263<br />
Antimetabolite, 248, 265, 288<br />
Antineoplastic, 248, 263, 267, 288<br />
Antipsychotic, 13, 248, 291<br />
Antiserum, 249, 251<br />
Antiviral, 249, 265<br />
Anus, 246, 249, 260, 269, 282, 305<br />
Anxiety, 56, 122, 245, 249, 293, 298<br />
Aorta, 51, 83, 156, 207, 249, 256, 305, 312,<br />
318<br />
Aortic Aneurysm, 97, 177, 249<br />
Aortic Valve, 77, 83, 249<br />
Aphasia, 123, 249<br />
Aplasia, 249, 267<br />
Apoptosis, 39, 249<br />
Approximate, 43, 249<br />
Aptitude, 249, 302<br />
Aqueous, 249, 264, 268, 284<br />
Arginine, 246, 249, 293, 294, 303<br />
Arterial, 37, 66, 75, 156, 207, 249, 250, 256,<br />
276, 279, 282, 302, 313, 314<br />
Arteries, 4, 34, 37, 51, 156, 163, 167, 207,<br />
247, 249, 253, 255, 256, 262, 282, 283,<br />
288, 290<br />
Arteriography, 207, 249<br />
Arterioles, 249, 253, 255, 290<br />
Arteriosus, 249, 303<br />
Arteriovenous, 107, 250, 257<br />
Arthropathy, 94, 250<br />
Articular, 250, 295<br />
Articulation, 250, 288<br />
Artifacts, 148, 149, 157, 170, 197, 250<br />
Artificial Intelligence, 199, 250<br />
Ascites, 204, 208, 250, 294<br />
Aspartate, 12, 250, 283<br />
Aspiration, 208, 250<br />
Aspirin, 9, 250<br />
Assay, 25, 250<br />
Astrocytes, 250, 275, 291<br />
Astrocytoma, 26, 62, 250, 275<br />
Asymptomatic, 5, 250<br />
Atherectomy, 250, 269<br />
Atrial, 69, 76, 172, 250<br />
Atrial Fibrillation, 69, 250<br />
Atrium, 88, 250, 318<br />
Atrophy, 4, 6, 11, 16, 45, 74, 78, 102, 250,<br />
291<br />
Attenuated, 49, 251, 266, 317<br />
Atypical, 4, 13, 101, 251<br />
Auditory, 29, 64, 76, 84, 107, 120, 122, 123,<br />
124, 125, 126, 251, 301<br />
Auditory Cortex, 107, 120, 122, 124, 125,<br />
251<br />
Autoimmune disease, 251, 290<br />
Autonomic, 54, 243, 249, 251, 263, 293,<br />
297, 312<br />
Autopsy, 205, 251<br />
Avidity, 27, 251<br />
Axillary, 80, 101, 251, 312<br />
Axonal, 49, 251<br />
Axons, 251, 265, 294, 306<br />
B<br />
Back Pain, 22, 251<br />
Bacteria, 244, 248, 251, 252, 261, 268, 269,<br />
285, 288, 310, 317<br />
Bacterial Physiology, 244, 251<br />
Bactericidal, 251, 271<br />
Bacteriophage, 251, 299<br />
Bacterium, 251, 261, 277<br />
Basal Ganglia, 13, 27, 29, 30, 87, 249, 251,<br />
254, 257, 258, 275, 284<br />
Basement Membrane, 54, 251, 271, 283<br />
Basophils, 251, 284<br />
Benign, 37, 66, 143, 204, 209, 244, 251, 263,<br />
265, 272, 291, 304, 307<br />
Benign tumor, 143, 251, 272<br />
Benzene, 251, 283<br />
Beta-pleated, 246, 252<br />
Bile, 204, 209, 252, 258, 263, 274, 278, 283,<br />
285, 301<br />
Bile Acids, 252<br />
Bile Acids and Salts, 252<br />
Bile duct, 204, 209, 252, 258, 301<br />
Bile Pigments, 252, 283<br />
Biliary, 70, 204, 208, 209, 252, 258, 260, 278<br />
Biliary Tract, 204, 209, 252<br />
Bilirubin, 245, 252, 279<br />
Binding Sites, 63, 252<br />
Biochemical, 10, 26, 40, 52, 59, 80, 248, 252,<br />
273, 276, 295, 308<br />
Bioengineering, 11, 224, 252<br />
Biological Transport, 252, 265
Bioluminescence, 46, 252<br />
Capsid, 255, 318<br />
Biomarkers, 43, 252<br />
Capsules, 255, 274<br />
Biophysics, 29, 50, 192, 252<br />
Carbohydrate, 255, 263, 276, 300<br />
Biopsy, 18, 26, 57, 80, 204, 205, 208, 252, Carbon Dioxide, 207, 255, 264, 273, 298,<br />
297, 311<br />
305<br />
Biotechnology, 7, 63, 66, 216, 225, 252<br />
Carcinogenesis, 53, 255<br />
Biotransformation, 252<br />
Carcinogenic, 252, 255, 281, 294<br />
Bipolar Disorder, 44, 67, 68, 253<br />
Carcinoma, 85, 91, 209, 255<br />
Bladder, 4, 71, 80, 87, 210, 253, 260, 282, Cardiac Volume, 90, 255<br />
289, 302, 317 Cardiology, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 86, 88, 90,<br />
Blastocyst, 253, 261, 298<br />
91, 103, 113, 121, 122, 137, 167, 172, 255<br />
Blood Coagulation, 253, 254, 314<br />
Cardiomyopathy, 88, 255<br />
Blood Glucose, 253, 277, 280, 282<br />
Cardiotonic, 255, 266<br />
Blood Platelets, 253, 308<br />
Cardiovascular, 52, 53, 69, 73, 74, 80, 83,<br />
Blood pressure, 209, 253, 255, 258, 276,<br />
90, 101, 112, 167, 177, 197, 255, 308<br />
279, 280, 289, 300<br />
Cardiovascular disease, 167, 197, 255<br />
Blood vessel, 62, 146, 150, 168, 197, 204, Cardiovascular System, 52, 177, 255<br />
247, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 262,<br />
Carotene, 255, 306<br />
269, 277, 278, 282, 283, 285, 286, 288,<br />
Carotid Arteries, 197, 255<br />
297, 305, 309, 311, 314, 317<br />
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 74, 128, 256<br />
Blood Volume, 15, 20, 29, 55, 157, 253<br />
Case report, 5, 70, 91, 109, 256, 259<br />
Blood-Brain Barrier, 38, 253, 284<br />
Case series, 256, 259<br />
Body Fluids, 252, 253, 254, 267, 316<br />
Catecholamine, 256, 266<br />
Body Regions, 148, 152, 253<br />
Catheter, 69, 145, 146, 156, 181, 250, 256,<br />
Bolus, 37, 253<br />
269<br />
Bolus infusion, 253<br />
Catheter Ablation, 69, 256<br />
Bone Cements, 253, 300<br />
Catheterization, 256, 290<br />
Bone Density, 81, 253<br />
Caudal, 6, 256, 265, 280, 300<br />
Bone Marrow, 5, 45, 104, 194, 244, 251,<br />
Cause of Death, 32, 39, 50, 256<br />
253, 263, 275, 277, 286, 289, 299, 309, 311 Cavernous Hemangioma, 90, 256<br />
Bone Marrow Transplantation, 45, 253<br />
Celiac Artery, 256, 278<br />
Bone metastases, 79, 253<br />
Cell Death, 49, 249, 256, 290<br />
Bone scan, 254, 307<br />
Cell Differentiation, 39, 256<br />
Bowel, 86, 246, 254, 269, 297, 311, 317<br />
Cell Division, 251, 256, 287, 289, 299, 301<br />
Brachial, 254, 287, 314<br />
Cell proliferation, 40, 256, 282<br />
Brachial Plexus, 254, 287, 314<br />
Cell Respiration, 256, 289, 306<br />
Brachiocephalic Veins, 254, 312<br />
Cell Size, 256, 273<br />
Brachytherapy, 108, 254, 282, 283, 304, 319 Cell Transplantation, 45, 257<br />
Bradykinin, 254, 293, 299<br />
Cellobiose, 257<br />
Brain Diseases, 183, 230, 254<br />
Cellular metabolism, 33, 257<br />
Brain Stem, 254, 257, 259, 266, 291<br />
Cellulose, 185, 257, 299<br />
Breast Implants, 106, 254<br />
Cerebellar, 15, 16, 34, 73, 77, 257<br />
Butyric Acid, 11, 254<br />
Cerebellum, 15, 16, 27, 49, 77, 91, 254, 257,<br />
Bypass, 81, 112, 200, 254, 290<br />
263, 274<br />
C<br />
Cerebral, 14, 17, 22, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 34,<br />
Calcium, 51, 253, 254, 260, 282, 287, 290,<br />
36, 41, 49, 53, 55, 64, 69, 70, 72, 73, 77,<br />
295<br />
78, 90, 109, 112, 123, 157, 167, 251, 253,<br />
Calibration, 162, 187, 189, 254<br />
254, 257, 262, 264, 270, 271, 273, 274,<br />
Cannabis, 126, 254<br />
275, 277, 278, 286, 291, 294, 296, 313<br />
Canonical, 23, 254 Cerebral Angiography, 257, 286<br />
Capillary, 20, 54, 254, 255, 317, 318 Cerebral Cortex, 22, 49, 254, 257, 271, 273,<br />
Capillary Permeability, 20, 254, 255<br />
291<br />
323
324<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Cerebral hemispheres, 251, 254, 257, 275,<br />
313<br />
Cerebral Hemorrhage, 72, 257<br />
Cerebrospinal, 72, 99, 205, 257, 258, 270,<br />
285, 310<br />
Cerebrospinal fluid, 72, 99, 205, 257, 258,<br />
270, 285, 310<br />
Cerebrovascular, 9, 34, 74, 207, 255, 257<br />
Cerebrum, 257, 263, 313<br />
Cervical, 73, 78, 79, 108, 254, 257, 287, 314<br />
Cervix, 257<br />
Character, 178, 257, 264, 304<br />
Chelation, 122, 258<br />
Chelation Therapy, 122, 258<br />
Chemoreceptor, 249, 258<br />
Chemotactic Factors, 258, 260<br />
Chemotherapeutic agent, 169, 258<br />
Chemotherapy, 41, 64, 97, 169, 258<br />
Chin, 258, 287<br />
Cholangitis, 204, 208, 258<br />
Cholecystitis, 209, 258<br />
Cholestasis, 204, 208, 258<br />
Cholesterol, 23, 51, 252, 258, 262, 284, 304,<br />
313<br />
Choline, 12, 14, 41, 45, 50, 258<br />
Cholinergic, 248, 258, 308<br />
Chorea, 248, 258<br />
Choroid, 26, 258, 262, 306<br />
Choroid Plexus, 26, 258<br />
Choroid plexus tumor, 26, 258<br />
Chromatin, 249, 258, 270, 293, 310<br />
Chromosomal, 246, 258<br />
Chromosome, 258, 261, 284<br />
Chronic, 15, 21, 70, 101, 122, 204, 208, 209,<br />
251, 259, 281, 285, 301, 312, 313, 317<br />
Chronic Disease, 204, 259<br />
Cirrhosis, 204, 208, 209, 259, 300, 301<br />
CIS, 259, 306<br />
Clavicle, 243, 259<br />
Clinical Protocols, 32, 259<br />
Clinical study, 21, 40, 125, 259<br />
Clinical trial, 7, 37, 40, 66, 225, 259, 262,<br />
263, 267, 302, 304<br />
Clone, 42, 259<br />
Cloning, 252, 259<br />
Cochlea, 65, 259<br />
Cochlear, 3, 79, 89, 259<br />
Cochlear Implantation, 3, 259<br />
Cochlear Implants, 79, 259<br />
Cochlear Nerve, 259<br />
Cofactor, 259, 302, 314<br />
Cognition, 15, 43, 47, 56, 74, 259, 291<br />
Collagen, 52, 59, 185, 246, 251, 259, 272,<br />
274, 287, 299, 301<br />
Colloidal, 245, 260<br />
Colon, 168, 260, 284, 317<br />
Colorectal, 107, 260<br />
Common Bile Duct, 209, 260, 263<br />
Complement, 49, 60, 246, 260, 299<br />
Complementary and alternative<br />
medicine, 119, 120, 129, 260<br />
Complementary medicine, 120, 260<br />
Compliance, 9, 260<br />
Compress, 260, 278<br />
Compulsions, 260, 293<br />
Computational Biology, 225, 261<br />
Computer Graphics, 213, 261<br />
Computer Simulation, 61, 261<br />
Computer Systems, 250, 261<br />
Computerized axial tomography, 192,<br />
261, 307<br />
Computerized tomography, 81, 132, 139,<br />
217, 261<br />
Conception, 261, 272<br />
Conduction, 256, 261<br />
Cones, 261, 306<br />
Congenita, 261, 267<br />
Congestion, 70, 249, 261<br />
Conjugated, 42, 252, 261<br />
Conjugation, 27, 252, 261<br />
Conjunctiva, 256, 261<br />
Connective Tissue, 253, 259, 261, 262, 272,<br />
274, 276, 285, 306, 313<br />
Consciousness, 246, 262, 264, 266, 278, 310<br />
Constipation, 231, 249, 262<br />
Constriction, 262, 283, 294, 317<br />
Consultation, 15, 262<br />
Contamination, 262, 278<br />
Contractility, 52, 262<br />
Contraindications, ii, 4, 262<br />
Contrast Media, 102, 262, 286<br />
Contrast medium, 146, 247, 257, 262, 308<br />
Control group, 12, 19, 262<br />
Conus, 262, 303<br />
Convulsions, 262, 292<br />
Coordination, 257, 262, 289<br />
Copper Sulfate, 169, 262<br />
Coronary, 23, 37, 39, 51, 70, 80, 81, 112,<br />
163, 167, 200, 255, 262, 288, 290<br />
Coronary Aneurysm, 70, 262<br />
Coronary Arteriosclerosis, 262, 290<br />
Coronary heart disease, 255, 262<br />
Coronary Thrombosis, 262, 288, 290<br />
Corpus, 22, 60, 262, 318
Corpus Callosum, 60, 262<br />
Dextroamphetamine, 265, 288<br />
Cortex, 12, 22, 27, 30, 38, 47, 61, 65, 73,<br />
Diabetes Mellitus, 54, 57, 122, 265, 276,<br />
124, 125, 246, 263, 270, 300<br />
277<br />
Cortical, 11, 13, 16, 21, 22, 27, 30, 31, 48, Diabetic Foot, 207, 265<br />
56, 60, 62, 84, 85, 91, 95, 109, 246, 263, Diagnostic Imaging, 154, 171, 230, 265<br />
271, 301, 307<br />
Diagnostic procedure, 135, 216, 265<br />
Cortices, 13, 263<br />
Diastolic, 265, 280<br />
Corticosteroid, 11, 263, 300<br />
Diencephalon, 265, 270, 280, 291, 296, 301,<br />
Cortisol, 245, 263<br />
313, 314<br />
Cost Savings, 39, 263<br />
Digestion, 252, 254, 265, 285, 311<br />
Cranial, 109, 243, 256, 257, 259, 263, 272, Digestive tract, 265, 309, 310<br />
291, 294, 297, 310, 316 Digital rectal examination, 79, 266<br />
Cranial Nerves, 256, 263<br />
Dilution, 57, 266, 271, 299<br />
Craniopharyngioma, 96, 263<br />
Dimethyl, 169, 266<br />
Creatine, 45, 263<br />
Diplopia, 79, 243, 266, 316<br />
Creatinine, 263<br />
Discrete, 17, 266, 299<br />
Criterion, 40, 263<br />
Discrimination, 96, 144, 266<br />
Cryostat, 198, 263<br />
Disinfectant, 266, 271<br />
Curative, 263, 314<br />
Disposition, 9, 266<br />
Cyclic, 263, 277, 293, 300<br />
Dissection, 78, 266<br />
Cyclosporine, 208, 263<br />
Dissociation, 245, 266, 283<br />
Cyst, 66, 94, 263<br />
Distal, 4, 28, 78, 145, 181, 251, 256, 266, 268<br />
Cystic Duct, 260, 263<br />
Diverticulum, 87, 266<br />
Cytokines, 99, 208, 264, 280<br />
Dobutamine, 88, 266<br />
Cytomegalovirus, 109, 208, 264<br />
Dominance, 81, 82, 266<br />
Cytoplasm, 249, 251, 264, 269, 270, 289,<br />
Dopa, 84, 266, 284<br />
291, 293, 306 Dopamine, 248, 265, 266, 284, 292<br />
Cytotoxic, 168, 264, 280, 304<br />
Dorsal, 70, 267, 270, 300, 308<br />
D Dorsum, 267<br />
Data Collection, 153, 264 Double-blind, 9, 40, 267<br />
Decarboxylation, 264, 279, 303 Doxorubicin, 267, 270<br />
Decidua, 264, 298 Drive, ii, vi, 13, 21, 31, 115, 142, 203, 267<br />
Decision Making, 12, 210, 264 Drug Delivery Systems, 46, 267<br />
Degenerative, 59, 183, 262, 264, 275, 278, Drug Interactions, 220, 267<br />
286, 295<br />
Duct, 167, 168, 246, 256, 260, 267, 271, 286,<br />
Deletion, 249, 264<br />
307, 311<br />
Delirium, 248, 264 Duodenum, 252, 267, 269, 278, 295, 311<br />
Dementia, 4, 6, 34, 74, 78, 204, 205, 206,<br />
Dyes, 246, 251, 267, 273, 293<br />
248, 264, 291<br />
Dyskinesia, 249, 267<br />
Demography, 205, 206, 264 Dyslexia, 48, 267<br />
Dendrites, 264, 265, 292 E<br />
Dendritic, 49, 120, 264, 306<br />
Echocardiography, 87, 90, 267<br />
Density, 62, 63, 144, 147, 150, 179, 190, 196, Echo-Planar Imaging, 7, 267<br />
198, 253, 265, 273, 284, 294, 299, 309 Ectoderm, 267<br />
Dentate Gyrus, 265, 279<br />
Ectodermal Dysplasia, 89, 267<br />
Deoxyglucose, 45, 265<br />
Edema, 5, 71, 72, 128, 267, 278, 290, 294,<br />
Deprivation, 246, 265<br />
314, 317<br />
Dermal, 265, 267<br />
Effector, 243, 260, 267<br />
Dermoid, 75, 265<br />
Efficacy, 24, 32, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 46,<br />
Dermoid Cyst, 75, 265<br />
88, 267, 316<br />
Desensitization, 265, 280<br />
Effusion, 5, 268, 313<br />
Deuterium, 265, 279<br />
Ejaculation, 268, 308<br />
325
326<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Elastic, 37, 268, 309<br />
Elastin, 259, 268, 272<br />
Electroacupuncture, 64, 121, 268<br />
Electrocardiogram, 170, 171, 268<br />
Electrode, 11, 45, 105, 146, 268<br />
Electroencephalography, 206, 268<br />
Electrolyte, 263, 264, 268, 288<br />
Electrons, 268, 283, 286, 295, 303, 304<br />
Electrophysiological, 10, 25, 74, 268<br />
Elementary Particles, 268, 286, 292, 302<br />
Embolus, 268, 281<br />
Embryo, 19, 253, 256, 267, 268, 281<br />
Emetic, 262, 268<br />
Empirical, 12, 268<br />
Empyema, 110, 268<br />
Emulsion, 268, 273<br />
Encapsulated, 146, 268<br />
Encephalitis, 75, 99, 269<br />
Encephalitis, Viral, 269<br />
Encephalopathy, 75, 97, 113, 269<br />
Endarterectomy, 75, 250, 269<br />
Endemic, 269, 310<br />
Endogenous, 266, 269, 271, 292<br />
Endorphins, 269, 292<br />
Endoscope, 269<br />
Endoscopic, 107, 206, 269<br />
Endoscopy, 204, 206, 207, 209, 269<br />
Endothelial cell, 46, 253, 269, 314, 317<br />
Endothelium, 269, 293, 317<br />
Endothelium-derived, 269, 293<br />
Endotoxic, 269, 284<br />
Endotoxins, 260, 269<br />
Enema, 85, 269<br />
Energy balance, 57, 269<br />
Enhancer, 169, 269<br />
Enkephalins, 269, 292<br />
Entorhinal Cortex, 6, 270, 279<br />
Environmental Health, 224, 226, 270<br />
Enzymatic, 59, 246, 254, 255, 260, 270, 271,<br />
279, 306<br />
Enzyme, 24, 45, 64, 267, 270, 275, 277, 281,<br />
285, 288, 290, 299, 302, 305, 312, 314,<br />
315, 316, 318, 319<br />
Eosinophils, 270, 284<br />
Ependymal, 270, 275<br />
Ependymal tumors, 270, 275<br />
Ependymomas, 26, 270<br />
Epidemic, 270, 310<br />
Epidermis, 267, 270<br />
Epidermoid carcinoma, 270, 310<br />
Epigastric, 270, 295<br />
Epinephrine, 244, 266, 270, 292, 293<br />
Epirubicin, 97, 270<br />
Epithalamus, 265, 270, 284<br />
Epithelial, 75, 244, 252, 264, 270, 271, 283<br />
Epithelial Cells, 271, 283<br />
Epithelium, 251, 269, 271<br />
Erectile, 108, 271<br />
Erection, 271<br />
Erythrocyte Volume, 253, 271<br />
Erythrocytes, 247, 253, 271<br />
Esterification, 57, 271<br />
Estrogen, 42, 271, 304, 307, 313<br />
Estrogen receptor, 42, 271<br />
Ethanol, 36, 271<br />
Evoke, 271, 311<br />
Excitatory, 271, 276, 292<br />
Excitatory Amino Acids, 271, 292<br />
Exocrine, 271, 295<br />
Exogenous, 252, 269, 271<br />
Expiration, 271, 305<br />
External radiation, 271, 311<br />
External-beam radiation, 271, 283, 304,<br />
319<br />
Extracellular, 52, 59, 246, 250, 262, 271,<br />
272, 287, 291<br />
Extracellular Matrix, 52, 59, 262, 271, 272,<br />
287<br />
Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 272, 287<br />
Extracellular Space, 271, 272<br />
Extraction, 26, 52, 69, 272<br />
Extrapyramidal, 245, 249, 266, 272<br />
Extremity, 94, 207, 243, 254, 272, 287, 296,<br />
314<br />
Eye Movements, 132, 272<br />
F<br />
Facial, 10, 121, 133, 206, 272, 296<br />
Facial Expression, 121, 272<br />
Facial Nerve, 272, 296<br />
Family Planning, 225, 272<br />
Fast Neutrons, 272, 292<br />
Fatigue, 272, 277<br />
Fatty Liver, 209, 272<br />
Femoral, 68, 81, 167, 272<br />
Femur, 247, 272, 315<br />
Ferritin, 183, 272<br />
Fetus, 19, 77, 272, 298, 301, 317<br />
Fibrillation, 172, 272<br />
Fibroma, 87, 272<br />
Fibrosis, 52, 84, 111, 272, 307<br />
Fine-needle aspiration, 273, 291<br />
Fissure, 243, 263, 265, 273, 300, 316<br />
Fixation, 52, 273<br />
Flatus, 273, 274
Flow Cytometry, 194, 273<br />
Glioma, 39, 87, 275<br />
Fluorescence, 195, 273<br />
Gliosis, 45, 275<br />
Fluorescent Dyes, 273<br />
Glucocorticoids, 244, 263, 276<br />
Fluoroscopy, 192, 273<br />
Glucose, 14, 19, 42, 45, 57, 217, 253, 257,<br />
Fluoxetine, 15, 273<br />
265, 276, 277, 281<br />
Folate, 27, 273<br />
Glucose Intolerance, 265, 276<br />
Fold, 16, 62, 166, 167, 184, 273, 287, 294, Glucuronic Acid, 276, 278<br />
295 Glutamate, 11, 276<br />
Folic Acid, 27, 273<br />
Glutamic Acid, 273, 276, 292, 301<br />
Foot Ulcer, 265, 274<br />
Glycerol, 254, 276, 298<br />
Forearm, 70, 253, 274, 287<br />
Glycine, 246, 252, 276, 292<br />
Fossa, 77, 257, 274<br />
Glycolysis, 20, 42, 276<br />
Fourth Ventricle, 258, 274<br />
Glycoprotein, 276, 283, 314<br />
Fovea, 273, 274<br />
Glycosylation, 35, 276<br />
Free Radicals, 266, 274, 290<br />
Governing Board, 276, 300<br />
Frontal Lobe, 27, 28, 56, 206, 274, 289, 300 Grade, 26, 62, 105, 275, 276<br />
Fulminant Hepatic Failure, 208, 274<br />
Grading, 26, 62, 88, 112, 276<br />
Fungi, 252, 261, 274, 277, 288, 317, 319<br />
Graft, 276, 290<br />
G Grafting, 81, 112, 276, 280<br />
Gadolinium, 3, 23, 38, 46, 68, 81, 85, 86, 87, Granulomas, 204, 276<br />
98, 146, 189, 274<br />
Grasses, 273, 276<br />
Gallbladder, 204, 209, 243, 252, 258, 263, Guanylate Cyclase, 277, 293<br />
274, 278<br />
Gyrus Cinguli, 277, 284<br />
Gamma Rays, 274, 303, 304 H<br />
Ganglia, 243, 274, 291, 297, 312<br />
Habitual, 257, 277<br />
Gas, 64, 91, 142, 160, 196, 255, 265, 273,<br />
Habituation, 120, 277<br />
274, 279, 293, 317 Haptens, 245, 277<br />
Gastric, 256, 270, 274, 279<br />
Heart attack, 50, 200, 255, 277<br />
Gastrin, 274, 279<br />
Heart failure, 122, 277, 294<br />
Gastrointestinal, 254, 270, 271, 274, 308, Heartbeat, 136, 277<br />
311, 312, 316 Hematologic malignancies, 110, 277<br />
Gastrointestinal tract, 271, 274, 308, 311, Hematology, 116, 204, 208, 277<br />
316 Hematoma, 277, 278<br />
Gelatin, 185, 274, 276, 312<br />
Heme, 252, 277, 300<br />
Gene, 39, 42, 53, 102, 108, 131, 157, 205,<br />
Hemodynamics, 69, 92, 157, 204, 277<br />
252, 266, 274, 275, 279, 299, 308 Hemoglobin, 125, 157, 247, 271, 277, 295,<br />
Gene Expression, 39, 275<br />
300, 314<br />
Gene Therapy, 108, 131, 275<br />
Hemoglobin A, 157, 277, 300<br />
Genetic Code, 275, 293<br />
Hemoglobinopathies, 275, 277<br />
Genetic Markers, 54, 275<br />
Hemolytic, 277, 314<br />
Genetics, 26, 44, 47, 205, 261, 266, 275<br />
Hemorrhage, 34, 40, 55, 217, 277, 290, 311<br />
Genotype, 275, 298<br />
Hemorrhagic stroke, 41, 277<br />
Geriatric, 6, 206, 211, 275<br />
Hemosiderin, 183, 278<br />
Geriatric Psychiatry, 211, 275<br />
Hemostasis, 278, 308<br />
Germ Cells, 275, 287, 295, 310, 314<br />
Heparin, 46, 278<br />
Gestation, 275, 297, 298<br />
Hepatic, 69, 102, 104, 204, 207, 208, 209,<br />
Gestures, 275, 308<br />
245, 256, 260, 264, 278, 300<br />
Gland, 90, 105, 203, 244, 275, 285, 295, 296, Hepatic Artery, 204, 208, 278<br />
298, 302, 304, 307, 311, 315 Hepatic Encephalopathy, 104, 204, 208,<br />
Glial tumors, 40, 275<br />
278<br />
Glioblastoma, 26, 275<br />
Hepatic Veins, 208, 278<br />
Glioblastoma multiforme, 26, 275<br />
Hepatitis, 204, 208, 209, 274, 278, 318<br />
327
328<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Hepatitis A, 209, 278<br />
Hepatobiliary, 209, 278<br />
Hepatocellular, 88, 204, 278<br />
Hepatocellular carcinoma, 88, 278<br />
Hepatocyte, 258, 278<br />
Hepatovirus, 278<br />
Hereditary, 267, 278, 291, 306, 314<br />
Heredity, 274, 275, 278<br />
Hernia, 83, 278<br />
Heterogeneity, 50, 245, 278<br />
Heterozygotes, 266, 278<br />
Hippocampus, 13, 38, 265, 278, 284, 291,<br />
308, 312<br />
Histamine, 246, 248, 279<br />
Histology, 51, 59, 64, 76, 279, 291<br />
Homogeneous, 31, 53, 138, 143, 145, 148,<br />
151, 155, 164, 167, 179, 279<br />
Homologous, 275, 278, 279, 290, 313<br />
Homozygotes, 266, 279<br />
Hormonal, 28, 42, 74, 205, 250, 263, 279<br />
Hormonal therapy, 42, 279<br />
Hormone, 207, 263, 270, 274, 279, 281, 282,<br />
306, 315<br />
Hormone therapy, 279<br />
Hybrid, 158, 259, 279<br />
Hydration, 185, 279<br />
Hydrogel, 185, 279<br />
Hydrolysis, 252, 257, 279, 300, 302<br />
Hydroxylysine, 260, 279<br />
Hydroxyproline, 52, 246, 260, 279<br />
Hyperalgesia, 22, 279<br />
Hyperbilirubinemia, 279, 283<br />
Hyperplasia, 168, 279<br />
Hypersensitivity, 265, 279, 306<br />
Hypertension, 4, 34, 243, 255, 257, 279, 300<br />
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 86, 280<br />
Hypertrophy, 52, 279, 280<br />
Hypoglycemic, 5, 280<br />
Hypoplasia, 267, 280<br />
Hypotension, 249, 262, 280<br />
Hypothalamus, 254, 263, 265, 280, 284,<br />
298, 308<br />
I<br />
Idiopathic, 94, 111, 280<br />
Imaging procedures, 58, 168, 280, 315<br />
Immune function, 280<br />
Immune response, 244, 248, 251, 263, 277,<br />
280, 312, 318<br />
Immune system, 205, 207, 208, 248, 280,<br />
286, 290, 319<br />
Immunogenic, 280, 284<br />
Immunologic, 258, 280, 304<br />
Immunology, 244, 245, 273, 280<br />
Immunosuppressant, 280, 288<br />
Immunosuppression, 208, 280, 286<br />
Immunosuppressive, 208, 280, 313<br />
Immunosuppressive Agents, 208, 280<br />
Implant radiation, 280, 282, 283, 304, 319<br />
Implantation, 4, 64, 167, 185, 261, 280<br />
Impotence, 271, 280<br />
In situ, 35, 45, 51, 280<br />
In vitro, 19, 42, 93, 168, 275, 281, 313<br />
Incision, 281, 282<br />
Incubator, 109, 281<br />
Indomethacin, 55, 281<br />
Induction, 172, 173, 247, 248, 281, 283<br />
Infancy, 204, 209, 281<br />
Infarction, 32, 34, 56, 257, 278, 281, 282,<br />
305<br />
Infection, 109, 128, 207, 208, 258, 264, 265,<br />
269, 280, 281, 285, 286, 292, 306, 312, 319<br />
Infusion, 116, 281, 290, 316<br />
Ingestion, 281, 299<br />
Inhalation, 281, 299<br />
Initiation, 41, 281<br />
Innervation, 254, 272, 281, 287, 316<br />
Insight, 10, 17, 31, 50, 157, 177, 194, 207,<br />
281<br />
Insulator, 281, 290<br />
Insulin, 57, 281, 282<br />
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 281,<br />
282<br />
Interleukins, 280, 282<br />
Intermediate Filaments, 282, 291<br />
Intermittent, 44, 72, 282, 285<br />
Internal radiation, 282, 283, 304, 319<br />
Interstitial, 254, 272, 282, 283, 319<br />
Intervertebral, 122, 282, 285<br />
Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 282,<br />
285<br />
Intestinal, 207, 255, 282<br />
Intestines, 243, 274, 282, 307<br />
Intoxication, 36, 264, 282<br />
Intracellular, 52, 64, 195, 281, 282, 293, 305<br />
Intracranial Aneurysm, 257, 282<br />
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis, 257, 282<br />
Intravascular, 23, 282<br />
Intravenous, 12, 38, 40, 281, 282<br />
Intravesical, 210, 282<br />
Intrinsic, 177, 245, 251, 282<br />
Involuntary, 258, 272, 282, 290, 305<br />
Iodine, 108, 282<br />
Ionization, 283<br />
Ionizing, 4, 163, 192, 245, 283, 304
Ions, 243, 266, 268, 279, 283<br />
Lumbar puncture, 85, 285, 310<br />
Irradiation, 80, 165, 283, 319<br />
Lung volume, 83, 285<br />
Ischemia, 32, 41, 54, 56, 168, 243, 250, 278, Lupus, 285, 313<br />
283, 290, 292, 305, 314 Lymph, 101, 251, 257, 269, 285, 286<br />
Ischemic stroke, 40, 68, 107, 109, 283<br />
Lymph node, 251, 257, 285, 286<br />
Isoflavones, 36, 283<br />
Lymphadenopathy, 101, 286<br />
J<br />
Lymphatic, 207, 269, 281, 285, 286, 294,<br />
Jaundice, 204, 208, 279, 283<br />
299, 309, 310, 315<br />
K<br />
Lymphatic system, 285, 286, 309, 310, 315<br />
Kb, 224, 283 Lymphoblasts, 244, 286<br />
Ketamine, 121, 283 Lymphocyte, 248, 280, 286, 287<br />
Kidney Transplantation, 208, 283 Lymphocyte Depletion, 280, 286<br />
Kinetic, 176, 283 Lymphoma, 116, 277, 286<br />
L<br />
Labile, 260, 283<br />
M<br />
Macula, 274, 286<br />
Labyrinth, 259, 283, 318<br />
Macula Lutea, 286<br />
Laminin, 63, 251, 272, 283 Macular Degeneration, 105, 286<br />
Large Intestine, 265, 282, 283, 305, 309 Magnetic Resonance Angiography, 9, 34,<br />
Leiomyosarcoma, 111, 284<br />
51, 156, 207, 286<br />
Lens, 66, 261, 284 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 15, 22,<br />
Lesion, 5, 61, 102, 153, 274, 275, 284, 285,<br />
25, 26, 36, 43, 44, 47, 50, 54, 81, 193, 286<br />
313 Malformation, 107, 286<br />
Leukemia, 267, 270, 275, 277, 284<br />
Malignant, 37, 98, 204, 209, 244, 248, 263,<br />
Leukocytes, 19, 251, 253, 258, 264, 270,<br />
275, 285, 286, 289, 291, 304, 307, 313<br />
281, 282, 284, 289, 293 Malignant tumor, 209, 286, 289<br />
Leukoencephalopathy, 95, 97, 284 Malnutrition, 245, 250, 286<br />
Levo, 266, 284 Mammary, 286, 304, 313<br />
Levodopa, 266, 284 Mammogram, 231, 286<br />
Ligament, 104, 247, 284, 302, 310 Mammography, 33, 36, 231, 233, 286<br />
Ligands, 35, 175, 284 Mandible, 217, 258, 286<br />
Limbic, 49, 99, 246, 277, 284, 301 Mania, 287<br />
Limbic System, 49, 246, 277, 284, 301 Manic, 205, 248, 253, 284, 287, 303<br />
Linkage, 53, 257, 275, 284 Manifest, 57, 251, 287, 311<br />
Lipid, 20, 23, 50, 57, 107, 255, 258, 276, 281, Matrix metalloproteinase, 92, 287<br />
284, 290<br />
Medial, 6, 43, 49, 103, 105, 277, 287, 294,<br />
Lipid A, 51, 57, 284<br />
306, 308, 310, 314, 315<br />
Lipopolysaccharides, 284<br />
Median Nerve, 96, 256, 287<br />
Lipoprotein, 284, 318 Mediator, 266, 287, 308<br />
Lithium, 248, 284 MEDLINE, 225, 287<br />
Liver cancer, 209, 285 Megaloblastic, 274, 287<br />
Liver scan, 285, 307 Meiosis, 287, 290, 313<br />
Lobe, 27, 28, 45, 47, 70, 102, 108, 285 Membrane, 45, 250, 258, 260, 261, 283, 287,<br />
Localization, 10, 17, 46, 48, 53, 54, 84, 96,<br />
295, 298, 306, 307, 313, 316<br />
132, 146, 159, 165, 285 Meninges, 257, 287, 312<br />
Longitudinal Studies, 49, 57, 110, 285 Mental Disorders, 244, 287, 302, 303<br />
Longitudinal study, 13, 49, 54, 78, 285 Mental Health, iv, 7, 14, 29, 224, 226, 275,<br />
Long-Term Care, 24, 29, 285<br />
287, 303<br />
Loop, 140, 143, 144, 193, 278, 285, 295 Mental Processes, 53, 266, 287, 303<br />
Low Back Pain, 22, 128, 285 Mercury, 273, 287<br />
Lucida, 283, 285 Mesenteric, 207, 287<br />
Luciferase, 46, 285 Mesentery, 287, 288, 297<br />
Lumbar, 80, 85, 122, 193, 251, 282, 285, 310 Mesolimbic, 249, 288<br />
329
330<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Metabolic disorder, 205, 288<br />
Metabolite, 45, 54, 252, 266, 288, 301<br />
Metacarpophalangeal Joint, 77, 91, 288<br />
Metastasis, 111, 287, 288<br />
Metastatic, 40, 81, 288, 307<br />
Metatarsophalangeal Joint, 110, 288<br />
Methionine, 266, 288<br />
Methotrexate, 64, 116, 288<br />
Methylphenidate, 48, 288<br />
Methylprednisolone, 12, 86, 126, 288<br />
MI, 156, 167, 232, 241, 288<br />
Microbe, 288, 315<br />
Microbiology, 244, 251, 288<br />
Microtubule-Associated Proteins, 288, 291<br />
Microtubules, 282, 288, 291<br />
Migration, 17, 65, 288, 291<br />
Milliliter, 253, 288<br />
Mineralization, 288, 295<br />
Mineralocorticoids, 244, 263, 288<br />
Mitochondria, 289, 290<br />
Mitochondrial Swelling, 289, 290<br />
Mitosis, 249, 289<br />
Mobility, 95, 289<br />
Modeling, 16, 25, 31, 55, 65, 206, 289<br />
Modification, 37, 38, 246, 289, 303<br />
Modulator, 289<br />
Molecule, 24, 248, 252, 255, 260, 266, 267,<br />
269, 271, 277, 278, 279, 289, 295, 304,<br />
315, 317<br />
Monitor, 19, 39, 41, 59, 136, 186, 194, 263,<br />
289, 293<br />
Monoclonal, 283, 289, 304, 319<br />
Monocytes, 284, 289<br />
Morphological, 26, 109, 113, 197, 268, 289<br />
Morphology, 13, 26, 35, 41, 108, 277, 289<br />
Motility, 281, 289, 308<br />
Motion Perception, 61, 289<br />
Motor Cortex, 27, 93, 289<br />
Multiple Myeloma, 74, 289<br />
Multiple sclerosis, 11, 77, 85, 86, 88, 90, 98,<br />
102, 103, 126, 205, 289<br />
Multivalent, 251, 290<br />
Mutagenesis, 63, 290<br />
Mutagens, 290<br />
Myelin, 60, 290, 291<br />
Myocardial infarction, 32, 50, 69, 101, 124,<br />
167, 262, 266, 288, 290, 318<br />
Myocardial Ischemia, 52, 290<br />
Myocardial Reperfusion, 168, 290<br />
Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 168, 290<br />
Myocardium, 52, 127, 199, 288, 290<br />
Myopathy, 16, 290<br />
N<br />
Narcolepsy, 265, 288, 290<br />
Nausea, 248, 290<br />
Necrosis, 4, 5, 40, 83, 87, 105, 208, 249, 275,<br />
281, 288, 290, 305, 308<br />
Needle biopsy, 208, 273, 291<br />
Neocortex, 291<br />
Neoplasia, 89, 217, 291<br />
Neoplasm, 291, 316<br />
Neoplastic, 247, 286, 291, 299<br />
Nervous System, 10, 11, 34, 44, 205, 206,<br />
243, 245, 251, 254, 257, 265, 274, 275,<br />
276, 284, 287, 288, 289, 291, 292, 294,<br />
297, 308, 312<br />
Networks, 48, 49, 159, 291<br />
Neural, 15, 17, 29, 30, 31, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49,<br />
86, 98, 99, 127, 153, 245, 246, 291, 308<br />
Neuritis, 68, 100, 291<br />
Neuroanatomy, 15, 17, 29, 61, 99, 284, 291<br />
Neurodegenerative Diseases, 4, 44, 53, 291<br />
Neurofibrillary Tangles, 183, 291<br />
Neurofilaments, 291<br />
Neuroglia, 275, 291<br />
Neuroleptic, 245, 248, 291<br />
Neurologic, 9, 17, 211, 275, 292<br />
Neurologist, 10, 44, 292<br />
Neuroma, 3, 76, 292<br />
Neuronal, 11, 12, 44, 45, 49, 54, 55, 61, 131,<br />
157, 291, 292<br />
Neurons, 157, 259, 264, 265, 271, 274, 284,<br />
291, 292, 312, 313<br />
Neuropathy, 54, 246, 292<br />
Neurophysiology, 25, 44, 47, 292<br />
Neuroprotective Agents, 41, 292<br />
Neuropsychological Tests, 54, 292<br />
Neuropsychology, 29, 48, 292<br />
Neurosis, 292, 298<br />
Neurosurgeon, 10, 292<br />
Neurosurgery, 68, 76, 81, 84, 93, 95, 96, 97,<br />
101, 107, 109, 110, 112, 139, 292<br />
Neurotoxic, 38, 292<br />
Neurotoxicity, 38, 91, 292<br />
Neurotransmitter, 11, 243, 244, 246, 254,<br />
266, 271, 276, 279, 292, 293, 312<br />
Neutrons, 158, 245, 272, 283, 292, 303<br />
Neutrophils, 284, 293<br />
Nitric Oxide, 53, 293<br />
Nitrogen, 196, 247, 272, 273, 293, 316<br />
Norepinephrine, 244, 266, 292, 293<br />
Nuclear, 7, 14, 18, 26, 42, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65,<br />
99, 131, 136, 138, 141, 147, 149, 154, 155,<br />
159, 160, 161, 171, 177, 178, 180, 186,
188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 207, 208,<br />
Paralysis, 256, 296, 314<br />
230, 233, 251, 261, 267, 268, 274, 275,<br />
Parasite, 296<br />
284, 290, 293, 306, 314<br />
Parasitic, 209, 296<br />
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, 99, Parasitic Diseases, 209, 296<br />
131, 138, 147, 159, 160, 178, 192, 293 Parenchyma, 102, 296<br />
Nuclear Medicine, 18, 207, 230, 233, 293 Paresis, 291, 296, 314<br />
Nucleic acid, 62, 255, 275, 290, 293<br />
Paresthesia, 296, 314<br />
Nursing Care, 293, 296<br />
Parietal, 12, 27, 53, 67, 296, 297, 309<br />
O Parietal Lobe, 296, 309<br />
Observational study, 80, 293 Parkinsonism, 4, 249, 284, 296<br />
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 101, 293 Parotid, 105, 110, 296<br />
Occipital Lobe, 47, 266, 294, 318 Paroxetine, 12, 296<br />
Occult, 101, 294 Particle, 147, 168, 194, 296, 309<br />
Ocular, 30, 294 Patella, 95, 296<br />
Oculomotor, 256, 266, 294 Pathogenesis, 11, 12, 34, 57, 77, 208, 296<br />
Oculomotor Nerve, 266, 294 Pathologic, 5, 12, 19, 47, 86, 101, 197, 249,<br />
Oedema, 256, 294<br />
252, 254, 262, 279, 296, 317<br />
Omentum, 278, 294 Pathologic Processes, 249, 296<br />
Oncogenic, 42, 100, 294 Pathologies, 45, 188, 296<br />
Opacity, 265, 294 Pathophysiology, 14, 21, 32, 41, 44, 49, 60,<br />
Ophthalmology, 76, 82, 89, 94, 96, 100,<br />
78, 206, 209, 296<br />
105, 273, 294 Patient Care Management, 207, 296<br />
Opsin, 294, 306 Patient Education, 232, 236, 238, 241, 296<br />
Optic Chiasm, 280, 294 Pedicle, 111, 139, 296<br />
Optic cup, 294, 296 Pedigree, 54, 296<br />
Optic disc, 69, 294 Pelvic, 96, 108, 210, 297, 302<br />
Optic Nerve, 76, 246, 294, 296, 306, 307 Pelvis, 4, 37, 207, 210, 243, 284, 285, 297,<br />
Orbit, 243, 265, 294, 316<br />
317<br />
Orbital, 101, 165, 243, 294, 316 Peptide, 46, 63, 246, 297, 300, 302<br />
Ornithine, 294, 303 Perception, 47, 133, 205, 297<br />
Orthostatic, 249, 294 Percutaneous, 57, 169, 297<br />
Osmotic, 245, 289, 294 Perfusion, 8, 34, 40, 42, 62, 66, 75, 102, 105,<br />
Osteoarthritis, 5, 81, 104, 105, 111, 113, 295 116, 137, 297<br />
Osteomalacia, 100, 295 Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging,<br />
Outpatient, 132, 211, 295<br />
40, 66, 75, 297<br />
Ovary, 75, 106, 295 Periarthritis, 73, 297<br />
Overdose, 274, 295 Perinatal, 83, 112, 297<br />
Oxidation, 39, 57, 243, 252, 295 Peripheral Nervous System, 270, 291, 292,<br />
Oximetry, 65, 295<br />
297, 307, 312<br />
Oxygen Consumption, 25, 55, 295, 306 Peripheral vision, 297, 318<br />
Oxygenation, 20, 24, 25, 30, 55, 64, 69, 157, Peritoneal, 95, 250, 294, 297<br />
278, 295<br />
Peritoneal Cavity, 250, 294, 297<br />
P Peritoneum, 288, 294, 297<br />
Pacemaker, 295 Peroxide, 91, 297<br />
Palliative, 295, 314 PH, 17, 34, 67, 80, 81, 101, 120, 205, 253,<br />
Palpation, 37, 97, 295<br />
297<br />
Pancreas, 77, 204, 209, 243, 252, 278, 281, Phallic, 273, 297<br />
295, 316<br />
Phantom, 8, 16, 32, 169, 177, 189, 297<br />
Pancreatic, 77, 111, 270, 295 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 257, 271,<br />
Pancreatic cancer, 77, 270, 295<br />
274, 297<br />
Pancreaticoduodenectomy, 111, 295 Pharmacokinetic, 298<br />
Papilla, 209, 295 Pharmacologic, 205, 247, 298, 315<br />
331
332<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Phenotype, 30, 298<br />
Phobia, 72, 298<br />
Phobic Disorders, 298<br />
Phosphates, 53, 298<br />
Phospholipids, 272, 284, 298<br />
Phosphorus, 54, 147, 254, 262, 298<br />
Physical Examination, 210, 298<br />
Physical Therapy, 217, 298<br />
Physiologic, 17, 19, 36, 41, 58, 133, 165,<br />
217, 245, 265, 266, 298, 304<br />
Physiology, 11, 15, 17, 21, 25, 41, 50, 55,<br />
57, 92, 207, 210, 255, 268, 277, 292, 298<br />
Pigments, 252, 255, 298, 306<br />
Pilot Projects, 20, 298<br />
Pilot study, 9, 10, 60, 84, 108, 298<br />
Pituitary Gland, 263, 298<br />
Placenta, 19, 64, 298<br />
Plants, 255, 258, 276, 289, 293, 298, 299,<br />
315<br />
Plaque, 23, 50, 197, 231, 250, 299<br />
Plasma, 26, 36, 245, 248, 253, 274, 276, 277,<br />
278, 289, 299, 307, 308<br />
Plasma cells, 248, 289, 299<br />
Plasma protein, 245, 299<br />
Plasma Volume, 253, 289, 299<br />
Plasmacytoma, 110, 299<br />
Plasticity, 35, 299<br />
Platelet Aggregation, 246, 293, 299<br />
Platelets, 88, 293, 299, 314<br />
Platinum, 285, 299<br />
Pleomorphic, 93, 299<br />
Plexus, 254, 299, 314<br />
Pneumonia, 262, 299<br />
Pneumonitis, 106, 299<br />
Poisoning, 101, 258, 262, 264, 282, 287, 290,<br />
299<br />
Polyethylene, 46, 299<br />
Polymers, 63, 185, 300, 302<br />
Polypeptide, 185, 246, 259, 300, 314, 319<br />
Polysaccharide, 185, 248, 257, 300, 302<br />
Porosity, 160, 300<br />
Porphyria, 72, 300<br />
Porphyrins, 300<br />
Portal Hypertension, 204, 207, 208, 209,<br />
300<br />
Posterior, 50, 56, 77, 93, 246, 249, 251, 257,<br />
258, 267, 270, 294, 295, 300, 307, 309, 310<br />
Postnatal, 83, 300, 311<br />
Postoperative, 4, 300<br />
Postural, 15, 300<br />
Practicability, 300, 316<br />
Practice Guidelines, 226, 300<br />
Precancerous, 300, 301<br />
Precursor, 258, 266, 267, 269, 270, 284, 293,<br />
300, 301, 316<br />
Prednisolone, 288, 300<br />
Prefrontal Cortex, 12, 15, 30, 44, 49, 65,<br />
126, 133, 300<br />
Premalignant, 37, 300, 301<br />
Prenatal, 10, 83, 107, 268, 301<br />
Preoperative, 67, 79, 85, 95, 207, 301<br />
Presynaptic, 292, 301<br />
Prevalence, 5, 51, 108, 301<br />
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, 204, 208, 301<br />
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, 209, 301<br />
Primary tumor, 91, 301<br />
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors, 275,<br />
301<br />
Probe, 17, 29, 35, 38, 139, 172, 301<br />
Problem Solving, 250, 301<br />
Prodrug, 171, 301<br />
Progeny, 261, 301<br />
Progression, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13, 19, 26, 43, 53,<br />
59, 78, 104, 247, 301<br />
Progressive, 103, 256, 259, 264, 290, 291,<br />
295, 301, 316<br />
Projection, 180, 293, 294, 300, 301<br />
Prolapse, 210, 301<br />
Proline, 259, 279, 301<br />
Prone, 170, 301<br />
Prophase, 290, 301, 313<br />
Propofol, 126, 301<br />
Prospective Studies, 32, 301<br />
Prospective study, 35, 76, 81, 285, 302<br />
Prostaglandins, 281, 302<br />
Prostaglandins A, 281, 302<br />
Prostate, 80, 103, 129, 168, 203, 252, 302,<br />
316<br />
Protein C, 51, 62, 245, 251, 272, 284, 302,<br />
318<br />
Protein S, 14, 252, 275, 302, 306, 314<br />
Proteinuria, 289, 302<br />
Proteoglycans, 59, 251, 272, 302<br />
Proteolytic, 260, 302<br />
Protocol, 24, 39, 51, 54, 103, 144, 302<br />
Protons, 157, 158, 163, 165, 183, 186, 189,<br />
193, 199, 245, 279, 283, 286, 302, 303<br />
Protozoa, 252, 261, 302, 317<br />
Psychiatric, 19, 132, 205, 206, 211, 287, 302<br />
Psychic, 287, 292, 302, 307<br />
Psychological Tests, 34, 302<br />
Psychology, 10, 29, 34, 46, 105, 260, 266,<br />
292, 303<br />
Psychopathology, 9, 13, 303
Psychophysiology, 292, 303<br />
Refer, 1, 173, 260, 269, 273, 274, 285, 286,<br />
Psychosis, 248, 303<br />
291, 292, 300, 303, 304, 305, 318<br />
Public Health, 168, 203, 226, 303<br />
Reflex, 21, 272, 305<br />
Public Policy, 225, 303<br />
Refraction, 305, 310<br />
Publishing, 63, 207, 303<br />
Refractive Errors, 246, 266, 305<br />
Pulmonary, 69, 76, 84, 106, 207, 253, 303, Refractory, 45, 85, 305<br />
318 Regimen, 36, 259, 267, 305<br />
Pulmonary Artery, 76, 106, 253, 303, 318 Relapse, 15, 305<br />
Pulmonary Embolism, 106, 303<br />
Reliability, 21, 62, 305<br />
Pulsation, 72, 303<br />
Remission, 253, 305<br />
Pulse, 41, 51, 136, 142, 143, 144, 147, 148, Renal Artery, 4, 207, 305<br />
149, 151, 153, 154, 166, 173, 174, 177,<br />
Renal cell carcinoma, 67, 76, 305<br />
179, 182, 184, 185, 187, 189, 192, 196,<br />
Renovascular, 4, 305<br />
197, 289, 295, 303<br />
Reperfusion, 290, 305<br />
Putrefaction, 303<br />
Resection, 45, 98, 305<br />
Putrescine, 38, 303<br />
Respiration, 51, 64, 136, 190, 255, 258, 289,<br />
Q<br />
305<br />
Quality of Life, 34, 217, 303 Retina, 258, 261, 262, 284, 286, 291, 294,<br />
R<br />
306<br />
Race, 266, 288, 303 Retinal, 165, 294, 306<br />
Racemic, 266, 303 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 294, 306<br />
Radiation therapy, 41, 103, 108, 165, 169, Retinoblastoma, 89, 306<br />
233, 243, 271, 282, 283, 303, 311, 319<br />
Retinol, 306<br />
Radicular, 22, 304 Retrospective, 5, 188, 306<br />
Radio Waves, 171, 304 Retroviral vector, 275, 306<br />
Radioactive, 57, 254, 279, 280, 282, 283,<br />
Rheumatism, 71, 77, 78, 92, 94, 100, 104,<br />
285, 293, 294, 304, 307, 319<br />
110, 306<br />
Radiography, 67, 78, 110, 233, 247, 257,<br />
Rheumatoid, 67, 71, 77, 78, 94, 100, 109,<br />
262, 304, 308, 317<br />
110, 168, 306<br />
Radioimmunotherapy, 304 Rheumatoid arthritis, 67, 71, 77, 78, 94,<br />
Radioisotope, 168, 271, 304, 315<br />
109, 110, 168, 306<br />
Radiolabeled, 283, 304, 319 Rhodopsin, 294, 306<br />
Radiological, 17, 26, 44, 60, 78, 86, 230,<br />
Ribosome, 306, 316<br />
231, 297, 304<br />
Risk factor, 34, 106, 207, 302, 306<br />
Radiopharmaceutical, 169, 171, 304 Rods, 274, 306<br />
Radiotherapy, 41, 91, 165, 254, 283, 304, S<br />
311, 319<br />
Sagittal, 122, 306<br />
Raloxifene, 304, 307 Saline, 254, 306<br />
Randomized, 9, 40, 55, 80, 125, 268, 304 Saliva, 307<br />
Reagent, 133, 285, 304 Salivary, 110, 264, 272, 295, 307, 308<br />
Receptivity, 189, 304 Salivary glands, 110, 264, 272, 307, 308<br />
Receptor, 27, 42, 168, 244, 248, 258, 266,<br />
Sarcolemma, 290, 307<br />
304, 308<br />
Saturate, 150, 307<br />
Receptors, Serotonin, 305, 308 Scans, 6, 20, 32, 49, 53, 58, 71, 122, 144,<br />
Recombinant, 305, 317<br />
146, 153, 177, 187, 205, 207, 231, 232, 307<br />
Recombination, 261, 275, 305 Scatter, 297, 307<br />
Rectal, 79, 85, 107, 305 Schizophrenia, 13, 29, 31, 48, 84, 132, 307<br />
Rectum, 168, 249, 260, 265, 266, 273, 274, Schwannoma, 101, 106, 307<br />
283, 302, 305, 312, 316<br />
Sclera, 258, 261, 262, 307<br />
Recurrence, 253, 305 Sclerosis, 5, 11, 45, 86, 103, 113, 129, 282,<br />
Reductase, 288, 305<br />
290, 307<br />
Scoliosis, 94, 111, 307<br />
333
334<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
Screening, 4, 24, 25, 32, 39, 76, 89, 106, 182,<br />
259, 307<br />
Secondary tumor, 288, 307<br />
Secretion, 263, 276, 279, 282, 289, 307, 308<br />
Segmental, 4, 307<br />
Segmentation, 13, 103, 307<br />
Seizures, 116, 264, 275, 307, 310<br />
Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 43,<br />
304, 307, 313<br />
Semantics, 48, 308<br />
Semen, 203, 268, 302, 308<br />
Senescence, 206, 308<br />
Sensibility, 246, 279, 308<br />
Sensor, 136, 146, 176, 182, 308<br />
Septal, 284, 308<br />
Septal Nuclei, 284, 308<br />
Septic, 97, 308<br />
Sequencer, 161, 308<br />
Sequester, 258, 308<br />
Serotonin, 12, 249, 273, 292, 296, 305, 308,<br />
316<br />
Serous, 5, 269, 308<br />
Serum, 92, 245, 246, 249, 260, 286, 289, 308<br />
Sex Characteristics, 244, 247, 308<br />
Shock, 256, 308, 316<br />
Sialography, 110, 308<br />
Side effect, 36, 219, 244, 245, 249, 308, 315<br />
Sign Language, 28, 93, 308<br />
Signs and Symptoms, 204, 305, 309<br />
Silicon, 14, 173, 309<br />
Silicon Dioxide, 309<br />
Skeletal, 19, 53, 54, 57, 71, 83, 107, 247, 289,<br />
309<br />
Skeleton, 92, 244, 272, 309, 315<br />
Skull, 139, 217, 294, 309, 311, 313<br />
Small intestine, 263, 267, 279, 282, 309<br />
Social Environment, 303, 309<br />
Social Security, 205, 309<br />
Socialization, 56, 309<br />
Soft tissue, 20, 66, 163, 188, 206, 253, 309<br />
Solid tumor, 168, 247, 267, 309<br />
Solvent, 251, 271, 276, 294, 309<br />
Somatic, 244, 263, 284, 287, 289, 297, 301,<br />
309, 313<br />
Somatosensory Cortex, 84, 96, 309<br />
Sonogram, 309, 316<br />
Sound wave, 261, 309, 316<br />
Specialist, 234, 309<br />
Species, 24, 31, 144, 186, 257, 270, 279, 287,<br />
288, 289, 296, 303, 309, 312, 316, 318, 319<br />
Specificity, 6, 17, 18, 20, 26, 33, 42, 169,<br />
245, 309<br />
Spectroscopic, 7, 10, 12, 13, 17, 26, 33, 40,<br />
45, 50, 56, 59, 126, 133, 193, 286, 310<br />
Spectrum, 14, 16, 109, 304, 310<br />
Spermatozoa, 308, 310<br />
Sphenoid, 310<br />
Sphenoidal, 45, 310<br />
Sphincter, 210, 310<br />
Spinal cord, 22, 27, 78, 100, 250, 254, 257,<br />
258, 270, 287, 291, 292, 297, 305, 310, 312<br />
Spinal tap, 285, 310<br />
Spleen, 246, 264, 286, 310<br />
Sporadic, 53, 291, 306, 310<br />
Sprains and Strains, 285, 310<br />
Squamous, 40, 76, 270, 310<br />
Squamous cell carcinoma, 40, 76, 270, 310<br />
Squamous cells, 310<br />
Stabilization, 15, 23, 310<br />
Staging, 67, 76, 79, 204, 307, 310<br />
Stasis, 310, 317<br />
Status Epilepticus, 109, 310<br />
Steady state, 55, 144, 176, 177, 186, 311<br />
Steatosis, 209, 272, 311<br />
Steel, 173, 311<br />
Stem Cells, 89, 311<br />
Stenosis, 39, 69, 209, 230, 311<br />
Stent, 167, 168, 200, 207, 311<br />
Stereotactic, 62, 81, 84, 112, 139, 311<br />
Stereotactic radiosurgery, 81, 311<br />
Stereotaxis, 105, 311<br />
Steroids, 263, 311<br />
Stimulant, 48, 265, 266, 279, 288, 311<br />
Stimulus, 21, 29, 67, 107, 131, 246, 262, 267,<br />
268, 271, 281, 298, 305, 311, 314<br />
Stomach, 243, 265, 274, 278, 279, 282, 290,<br />
294, 297, 309, 310, 311<br />
Stool, 260, 283, 311<br />
Strabismus, 82, 94, 246, 266, 311<br />
Strand, 181, 311<br />
Stress, 4, 64, 71, 97, 133, 148, 205, 230, 256,<br />
263, 290, 306, 311<br />
Stricture, 204, 209, 311<br />
Stroma, 296, 311<br />
Stromal, 106, 311<br />
Subacute, 281, 312<br />
Subarachnoid, 13, 274, 312<br />
Subclavian, 254, 312, 314<br />
Subclavian Artery, 312, 314<br />
Subclavian Vein, 254, 312, 314<br />
Subclinical, 281, 307, 312<br />
Subcutaneous, 267, 294, 312<br />
Subiculum, 279, 312<br />
Subspecies, 309, 312
Substance P, 288, 307, 312<br />
Thyroid, 282, 315<br />
Substrate, 28, 45, 57, 86, 185, 312<br />
Thyroxine, 245, 315<br />
Superior vena cava, 91, 254, 312<br />
Tibia, 247, 315<br />
Supplementation, 122, 312<br />
Tissue Extracts, 25, 40, 315<br />
Suppositories, 274, 312<br />
Tone, 122, 139, 315<br />
Suppression, 33, 170, 197, 263, 312<br />
Tonus, 315<br />
Supratentorial, 26, 312<br />
Tooth Preparation, 244, 315<br />
Survival Rate, 41, 200, 312<br />
Topical, 271, 315<br />
Sympathetic Nervous System, 292, 312<br />
Torsion, 281, 315<br />
Symphysis, 258, 302, 312<br />
Toxic, iv, 38, 205, 246, 251, 261, 277, 292,<br />
Symptomatic, 13, 94, 312<br />
303, 315<br />
Synapse, 244, 301, 312, 313, 316<br />
Toxicity, 36, 46, 267, 287, 315<br />
Synaptic, 49, 292, 313<br />
Toxicokinetics, 315<br />
Synovial, 313<br />
Toxicology, 226, 315<br />
Synovial Membrane, 313<br />
Toxins, 246, 248, 269, 276, 281, 304, 315<br />
Synovitis, 102, 119, 313<br />
Trace element, 309, 315<br />
Systemic disease, 204, 209, 313<br />
Tracer, 46, 81, 315<br />
Systemic lupus erythematosus, 92, 94, 313 Transcriptase, 313, 315<br />
Systems Analysis, 93, 313<br />
Transfection, 252, 275, 316<br />
Systolic, 88, 122, 280, 313<br />
Transferases, 276, 316<br />
T Transfusion, 91, 316<br />
Tachycardia, 266, 313 Translation, 13, 246, 316<br />
Tacrolimus, 97, 313 Translational, 11, 20, 316<br />
Tamoxifen, 42, 307, 313 Transmitter, 7, 17, 143, 152, 188, 200, 243,<br />
Tardive, 249, 313<br />
250, 266, 271, 287, 291, 293, 316<br />
Telencephalon, 251, 257, 313 Transplantation, 45, 70, 204, 209, 286, 316<br />
Telomerase, 25, 313 Transrectal ultrasound, 80, 316<br />
Temporal Lobe, 5, 6, 13, 43, 44, 45, 47, 246, Trauma, 204, 209, 243, 257, 264, 290, 292,<br />
251, 313<br />
316<br />
Testicular, 207, 314 Treatment Outcome, 13, 19, 316<br />
Testis, 314 Trigger zone, 249, 316<br />
Tetracycline, 42, 314 Trochlear Nerve, 266, 316<br />
Thalamic, 12, 13, 270, 314 Trochlear Nerve Diseases, 266, 316<br />
Thalamic Nuclei, 13, 270, 314 Tryptophan, 260, 308, 316<br />
Thalamus, 254, 265, 270, 284, 300, 314 Tumor marker, 26, 252, 316<br />
Thalassemia, 125, 314 Tumour, 100, 316<br />
Therapeutics, 81, 122, 220, 314 Tunica, 269, 317<br />
Thermal, 143, 174, 266, 292, 314 Tunica Intima, 269, 317<br />
Thigh, 272, 314 U<br />
Thoracic, 81, 83, 94, 112, 177, 193, 207, 251, Ubiquitin, 291, 317<br />
254, 286, 287, 312, 314 Ulcerative colitis, 301, 317<br />
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, 207, 314<br />
Ultrasonography, 81, 83, 91, 105, 106, 109,<br />
Thorax, 243, 285, 312, 314<br />
110, 132, 317<br />
Threshold, 279, 314<br />
Ureters, 305, 317<br />
Thrombin, 299, 302, 314<br />
Urethra, 4, 210, 302, 317<br />
Thrombocytes, 299, 314<br />
Urinary, 5, 98, 210, 317<br />
Thrombomodulin, 302, 314<br />
Urinary tract, 5, 210, 317<br />
Thrombosis, 23, 76, 168, 207, 209, 282, 302, Urine, 207, 253, 263, 302, 317<br />
311, 314 Urodynamic, 98, 317<br />
Thrombus, 50, 197, 262, 281, 283, 290, 299, Urography, 4, 317<br />
314, 318<br />
Thymus, 286, 315<br />
Uterus, 257, 262, 264, 284, 317<br />
335
336<br />
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br />
V<br />
Vaccines, 317, 318<br />
Valves, 317<br />
Vascular endothelial growth factor, 42,<br />
317<br />
Vasoconstriction, 266, 270, 317<br />
Vasodilator, 254, 267, 279, 290, 317<br />
VE, 207, 317<br />
Vector, 166, 199, 200, 296, 317<br />
Vein, 69, 204, 207, 247, 250, 282, 293, 296,<br />
300, 312, 317, 318<br />
Vena, 92, 317<br />
Venous, 37, 57, 106, 204, 207, 208, 250, 294,<br />
302, 317, 318<br />
Venous Insufficiency, 207, 317<br />
Venous Thrombosis, 106, 318<br />
Venter, 318<br />
Ventral, 12, 28, 280, 294, 318<br />
Ventricle, 32, 87, 246, 249, 255, 270, 279,<br />
280, 303, 313, 314, 318<br />
Ventricular, 43, 52, 109, 112, 122, 172, 177,<br />
290, 318<br />
Ventricular Remodeling, 122, 318<br />
Venules, 253, 255, 318<br />
Vertebrae, 282, 310, 318<br />
Vestibular, 68, 106, 318<br />
Vestibule, 259, 318<br />
Veterinary Medicine, 225, 318<br />
Villous, 258, 318<br />
Viral, 63, 204, 255, 269, 294, 318<br />
Viral Hepatitis, 204, 318<br />
Virion, 63, 318<br />
Virulence, 251, 315, 318<br />
Virus, 63, 204, 208, 251, 255, 269, 299, 306,<br />
318<br />
Visceral, 207, 263, 284, 297, 318<br />
Visual Cortex, 46, 61, 63, 78, 82, 105, 132,<br />
246, 266, 318<br />
Visual field, 62, 69, 289, 294, 318<br />
Vitreous, 284, 306, 318<br />
Vitro, 278, 318<br />
Vivo, 16, 19, 26, 27, 28, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40,<br />
42, 45, 46, 51, 53, 57, 58, 59, 60, 65, 82,<br />
86, 92, 116, 124, 158, 171, 187, 194, 275,<br />
278, 281, 286, 313, 319<br />
W<br />
Weight-Bearing, 79, 319<br />
White blood cell, 244, 248, 284, 286, 299,<br />
319<br />
Wound Healing, 287, 319<br />
X<br />
Xenograft, 247, 319<br />
X-ray therapy, 283, 319<br />
Y<br />
Yeasts, 274, 298, 319<br />
Z<br />
Zygote, 261, 319<br />
Zymogen, 302, 319