06-bioresourcesstatu.. - M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation

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Pulicat Lake is situated between the 13°24' N-13°47' N latitude, and 80° 3'- 80°16' longitude and is confluent with the Bay of Bengal. The Pulicat Lake is the second largest brackish water lagoon in India only next to ChilikaLake located in the state of Orissa. The lake falls under the Coastal Regulation Zone I (CRZ-I) and has been proposed by the International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) as a Ramsar site. The lake is supplied with fresh water from four rivers the Swaranamukhi, the Kalangi, the Araniar and the Royyala Kalava. The lake has a waterspread area of 178 square miles and spread over the states of Andhra Pradesh (84%)and Tamil Nadu (16%). The minimum and maximum width of the lake from the sea ranged between 0.2 and 17.5 km respectively. The depth of the lake ranges between 0.5 and 9 meters. Around 147villages with a.population of over one lakh people are dependent on the bic-resources of the Pulicat Lake. The regionalllandscape diversity around Pulicat Lake includes mangroves, wetlands, marine system, tropical dry .evergreen vegetation, shore vegetation, lake, and cultivated fields with cashew, paddy, fruits and vegetables. Mammals, sea turtles, amphibians, snakes, birds, insects, reptiles form the most important faunal biodiversity.Tiger prawns, white prawns, crabs, mullets, clams, edible oyster and catfish form the important aquatic bio-resources on which the economyof the local people depends. Mangrove systems consist of 12 tree species, Tropical dry evergreen vegetation is dominated by 11 tree species. The faunal diversity of the lake include 25 species of polychaete worms, 12 species of penaeid prawns, 29 species of crabs, 19 species of mollusca, 8 species of amphibian, 69 species of reptiles, 56 species of birds, more than 50 species of mammals and 88 species of fishes. • The wild bioresources constitutes food, feed, fodder, firewood, timber, medicine, ornamentals etc. Domesticated resources include crops, livestock, aquaculture, and plantations. Among the aquatic bioresources several fresh water fishes belonging to the families Perciformes, Clupeiformes, Mugiliformes, Atheriniformes and Tetraodontiformes are the most commonones. However only eight species (Nematalosa nlUlus, Hyporhamphus libatus, Gerres limbatus, Thryssa purva, Mugil cephalus, Silago sihama, Oxyurichthys microlepis and T"iacanthus biaculeatus) are found in abundance. Local fisher folk identify mullets, Lates (Koduva)LactarilUl (Sudumbu) Polynemus (Kala), Sillago (Kilangan) Chanos, Megalops, Elops are the economically valued ones. PULl CAT LAKE v Mystusgulio is available In Pulicat Lake throughout the year in fairly large numbers and contributes to an important fishery resource in the lake together with other catfishes. Fish species like Sea bass, Milkfish and Threadfins, prawns like Flower prawn and Tiger prawn are threatened species found in these areas. Cm'disoma carnifer (Herbst) crab, Mud Skippers like Periophthalmus sp and edible oyster (Crasostrea madrasensis)are vulnerable to environmental changes at the Pulicat lake. The feeding grounds for the water birds are found in four sites of the Pulicat Lake - three in Andhra Pradesh and one in Tamil Nadu. During the month of March, the lake water in this region gets drained, which forces birds to terminate their breeding abruptly and desert the sites. The wildlife division of the Andhra Pradesh Forest Department has been managing these sanctuaries since 1976 and in Tamil Nadu from 1980. The demand and supply .of the system is managed through a traditional fishing system known as the 'Paadu system'. 'Paadu' literally means, "fishing site" is unique in management of fish resources through temporal and spatial allotment or agreement to harvest fish among the different villages. The massive urban and industrial expansion that is engulfing the Pulicat Lake region as a part of new development paradigm has mystified the local communities. These changes in and around the Pulicat lagoon indicate a .wide array of social, ecological and economic problems in the region, through inorganic pollution, siltation, erosion, loss of bio-resources and closure of bar mouth openings. Fish catches could be regulated through regulating the type of gear, their mesh size, fishing season and magnitude of catches. Licensing for fishing should also be an important measure to be taken to ensure sustainable development of the fisheries in the lake. Enhanced technical education in the region will reduce the pressure on the bioresources of the lake and provide additional income generation activities. In particular, creation of engendered livelihoods ensuring the empowerment of women will lead to sustainable management of bioresources. Policies have to be identified taking into consideration ground. realities, understanding the link between communities and their common resources and their rights to local livelihoods. Constructive initiatives through prevention and possible restoration Ofthe local ecology should emerge through the active involvement of coastal communities.
Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary is located on the east coast of India in the State of Orissa covering an area of 672.00 sq km and has been recently declared as a Ramsar site. The sanctuary is bounded by Dhamara River to the north, Maipura river to the south, having a stretch of 35 km. of seacoast, the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Brahmani River to the west. The deltaic mangrove swamps of Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary area, are subjected to regular tidal inundation, and are extremely low lying. The core area of the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary is mostly formed by the alluvial filling of the littoral zones. The mangrove vegetation is locally known as "Hental Jungle" as the hental plants (Phoenix paludosa) predominate in many areas of the sanctuary and are very useful plant species for the local inhabitants. The mangroves of Bhitarkanika are the only surviving, relatively nndisturbed examples of this vegetation on the Orissa coast. The area is recoguized for its natural and viable population of the salt-water crocodiles and the mass nesting beach of Olive Ridley Sea Turtles. There are more than hundred villages in the six panchayat that are within the sanctuary, with a population of 41,296 dependent on the resources of the forest. Paddy cultivation and subsistence fisheries are the livelihood for the people. Recently fishing has been prohibited within 20 km of the Gahirmata beach and authorized officers were appointed to regulate fishing through a notification issued in December 1993. BHITARKANIKA This sanctuary harbours one of India's largest mangrove forest in terms of number of species and levels of variation in ecological conditions. It is estimated that mangrove detritus production of a ton per hectare has a potential fish yield of 800- 1000 kgthalyear. Decline in offshore shrimp catch and populations of mangrove mud crabs has been attributed to destruction of mangroves in Indonesia. The animals that are associated with the mangroves, cover a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate groups. 199 species of birds have been identified in Bhitarkanika sanctuary. Bhitarkanika provides feeding, perching, roosting, nesting facilities etc. for thousands of resident, local migratory and long distance migratory birds. It holds the largest population of endangered estuarine crocodiles in India. vi There are 5 species of amphibians so far recorded in the mangrove swamps of Bhitarkanika. Algae and detritus sustain shrimps and prawns, which provide a food source for species such as Bhekti (Lates sp.) Cat fishes etc. Many fish and prawn species spend most of their adult life time at sea and return to the mangrove areas where they spend their early life np to adulthood and then return again to the sea for breeding and spawning. The invertebrates fauna include macro fauna and meiofauna. As many as 60 genera and 64 species of sedimentary macro fauna are found to be inhabiting in the littoral sediments of Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystem. The conservation values for Bhitarkanika are very high, since it the only site in mainland India that's has enough mangrove and associates to provide a secure habitat to many endangered species, especially reptiles. The protected area also provides an undisturbed mass-nesting beach for Olive Ridley Turtles. 40 villages are entirely dependent on mangroves for their firewood needs. All mangrove species can be used as fuel. Nearly all mangrove species are used in making either houses or farming implements. Under the Eco-development plan of the Sanctuary Authority, there are provisions to undertake avenue plantations. These plantations will cater to the fuel and timber needs of the local population. The presence of the highest number of mangrove species makes this site a genetic resources paradise. There are studies undertaken to understand the relationship between species and to understand the working of salt tolerance in a few mangrove and associate species, such as Portersia coarctata. Rice is the main cereal crop grown in this area. Out of 2,29,565 ha in Kendrapara district 1,69,981 ha is cultivated area is exclusively used for paddy cultivation. The other cereals are wheat, maize and rag!. Pusle crops are arhar, moong, biri. Oilseeds that are cultivated in the Rajanagar block are groundnut, til, castor, linseed, mustard and sunflower. The vegetables crops of the area are potato, sweet potato, onion, brinjal and spices are chilly, garlic, ginger and coriander. Rice is grown mainly during the monsoon season, few people living near the river banks grow salt
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, \ Bioresources Status in Select C
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Preface Foreword Introduction Biore
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'ST. (~) ~ wrf Dr. (Mrs.) Manju Sha
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Preparation of status report and de
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Gulf of Kachchh II. Description of
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 5 : Natural w
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Gulf of Kachchh marine life. Out of
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Gulf of Kachchh same coast Spongomo
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Gulf of Kachchh Kachchh. Ninety-one
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Gulf of Kachchh involved in the res
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Gulf of Kachchh Parastromateus nige
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 14. Fishing c
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 16 : Cropping
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Gulf of Kachc Table Year 1897 1909
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Gulf of Kachchh VII. Conservation A
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Gulf of Kachchh their life cycle. S
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Gulf of Kachchh Eswaran, C.R, KR. N
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Gulf of Kachchh ABBREVATIONS FSI Fo
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Name of the island Majnr habitat Im
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I Name of the island (GPS Location)
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name Loc
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name loc
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• Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name
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Gulf of Kachchh Category Species Na
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Gulf of Kachchh VI. Checklist of mo
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Gullo! Kach.chh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name 1 (New
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh IX. Checklist of th
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name 1 P
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name Com
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Gulf of Kachchh Category 1 REPTILES
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.' Avicennia marina dense patch t._
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I. Introduction Malvan Bio-resource
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I""F--r'--' -~------i, ~:::~::, "
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Sr.No. Variety 95-96 15. Ribbon fis
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A MAP- 6 Principal crops of Ratnagl
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threat of low fish production, 'low
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S.No. Name of the plant Vernacular
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S.No. Name of the plant Vernacular
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S.No. + Preset and - Absent Name of
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S.No. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
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Alphonso mangos Cashew fruit flower
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Vermicompost project demonstration
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Vembanad Lake The Vembanad Lake is
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Vembanad Lake b. Kumarakom (9°37'
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Vembanad Lake gymnocephalus, Gerres
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Vembanad Lake cyprinoides (Grey). A
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Vembanad Lake Estimates of live cla
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Vembanad Lake exploited from Vemban
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Vembanad Lake currents in these are
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Vembanad Lake Some of plant like Ce
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Vembanad Lake agrochemicals, sewage
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Vembanad Lake Kurup, B.M., M.J. Seb
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. Lakshadweep Islands I. Introducti
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Lakshadweep Islands iii. The Natura
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Lakshadweep Islands c. The Ocean Th
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Lakshadweep Islands 70000 soooo 500
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Lakshadweep Islands and, Scaveola k
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Lakshadweep Islands islands to impr
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Lakshadweep Islands take during the
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Lakshadweep Islands and thereafter
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Lakshadweep Islands 1. Pre-baiting
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Lakshadweep Islands increases the w
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Lakshadweep Islands Table 5 - Manag
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Lakshadweep Islands Acknowledgemen
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Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 2 Some
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Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 3 - Li
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Lakshadweep Islands I S.No. Name of
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Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 5 Sign
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Lakshadweep Islands 3. THE LAKSHADW
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L ak shad we e pis I and s 4. Vol.
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Lakshadweep Islands This would redu
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I!i ~ ~ - •• /II'f;~ If:~" "',.
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Pulicat Lake I. Introduction Pulica
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Pulicat Lake Figure 2 : River syste
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Pullcat Lake respect to certain con
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Pulicat Lake Figure 5. Annual Incom
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Pulicat Lake about 40 to 50 painted
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Pulicat Lake V. Bioresource Profile
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Pulicat Lake 1285 to 24768 in the f
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Pulicat Lake seeding procedures and
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Pulicat Lake and lagoons. which for
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Pulicat Lake SINo. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6
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Pulicat Lake REFERENCES Anantharama
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Pullea! Lake SI No. Name of the Vil
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Pulicat Lake SI Primary High Hr. Se
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Pulicat Lake SINo. SCIENTIFIC NAME
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Pulicat Lake SINo. COMMON NAME SCIE
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Pulicat Lake ANNEXURE -v Fishing Gr
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~ ~ 29 Thirumalainagar 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Pulicat Lake 42 Mugathuvarakuppam 3
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Light house village with traditiona
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I. Introduction Bhitarkanika In 199
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the absence of Nypa fruitcans (loca
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-- 2olf1 1981 1961 1941 1921 1901 D
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has indicated that macro and meio-f
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• Tantiapal fish landing center :
Page 206 and 207: to see whether the solar cookers we
Page 208 and 209: The ploughs and other implements ar
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Page 212 and 213: generate information that will help
Page 214 and 215: Kenneally, KF. (1982). Ma11{}roveof
Page 217 and 218: Bhitarkanika No. CommonName Zoologi
Page 219 and 220: Bhilarkanika Fish No. CommonName No
Page 222 and 223: 1. Introduction Chilika Lake Chilik
Page 224 and 225: ii. Climate The state of Orissa is
Page 226 and 227: The central sector is moderately de
Page 228 and 229: asis of available data from an earl
Page 230 and 231: Table3:Distributionofmajorvasrularh
Page 232 and 233: A total number of 217 species of fi
Page 234 and 235: lake from the sea. The two openings
Page 236 and 237: Workshop/Seminar conference Table6:
Page 238 and 239: agricultural fields for the purpose
Page 240 and 241: from Chilika lake has fallen from 4
Page 242 and 243: in September, 2000. The old mouth a
Page 244 and 245: culture" of fish/shrimp that not on
Page 246 and 247: tourism around the world and guidel
Page 249: ...::.-:.~--: .•.:...~ ~~ _.~--:.
Page 253 and 254: Malvan tahsil located along west co
Page 255: The Lakshadweep Islands are the onl
Page 259 and 260: 3rfU~TTfmJ~ Executive Summary in Hi
Page 261 and 262: 15 ~ ~ 11~ 'W 4& ~ ~ ~ IL~ 'l&t ~ ~
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Page 265 and 266: L 1 ~ 1~'* - -- :; -: ~.~ . df ~ 'i
Page 267: i,,;r; ~i~~i~'I~i4&~i til 1& ~ -,,:
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