06-bioresourcesstatu.. - M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation

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The ploughs and other implements are almost exclusively local in origin. Local artisans assemble the implements. The traditional plough in use in the sanctuary includes four components; the juali (yoke), the esa (beam), the khusa (handle) the kanthi (shank)2, and the langalo (body ard) on to which the phalo (plough share) is fitted using metal clamps (jugali). The portion on to which the plough share if fixed is the phalo. The moi is made either from bamboo or from Excoecaria agallocha (guan) District and block details: The major crop is the kharif paddy. The residents cannot cultivate a second crop from the residual moisture. In addition to paddy they cultivate vegetables like brinjal, chilli, tomato, ladyfinger and pumpkin. Jute, sugarcane, chilly, ginger, banana and coconut are also cultivated in some areas of the district. The new HYV paddy preferred by the residents of Rajanagar Block are Parijat, 16T-5656, MTU 7029, Swarna, CRI009, 1014, and 1018. The local varieties preferred are Pattani, Balunki and Raspunjuri. The diseases related to paddy are sheath rot, brown sport and stem borer. Table16: Theyieldrate(qWha)fordilferentcropsforthe 2000Kharifseason. Crop Kendrapara Rajnagar HYV Rice 18.10 15.70 Local rice 10.87 10.04 HYV maize 15.88 15.30 Jute 27.37 15.50 Chilii 12.14 11.50 Ginger 141.83 145.70 Total pulses 7.31 8.66 Source: .District Agricultural Strategy Committee Meeting for KHARIF 2001 of Kendrapars District Panchayats of Ishwarpur and Gupti are closer to big rivers and get a good supply of fresh water, reflecting in the greater paddy productivity. Satbhaya . and Talchua panchayats have no irrigation, and the rivers close to them are under high tidal influence, so the farmers are not able to use the brackish water for irrigating their fields; thus the low productivity. The villages of Satbhaya have no mangrove forests between them and the sea and are the most vulnerable to storms and cyclones. 189 Bhitarkanika Table17: Paddy(HYV)productivitylortheyear2000 In the six panchayats Panchayo' Revenue Non.paddy Area under Paddy villages area (ha.) paddy (ha.) productivity (HYV)Q1IftIa. Dangmal 18 55 1813 12.0 Gupti 17 108 1412 16.0 Ishwarpur 23 102 2209 19.0 salbhaya 18 5 616 90 Talchua 18 63 1571 9.6 Rangani 22 96 1817 14.8 Rainagar810ck 310 1023 24.<strong>06</strong>5 15.7 Source: District agriculture office~ Keodrapara. The Kendrapara district covers an area of 2,29,565 ha. Out of this 1,69,981 ha is cultivated area and 1,60,000ha is exclusively used for paddy cultivation. Cyclones, floods and drought create havoc with the crops and decrease productivity. The most affected area being the Rajnagar block. Table18:TheproblemareasinKendraparadistrict Area type Land area in ha. Flood prone 34,952 Saline 32,354 Waterlogged 15,850 Drought prone 1,10,397 Total 1,93,553 Souree: District Agriculture Office, Kendrapara The district agriculture officer of Kendrapara spoke about the difficulty to increase the yield in Rajnagar block due to the saline nature of the soil and the frequent flooding with either floodwaters from the rivers or saline waters after a cyclone. He said that one family is trying a lift irrigation system and if that works such that a second crop is possible then his department will help in setting up such lift irrigation systems. . b. Livestock : One of the main reasons of the decrease of mangrove cover is cattle grazing. The cattle are left in the forests to forage. These animals not only graze on the young leaves of many mangrove and associated species but also damage the seedlings. Most of the villages have indigenous buffaloes and cows. The Bengali households also look after ducks in addition to fowls and goats.
Bhitarkanika Table19:CensusoflivestockinKendraparadistrictfor 1991& 2001. Livestock 1991 2001 Male Female Tolal Total Caltle Crossbreed 6830 9460 Indigenous 229630 237494 483414 471101 Buitalo 3091 19470 22561 16000 Sheep 22236 36235 58471 40805 Goat 34<strong>06</strong>6 62941 97007 110244 Pigs 899 1180 2079 -- Poultry Fowls 470287 -- -- Ducks 15268 485555 159614 Source: Statistical Handbook 199~Directorate 01 Animal Rusbsodlu:r and veterinary SerJl"fce~ Cuttack and Dlst. Animal Hushandary and veterinary O/Dec? Kendrapara. #J)islrfct Veterinary O//lce? Kendrapara The table above shows the population of various categories of livestock in the Kendrapara district. The information pertaining to the six panchayats was not available. An attempt needs to be mad r to provide for fodder alternatives and ensure that these alternatives are sustainable. I c. Plantations : , After a major cyclone in 1971, a casuaJina plantation project was implemented along jthe Gahirmata beach, to prevent sea erosion. Tnese coastline plantations were found detrimental to turtle nesting and hence were discontinued. I Irrigation department have constructed saline embankments to limit the damage done by fldods nearly everywhere in the sanctuary area. T~ese embankments used to breach very often andl an attempt to strengthen them through plantatipns has been taken up under the Eco-development plan of the Sanctuary Authorities. These avehue plantations along the boundaries of the villa,ges and the Sanctuary are done using Eucalyptus, Casurina, Acacia nilotica, Acabia auriculiformes and Azadiricta indica. I establishment of wood lots, rejuvenation of degraded mangroves, trials in pisciculture and horticulture, building safe bathing ghats and deep tube wells and schools, establishing basket making centers, strengthening local paths and tracks and developing eco-tourism centers an a few areas in the sanctuary. There are a few articles and manuals on nursery techniques and experiments to increase the growth rate of mangroves from the Bhitarkanika area (Kanvinde, 1995, Rao et al 1998, Eganathan et al 2000, Eganathan and Rao ?001 and Thatoi et al 1999,2000and 2001). There are no commercial plantations (horticultural or timber etc) within and in the vicinity of the Bhitarkanika area. VI. Threats to the Bio-Resource I. NaturaVenvironmental The area is unique due to the high tidal amplitude and ample fresh water from the rivers that flush out the salt form the soil. Periodic cyclones have damaged crops and villages. In fact as a result of cyclonic storms, the affected people have been rehabilitated on mangrove lands, causing a lot of forest to be cut down. Table20:Croparea(ha.)lossduetofloodingin2001 Crop type Paddy submerged Non-paddy submerged Kendrapara 55,571 5,848 Rajnagar 1759 129 Source : Olstrict Agriculture Olljce~ Kendrapara A good monsoon or heavy rains have now become a threat, since most of the area is encroached and there are bunds that prevent free flow of the flooding waters. As a result, some of the bunds breach and cause flooding in the cropland. Apart from these, degraded mangrove areas :are also being rejuvenated. The species of choice iare Pests specially sheath rot, stem borer and brown spot are the major pests that cause a loss to the Rhizophora apiculata, Ceriops decandra, agriculture production. Bru.guiera cylindrica and Sonneratia apetdla. During the year 2000-2001,a total area of 277ha. ii. Anthropogenic was covered by mangrove plantations and ithe The main threat to the resources of Bhitarkanika area for April to Sept 2001 has been 303 1 ha. is unsustainable, illegal extraction. Fishing is (Nayak,2001).A component of the eco-development prohibited, yet the locals are seen fishing. Timber ~~anm~ntgrh~::n~~~:;;i~~~ p:;~~e tt~:ek::~~fil~~; and fuel wood collection is prohibited, yet the recently constructed huts are made of mangrove development to the local people. The eco- wood. The cattle and other livestock use development plan is being applied in 12 vill~ges mangroves and associate species as fodder, when and the other activities under the plan are Ithe . 190
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, \ Bioresources Status in Select C
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Preface Foreword Introduction Biore
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'ST. (~) ~ wrf Dr. (Mrs.) Manju Sha
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Preparation of status report and de
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Gulf of Kachchh II. Description of
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 5 : Natural w
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Gulf of Kachchh marine life. Out of
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Gulf of Kachchh same coast Spongomo
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Gulf of Kachchh Kachchh. Ninety-one
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Gulf of Kachchh involved in the res
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Gulf of Kachchh Parastromateus nige
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 14. Fishing c
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 16 : Cropping
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Gulf of Kachc Table Year 1897 1909
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Gulf of Kachchh VII. Conservation A
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Gulf of Kachchh their life cycle. S
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Gulf of Kachchh Eswaran, C.R, KR. N
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Gulf of Kachchh ABBREVATIONS FSI Fo
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Name of the island Majnr habitat Im
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I Name of the island (GPS Location)
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name Loc
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name loc
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• Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name
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Gulf of Kachchh Category Species Na
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Gulf of Kachchh VI. Checklist of mo
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Gullo! Kach.chh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name 1 (New
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh IX. Checklist of th
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name 1 P
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name Com
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Gulf of Kachchh Category 1 REPTILES
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.' Avicennia marina dense patch t._
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I. Introduction Malvan Bio-resource
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- ---------------------------------
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I""F--r'--' -~------i, ~:::~::, "
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Sr.No. Variety 95-96 15. Ribbon fis
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A MAP- 6 Principal crops of Ratnagl
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threat of low fish production, 'low
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S.No. Name of the plant Vernacular
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S.No. Name of the plant Vernacular
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S.No. + Preset and - Absent Name of
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S.No. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
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Alphonso mangos Cashew fruit flower
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Vermicompost project demonstration
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Vembanad Lake The Vembanad Lake is
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Vembanad Lake b. Kumarakom (9°37'
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Vembanad Lake gymnocephalus, Gerres
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Vembanad Lake cyprinoides (Grey). A
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Vembanad Lake Estimates of live cla
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Vembanad Lake exploited from Vemban
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Vembanad Lake currents in these are
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Vembanad Lake Some of plant like Ce
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Vembanad Lake agrochemicals, sewage
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Vembanad Lake Kurup, B.M., M.J. Seb
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. Lakshadweep Islands I. Introducti
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Lakshadweep Islands iii. The Natura
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Lakshadweep Islands c. The Ocean Th
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Lakshadweep Islands 70000 soooo 500
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Lakshadweep Islands and, Scaveola k
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Lakshadweep Islands islands to impr
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Lakshadweep Islands take during the
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Lakshadweep Islands and thereafter
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Lakshadweep Islands 1. Pre-baiting
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Lakshadweep Islands increases the w
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Lakshadweep Islands Table 5 - Manag
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Lakshadweep Islands Acknowledgemen
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Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 2 Some
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Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 3 - Li
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Lakshadweep Islands I S.No. Name of
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Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 5 Sign
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Lakshadweep Islands 3. THE LAKSHADW
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L ak shad we e pis I and s 4. Vol.
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Lakshadweep Islands This would redu
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I!i ~ ~ - •• /II'f;~ If:~" "',.
Page 158 and 159: Pulicat Lake I. Introduction Pulica
Page 160 and 161: Pulicat Lake Figure 2 : River syste
Page 162 and 163: Pullcat Lake respect to certain con
Page 164 and 165: Pulicat Lake Figure 5. Annual Incom
Page 166 and 167: Pulicat Lake about 40 to 50 painted
Page 168 and 169: Pulicat Lake V. Bioresource Profile
Page 170 and 171: Pulicat Lake 1285 to 24768 in the f
Page 172 and 173: Pulicat Lake seeding procedures and
Page 174 and 175: Pulicat Lake and lagoons. which for
Page 176 and 177: Pulicat Lake SINo. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6
Page 178 and 179: Pulicat Lake REFERENCES Anantharama
Page 180 and 181: Pullea! Lake SI No. Name of the Vil
Page 182 and 183: Pulicat Lake SI Primary High Hr. Se
Page 184 and 185: Pulicat Lake SINo. SCIENTIFIC NAME
Page 186 and 187: Pulicat Lake SINo. COMMON NAME SCIE
Page 188 and 189: Pulicat Lake ANNEXURE -v Fishing Gr
Page 190 and 191: ~ ~ 29 Thirumalainagar 0 0 0 0 0 0
Page 192 and 193: Pulicat Lake 42 Mugathuvarakuppam 3
Page 194 and 195: Light house village with traditiona
Page 196 and 197: I. Introduction Bhitarkanika In 199
Page 198 and 199: the absence of Nypa fruitcans (loca
Page 200 and 201: -- 2olf1 1981 1961 1941 1921 1901 D
Page 202 and 203: has indicated that macro and meio-f
Page 204 and 205: • Tantiapal fish landing center :
Page 206 and 207: to see whether the solar cookers we
Page 210 and 211: the rice straw is exhausted. A few
Page 212 and 213: generate information that will help
Page 214 and 215: Kenneally, KF. (1982). Ma11{}roveof
Page 217 and 218: Bhitarkanika No. CommonName Zoologi
Page 219 and 220: Bhilarkanika Fish No. CommonName No
Page 222 and 223: 1. Introduction Chilika Lake Chilik
Page 224 and 225: ii. Climate The state of Orissa is
Page 226 and 227: The central sector is moderately de
Page 228 and 229: asis of available data from an earl
Page 230 and 231: Table3:Distributionofmajorvasrularh
Page 232 and 233: A total number of 217 species of fi
Page 234 and 235: lake from the sea. The two openings
Page 236 and 237: Workshop/Seminar conference Table6:
Page 238 and 239: agricultural fields for the purpose
Page 240 and 241: from Chilika lake has fallen from 4
Page 242 and 243: in September, 2000. The old mouth a
Page 244 and 245: culture" of fish/shrimp that not on
Page 246 and 247: tourism around the world and guidel
Page 249: ...::.-:.~--: .•.:...~ ~~ _.~--:.
Page 253 and 254: Malvan tahsil located along west co
Page 255 and 256: The Lakshadweep Islands are the onl
Page 257 and 258: Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary is
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3rfU~TTfmJ~ Executive Summary in Hi
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15 ~ ~ 11~ 'W 4& ~ ~ ~ IL~ 'l&t ~ ~
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~U~!~~ii ~fiHIB ~u;~t ~1~U1Hh~i 1¥
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06-bioresourcesstatu.. - M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation

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