06-bioresourcesstatu.. - M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation

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the absence of Nypa fruitcans (locally known as 'Golpata' in Bengal) in Bhitarkanika and Mahanadi delta and that of Heritiera littoralis (Dhala Sundari) in the Sundarbans regions of West Bengal is a surprising contrast in the distribution pattern of the species between the two deltas (Banerjee, 1987). The wetland is a refuge to a diverse variety of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. The area is recognized for its natural and viable population of the salt-water crocodiles and the mass nesting beach of Olive Ridley Sea Turtles. More than 100 bird species occur in the area, both migratory and resident. The bar-headed goose, grey pelicans, spoonbill and brahminy duck need special mention. The coastal waters also contain dolphins and little Indian porpoise. The creeks and mudflats abound with small crustaceans and invertebrates. The horseshoe crab is an important species found in the area since it is believed that its blood has potential medicinal properties. The interior elevated regions support mammals such as spotted deer, sambar and wild boars and reptiles like the water monitor lizard. Swaminathan et al (1994) describe this mangrove forest as one of the best in biodiversity attributes for India in an evaluation study of the Indo-Pacific Region undertaken for the International Tropical Timber Organization and recommended it as best suitable as a Genetic Resource Conservation Centre. In another study on prioritization of coastal sites for conservation under the Biodiversity Support Group-WWF-India project, Bhitarkanika has been mentioned as a site that needed conservation action for the survival of its biodiversity (Kanvinde, 1997). III, Population Profile I. History The area has been under the zamindary system in the 18 th and 19 th century. In the study area the land holdings are less than 5 acres per family, the paddy is rain fed and a second crop is usually not possible. Keeping this in mind the Kanika Raja, the Zamindar constructed a set of canals that brought sweet water of the rivers into mangrove area, and hence encouraged people to settle in the area. The settlers are from the Midnapore area of west Bengal and have little knowledge of the. forest. After the 1971 Bangladesh liberation war, there was another massive influx into the area. 149.75 91.5 144.93 .14.00 . 9.12 Bhitarkanika Shortly before the abolition of the Zamindari system, the Kanika Raja leased out 10,765 ha of forestland to local residents and to settlers from Midnapore. Till the 1970s, mangroves were considered unwanted plant communities and large tracts of the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary were converted into agriculture lands under the "Grow More Food" and the "Land to the landless" programmes. The original people of the area are a tribe of honey gatherers and the hunters, who know the forest intimately. There are more than hundred villages in the six panchayat that are within the sanctuary, with an population of 41,296 (2001 Census, Kendrapara Statistics Office) dependent on the resources of the forest. Paddy cultivation and snbsistence fisheries are the livelihood for the people. Paddy yield is poor (0.8-1 ton/ha.), may be due to the soil nature. Choudhury (1987) records 38 angiosperms as being used by the people of Bhitarkanika. 179 Fishing has been a traditional livelihood for the locals. It gained momentum after mechanized trawlers from Digha (West Bengal) and Andhra Pradesh started operating. Recently fishing has been prohibited within 20 km of the Gahirmata beach and authorized officers were appointed to regulate fishing through a notification issued in December 1993 under the Orissa Marine fishing Regulation Act (1982). Table2 :Landuse 01 the area Double crop Khari! Mangrove Degraded Forest Marshy land Source: la.vl.de a.d Da. (19951 The major part of the forest has been converted to resettlements plots to rehabilitate cyclone victims and is now under agriculture. There is a constant construction of salt-water embankments and dykes, which do not allow any free flow of water or any spill over area times of flood. In the past decade there was a spurt of aquaculture farms constructed and now they are abandoned. ii. Management History The Bhitarkanika sanctuary area was part of the zamindari of the Kanika Raja till 1952 when it was vested by the Revenue department of Orissa. In 1957 it was transferred to the Athgarh forest
Bhltarkanika division and was notified as the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary in 1975. A separate Mangrove Division, with headquarters at Rajnagar was created in 1990 for the management of Orissa's Mangrove forests. This division is currently responsible for the management of the Bhitarkanika protected areas. 145 sq.km. forested area within the sanctuary has received greater protection since 1998 with up-gradation to a National Park. In 1997 the coastal stretch of the sanctuary and. areas further south have been declared as Gahirmata (Marine) Wildlife Sanctuary for the protection of sea turtles and other endangered marine life. Kanvinde and Das (1995) give a brief outline of the management of the mangrove forest under the zamindari system and greater details are reported in the Chadha and Kar (1999). III. District and block profile The site falIs in the Rajnagar Block of Kendrapara di~trict of Orissa. There are six panchayats whose populations derive bio-resources from the mangrove and associated areas. Table3:Shortstatlstlcallnfonnatlonofthestate, district and block Orissa Kendrapora R'lnaoar Geographical area 1,55,707 sq, km, 2548sq.km 344.29 sq.km Blocks - 9 - Policastations - 7 1 Gram panclJaya1s - 205 Villages - 1,532 310 Numbero! households - Tolal -population 3,87,06,920 Mal. 1,86,12,340 1,80,94,580 Decennl~ Orowt!l ra7ts 20.06 (1981.1991) 1,82,562 13,01,856 6,46,356 6,55,500 17.15 18,715 1,18,939 60,594 58,345 - Population density 203 451 305 5axratio 971 1,007 945 Uteracyrate 49.09 63.61 57.04 Cultivatoro - - 20,679 AgnculturaJ labourers - - 6,717 forestaraa 47.033 sq.km. 248.05 sq.km. 1188ho. Agnculture araa 52.1% 70.6% 25,177ha PostofOOes - 268 22 PrimaJyschoo~ - 1,255 146 SecondarYschoo~ - 314 32 CoDeges - 42 4 Pnmary healthcantero - 51 6 Soure6 : Ols(rl&( S/8t/st/&61 H6ndbook 1887 - K60dr6p6n1 This district ranks 7" in population density and 3"' 180 in sex ratio among the 30 districts of Orissa. Table 4: Key population features of Onssa State and Kendrapara DiSlnct Parameter Yaar Orissa Kandrap.ra Population 2001 36,706,920 1,301,850 Populat,on density 1991 203 451 Figure. 2 : Panchayat population for 1981- 1991 50 2001 336 492 Decenr.;al growth rata 1991-91 20.06 17.15 1991-2001 15.94 13.24 Sex ratio 1991 971 1~07 ,•.•. "" "" ,.. "" 40 ""-.,., "'" ,.. ; 30 f 20 10 o 2001 972 1014 Soure6: ProY/slooal Populat/on Tolals. Pap6r 1of 2001. BoW. of Od.rsa. The six panchayats of the Rajnagar block that influence the resources of Bhitarkanika are Dangmal,.Talchua, Rangani, Gupti, Ishwarpur and Satbhaya. The local people are either Oriya or Bengalis that have migrated a few decades ago. A study of the populations in the villages for the past few decades show that there were more migrations in 1950's and in 1970's (Chadha and Kar 1999). Kanvinde (1998) describes the differences in village structures of Oriya and Bengali families. The local residents depend on the protected forests for fuel, timber and harvest them as they did during the zamindary times. Thus it appears that Protection Laws and Acts do not necessarily protect the bio-resource. Population In thti panc:1tayMs 101981 •'9911 LIter.to Popul.tIon I gl.' •••. I Figure. 3: Literate population for the six panchayats
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, \ Bioresources Status in Select C
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Preface Foreword Introduction Biore
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'ST. (~) ~ wrf Dr. (Mrs.) Manju Sha
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Preparation of status report and de
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Gulf of Kachchh II. Description of
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 5 : Natural w
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Gulf of Kachchh marine life. Out of
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Gulf of Kachchh same coast Spongomo
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Gulf of Kachchh Kachchh. Ninety-one
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Gulf of Kachchh involved in the res
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Gulf of Kachchh Parastromateus nige
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 14. Fishing c
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 16 : Cropping
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Gulf of Kachc Table Year 1897 1909
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Gulf of Kachchh VII. Conservation A
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Gulf of Kachchh their life cycle. S
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Gulf of Kachchh Eswaran, C.R, KR. N
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Gulf of Kachchh ABBREVATIONS FSI Fo
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Name of the island Majnr habitat Im
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I Name of the island (GPS Location)
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name Loc
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name loc
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• Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name
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Gulf of Kachchh Category Species Na
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Gulf of Kachchh VI. Checklist of mo
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Gullo! Kach.chh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name 1 (New
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh IX. Checklist of th
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name 1 P
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name Com
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Gulf of Kachchh Category 1 REPTILES
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.' Avicennia marina dense patch t._
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I. Introduction Malvan Bio-resource
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- ---------------------------------
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I""F--r'--' -~------i, ~:::~::, "
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Sr.No. Variety 95-96 15. Ribbon fis
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A MAP- 6 Principal crops of Ratnagl
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threat of low fish production, 'low
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S.No. Name of the plant Vernacular
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S.No. Name of the plant Vernacular
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S.No. + Preset and - Absent Name of
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S.No. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
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Alphonso mangos Cashew fruit flower
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Vermicompost project demonstration
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Vembanad Lake The Vembanad Lake is
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Vembanad Lake b. Kumarakom (9°37'
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Vembanad Lake gymnocephalus, Gerres
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Vembanad Lake cyprinoides (Grey). A
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Vembanad Lake Estimates of live cla
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Vembanad Lake exploited from Vemban
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Vembanad Lake currents in these are
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Vembanad Lake Some of plant like Ce
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Vembanad Lake agrochemicals, sewage
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Vembanad Lake Kurup, B.M., M.J. Seb
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. Lakshadweep Islands I. Introducti
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Lakshadweep Islands iii. The Natura
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Lakshadweep Islands c. The Ocean Th
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Lakshadweep Islands 70000 soooo 500
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Lakshadweep Islands and, Scaveola k
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Lakshadweep Islands islands to impr
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Lakshadweep Islands take during the
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Lakshadweep Islands and thereafter
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Lakshadweep Islands 1. Pre-baiting
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Lakshadweep Islands increases the w
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Lakshadweep Islands Table 5 - Manag
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Lakshadweep Islands Acknowledgemen
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Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 2 Some
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Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 3 - Li
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Lakshadweep Islands I S.No. Name of
Page 148 and 149: Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 5 Sign
Page 150 and 151: Lakshadweep Islands 3. THE LAKSHADW
Page 152 and 153: L ak shad we e pis I and s 4. Vol.
Page 154 and 155: Lakshadweep Islands This would redu
Page 156 and 157: I!i ~ ~ - •• /II'f;~ If:~" "',.
Page 158 and 159: Pulicat Lake I. Introduction Pulica
Page 160 and 161: Pulicat Lake Figure 2 : River syste
Page 162 and 163: Pullcat Lake respect to certain con
Page 164 and 165: Pulicat Lake Figure 5. Annual Incom
Page 166 and 167: Pulicat Lake about 40 to 50 painted
Page 168 and 169: Pulicat Lake V. Bioresource Profile
Page 170 and 171: Pulicat Lake 1285 to 24768 in the f
Page 172 and 173: Pulicat Lake seeding procedures and
Page 174 and 175: Pulicat Lake and lagoons. which for
Page 176 and 177: Pulicat Lake SINo. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6
Page 178 and 179: Pulicat Lake REFERENCES Anantharama
Page 180 and 181: Pullea! Lake SI No. Name of the Vil
Page 182 and 183: Pulicat Lake SI Primary High Hr. Se
Page 184 and 185: Pulicat Lake SINo. SCIENTIFIC NAME
Page 186 and 187: Pulicat Lake SINo. COMMON NAME SCIE
Page 188 and 189: Pulicat Lake ANNEXURE -v Fishing Gr
Page 190 and 191: ~ ~ 29 Thirumalainagar 0 0 0 0 0 0
Page 192 and 193: Pulicat Lake 42 Mugathuvarakuppam 3
Page 194 and 195: Light house village with traditiona
Page 196 and 197: I. Introduction Bhitarkanika In 199
Page 200 and 201: -- 2olf1 1981 1961 1941 1921 1901 D
Page 202 and 203: has indicated that macro and meio-f
Page 204 and 205: • Tantiapal fish landing center :
Page 206 and 207: to see whether the solar cookers we
Page 208 and 209: The ploughs and other implements ar
Page 210 and 211: the rice straw is exhausted. A few
Page 212 and 213: generate information that will help
Page 214 and 215: Kenneally, KF. (1982). Ma11{}roveof
Page 217 and 218: Bhitarkanika No. CommonName Zoologi
Page 219 and 220: Bhilarkanika Fish No. CommonName No
Page 222 and 223: 1. Introduction Chilika Lake Chilik
Page 224 and 225: ii. Climate The state of Orissa is
Page 226 and 227: The central sector is moderately de
Page 228 and 229: asis of available data from an earl
Page 230 and 231: Table3:Distributionofmajorvasrularh
Page 232 and 233: A total number of 217 species of fi
Page 234 and 235: lake from the sea. The two openings
Page 236 and 237: Workshop/Seminar conference Table6:
Page 238 and 239: agricultural fields for the purpose
Page 240 and 241: from Chilika lake has fallen from 4
Page 242 and 243: in September, 2000. The old mouth a
Page 244 and 245: culture" of fish/shrimp that not on
Page 246 and 247: tourism around the world and guidel
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...::.-:.~--: .•.:...~ ~~ _.~--:.
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Malvan tahsil located along west co
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The Lakshadweep Islands are the onl
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Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary is
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3rfU~TTfmJ~ Executive Summary in Hi
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15 ~ ~ 11~ 'W 4& ~ ~ ~ IL~ 'l&t ~ ~
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~U~!~~ii ~fiHIB ~u;~t ~1~U1Hh~i 1¥
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L 1 ~ 1~'* - -- :; -: ~.~ . df ~ 'i
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i,,;r; ~i~~i~'I~i4&~i til 1& ~ -,,:
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06-bioresourcesstatu.. - M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation

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