06-bioresourcesstatu.. - M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation

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Pullcat Lake respect to certain constituents such as carbonates and bicarbonates. In the monsoon season the fresh water from river Kalangi influences the water resulting in the reduction of pH as a result of dilution. viii. Vegetation The vegetation in the Pulicat Lake could be classified into: • Halophytic vegetation: Halophytic vegetation occurs towards the northern side of the lake. Vegetation here is very scattered and sparse with Halophytic species, along the marshes and canals the shrubs, trees like neem (Azadircta indica), sea grass (Hatophylla ovalis) and creepers (Ipomoea pes capre). Small mangrove patches with species like Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina, Excoecaria agaleocha, Lumnitzera racemosa were found near the bar mouth of the lake and around the village bordering the sea. • Fresh water vegetation: The vegetation in the fresh water region is thick with shrubs, herbs, trees, climbers and floating vegetation. Shrubs composed of Cane, Mogili, Vepa and trees like Palmyra covered by climbers and coconut groves are common. Most of the vegetation along the fresh water bodies is diminishing due to reduced water retaining levels as a result of over exploitation of ground water. The exotic species like Prosopis juliflora are spreading like a wild fire and suppresses the growih of the native species (Chaco et ai, 1953). • Cultivated vegetation: Cash crops like cashew nut and casuarinas were extensively cultivated in the islands. On suitable soils, paddy (Oryza sativa) and vegetables and fruits are grown. ix. Animal Life Similar to the vegetation the animal life also has marked differences with reference to salinity. Mammals, sea turtles, reptiles, snakes, amphibians, birds, insects, prawns, crabs, mullets, clams, edible oyster and catfish are the animals species that exist in the Pulicat Lake region. I. Population Profile There are about 15,000 households with a population of 75,000 in the immediate surrounding of the lake and along the fringe areas. Around 5,000 households with a population of 25,000 from the surrounding mandals within the radius of 10 to 146 100 km depend on the lake ecosystem for their livelihood. Hence the total households depending on the lake is 20,000 with a total population is about 100,000. Altogether there are about 140 village habitats are spread over two states - with five taluks (Vakadu, Chittamur, D.V. Satram, Sullurpet and Tada) in Andhra Pradesh and another two taluks (Gummidipundi and Ponneri) in Tamil Nadu. However, 58 villages in Tamil Nadu are directly dependent on the lagoon with the population of 41,803. The male and the female ratio is around 1. The total adult population the female population is less than 1, among the children its is above one indicates demographic change towards gender equity. (Annexure 1). There are 1<strong>06</strong>00 families in the region with an average family size of 4 persons. Education status represents less than 40% literate population. Among literates 38 % are educated up to high school, 2.5 % are educated up to higher secondary school, 0.7 % have gone up to college and only 0.3 % have acquired technical education (Annexure 2). i. Community Composition A dominant group belonging to most backward caste characterizes the region and the others are represented by Scheduled caste and Scheduled tribes. There are four prominent indigenous groups in this region. (a)Pattamavar or Pattapu Kapu fishing community (b)Mala community (c)Yamidi community (d)Vanniyars or Pakanati Reddi community Among the above four different communities, the largest group is Pattamavar or Pattapu Kapu fishing community belonging to the most backward caste and the smallest group is the Vanniyars or Pakanati Reddi community. The Pattamavar or Pattapu Kapu fishing community is the maJn fishing community in the region. The others are Mala, Yanadi and Vanniyars or Pakanati Reddi communities similar to Scheduled caste, Scheduled tribes and Reddis in Andhra Pradesh respectively. Vanniyars or Pakanati Reddi communities were concentrated in the Shriharikota Island before 1970 but during the construction of Rocket Launching station these populations are displaced. A very small group of Muslims were also present in the lake area. They live in isolated villages (Nawab peta, Zameelabad of vakadu mandal in A.P/Ponneri taluk in T.N) and
one or two families in very few of other villages. Each year about 5000 people within a radius of ten to 100 kIn around Pulicat Lake come for fishing. (fig 3) '00 90 0) 70 eo 40 '" 90 20 10 0 Figure 3. Community Composition of Pullcat Lake FOrw8rd BllCkward Souroe : F1sberJes Census" 2000 1. Livelihood patterns Most backward ScheckileclC&ste Historically fishing was the major livelihood activity in the region. The changes in the bioresource pattern lead to giving an equal emphasis to the agriculture in the surrounding regions of the lake. In the present context both can be considered as important sources of livelihood. The other sources of livelihoods are Charcoal making, toddy tapping, timber plantation and agricultural labourers. Small-scale livelihoods include shell excavation, woodcutting, transportation, .small .business, money lending, vending etc. Out of total adult population in the Pulicat region of Tamil Pulicat Lake Nadu, 57.71% are involved in money earning livelihoods in which 80.54% is men and 19.46% is women. Fishing, fresh fish trade (FIT), dry fish trade (DFT), net making, allied activities, government and private jobs are the main occupation of the region. Men mainly concentrate on fishing where as women concentrate on FFT and DIT. Less than 5% of the income generating population is involved in government and private jObs (fig 4). iii. Economic Conditions Pulicat was a thriving market in international trade during the pre colonial and colonial times. It was during the Dutch period that Pulicat was at its peak of glory, exporting a wide range of textiles from cotton to silk, muslin, and colored velvet's, calicoes, salted fish and spices. Today though agricultural products do not contribute much to the economic activity of Pulicat, other occupations like fishing and trading have made it an emerging urban center. However, the fisher folk in the Pulicat region are much below the poverty line of the country, more than 50% of population earns less than Rs 6000 per year. Only 4 % represent above 15,000, which is also IIluch below the poverty line (fig 5). SchedJledTribe The traditional industries of PulIcat are • Pullcat Handloom Lungi Industry: Pulicat was one of the major cotton textile centers in the Figure 4. Comparison of Livelihoods among Men and Women In the Pul1cat Region In Tamil Nadu 0).00 70.00 60.00 50.00 % ,",,00 90.00 20.00 10.00 000 RSll .67 0.04 0.01 1.66 0,01 0.01 0.70 0.09 322 0.02 1.10 0.00 0.89 0.32 ASling HT OFT Net !mldna: Alliedactivlties Governrrent Prlyate Othen Total Source : FJaber/sa Census, 3000 147 •••
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, \ Bioresources Status in Select C
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Preface Foreword Introduction Biore
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'ST. (~) ~ wrf Dr. (Mrs.) Manju Sha
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Preparation of status report and de
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Gulf of Kachchh II. Description of
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 5 : Natural w
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Gulf of Kachchh marine life. Out of
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Gulf of Kachchh same coast Spongomo
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Gulf of Kachchh Kachchh. Ninety-one
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Gulf of Kachchh involved in the res
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Gulf of Kachchh Parastromateus nige
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 14. Fishing c
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 16 : Cropping
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Gulf of Kachc Table Year 1897 1909
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Gulf of Kachchh VII. Conservation A
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Gulf of Kachchh their life cycle. S
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Gulf of Kachchh Eswaran, C.R, KR. N
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Gulf of Kachchh ABBREVATIONS FSI Fo
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Name of the island Majnr habitat Im
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I Name of the island (GPS Location)
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name Loc
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name loc
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• Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name
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Gulf of Kachchh Category Species Na
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Gulf of Kachchh VI. Checklist of mo
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Gullo! Kach.chh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name 1 (New
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh IX. Checklist of th
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name 1 P
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name Com
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Gulf of Kachchh Category 1 REPTILES
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.' Avicennia marina dense patch t._
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I. Introduction Malvan Bio-resource
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- ---------------------------------
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I""F--r'--' -~------i, ~:::~::, "
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Sr.No. Variety 95-96 15. Ribbon fis
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A MAP- 6 Principal crops of Ratnagl
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threat of low fish production, 'low
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S.No. Name of the plant Vernacular
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S.No. Name of the plant Vernacular
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S.No. + Preset and - Absent Name of
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S.No. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
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Alphonso mangos Cashew fruit flower
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Vermicompost project demonstration
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Vembanad Lake The Vembanad Lake is
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Vembanad Lake b. Kumarakom (9°37'
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Vembanad Lake gymnocephalus, Gerres
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Vembanad Lake cyprinoides (Grey). A
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Vembanad Lake Estimates of live cla
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Vembanad Lake exploited from Vemban
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Vembanad Lake currents in these are
Page 112 and 113: Vembanad Lake Some of plant like Ce
Page 114 and 115: Vembanad Lake agrochemicals, sewage
Page 116 and 117: Vembanad Lake Kurup, B.M., M.J. Seb
Page 118 and 119: . Lakshadweep Islands I. Introducti
Page 120 and 121: Lakshadweep Islands iii. The Natura
Page 122 and 123: Lakshadweep Islands c. The Ocean Th
Page 124 and 125: Lakshadweep Islands 70000 soooo 500
Page 126 and 127: Lakshadweep Islands and, Scaveola k
Page 128 and 129: Lakshadweep Islands islands to impr
Page 130 and 131: Lakshadweep Islands take during the
Page 132 and 133: Lakshadweep Islands and thereafter
Page 134 and 135: Lakshadweep Islands 1. Pre-baiting
Page 136 and 137: Lakshadweep Islands increases the w
Page 138 and 139: Lakshadweep Islands Table 5 - Manag
Page 140 and 141: Lakshadweep Islands Acknowledgemen
Page 142 and 143: Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 2 Some
Page 144 and 145: Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 3 - Li
Page 146 and 147: Lakshadweep Islands I S.No. Name of
Page 148 and 149: Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 5 Sign
Page 150 and 151: Lakshadweep Islands 3. THE LAKSHADW
Page 152 and 153: L ak shad we e pis I and s 4. Vol.
Page 154 and 155: Lakshadweep Islands This would redu
Page 156 and 157: I!i ~ ~ - •• /II'f;~ If:~" "',.
Page 158 and 159: Pulicat Lake I. Introduction Pulica
Page 160 and 161: Pulicat Lake Figure 2 : River syste
Page 164 and 165: Pulicat Lake Figure 5. Annual Incom
Page 166 and 167: Pulicat Lake about 40 to 50 painted
Page 168 and 169: Pulicat Lake V. Bioresource Profile
Page 170 and 171: Pulicat Lake 1285 to 24768 in the f
Page 172 and 173: Pulicat Lake seeding procedures and
Page 174 and 175: Pulicat Lake and lagoons. which for
Page 176 and 177: Pulicat Lake SINo. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6
Page 178 and 179: Pulicat Lake REFERENCES Anantharama
Page 180 and 181: Pullea! Lake SI No. Name of the Vil
Page 182 and 183: Pulicat Lake SI Primary High Hr. Se
Page 184 and 185: Pulicat Lake SINo. SCIENTIFIC NAME
Page 186 and 187: Pulicat Lake SINo. COMMON NAME SCIE
Page 188 and 189: Pulicat Lake ANNEXURE -v Fishing Gr
Page 190 and 191: ~ ~ 29 Thirumalainagar 0 0 0 0 0 0
Page 192 and 193: Pulicat Lake 42 Mugathuvarakuppam 3
Page 194 and 195: Light house village with traditiona
Page 196 and 197: I. Introduction Bhitarkanika In 199
Page 198 and 199: the absence of Nypa fruitcans (loca
Page 200 and 201: -- 2olf1 1981 1961 1941 1921 1901 D
Page 202 and 203: has indicated that macro and meio-f
Page 204 and 205: • Tantiapal fish landing center :
Page 206 and 207: to see whether the solar cookers we
Page 208 and 209: The ploughs and other implements ar
Page 210 and 211: the rice straw is exhausted. A few
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generate information that will help
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Kenneally, KF. (1982). Ma11{}roveof
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Bhitarkanika No. CommonName Zoologi
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Bhilarkanika Fish No. CommonName No
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1. Introduction Chilika Lake Chilik
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ii. Climate The state of Orissa is
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The central sector is moderately de
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asis of available data from an earl
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Table3:Distributionofmajorvasrularh
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A total number of 217 species of fi
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lake from the sea. The two openings
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Workshop/Seminar conference Table6:
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agricultural fields for the purpose
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from Chilika lake has fallen from 4
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in September, 2000. The old mouth a
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culture" of fish/shrimp that not on
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tourism around the world and guidel
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...::.-:.~--: .•.:...~ ~~ _.~--:.
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Malvan tahsil located along west co
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The Lakshadweep Islands are the onl
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Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary is
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3rfU~TTfmJ~ Executive Summary in Hi
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15 ~ ~ 11~ 'W 4& ~ ~ ~ IL~ 'l&t ~ ~
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~U~!~~ii ~fiHIB ~u;~t ~1~U1Hh~i 1¥
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L 1 ~ 1~'* - -- :; -: ~.~ . df ~ 'i
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i,,;r; ~i~~i~'I~i4&~i til 1& ~ -,,:
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