06-bioresourcesstatu.. - M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation

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Pulicat Lake Figure 2 : River systems and four distinct aquatic environments of Pulicat Lake. Swarnamukhi Rive Kanangi River Western lagoo Source: Rao and Rao 1975 d. Northeastern lagoon: Relatively' calm conditions prevail in the northeastern lagoon and the variations in salinity, temperature and pH range 8.5 to 40.5 '/,0, 24.4-33,5°C and 7,5 - 8.1 respectively. ii. Ecological History Historians feel that the Pulicat Lake could have been an outlet of the four rivers, which drains its floodwater during the monsoon season. In due course the lake spread in length and breath and breached into the Bay Of Bengal Sea. Salinity conditions and seasonal circulation of fresh water in the lagoon led to the development of mangrove ecosystem and raised enormous amount of fishes ot1heastern lagoon fields and salinization occurs, which leads to changes in vegetation and loss of crop production. The establishment of rocket launching station at Sriharikota and Ennore industrial area through extensive roads and bridges have disturbed water circulation and flow, causing further damage. The fisher folk living near the lake are gradually losing their livelihood. Caratini (1994) projects that with this current rate of silting through various processes and the current average depth of the lake (which is less than one meter). The Pulicat lake could get filled up totally before the end of this century leading to its ecological death. iii. Climate and fish diversity, prawns, clam beds and The climate is cha'racterized as sub-tropical estuarine grass beds. The wetlands also evolved, humid with four distinct seasons summer (April to attracting divers, seasonal and water birds, thus June), pre-monsoon (July to September), monsoon creating anthropogenic livelihood opportunity (October to December) and post monsoon (January which, attracted human population tracing back to March). However,the temperature is reduced by to Chola period 10" century, The bar mouth of such breeze from Bay of Bengal during summer with a a lagoon got deepened and widened in course of minimum temperature of 15' C and maximum time, facilitating the Dutch who landed at Pulicat temperature is 45' C with high humidity. Though in16<strong>06</strong> A,D (Krishnan et ai, 1999), to use Pulicat the rainfall occurs in both the monsoons, the Lake as a natural harbour. Inland communication maximum is obtained only through the Northeast was established during this period and it has monsoon. The average rainfall is about 1000mm. developed into an international trading center. As The winter is short and mild. Maximum fresh a result of urbanization, extensive deforestation of water is obtained during the monsoon season both mangroves took place and the land along the from rainfall and from the rivers leading to very margtns of the lagoon eroded and got drifted by low salinity condition. Water temperature range the monsoon floods as silt flooded into the lagoons from 23.5'C to 35.3' C, Salinity 1.85 to 58.82 %" at the rate of one meter for each century. Silting dissolved oxygen 2.23 mIll to 8.31 mill. The also causes the floodwater to enter agricultural maximum tidal amplitude occurs during peak of 144
the spring tides around 1 m and the tidal influence around 10 km from Pulicat pass (Krishnamurthy, 1974). iv. Soil The bottom soil is mainly composed of fine quartz sand along the eastern shore and bar mouth area. Shallow marginal areas are oozy mud and sandy mud along the western shore of the lake from Edamanikuppam on the south to Arambakkam- Puliancheri on the Northern side. Most of the Lake bottom is composed of clay to clayey-sand with patches of algae and weeds (Krishnan and Sampath, 1978). The substratum could be classified into three types: (a) Predominantly sand, (b) Sand and Mud in equal mixture and (c) Predominantly mud. Composition of soil is silt 2.5%, Sand 45-60% and clay 40-50%. The soil pH varies from 7.2 to 7.6. v. Wind and wave action Continuous strong winds with an average speed of 9.0 to 16.4 km. ph are common from the southwest quadrant for about seven months (March- September) of the year. Such winds giving rise to strong waves in the lake through out the daytime. During October to February, the wind is from northwest quadrant in the morning and northeast quadrant in the evening (report of the Regional Metrological Observatory, Chennai). vi. Water movements and tidal action The water movement in the lake is dependent on the quantity of water received from the rivers and the tidal oscillations of the sea. The river entering the Lake receives maximum rainfall, only during the monsoon periods (October to December). The maximum mixing and movement of the water occurs during this period which is felt up to 10 km from the bar mouth. As the freshwater influx lessens, tidal effects begin to appear in certain parts of the Lake and the flow of fresh water into the sea is very much reduced. When there is no discharge of water from the river, evaporation in the lake is considerably high and the water level in the lake decreases and a marine isostatic head develops near the lake. The strong southwest and southeast winds favors the distribution of seawater in the lake. During this period the currents in the channel are controlled by the tides and in the lake by the winds (Rao and Rao, 1975). Waves in the Pulicat Lake are mostly wind generated. The wave direction changes according Pulicat Lake to the wind direction. Height of the wave in the lake seldom exceeds 0.6 m with short wave lengths. The Bar mouth openings are generally shorter in width and keeps away the larger waves of the open sea and therefore the waves in the Pulicat Lake are not rough through out the year. The height of the wave ranges from 0.3 to 0.7 meters and the period of the wave only up to 5 seconds (Rao and Rao, 1975). The lake is subjected to a limited tidal influence. The tidal effect is to a larger extent masked by the influence of wind-generated waves, which can sufficiently account for the diurnal changes of water level in the lake. The oceanic tide enters the lake area and the fluctuations are of diurnal types with amplitudes usually less than one foot. The magnitude of salinity variations is directly proportional to the amount of .rainfall. Plankton biomass and phytoplankton standing crops follow the tidal cycle. Zooplankton populations though varied with the tide are generally more abundant during night high tides than during other tidal stages (Kaliyamurthy, 1976). 145 vii. Temperature, Salinity and pH The surface waters of the lake have a temperature range of 32.6" C to 33.8" C in the dry season and from 23.5" C to 24.5" C in the monsoon. The western and southern lagoon have slightly lower temperatures (23.5"C) in the monsoon season compared to the other parts of the lake, as large volumes of fresh water debouch into these regions exerting a cooling effect. During monsoon season, the salinity of the surface waters of the lake is minimum and at some places less than 0.5 '(00' The dry season salinity of the lake waters is generally high. The salinity of the channel area is 34.4 '(00' which is more or less equal to the salinity of the Bay of Bengal waters near the lake mouth. In this period the main area of the lake is super saline and the channel is almost filled with seawater. Northern extremities of both the western and the northeastern lagoons have highest salinity of 41.5 '(00' This is of special interest from ecological point of view, since it determines the limits of invasion of marine and fresh water organisms. (Rao and Rao, 1975) The pH values of the lake range from 7.8 to 8.4. During dry season the pH values of the lake closely follow the salinity values. Evaporation plays an important role during dry season in the Pulicat Lake resulting in super saturation with
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, \ Bioresources Status in Select C
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Preface Foreword Introduction Biore
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'ST. (~) ~ wrf Dr. (Mrs.) Manju Sha
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Preparation of status report and de
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Gulf of Kachchh II. Description of
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 5 : Natural w
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Gulf of Kachchh marine life. Out of
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Gulf of Kachchh same coast Spongomo
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Gulf of Kachchh Kachchh. Ninety-one
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Gulf of Kachchh involved in the res
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Gulf of Kachchh Parastromateus nige
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 14. Fishing c
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 16 : Cropping
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Gulf of Kachc Table Year 1897 1909
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Gulf of Kachchh VII. Conservation A
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Gulf of Kachchh their life cycle. S
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Gulf of Kachchh Eswaran, C.R, KR. N
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Gulf of Kachchh ABBREVATIONS FSI Fo
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Name of the island Majnr habitat Im
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I Name of the island (GPS Location)
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name Loc
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name loc
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• Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name
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Gulf of Kachchh Category Species Na
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Gulf of Kachchh VI. Checklist of mo
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Gullo! Kach.chh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name 1 (New
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh IX. Checklist of th
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name 1 P
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name Com
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Gulf of Kachchh Category 1 REPTILES
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.' Avicennia marina dense patch t._
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I. Introduction Malvan Bio-resource
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- ---------------------------------
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I""F--r'--' -~------i, ~:::~::, "
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Sr.No. Variety 95-96 15. Ribbon fis
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A MAP- 6 Principal crops of Ratnagl
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threat of low fish production, 'low
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S.No. Name of the plant Vernacular
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S.No. Name of the plant Vernacular
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S.No. + Preset and - Absent Name of
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S.No. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
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Alphonso mangos Cashew fruit flower
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Vermicompost project demonstration
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Vembanad Lake The Vembanad Lake is
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Vembanad Lake b. Kumarakom (9°37'
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Vembanad Lake gymnocephalus, Gerres
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Vembanad Lake cyprinoides (Grey). A
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Vembanad Lake Estimates of live cla
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Vembanad Lake exploited from Vemban
Page 110 and 111: Vembanad Lake currents in these are
Page 112 and 113: Vembanad Lake Some of plant like Ce
Page 114 and 115: Vembanad Lake agrochemicals, sewage
Page 116 and 117: Vembanad Lake Kurup, B.M., M.J. Seb
Page 118 and 119: . Lakshadweep Islands I. Introducti
Page 120 and 121: Lakshadweep Islands iii. The Natura
Page 122 and 123: Lakshadweep Islands c. The Ocean Th
Page 124 and 125: Lakshadweep Islands 70000 soooo 500
Page 126 and 127: Lakshadweep Islands and, Scaveola k
Page 128 and 129: Lakshadweep Islands islands to impr
Page 130 and 131: Lakshadweep Islands take during the
Page 132 and 133: Lakshadweep Islands and thereafter
Page 134 and 135: Lakshadweep Islands 1. Pre-baiting
Page 136 and 137: Lakshadweep Islands increases the w
Page 138 and 139: Lakshadweep Islands Table 5 - Manag
Page 140 and 141: Lakshadweep Islands Acknowledgemen
Page 142 and 143: Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 2 Some
Page 144 and 145: Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 3 - Li
Page 146 and 147: Lakshadweep Islands I S.No. Name of
Page 148 and 149: Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 5 Sign
Page 150 and 151: Lakshadweep Islands 3. THE LAKSHADW
Page 152 and 153: L ak shad we e pis I and s 4. Vol.
Page 154 and 155: Lakshadweep Islands This would redu
Page 156 and 157: I!i ~ ~ - •• /II'f;~ If:~" "',.
Page 158 and 159: Pulicat Lake I. Introduction Pulica
Page 162 and 163: Pullcat Lake respect to certain con
Page 164 and 165: Pulicat Lake Figure 5. Annual Incom
Page 166 and 167: Pulicat Lake about 40 to 50 painted
Page 168 and 169: Pulicat Lake V. Bioresource Profile
Page 170 and 171: Pulicat Lake 1285 to 24768 in the f
Page 172 and 173: Pulicat Lake seeding procedures and
Page 174 and 175: Pulicat Lake and lagoons. which for
Page 176 and 177: Pulicat Lake SINo. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6
Page 178 and 179: Pulicat Lake REFERENCES Anantharama
Page 180 and 181: Pullea! Lake SI No. Name of the Vil
Page 182 and 183: Pulicat Lake SI Primary High Hr. Se
Page 184 and 185: Pulicat Lake SINo. SCIENTIFIC NAME
Page 186 and 187: Pulicat Lake SINo. COMMON NAME SCIE
Page 188 and 189: Pulicat Lake ANNEXURE -v Fishing Gr
Page 190 and 191: ~ ~ 29 Thirumalainagar 0 0 0 0 0 0
Page 192 and 193: Pulicat Lake 42 Mugathuvarakuppam 3
Page 194 and 195: Light house village with traditiona
Page 196 and 197: I. Introduction Bhitarkanika In 199
Page 198 and 199: the absence of Nypa fruitcans (loca
Page 200 and 201: -- 2olf1 1981 1961 1941 1921 1901 D
Page 202 and 203: has indicated that macro and meio-f
Page 204 and 205: • Tantiapal fish landing center :
Page 206 and 207: to see whether the solar cookers we
Page 208 and 209: The ploughs and other implements ar
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the rice straw is exhausted. A few
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generate information that will help
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Kenneally, KF. (1982). Ma11{}roveof
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Bhitarkanika No. CommonName Zoologi
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Bhilarkanika Fish No. CommonName No
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1. Introduction Chilika Lake Chilik
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ii. Climate The state of Orissa is
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The central sector is moderately de
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asis of available data from an earl
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Table3:Distributionofmajorvasrularh
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A total number of 217 species of fi
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lake from the sea. The two openings
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Workshop/Seminar conference Table6:
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agricultural fields for the purpose
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from Chilika lake has fallen from 4
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in September, 2000. The old mouth a
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culture" of fish/shrimp that not on
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tourism around the world and guidel
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...::.-:.~--: .•.:...~ ~~ _.~--:.
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Malvan tahsil located along west co
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The Lakshadweep Islands are the onl
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Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary is
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3rfU~TTfmJ~ Executive Summary in Hi
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15 ~ ~ 11~ 'W 4& ~ ~ ~ IL~ 'l&t ~ ~
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~U~!~~ii ~fiHIB ~u;~t ~1~U1Hh~i 1¥
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L 1 ~ 1~'* - -- :; -: ~.~ . df ~ 'i
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