06-bioresourcesstatu.. - M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation

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Lakshadweep Islands 1. Pre-baiting with inert materials such as coriander, grains etc. 2. Baiting in the households, godowns etc. using Bropmidiolone, Roda cake/ Roban cake. 3. Mass rat hunt campaign in the coconut fields and placing anti coagulant bait materials on the crowns of coconut palms. 4. Banding coconut tree truncks at the height of 5" to 6" from the ground level. 5. Fumigation of rat burrows with Alphos/celphes tabs. 6. Follow-up action once in three months in the identified pockets of rat nuisance. The level of damage was successfully brought down to 5% - 10% with the implementation of the above-mentioned measures. Loose approaches crept into the picture in the matter of implementation of control packages. The mass participation of the peoples for rat hunt has weakened in every Island. The administration has transferred the implementation of this scheme to the village panchayat. Recent survey conducted in Andrott and Kalpeni islands revealed that rat damage in 2001 is at the level of 16%-20%. Rhinoceros beetle: This is a common pest in all the islands. It attacks the frondal region of the palm. After electrification the damage has reduced due to the fact that the streetlights trap these beetles. However it became endemic in the islands and cause on an average 8%-10% damage to the coconut production. The intensity of attack is more in the thickly planted coconut gardens in the middle part of the islands. Earlier the beetle control operation was carried out with the use of BHC + sand mixture. The use of BHC is now banned and biological control introduced. Eryomide mite (coconut mite): Incidence of coconut mites was first reported from the island of Kalpeni. It has recently been noticed that this pest has migrated to other islands of Andrott, Kavarathi and Minicoy. Mealy bugs, scaie insects and white flies attack coconut seedlings and young palms but the extent of damage is in smaller magnitude. The intercrops like cucurbits, brinjal, chilies, cowpeas etc. have common pests as in the mainland. They are controlled by the use of pesticide supplied by the agriculture department. Wherever bio-control technology is available, that only is adopted for control of pests and diseases. 120 ]}iseases: Stem bleeding disease is commonly noticed in the coconut plantation. Bud rot of coconut was once noticed in the Amini Island and now controlled effectively. The toll of root wilt diseases was observed in Kalpeni Island during the 1970's but is now controlled. f. Fertilizer and manure use : The agriculture department units in the islands introduced fertilizer and manure use since 1957- 58. The fertilizers recommended were Amonium sulphate, Urea, Sulphate of potash, Muriate of potash and sulper phospahate. A soil analysis showed that the soil was very poor in Nitrogen and Potash content. The college of Agriculture, Vellangani, Trivandrum recommended the use of a specially constituted mixture of 8:0:16 (N:P:K) mixture for coconut. In 1973-74 The CPCRI Kasargod, recommended to stop using sulphate of Potash and minimize the use of Super Phosphate. The annual consumption of chemical fertilizers was about 40 mt nitrogen 8-10 mt, phosphatic and 60 mt of phospate fertilizers. In 1996-97 the use of chemical fertilizers was banned and the use of organic manures and organic wastes through composting and leaf manure application were popularized by the agricultllral department. Intercropping in coconut gardens and multicropping became a practice of the farmers with the use of fertilizers and manures. This trend continued till 1990-91 after which the scope for intercropping and multicropping diminished due to the rapid subdivision and fragmentation of holdings making it impossible to raise annuals. g. Hinderences to Agricultural development 1. Rapid subdivision and fragmentation of land holdings has led to a very small holding size. The percapita land holding size in 1996-97 was 1/20 of aha. 2. There is a tendency for the owners of Ihis newly subdivided land to plant coconut trees to mark their land boundaries. This has increased the density of coconut trees and makes it impossible to do any kind of intercropping. 3. The soil is loose and porus and has low Nitrogen, Phosphorus and phosphate content. Water holding capacity is poor. 4. The number of residential house has increased with disintegration of the Joint property Marimakkuthayam system and the popularity of the nuclear family. This further causes a loss of land for agriculture or plantation.
5. Sea erosion assumed severe proportion leading to loss of coastal land. 6. Aspirations of islanders are changing and they are no longer interested in cultivation of crops. 7. There is an absence of any kind of quarantine facility or system in the islands. This leads to free movement of pests and diseases between islands and Island and mainland. h. Recommendations Considering the healthy existence of the people in this tiny and isolated islands the following recommendations are made for improving agricnlture strategy of development in the UT. 1. The density of coconut palms population is very high. The recommended spacing of 7m x 7m is to be practiced. To achieve this, thinning out Lakshadweep Islands and removal of unthrifty and senile palms to be prudently taken up. 2. Intercropping and Multicropping to be revived to success fully grow olecultural and horticultural crops. To enhance production and productivity per unit area and harness availability of fresh fruits and vegetables. 3. Streamline and systematic packages approach for organic recycling of green manures, green leaf manure and organic wastes to improve the depleted soil nutrient status and improve production and productivity of coconut plantation. Table 4 - Anthropogenic threats to Reef Resources Activity Consequences Action taken Remarks 4. The use of pleurotus pith manure to be regularly demonstrated and popularized to improve the water holding capacity of soil. It Blasting in LaOoon Coral mortality, reef Ban. GOl1990 No blasting since 1984 damage Dredging in lagoons Coral mortality, erosion Regulate Building Jetties on Large scale coral Regulate EIA not scientifically carried out and the eastern side mortality. damage. tertrapods have been thrown into the sea on the eastern reef at Amini Island even before jetty building has been authorized. Collection of shingle Erosion Regulatewith license Unlicensed collection continues Collection of boulder Coral mortality and Ban, GOI 1990 Collection continues hampers regrowth Collection of sand Erosion Regulatewith license Unlicensed collection continues Reef Gleaning! walking Reef damage by walking GO! notification banning Heavystress observed on the near & poking with iron rods, collection of mollusks shore reefs especially on the eastern Trapping over boulder overturning coral heads. in 2002 side of islands. Habitat damage Octopus catching Habitat damage NIL Drag net fishing with Coral mortality and Nil The monsoon season is the main small mesh size in juvenile population breeding period for fish. Hence unre the monsoon season. reduction stricted fishing of juveniles will bring a decline in fish catch. Bait fishing Decline in bait fish - Culture of live baits Tourism Garbage!sewage regulate Dayarrivals are encouraged. Resort Collection of shells, Reef damage ban tourists and scuba divers are very corals etc. limited. The dive instructors are very Boating! Anchor damage regulate aware of conservation and encourage Scuba diving! Inexperience regulate good practices. snorkeling Flipper damage regulate <strong>Research</strong>for bio- Large scale collection regulate Don't know the status. active compounds of marine organisms 121
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, \ Bioresources Status in Select C
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Preface Foreword Introduction Biore
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'ST. (~) ~ wrf Dr. (Mrs.) Manju Sha
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Preparation of status report and de
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Gulf of Kachchh II. Description of
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 5 : Natural w
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Gulf of Kachchh marine life. Out of
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Gulf of Kachchh same coast Spongomo
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Gulf of Kachchh Kachchh. Ninety-one
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Gulf of Kachchh involved in the res
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Gulf of Kachchh Parastromateus nige
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 14. Fishing c
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 16 : Cropping
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Gulf of Kachc Table Year 1897 1909
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Gulf of Kachchh VII. Conservation A
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Gulf of Kachchh their life cycle. S
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Gulf of Kachchh Eswaran, C.R, KR. N
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Gulf of Kachchh ABBREVATIONS FSI Fo
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Name of the island Majnr habitat Im
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I Name of the island (GPS Location)
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name Loc
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name loc
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• Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name
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Gulf of Kachchh Category Species Na
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Gulf of Kachchh VI. Checklist of mo
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Gullo! Kach.chh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name 1 (New
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh IX. Checklist of th
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name 1 P
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name Com
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Gulf of Kachchh Category 1 REPTILES
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.' Avicennia marina dense patch t._
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I. Introduction Malvan Bio-resource
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- ---------------------------------
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I""F--r'--' -~------i, ~:::~::, "
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Sr.No. Variety 95-96 15. Ribbon fis
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A MAP- 6 Principal crops of Ratnagl
Page 84 and 85: threat of low fish production, 'low
Page 86 and 87: S.No. Name of the plant Vernacular
Page 88 and 89: S.No. Name of the plant Vernacular
Page 90 and 91: S.No. + Preset and - Absent Name of
Page 92 and 93: S.No. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Page 94 and 95: Alphonso mangos Cashew fruit flower
Page 96 and 97: Vermicompost project demonstration
Page 98 and 99: Vembanad Lake The Vembanad Lake is
Page 100 and 101: Vembanad Lake b. Kumarakom (9°37'
Page 102 and 103: Vembanad Lake gymnocephalus, Gerres
Page 104 and 105: Vembanad Lake cyprinoides (Grey). A
Page 106 and 107: Vembanad Lake Estimates of live cla
Page 108 and 109: Vembanad Lake exploited from Vemban
Page 110 and 111: Vembanad Lake currents in these are
Page 112 and 113: Vembanad Lake Some of plant like Ce
Page 114 and 115: Vembanad Lake agrochemicals, sewage
Page 116 and 117: Vembanad Lake Kurup, B.M., M.J. Seb
Page 118 and 119: . Lakshadweep Islands I. Introducti
Page 120 and 121: Lakshadweep Islands iii. The Natura
Page 122 and 123: Lakshadweep Islands c. The Ocean Th
Page 124 and 125: Lakshadweep Islands 70000 soooo 500
Page 126 and 127: Lakshadweep Islands and, Scaveola k
Page 128 and 129: Lakshadweep Islands islands to impr
Page 130 and 131: Lakshadweep Islands take during the
Page 132 and 133: Lakshadweep Islands and thereafter
Page 136 and 137: Lakshadweep Islands increases the w
Page 138 and 139: Lakshadweep Islands Table 5 - Manag
Page 140 and 141: Lakshadweep Islands Acknowledgemen
Page 142 and 143: Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 2 Some
Page 144 and 145: Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 3 - Li
Page 146 and 147: Lakshadweep Islands I S.No. Name of
Page 148 and 149: Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 5 Sign
Page 150 and 151: Lakshadweep Islands 3. THE LAKSHADW
Page 152 and 153: L ak shad we e pis I and s 4. Vol.
Page 154 and 155: Lakshadweep Islands This would redu
Page 156 and 157: I!i ~ ~ - •• /II'f;~ If:~" "',.
Page 158 and 159: Pulicat Lake I. Introduction Pulica
Page 160 and 161: Pulicat Lake Figure 2 : River syste
Page 162 and 163: Pullcat Lake respect to certain con
Page 164 and 165: Pulicat Lake Figure 5. Annual Incom
Page 166 and 167: Pulicat Lake about 40 to 50 painted
Page 168 and 169: Pulicat Lake V. Bioresource Profile
Page 170 and 171: Pulicat Lake 1285 to 24768 in the f
Page 172 and 173: Pulicat Lake seeding procedures and
Page 174 and 175: Pulicat Lake and lagoons. which for
Page 176 and 177: Pulicat Lake SINo. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6
Page 178 and 179: Pulicat Lake REFERENCES Anantharama
Page 180 and 181: Pullea! Lake SI No. Name of the Vil
Page 182 and 183: Pulicat Lake SI Primary High Hr. Se
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Pulicat Lake SINo. SCIENTIFIC NAME
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Pulicat Lake SINo. COMMON NAME SCIE
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Pulicat Lake ANNEXURE -v Fishing Gr
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~ ~ 29 Thirumalainagar 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Pulicat Lake 42 Mugathuvarakuppam 3
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Light house village with traditiona
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I. Introduction Bhitarkanika In 199
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the absence of Nypa fruitcans (loca
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-- 2olf1 1981 1961 1941 1921 1901 D
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has indicated that macro and meio-f
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• Tantiapal fish landing center :
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to see whether the solar cookers we
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The ploughs and other implements ar
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the rice straw is exhausted. A few
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generate information that will help
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Kenneally, KF. (1982). Ma11{}roveof
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Bhitarkanika No. CommonName Zoologi
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Bhilarkanika Fish No. CommonName No
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1. Introduction Chilika Lake Chilik
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ii. Climate The state of Orissa is
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The central sector is moderately de
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asis of available data from an earl
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Table3:Distributionofmajorvasrularh
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A total number of 217 species of fi
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lake from the sea. The two openings
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Workshop/Seminar conference Table6:
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agricultural fields for the purpose
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from Chilika lake has fallen from 4
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in September, 2000. The old mouth a
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culture" of fish/shrimp that not on
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tourism around the world and guidel
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...::.-:.~--: .•.:...~ ~~ _.~--:.
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Malvan tahsil located along west co
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The Lakshadweep Islands are the onl
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Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary is
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3rfU~TTfmJ~ Executive Summary in Hi
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15 ~ ~ 11~ 'W 4& ~ ~ ~ IL~ 'l&t ~ ~
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~U~!~~ii ~fiHIB ~u;~t ~1~U1Hh~i 1¥
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L 1 ~ 1~'* - -- :; -: ~.~ . df ~ 'i
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i,,;r; ~i~~i~'I~i4&~i til 1& ~ -,,:
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