06-bioresourcesstatu.. - M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation

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Vembanad Lake b. Kumarakom (9°37' N; 76°26' E) It is located by the side of Vembanad estuary the largest of its kind in Kerala as a continuous chain of about a kilometer in length. Tidal action in Fort Cochin is nearly 90 cm as recorded in the year 1974. But a study in 1984 shows at present the tidal range is 20-60 cm. Major discharges into the estuary are the rivers such as Meenachal, Achancoil, Pamba, Manimala, and Moovattupuzha. The Kavanar, a tributary of the Meenachal River empties very near to the mangrove location. Construction of Thanneermukkam barrage and Thottapally spillway have changed the physicochemical properties of the water body in this part of the estuary with a host of other still unknown characteristics totally different from natural Vembanad estuary that existed two decades ago. c. Kannamali (9° 52' Nand 76° 16'E) : This mangrove is also in the Vembanad estuary near the bar mouth and hence the marine influence is very prominent. Area of the Cochin Corporation is a typical mangrove location. Thus mangroves are seen in Kumbalam, Trippunithura, Edappalli and Vypin besides the Mangalavanam of Cochin near the FCI godown and the surrounding artificial islands. Rivers Periyar and Varapuzha join the lake north of this part of the Vembanad Lake. d. Kumarakom : There is a mixed population of Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza running north to south bordering the Vembanad estuary. Pure stands of Sonneratia caseolaris is observed inside the sanctuary proper with a dense under growth of Phragmites karka (tall grass) suitable for perching birds. The Sonneratia trees are 10m high with a dense under growth of young saplings and seedlings of the mother tree. However, whenever openings are made, species such as Ardisia elliptica, Cerbera odollam, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Thespesia populnea, Terminalia catappa, Excoecaria agallocha, Heritiera littoralis do occur. Since the margins of the estuary is well protected by laterite walls, the characteristic natural zonation is unfortunately regulated (Ramachandran and Mohanan, 1987). The estuarine margins are pinged by Kandelia candel and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora apiculata, Sonneratia caseolaris and Avicennia officinalis are observed up to the Barringtonia 86 racemosa zone where Heritiera littoralis, Calophyllum inophyllum, Hibiscus tiliaceus are also seen. Derris trifoliata, Caesalpinia crista, Salacia chinensis, Mucuna pruiriens, Argyeria sp and Anamirta coeculus are the climbers. Presence of Flagellaria indica is unique and it is the common climber masking the canopy. Littoral species such as Pongamia pinnata, Morinda citrifolia, Premna serratifolia, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Dolichandrone spathacea, Pandalus fascicularies etc. are present further inside along the bunds. Few cultivated taxa such as Cocos nucifera, Hevea braziliensis, Gliricidia sepium are also thriving well. Semiparasitics Loranthaceae like Dendrophthoe falcata and Viscum sp. are often found hanging on Kandelia, Rhizophora and Bruguiera sp. Acampe praemorsa an epiphytic orchid is rarely seen in the area. The inside canals support water plants such as Nymphoides indica, Salvinia molesta, Crinum defixum, Eichhorinia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Ludwigia adscendens. e. Kannamali (Edapalli, Cochin) : The areas adjoining Cochin and nearby islands at the mouth of Vembanad estuary used to be the single largest mangrove habitat in Kerala. The high population density of the area has deteriorated the mangrove. However, still in some pockets mangroves remain. Rhizophora mucronata attains its maximum development towards Kannamali. Avicennia officinalis has invaded most of the disturbed and reclaimed areas. Rhizophora mucronata fringes the margins of canals followed by R apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza & B cylindrica. On the tidal levels are Avicennia officinalis and Sonneratia caseolaris. Thick foliage of Acanthus ilicifolius, Acrostichum aureum is seen in areas with low salinity. Samadera indica and Hopea ponga are the species often found along with mangroves in Edappally region. Areas with more brackishwater influence support Typha angustata, Cyperus javanicus, Eichhorinia crassipes, SCirpus littorali, Cyperus pangorei etc. ii. Fauna The fauna is similar to any of the tropical rain forest. Among the endangered species of mammals Loris tardigradus, commonly known as slender
loris, is vulnerable. This is chiefly due to habitat destruction and use of this species as a laboratory animal in experiments. The other mammals include Macaca silinus - lion tailed macaque. This is also endangered due to habitat destruction (shrinkage of vegetation). The Malabar civet - Viverra megaspila is also one of the species, which is endangered. The fishing cat - Felis viverrina live on tidal creeks, rivers and mangrove forests. Due to destruction of the habitat their numbers have reduced. The gaur - Boss. gaurus also lives in tropical forests but their numbers are also shrinking. Among amphibians the Malabar tree toad Nectophryne tuberculosa is endemic to this area. But their numbers have reduced to the extent that it is difficult to sight. a. Avian fauna typical of the region are: Thickbilled Warbler - Pharogamaticola aidon Indian Great Reed Warbler - Acrocephalus ste1wtoreus Migratory wag tail - MotacWa flara Greatpied hornbill - Buceros Mcornis Malabarpied hornbill - Buceros spp. Langhing Thrushes Garrulax Mountain Thrushes - Zoothera dauma Large woodshrike Fairy Blue bird Yeilowbacked sun bird Spider hunters Woodpeckers Blue bird bee-eater b. Mangrove Fauna : - Tephrodornis virgatus - Irena puella - Aethopyga siparaja - (Anachnothera) - (Di1wpium javane11$e, Hemicircus, Dryocopus Picumnus - (Ntctoyornis athertoni) (Salim Ali, 1960). The distribution and importance of mangrove fauna is very important. The mangrove faunal diversification is very few but is exclusive to it. Species found on the tree are of the rainforest .origin, whereas, those seen in and on the substratum are mainly of marine and estuarine nature. Bird's in the mangroves seek food and nesting in the trees. Several species of Phalacrocorax (Cormorants) are commonly seen. Darters (snake birds) are mainly represented by Anhinga Vembanad Lake anhinga (L). Herons use the mangrove fishing ground and often nest with cormorants and Darters communally. While the heron, Egretla alba (L) is common, the night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) is occasionally seen. The bird sanctuary in Kumarokom abodes about 3000 night herons. It is also famous for little, cormorant (Podiceps ruficollis), Egrets, Darters, bitterns, water hens etc. Teals are winter visitors and is a common sight in Kuttanad region especially in Kumarakom. Ardeola greyii (the paddy bird) is common in lowlands and throughout the mangroves. Falcons, hacks eagles, Brahminy kite, Haliasur indus and vultures are usually seen in the mangroves and adjacent sea coast. Water hen (Amaurornis sp.), chestnest bittern (Ixobrychus cinnamomeus) and several species of king fishers are available Crocodiles and monitors are very rare. Nerodia piscater (Water snake) Ptyas mucosus (rat snake), Chersydrus granulatus etc. are often occurring in mangroves. Fish eating mammals such as Hespestesare often seen. Lutoa vulgaris is a common otter in Vembanad Lake. Mangrove areas are notorious for the mosquito population. 87 The molluscs are a conspicuous in intertidal areas. Bivalves and several species of gastropods such as the mangrove snail Telescopium telescopium feed on the substratum. Polychaetes and barnacles attached to trunks and roots of trees are commonly seen. The commercially important prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Penaeus indicus and Metapenaeus sp form the bulk of the prawn landings from the backwater and estuaries. The mud crab Scylla serrata is also abundant frequently seen. The fiddler crab Uca sp. and the mud lobster Thallassina anomula are common. Fishes of the mangrove areas are diverse. It is well known that many of them enter the mangrove for breeding. Juveniles of many species spend their life in mangrove for food and protection from predators . c. Commercially important fish species are as follows : Mugil cephalus, Liza parsia, Chanos chanos, Sarotherodon mossambicus, Etroplus sura tensis, E.maculates, Ambassis gymnocephalus, Mystus gulio, Trachysurus
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, \ Bioresources Status in Select C
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Preface Foreword Introduction Biore
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'ST. (~) ~ wrf Dr. (Mrs.) Manju Sha
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Preparation of status report and de
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Gulf of Kachchh II. Description of
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 5 : Natural w
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Gulf of Kachchh marine life. Out of
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Gulf of Kachchh same coast Spongomo
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Gulf of Kachchh Kachchh. Ninety-one
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Gulf of Kachchh involved in the res
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Gulf of Kachchh Parastromateus nige
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 14. Fishing c
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Gulf of Kachchh Table 16 : Cropping
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Gulf of Kachc Table Year 1897 1909
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Gulf of Kachchh VII. Conservation A
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Gulf of Kachchh their life cycle. S
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Gulf of Kachchh Eswaran, C.R, KR. N
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Gulf of Kachchh ABBREVATIONS FSI Fo
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Name of the island Majnr habitat Im
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I Name of the island (GPS Location)
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Gulf of Kachchh Species Name Common
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name Loc
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Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name loc
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• Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name
Page 50 and 51: Gulf of Kachchh Category Species Na
Page 54 and 55: Gulf of Kachchh VI. Checklist of mo
Page 56 and 57: Gullo! Kach.chh Species Name Common
Page 58 and 59: Gulf of Kachchh Species Name 1 (New
Page 60 and 61: Gulf of Kachchh Species Name Common
Page 62 and 63: Gulf of Kachchh IX. Checklist of th
Page 64 and 65: Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name 1 P
Page 66 and 67: Gulf of Kachchh Scientific Name Com
Page 70 and 71: Gulf of Kachchh Category 1 REPTILES
Page 72 and 73: .' Avicennia marina dense patch t._
Page 74 and 75: I. Introduction Malvan Bio-resource
Page 76 and 77: - ---------------------------------
Page 78 and 79: I""F--r'--' -~------i, ~:::~::, "
Page 80 and 81: Sr.No. Variety 95-96 15. Ribbon fis
Page 82 and 83: A MAP- 6 Principal crops of Ratnagl
Page 84 and 85: threat of low fish production, 'low
Page 86 and 87: S.No. Name of the plant Vernacular
Page 88 and 89: S.No. Name of the plant Vernacular
Page 90 and 91: S.No. + Preset and - Absent Name of
Page 92 and 93: S.No. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Page 94 and 95: Alphonso mangos Cashew fruit flower
Page 96 and 97: Vermicompost project demonstration
Page 98 and 99: Vembanad Lake The Vembanad Lake is
Page 102 and 103: Vembanad Lake gymnocephalus, Gerres
Page 104 and 105: Vembanad Lake cyprinoides (Grey). A
Page 106 and 107: Vembanad Lake Estimates of live cla
Page 108 and 109: Vembanad Lake exploited from Vemban
Page 110 and 111: Vembanad Lake currents in these are
Page 112 and 113: Vembanad Lake Some of plant like Ce
Page 114 and 115: Vembanad Lake agrochemicals, sewage
Page 116 and 117: Vembanad Lake Kurup, B.M., M.J. Seb
Page 118 and 119: . Lakshadweep Islands I. Introducti
Page 120 and 121: Lakshadweep Islands iii. The Natura
Page 122 and 123: Lakshadweep Islands c. The Ocean Th
Page 124 and 125: Lakshadweep Islands 70000 soooo 500
Page 126 and 127: Lakshadweep Islands and, Scaveola k
Page 128 and 129: Lakshadweep Islands islands to impr
Page 130 and 131: Lakshadweep Islands take during the
Page 132 and 133: Lakshadweep Islands and thereafter
Page 134 and 135: Lakshadweep Islands 1. Pre-baiting
Page 136 and 137: Lakshadweep Islands increases the w
Page 138 and 139: Lakshadweep Islands Table 5 - Manag
Page 140 and 141: Lakshadweep Islands Acknowledgemen
Page 142 and 143: Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 2 Some
Page 144 and 145: Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 3 - Li
Page 146 and 147: Lakshadweep Islands I S.No. Name of
Page 148 and 149: Lakshadweep Islands Appendix 5 Sign
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Lakshadweep Islands 3. THE LAKSHADW
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L ak shad we e pis I and s 4. Vol.
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Lakshadweep Islands This would redu
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I!i ~ ~ - •• /II'f;~ If:~" "',.
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Pulicat Lake I. Introduction Pulica
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Pulicat Lake Figure 2 : River syste
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Pullcat Lake respect to certain con
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Pulicat Lake Figure 5. Annual Incom
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Pulicat Lake about 40 to 50 painted
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Pulicat Lake V. Bioresource Profile
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Pulicat Lake 1285 to 24768 in the f
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Pulicat Lake seeding procedures and
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Pulicat Lake and lagoons. which for
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Pulicat Lake SINo. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6
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Pulicat Lake REFERENCES Anantharama
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Pullea! Lake SI No. Name of the Vil
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Pulicat Lake SI Primary High Hr. Se
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Pulicat Lake SINo. SCIENTIFIC NAME
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Pulicat Lake SINo. COMMON NAME SCIE
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Pulicat Lake ANNEXURE -v Fishing Gr
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~ ~ 29 Thirumalainagar 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Pulicat Lake 42 Mugathuvarakuppam 3
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Light house village with traditiona
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I. Introduction Bhitarkanika In 199
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the absence of Nypa fruitcans (loca
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-- 2olf1 1981 1961 1941 1921 1901 D
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has indicated that macro and meio-f
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• Tantiapal fish landing center :
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to see whether the solar cookers we
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The ploughs and other implements ar
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the rice straw is exhausted. A few
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generate information that will help
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Kenneally, KF. (1982). Ma11{}roveof
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Bhitarkanika No. CommonName Zoologi
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Bhilarkanika Fish No. CommonName No
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1. Introduction Chilika Lake Chilik
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ii. Climate The state of Orissa is
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The central sector is moderately de
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asis of available data from an earl
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Table3:Distributionofmajorvasrularh
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A total number of 217 species of fi
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lake from the sea. The two openings
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Workshop/Seminar conference Table6:
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agricultural fields for the purpose
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from Chilika lake has fallen from 4
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in September, 2000. The old mouth a
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culture" of fish/shrimp that not on
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tourism around the world and guidel
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...::.-:.~--: .•.:...~ ~~ _.~--:.
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Malvan tahsil located along west co
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The Lakshadweep Islands are the onl
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Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary is
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3rfU~TTfmJ~ Executive Summary in Hi
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15 ~ ~ 11~ 'W 4& ~ ~ ~ IL~ 'l&t ~ ~
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~U~!~~ii ~fiHIB ~u;~t ~1~U1Hh~i 1¥
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L 1 ~ 1~'* - -- :; -: ~.~ . df ~ 'i
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i,,;r; ~i~~i~'I~i4&~i til 1& ~ -,,:
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06-bioresourcesstatu.. - M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation

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