Black Genesis: The Prehistoric Origins of Ancient Egypt

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41. Thomas Brophy, The Mechanism Demands a Mysticism (Blue Hill, Maine: Medicine Bear Publishing, 1999). 42. Memri TV, Arabic video, English transcript, broadcast February 11, 2009. See www.memritv.org/clip/en/2049.htm Accessed August 20, 2010. 43. www.liveleak.com/view?i=f50_1279175755 44. Romuald Schild and Fred Wendorf, “Forty Years of the Combined Prehistoric Expedition,” Archaeologia Polona 40 (2002): 3–22. 45. Sean Markey, “Exodus from Drying Sahara Gave Rise to Pharaohs, Study Says,” National Geographic News, July 20, 2006, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/07/060720-sahara.html. (Accessed August 20, 2010.) 46. Romuald Schild and Michal Kobusiewicz, “Prehistoric Herdsmen, Academia,” Focus on Archaeology 3, no. 7 (2005). 47. Gerhard Rohlfs, Voyages et Explorations au Sahara, tome 2 (n.p.,1865–67). 48. Rosita Forbes and Sir Harry Johnston, The Secret of the Sahara: Kufara (London: n.p., 1923), introduction. 49. Ahmed Hassanein, “Crossing the Untraversered Libyan Desert,” National Geographic Magazine, vol. XLVI, no. 3, September 1924. 50. R. A. Bagnold, O. H. Myers, R. F. Peel, and H. A. Winkler, “An Expedition to the Gilf Kebir and Uweinat, 1938,” Geographical Journal 93, no. 4 (April 1939), 281–312. See also Major R. A. Bagnold, “Journeys in the Libyan Desert, 1929 and 1930,” Georgaphical Journal 78, no. 1 (1931): 13. 51. From L. E. Almasy. Recentes Explorations dans le Desert Libyque, Royal Geographical society of Egypt, 1936, p. 36. Quoted in Wael T. Abed’s book The Other Egypt (Cairo: n.p., 1998), 108. 52. Ibid. 53. Rudolph Kuper and Stefan Kröpelin, “Climate-Controlled Holocene Occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa’s Evolution,” Science Journal AAAS (July 2006). 54. Kenneth Chang, “In Lake, Signs of Slow Shift from Savannah to Sahara,” New York Times, May 9, 2008. 55. Peter Gwin, “Lost Tribes of the Green Sahara,” National Geographic, September 2008. 56. Ibid. 57. Ibid. Sponsors and funders for the Gobero expeditions are National Geographic, Island Fund of the New York Community Trust, the National Science Foundation, and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. See also “Stone Age Graveyard Reveals Lifestyles of a ‘Green Sahara’: Two Successive Cultures Thrived Lakeside,” http://news.uchicago.edu/news.php?asset_id=1424 (accessed August 20, 2010), and P. C. Sereno, E. A. Garcea, C. M. Stojanowski, et al. “Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene Population and Environmental Change,” www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002995 (accessed August 20, 2010). 58. Jean-Loic Quellec, “Can One ‘Read’ the Rock Art? An Egyptian Example.” In Paul Taylor, ed., Iconography without Texts (London: Warburg Warburg Institute Colloquia 12), 2008, pp. 25–42. http://cnrs.academia.edu/documents/0097/7841/Le_Quellec_2008-k.pdf. CHAPTER 6. THE CATTLE AND THE STAR GODDESSES 1. Richard Parker, “Ancient Egyptian Astronomy,” Department of Egyptology, Brown University, Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London, 1974, A 276, 51–65. See also Professor Jiro Kondo, Ancient Egyptian Astronomy (Tokyo: Waseda Universtiy, 2008), www.yomiuri.co.jp/adv/wol/dy/opinion/culture_081006.htm. Accessed August 23, 2010. 2. For a very early, possibly even prehistoric, representation of a star-cow goddess of ancient Egypt see Donald B. Redford, ed., “Predynastic Star-studded Cow Goddess,” Oxford Guide to Egyptian Mythology (New York: Berkley Books, 2002), 157–61. 3. Jaromir Malek and John Baines, The Cultural Atlas of the World: Ancient Egypt (Richmond, Va.: Stonehenge Press, 1991), 14. 4. Richard Wilkinson, The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press,
2003), 167. 5. Ian Shaw and Paul Nicholson, Dictionary of Ancient Egypt (London: British Museum Press, 1995), 58. 6. J. McKim Malville, R. Schild, F. Wendorf, et al., “Astronomy of Nabta Playa,” African Skies/Cieux Africains, no. 11 (July 2007): 21. 7. Jeff Greenwald, “Moo Age Travellers: Were cattle-worshipping nomads the predecessors of the Pharaohs?” The New Scientist 2249, July 29, 2000. 8. Fred Wendorf and Romuald Schild, “The Megaliths of Nabta Playa,” Academia, Focus on Archaeology, no. 1 (2004): 11. 9. Quoted in Richard H. Wilkinson, The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt (London: Thames and Hudson, 2003), 15. 10. Juan Belmonte, “Some Open Questions on the Egyptian Calendar: An Astronomer’s View,” Trabajos de Egiptologia (TdE) 2003, p. 24. 11. Quoted by Peter Ackroyd, “Afloat on the Nile,” New York Times, October 2, 1988. 12. Richard Wilkinson, The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt (New York: Thames and Hudson, 2000), 165. 13. Ron Wells, “Sothis and the Satet Temple on Elephantine,” Studien Zur Altagyptischen Kultur 12 (1985), 258. See also Gunther Roeder, “Sothis und Satis,” Zeitschrift fuer Aegyptische Sprache, Band 45, Leipzig 1908, pp. 22–30. 14. Wilkinson, The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, 165. 15. Wells, “Sothis and the Satet Temple on Elephantine,” 258. 16. From the declaration of Ptolemy I as pharaoh of Egypt in 305 BCE to the death of Cleopatra in 30 BCE. 17. Data from the in situ information board by the German and Swiss Archaeological Team. See also Wilkinson, The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, 212; Wells, “Sothis and the Satet Temple on Elephantine: A Direct Connection,” 255. 18. Wells, “Sothis and the Satet Temple on Elephantine,” 258–62. 19. Ibid. 20. J. A. Belmonte and M. Shaltout, “On the Orientation of Ancient Egyptian Temples I: Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia,” in Journal of the History of Astronomy (Pre-print series: PP 03/2005), 21, figure 8. 21. Wilkinson, The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, 211. 22. Adapted from E. A. Wallis Budge, Legends of the Egyptian Gods: Hieroglyphic Texts and Translations (New York: Dover, 1994). 23. Ibid. 24. Herodotus, The Histories, Book II, chapter 28. 25. Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book V, chapter 10. 26. Budge, Legends of the Egyptian Gods. 27. Wells, “Sothis and the Satet Temple on Elephantine,” 262. 28. Rolf K. Krauss, “Probleme des Altagyptischen Kalendars und der Chronologie des Mittleren und Neuen Reiches in Agypten,” Ph.D. dissertation, Freie University, Berlin, 1981. See also R. Krauss, “Sothis, Elephantine und d. Altagypt Chronologie,” Gottinger Miszellen 50 (1981): 71–81. 29. L. Rose, “The Astronomical Evidence for Dating the End of the Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt to the Early Second Millennium: A Reassessment,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 53 (1994): 246. 30. Strabo, Geography, Book XVII. 31. Budge, Legends of the Egyptian Gods. 32. M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings, vol. 3 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), 94–100. 33. Norman Lockyer, The Dawn of Astronomy (London: Cassell and Co. Ltd., 1894), 236.
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For my daughter, Candice, and my so
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book was not a
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More Mysteries at Nabta Playa The S
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INTRODUCTION ANCIENT EGYPT REBORN N
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1 STRANGE STONES In Nabta there are
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desert” emerge from the surroundi
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stage the CPE anthropologists were
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arguments—and especially on the B
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This time, some archaeologists took
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who’s who of famous men: it inclu
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huge rocky massif sprouting out of
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Almasy planned an expedition to Gil
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of Setu and Irtet after having expl
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Sahara, and their bones were brough
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Djedefre Water Mountain, as Bergama
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Figure 2.5. Abu Ballas Pottery Hill
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can imagine how these scholars felt
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followed by the same determinative
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The surface of the now-covered bedr
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indeed, one of the main objectives
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In addition to tumuli tombs of catt
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since fallen. The largest ones were
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ALIGNMENTS TOWARD THE STARS: WHEN A
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elated not only to the gates of the
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dates within thousands of years of
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the largest stone. Again, the dista
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thus sent in an order to Quickbird
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Finally, to our relief, the light f
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degrees and azimuth 22.5 degrees an
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associated with the heleical rising
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ight angle. After that date, Nabta
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also note that several megalithic a
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ceremonial complex of Nabta Playa.
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Figure 4.14. Bagnold Circle in, top
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have been placed by humans, possibl
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5 THE BIBLE, THE HAMITES, AND THE B
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Even allowing that scholars tend to
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May 11, 2001, vol. 292, no. 5519, p
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egions: the Nile Valley and the vas
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At any rate, suffice it to say that
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perspective. We must also acknowled
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Plate 2. Djedefre Water Mountain, c
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Plate 8. Robert Bauval with herder
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Plate 15. Models of cows, Eleventh
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Plate 22. The rock-cut tomb of Hark
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wagging tail. We found them on the
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BCE to 2500 BCE. What she found odd
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eassure us that all is not lost, af
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Figure 5.3. Numerous prehistoric ha
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themselves, our drivers uttered a b
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arely kill their cattle for food ex
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to study the stars, perhaps even na
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pointed star, which represents Siri
Page 109 and 110: In the first century, some half-cen
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Page 113 and 114: Like the Nabta Playa prehistoric st
Page 115 and 116: y the astronomer Sir Norman Lockyer
Page 117 and 118: In appendix 1 we look in detail at
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Page 125 and 126: The rounded planisphere that is see
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Page 129 and 130: POSTSCRIPT DISCOVERY OF THE KIFAH C
Page 131 and 132: APPENDIX 1 BACK TO THE FIRST TIME V
Page 133 and 134: TAKE A WALK AT THE FIRST TIME WITH
Page 135 and 136: alignment is part of a symbolic sys
Page 137 and 138: Pyramid at Zawiyet el-Aryan) is ass
Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX 2 SOTHIC CYCLES AND IMHOTE
Page 142 and 143: APPENDIX 3 SAVING NABTA PLAYA Will
Page 144 and 145: Figure A2. Rubbish dumps in the cen
Page 146 and 147: a huge pumping station (the Mubarak
Page 148 and 149: In actual practice, though, the dev
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Page 152 and 153: *53. Actually, it is 365.242 days,
Page 154 and 155: Endnotes CHAPTER 1. STRANGE STONES
Page 156 and 157: Mentioning Yam and Tekhebet,” Sah
Page 158 and 159: 13. J. M. Malville, R. Schild, F. W
Page 162 and 163: 34. G. A. Wainwright, “Seshat and
Page 164 and 165: 100. The story is told in the Westc
Page 166 and 167: Bibliography Abed, Wael T. The Othe
Page 168 and 169: Genzlinger, Neil. “Chasing Mummie
Page 170 and 171: Millennium: A Reassessment.” Jour
Page 172 and 173: About the Authors Egyptian-born Rob
Page 174 and 175: BOOKS OF RELATED INTEREST Lost Know
Page 176: Electronic edition produced by ePub
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