Endnotes CHAPTER 1. STRANGE STONES 1. Romuald Schild and Fred Wendorf, “Forty Years <strong>of</strong> the Combined <strong>Prehistoric</strong> Expedition,” Archaeologia Polona 40 (2002): 11. 2. Fred Wendorf and Romuald Schild, “<strong>The</strong> Megaliths <strong>of</strong> Nabta Playa, Focus on Archaeology,” Academia 1, no. 1 (2004): 11. 3. Fred Wendorf, Holocene Settlement <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Egypt</strong>ian Sahara, vol. 1, in Fred Wendorf, and Romuald Schild, eds., <strong>The</strong> Archaeology <strong>of</strong> Nabta Playa (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 2001). 4. <strong>The</strong> Mystery <strong>of</strong> the Sphinx, NBC documentary, November 10, 1993. 5. Ian Shaw and Paul Nicholson, <strong>The</strong> Illustrated Dictionary <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Egypt</strong> (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2008), 82–83. See also Richard H. Wilkinson, <strong>The</strong> Complete Gods and Goddesses <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Egypt</strong> (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2005), 139. 6. Wendorf, Holocene Settlement <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Egypt</strong>ian Sahara, vol. 1. 7. E. C. Krupp, Echoes <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Ancient</strong> Skies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 259. 8. Jed Z. Buchwald, “<strong>Egypt</strong>ian Stars under Paris Skies,” Engineering and Science Magazine 66, no. 4, California Institute <strong>of</strong> Technology (2003). 9. E. G. Lesley and Roy Adkins, <strong>The</strong> Keys <strong>of</strong> <strong>Egypt</strong> (New York: HarperCollins, 2000). 10. Norman Lockyer, <strong>The</strong> Dawn <strong>of</strong> Astronomy (London: Cassel and Co. Ltd., 1894), preface. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. Thomas Brophy, <strong>The</strong> Origin Map: Discovery <strong>of</strong> a <strong>Prehistoric</strong> Megalithic Astrophysical Map <strong>of</strong> the Universe, afterword by John Anthony West (Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, 2002), 118. 14. John Michell, A Little History <strong>of</strong> Astro-Archaeology (London: Thames and Hudson, 1977), 68. 15. Virginia Trimble, Astronomical Investigation Concerning the So-called Air-shafts <strong>of</strong> Cheop’s Pyramid , Mitteilungen der Institut Fur Orientforschung 10, no. 2/3 (1964): 183–87. See also Robert G. Bauval, “<strong>The</strong> Seeding <strong>of</strong> the Star-gods: A Fertility Rite inside Cheop’s Pyramid?” Discussion in <strong>Egypt</strong>ology 16 (1990), 21–25; Robert G. Bauval, “Cheop’s Pyramid: A New Dating Using the Latest Astronomical Data,” Discussions in <strong>Egypt</strong>ology 26 (1993): 5–6; Dr. Mary T. Bruck, “Can the Great Pyramid be Astronomically Dated?” Journal <strong>of</strong> the British Astronomical Association 105, no. 4 (1995): 161–64. CHAPTER 2. WANDERLUST 1. A. M. Hassanein Bey, “Through Kufra to Darfur,” Geographical Journal 64, no. 4 (Oct., 1924): 273–91. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid. 10. www.scribd.com/doc/21432876/Rosita-Forbes-Bio.
11. Hans Goedicke, “Harkhuf ’s Travels,” Journal <strong>of</strong> Near Eastern Studies 40, no. 1 (January 1981): 1–20. 12. J. H. Breasted, <strong>Ancient</strong> Records <strong>of</strong> <strong>Egypt</strong>, Part I (Chicago: University <strong>of</strong> Chicago Press, 1906), 328. 13. David B. O’Connor, and Stephen Quirke, Mysterious Lands (London: University College, Institute <strong>of</strong> Archaeology, 2003), 10. 14. Ibid. 15. Claire Lalouette, Textes sacrés et textes pr<strong>of</strong>anes de l’ancienne <strong>Egypt</strong>e (Paris: Gallimard, 1984). 16. Breasted, <strong>Ancient</strong> Records <strong>of</strong> <strong>Egypt</strong>, Part I, 328. 17. Bill Manley, “Where Was the Kingdom <strong>of</strong> Yam?” in <strong>The</strong> Seventy Great Mysteries <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Egypt</strong> (London: Thames and Hudson, 2003), 135. 18. Goedicke, “Harkhuf ’s Travels,” 10. 19. G. W. Murray, “Hakhuf ’s Third Journey,” Geographical Journal 131, no. 1 (March 1965): 72–75. 20. A. J. Arkell, A History <strong>of</strong> the Sudan: From Earliest Times to 1821, 2nd ed., rev. (London: n.p., 1961), 43. 21. M. Kobusiewicz and R. Schild, “<strong>Prehistoric</strong> Herdsmen, Focus on Archaeology,” Academia 3, no. 7 (2004): 20–23. 22. R. Schild and F. Wendorf, “Forty Years <strong>of</strong> the Combined <strong>Prehistoric</strong> Expedition,” Archaeologia Polona 40 (2002): 18. 23. J. L. Wright, Libya, Chad and the Central Sahara (London: Hurst and Co., 1989), 22. See also R. F. Peel, “<strong>The</strong> Tibu Peoples and the Libyan Desert,” Geographical Journal 100, no. 2 (August 1942), 73–87. 24. Ahmed Hassanein, “Crossing the Untraversered Libyan Desert,” National Geographic Magazine, vol. XLVI, no. 3, September 1924. 25. Wright, Libya, Chad and the Central Sahara, 22; Peel, “<strong>The</strong> Tibu Peoples and the Libyan Desert,” 73–87. 26. G. Wilkinson, Topography <strong>of</strong> <strong>The</strong>bes and General View <strong>of</strong> <strong>Egypt</strong> (London: John Murray Publishers, 1835), 358– 59. 27. W. J. Harding King , Mysteries <strong>of</strong> the Libyan Desert (London: Century, 1925), 145. 28. www.carlo-bergmann.de/Discoveries/discovery.htm Accessed August 10, 2010. 29. www.carlo-bergmann.de/ex2004-5/expedition2004-5-2.htm. For more on the issue <strong>of</strong> “Mefat” see: C. Bergmann and Kl. P. Kuhlmann, “Die Expedition des Cheops,” GEO Special 5, 2001, pp. 120–27; Kl. P. Kuhlmann, “<strong>The</strong> ‘Oasis Bypath’ or <strong>The</strong> Issue <strong>of</strong> Desert Trade in Pharaonic Times,” in T. Lenssen-Erz, U. Tegtmeier, St. Kröpelin et al. (eds.), Tides <strong>of</strong> the Desert. Contributions to the Archaeology and Environmental History <strong>of</strong> Africa in Honour <strong>of</strong> Rudolf Kuper. Köln, 2002, pp. 133–38. Also R. Kuper and Fr. Forster, “Khufu’s ‘mefat’ expeditions into the Libyan Desert,” <strong>Egypt</strong>ian Archaeology 23, 2003, pp. 25–28. 30. Ibid. 31. Mark Lehner, <strong>The</strong> Complete Pyramids (London: Thames and Hudson, 1997), 120. 32. Stefan Kropelin, and Rudolph Kuper, “More Corridors to Africa,” Cripel 26 (2006–2007), 219–29. 33. G. Burkhard, “Inscriptions in the Dakhla Region,” Sahara 9 (1997), 152–53. 34. Zahi Hawass and Lyla Pich Brock, <strong>Egypt</strong>ology at the Dawn <strong>of</strong> the Twenty-first Century: History, Religion (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2004), 374. 35. Richard A. Bermann, “Historic Problems <strong>of</strong> the Libyan Desert,” Geographical Journal 83, no. 6 (June 1934): 456– 63. 36. Ibid. 37. Frank Förster, “With Donkeys, Jars and Water Bags into the Libyan Desert: <strong>The</strong> Abu Ballas Trail in the Late Old Kingdom/First Intermediate Period,” British Museum SAES 7 (September 2007): 7. 38. Stefan Kropelin and Rudolph Kuper, “More Corridors to Africa,” 220. 39. Joseph Clayton, Aloisia De Trafford, and Mark Borda, “A Hieroglyphic Inscription Found at Jebel Uweinat
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For my daughter, Candice, and my so
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book was not a
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More Mysteries at Nabta Playa The S
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INTRODUCTION ANCIENT EGYPT REBORN N
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1 STRANGE STONES In Nabta there are
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desert” emerge from the surroundi
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stage the CPE anthropologists were
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arguments—and especially on the B
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This time, some archaeologists took
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who’s who of famous men: it inclu
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huge rocky massif sprouting out of
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Almasy planned an expedition to Gil
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of Setu and Irtet after having expl
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Sahara, and their bones were brough
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Djedefre Water Mountain, as Bergama
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Figure 2.5. Abu Ballas Pottery Hill
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can imagine how these scholars felt
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followed by the same determinative
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The surface of the now-covered bedr
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indeed, one of the main objectives
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In addition to tumuli tombs of catt
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since fallen. The largest ones were
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ALIGNMENTS TOWARD THE STARS: WHEN A
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elated not only to the gates of the
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dates within thousands of years of
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the largest stone. Again, the dista
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thus sent in an order to Quickbird
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Finally, to our relief, the light f
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degrees and azimuth 22.5 degrees an
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associated with the heleical rising
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ight angle. After that date, Nabta
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also note that several megalithic a
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ceremonial complex of Nabta Playa.
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Figure 4.14. Bagnold Circle in, top
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have been placed by humans, possibl
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5 THE BIBLE, THE HAMITES, AND THE B
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Even allowing that scholars tend to
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May 11, 2001, vol. 292, no. 5519, p
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egions: the Nile Valley and the vas
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At any rate, suffice it to say that
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perspective. We must also acknowled
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Plate 2. Djedefre Water Mountain, c
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Plate 8. Robert Bauval with herder
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Plate 15. Models of cows, Eleventh
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Plate 22. The rock-cut tomb of Hark
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wagging tail. We found them on the
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BCE to 2500 BCE. What she found odd
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eassure us that all is not lost, af
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Figure 5.3. Numerous prehistoric ha
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themselves, our drivers uttered a b
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