Introduction to Statistics and Quantitative Research Methods

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Variables • In research, the characteristic or phenomenon that can be measured or classified is called a variable. There are 4 levels of variables: • • • • Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Levels of Data • • • • • • Nominal= categorical E.g. Apples and pears, gender, eye colour, ethnicity. Data that is classified into categories and cannot be arranged in any particular order. – Nominal=Categorical=Dichotomous Ordinal= data ordered, but distance between intervals not always equal. E.g. Low, middle and high income, or rating a brand of soft drink on a scale of 1-5. Interval= equal distance between each interval. E.g. 1,2,3. Arbitrary zero point (ex. Fahrenheit scale for temperature - temperature does not cease to exist at 0 degrees. Ratio= similar to interval scale, but has true zero point E.g. Weight, salary ($0=$0).
Page 1 and 2: Introduction to Statistics and Quan
Page 3 and 4: Statistics Defined • Statistics i
Page 5 and 6: Statistics humour • • Why is a
Page 7 and 8: Basic Steps • • • • • •
Page 9: Types of Statistics • • Descrip
Page 13 and 14: • • • • Types of Variables
Page 15 and 16: 5 minute group exercise 3 Questions
Page 17 and 18: Back to stats….. Statistics made
Page 19 and 20: The Mean • • • • • “A s
Page 21 and 22: Mode What is a mode? • • •
Page 23 and 24: More about distributions • •
Page 25 and 26: Variance and Standard Deviation •
Page 27 and 28: Inferential Statistics • • •
Page 29 and 30: Goal of Statistical Analysis 1) 2)
Page 31 and 32: Hypotheses Alternative Hypothesis:
Page 33 and 34: Type 1 Error • • E.g. in a tria
Page 35 and 36: Type 1 and Type 2 Error Ho: H1: Rej
Page 37 and 38: • • • • • • • • Wha
Page 39 and 40: Confidence Intervals • • •
Page 41 and 42: Power Determining power depends on
Page 43 and 44: Parametric Tests • • • Parame
Page 45 and 46: Normality • How do you know if da
Page 47 and 48: Types of Analyses • • Bivariate
Page 49 and 50: Research Examples • • • Examp
Page 51 and 52: Assumptions • • • • • The
Page 53 and 54: Examples of Tests • • • •
Page 55 and 56: Examples of Tests • • • • L
Page 57 and 58: Conclusions • Statistics are vita
Page 59: Introduction to Statistics and Quan

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