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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego The historian Timaios, on the other hand, professed to have personally verified that the fountain Arethusa was the reappeared Alpheus. It was likewise said that the Fountain of Arethusa turned red after sacrifices at Olympia and that anything lost in the Alpheus eventually would be found in Syracuse. Arethusa Fountain The Sicilian termination of the River Alpheus brings to mind da Vinci's speculation. A spring may be seen to rise in Sicily which at certain times of the year throws out chestnut leaves in quantities; but in Sicily chestnuts do not grow, hence it is evident that that spring must issue from some abyss in Italy and then flow beneath the sea to break forth in Sicily. Da Vinci was mistaken regarding Sicilian trees, however. The chestnut is abundant from southern Europe to the Caucasus and occurs on many Mediterranean islands. Perhaps da Vinci (an innovative speller) meant Cilicia, the Mediterranean region south of the Taurus Mountains. Lost rivers of that region were indeed mentioned in works of which Leonardo would have been aware. As a brief aside, we should note that subterranean-transported flora would long remain of interest. The Gallery of Nature (1882), Thomas Milner (Chapter 10) is precise on the matter. At Tours, in 1830, a well was perforated quite through the chalk, when the water suddenly brought up from a depth of three hundred and sixty-four feet, a great quantity of fine sand, with 364 DRAFT 1122//66//22001122 River Alpheus The Arethusa Fountain on the island of Ortygia in Syracuse, Sicily Uppddaatteess aatt hhttttpp::////www. .uunnm. .eedduu//~rrhheeggggeenn//UnnddeerrggrroouunnddRi ivveerrss. .hhttml l
Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego much vegetable matter and shells. Branches of a thorn several inches long, much blackened by their stay in the water, were recognized, as also the stems of marsh plants, and some of their roots, which were still white, together with the seeds of the same in a state of preservation, which showed that they had not remained more than three or four months in the water. Among the seeds were those of the marsh plant galium uliginosum, and among the shells a fresh water species, (planorbis marginatus) and some land species, as helix rotundata and helix striata. M. Dujardin, who, with others, observed this phenomenon, supposes that the waters had flowed from some valleys of Auvergne or the Vivarais since the preceding autumn. Dominique Francois Jean Arago mentioned the same or similar event in Sur les Puits Fore (1834) in which the spring at a cathedral close to Tours increased by about a third, became turbid, and for several hours brought up with it pieces of wood and vegetation. These facts prove without question that the underground water at Tours does not come (at least not entirely) from filtration through beds of sand. For it to be able to carry shells and pieces o/wood, it must have moved freely along proper channels. And we can yet add The Earth: A Descriptive History of the Phenomena of the Life of the Globe (1871) by Elisee Reclus. In many places, especially at Tours, the artesian wells have ejected the remains of plants, branches, moss, snail shells, and other debris which the rains had probably carried away some weeks previously into the depths of the earth. At Elbceuf [also in France] the water of a well contained living eels. Da Vinci's submarine stream originates in Italy, not Arcadia, but given Leonardo's enthusiasm for ideas, it's not likely he researched his Latin sources. The chalice tale is again and again cited by classical scholars, an example taken from A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology, and Geography (1851) by Sir William Smith, Hence it was said that a cup thrown into the Alpheus would appear again in the fountain of Arethusan Ortygia. "The Fountain of Arethusa," New York Times, July 7, 1901, remarks on the tourism aspect. No object is more frequently mentioned in connection with Syracuse than Arethusa, the nymph changed into a fountain when pursued across the sea by the river Alpheus. The water of this fountain, much praised in antiquity, has in recent times become brackish by the letting in of salt water through earthquakes. But what it has lost in real excellence it has gained in stylish appearance. For the sake of its ancient renown washerwomen have recently been excluded from it, a fine wall put about it, and papyrus plants added to make it look picturesque. As the Alpheus below Olympia flows into the sea as a distinct channel at times of high discharge and as meandering threads in times of drought, the tale of the river god and the nymph seems to be rooted in river's more-perplexing headwaters. For direct delivery to Sicily, toss the cup in the river above Megalopoli, not at Olympia. The Legacy The mystery of the River Alpheus was an underpinning of Renaissance literary and art, but not simply as a river that stitched its way across Peloponnese. The deeper mystery was that of life's metaphorical destination. Cosimo de Medici (1389-1464), the first of the Florentine political dynasty, sent agents throughout Europe in search of ancient manuscripts and with these, founded the Academies to study Greek philosophy. To writers and artists of the Renaissance having no knowledge of Arcadia's harsh topography, the land was a seen as a gentle, fertile, idealized landscape, a wishful vision of existence untouched by the conflicts of contemporary life. Unlike the word "utopia" -- named for Thomas DRAFT 1122//66//22001122 Uppddaatteess aatt hhttttpp::////www. .uunnm. .eedduu//~rrhheeggggeenn//UnnddeerrggrroouunnddRi ivveerrss. .hhttml l 365
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Underground Rivers from the River S
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Regarding Copyright Copyright © 20
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Underground Rivers INTRODUCTION Hyd
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Underground Rivers CHAPTERS 1 Greek
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology CHAPTE
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology Oceanu
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology Recall
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology In his
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology DRAFT
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology At the
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology What p
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Chapter 2 -- Greek Philosophers Tha
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Chapter 2 -- Greek Philosophers Ana
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Chapter 2 -- Greek Philosophers tha
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Chapter 2 -- Greek Philosophers Ari
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists C
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists S
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists B
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists I
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists I
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists R
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists A
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Chapter 4 -- The Cross Topographia
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Chapter 4 -- The Cross After the He
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Chapter 4 -- The Cross small portio
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Chapter 4 -- The Cross As Etymologi
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Chapter 5 -- The Crescent CHAPTER 5
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822 . Ninth and tenth centuries 981
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Chapter 5 -- The Crescent The Extra
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Chapter 6 -- And Back to the Cross
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Chapter 7 -- The Concept of Circula
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Chapter 8 -- Transmuational and Bio
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Terrestrial Arteries Chapter 8 -- T
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Chapter 9 -- Thermodynamic Engines
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Johann Joachim Becher's theory, put
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Chapter 10 -- Geophysical, Pnuemati
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Weight of the Sea Chapter 10 -- Geo
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Siphoning Chapter 10 -- Geophysical
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Method 2. Water Pump Chapter 10 --
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Chapter 11 -- Straining the Salt De
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Chapter 11 -- Straining the Salt Pl
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Chapter 11 -- Straining the Salt Ch
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Chapter 12 -- Superterranean Metric
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Theory: Chapter 12 -- Superterranea
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Chapter 13 -- Hydrotheology/Theohyd
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Chapter 14 -- Hollow Earth Geophysi
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Case 3: Gravitation plus 17.1 rotat
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Singularities Chapter 15 -- The Mae
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The Tales Chapter 15 -- The Maelstr
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As in the sea between Scylla and Ch
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Unattributed, 1678 Chapter 15 -- Th
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In the sketch to the right, the Mos
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Chapter 15 -- The Maelstrom The etc
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Chapter 15 -- The Maelstrom In Chap
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He intended to say, Chapter 16 -- U
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Chapter 16 -- Underground Rivers in
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Willa Cather (1873-1947) Chapter 16
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books CHAPTER
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books Splash
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books On that
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No Tooth, No Quarter by (1989) by J
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books We've b
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Chapter 19 -- The Stratemeyer Boys
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Chapter 20 -- More Boys Club Serial
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Tanar of Pellucidar (1929) Chapter
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H. Rider Haggard Haggard's sequel t
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Jewels of Gwahlur (1935), a Conan t
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles The
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles ben
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Swa
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Jos
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles She
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles "If
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles "We
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Tom
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles wou
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles The
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles In
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Fre
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Wha
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April 1920 March 1923 May 1927 Chap
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August 1948 February 1950 September
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March 1960 July 1961 October 1975 C
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Chapter 22 -- Boys' Life Boy Scouts
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! CHAPTER 2
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! She calle
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Change th
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! river, Ja
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! In Five G
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Fans weren't at a loss for discussi
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Polly of
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! who has l
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Mary Q. S
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Here's a
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Final Thoughts Chapter 23 -- Girls,
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"The Underground River" Western Her
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Boys Clubs, too, help defeat Commun
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A page from the Flash Gordon # 10 r
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Super Heroes We'll begin with nine
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Batman #48, August-September 1948 B
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Superman #154, March 2000 Chapter 2
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Chapter 25 -- Radio Days and Saturd
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Page 385 and 386: Destiny Chapter 29 -- The Undergrou
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Page 399 and 400: Herbert Shore Elizabeth Ward Loughr
Page 401 and 402: Declan Kiberd Carlo Levi, R. and D.
Page 403 and 404: Alexander Saxton Andrew Rolle James
Page 405 and 406: John R. Reed Geoffrey Sanborn Alexa
Page 407 and 408: Jean Tardieu, The River Underground
Page 409 and 410: Chapter 30 -- Down to a Sunless Sea
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A few recent Sunless Sea book cover
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"Down-to Sunless Sea," Linda J Ging
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Chapter 31 -- Poems for Subterranea
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Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass (185
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx CHA
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx We
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx We'
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx "A
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We'll begin our book collection wit
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Lawrence Durrell, Down the Styx (19
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Jonathan King, The Styx (2010) Poet
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Underground Rivers - University of New Mexico

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