Underground Rivers - University of New Mexico

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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists In Publius Ovidius Naso's (43 BC-17 AD) -- Ovid to us -- Metamorphoses (8 AD), the engulfed Stymphalus "glides in secret eddies underground" before returning as a lordly river in the Argive fields. The modern Peloponnesian water tracing to the right closely agrees with the ancient record. The water flows underground until forced to the surface at Kefalari. We'll learn why in Chapter 39, Karstology. Near the end of this chapter we'll table more of the encyclopedists' reported subterranean rivers. Most of their reporting hasn't borne out as well as has the Stymphalus-Erasinus pipeline, however. Lake Stymphalus The works of Strabo and Ovid would fuel centuries of geologic speculation. From this point onward, the world would know of Greece not only in the sense of myth and history, but also as a landscape of disappearing and reappearing waters. DRAFT 1122//66//22001122 Sinkholes at Scotini and Alea 10 Gulf of Argos kilometers Emergence at Kefalari River Erasinus Uppddaatteess aatt hhttttpp::////www. .uunnm. .eedduu//~rrhheeggggeenn//UnnddeerrggrroouunnddRi ivveerrss. .hhttml l 26
Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists Born in Spain, Annaeus Seneca (4-65 AD) came to Rome as physician to Nero, who ultimately rewarded his attendant by execution. Seneca's Quaestiones Naturales was an ill-sorted compilation of secondhand ideas. To the right is the cover from a 1542 edition, another hint of how lasting would be the Latin libraries. Seneca, like Vitruvius, would be considered expert in water issues for 1500 years. A vast world exists below. There exist below everything that you see above. There, too, are vast, immense recesses and vacant space, with mountains overhanging on either hand. Seneca attributed groundwater three sources: 1. Moisture continuously expelled within the earth. The Sea... does not get larger, because it does not assimilate the water that runs into it, but forthwith restores it to the earth. For the sea water returns by a secret path, and is filtered in its passage back. Being dashed about as it passes through the endless, winding channels in the ground, it loses its salinity, and, purged of its bitterness in such a variety of ground as it passes through, it eventually changes into pure, fresh water. 2. Sluggish air converted into water within the earth by the forces of darkness and cold. Just as a change in atmospheric density produces rain, a change of density beneath the earth turns air into water. Locked in perpetual darkness, frigidity and inertness, the subterranean forces supply the springs above without pause. We Stoics are satisfied that the earth is interchangeable in its elements. So all this air that she has exhaled in her interior, since it was not taken up by the free atmosphere, condenses and is forthwith converted into moisture. There you have the first cause of the origin of underground water. The air above ground can not long remain sluggish and heavy for it is subject, from time to time, to rarefaction by the sun's heat or expansion by the force of the wind. [A note regarding nomenclature: "Groundwater" and "ground water" are employed with roughlyequal frequency in both technical and popular literature. For internal consistency, we will use the former, except for bibliographic references worded otherwise. "Underground water," on the other hand, is just an adjective and noun, and written accordingly.] 3. Earth converted to water. All elements arise from all: air comes from water, water from air; fire from air, air from fire. So why should not earth be formed from water, and conversely, water from earth? Seneca takes the trouble to refute a standard objection to transmutation. Given the boundless supply of earth, why would water courses and springs ever dry up? His reply is that the course of the water, not its source, is often disturbed by shocks in the earth. DRAFT 1122//66//22001122 Uppddaatteess aatt hhttttpp::////www. .uunnm. .eedduu//~rrhheeggggeenn//UnnddeerrggrroouunnddRi ivveerrss. .hhttml l 27
Page 1 and 2: Underground Rivers from the River S
Page 3 and 4: Regarding Copyright Copyright © 20
Page 5 and 6: Underground Rivers INTRODUCTION Hyd
Page 7 and 8: Underground Rivers CHAPTERS 1 Greek
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology CHAPTE
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Chapter 8 -- Transmuational and Bio
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Chapter 8 -- Transmuational and Bio
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Chapter 9 -- Thermodynamic Engines
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Johann Joachim Becher's theory, put
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Chapter 10 -- Geophysical, Pnuemati
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Weight of the Sea Chapter 10 -- Geo
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Siphoning Chapter 10 -- Geophysical
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Method 2. Water Pump Chapter 10 --
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Chapter 11 -- Straining the Salt De
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Chapter 11 -- Straining the Salt Pl
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Chapter 11 -- Straining the Salt Ch
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Chapter 12 -- Superterranean Metric
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Theory: Chapter 12 -- Superterranea
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Chapter 13 -- Hydrotheology/Theohyd
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Chapter 14 -- Hollow Earth Geophysi
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Case 3: Gravitation plus 17.1 rotat
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Singularities Chapter 15 -- The Mae
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The Tales Chapter 15 -- The Maelstr
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As in the sea between Scylla and Ch
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Unattributed, 1678 Chapter 15 -- Th
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In the sketch to the right, the Mos
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Chapter 15 -- The Maelstrom The etc
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Chapter 15 -- The Maelstrom In Chap
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He intended to say, Chapter 16 -- U
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Chapter 16 -- Underground Rivers in
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Willa Cather (1873-1947) Chapter 16
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books CHAPTER
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books Splash
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books On that
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No Tooth, No Quarter by (1989) by J
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books We've b
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Chapter 19 -- The Stratemeyer Boys
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Chapter 20 -- More Boys Club Serial
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Tanar of Pellucidar (1929) Chapter
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H. Rider Haggard Haggard's sequel t
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Jewels of Gwahlur (1935), a Conan t
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles The
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles ben
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Swa
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Jos
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles She
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles "If
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles "We
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Tom
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles wou
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles The
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles In
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Fre
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Wha
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April 1920 March 1923 May 1927 Chap
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August 1948 February 1950 September
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March 1960 July 1961 October 1975 C
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Chapter 22 -- Boys' Life Boy Scouts
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! CHAPTER 2
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! She calle
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Change th
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! river, Ja
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! In Five G
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Fans weren't at a loss for discussi
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Polly of
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! who has l
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Mary Q. S
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Here's a
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Final Thoughts Chapter 23 -- Girls,
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"The Underground River" Western Her
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Boys Clubs, too, help defeat Commun
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A page from the Flash Gordon # 10 r
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Super Heroes We'll begin with nine
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Batman #48, August-September 1948 B
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Superman #154, March 2000 Chapter 2
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Chapter 25 -- Radio Days and Saturd
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A couple of B-grade Durango Kid Wes
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As humankind nears extinction, a sc
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Chapter 26 -- Subterranean Water Bo
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Fictional underground river rides t
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If we don't want to pour water to C
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William Miller envisioned a contrap
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Contrapositioned topography does no
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Chapter 27 -- Virtualizing the Imag
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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego CHA
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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego Str
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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego Ovi
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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego muc
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I see bright honor sparkle through
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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego Pou
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Arcadian Landscape, undated, but no
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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego Bas
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Art Chapter 29 -- The Underground R
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Destiny Chapter 29 -- The Undergrou
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Chapter 29 -- The Underground River
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Herbert Shore Elizabeth Ward Loughr
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Declan Kiberd Carlo Levi, R. and D.
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Alexander Saxton Andrew Rolle James
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John R. Reed Geoffrey Sanborn Alexa
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Jean Tardieu, The River Underground
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Chapter 30 -- Down to a Sunless Sea
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A few recent Sunless Sea book cover
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"Down-to Sunless Sea," Linda J Ging
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Chapter 31 -- Poems for Subterranea
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Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass (185
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx CHA
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx We
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx We'
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx "A
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We'll begin our book collection wit
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Lawrence Durrell, Down the Styx (19
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Jonathan King, The Styx (2010) Poet
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Underground Rivers - University of New Mexico

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