Underground Rivers - University of New Mexico

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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology As the lore of Charon preceded Lake Acherusia's formation, the ancient ferryman didn't ply the lacustrine surface, but then again, the river flowed long before. What keeps classicists occupied, of course, is connecting the dots. Let us summarize a bit of how this works. From James Henry Skene, "Remarkable Localities on the Coast of Epirus," Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 18, 1848, I had occasion recently to sail into the port of Agio Janni in a small yacht, during a dark night, and blowing hard with violent squalls. In beating into the harbor I was astonished to perceive the sea become suddenly as calm as a mirror, although the wind was increasing, but the calmness lasted only for a moment, and had the appearance as if a few barrels of oil had been emptied over the waves in a particular spot. It was too late that night to make any investigation into the causes of this, but on the next morning I returned with a light breeze in search of the spot, and found a circular space of perfectly smooth water, the diameter of which might be about 40 feet; and it appeared to be raised above the surface of the surrounding sea. The water rose from beneath with such violence as to form a series of small circular waves beyond the ring diverging from the center, which was turbid, and bubbled up like a spring. We steered across it, and found that the cutter's head swerved about as in a whirlpool, which convinced me that it was occasioned by a powerful submarine source, or perhaps the outlet of one of the Katabothra, or subterranean channels, which flow out of the lake of Jannina. Now Pausanias mentions the fact of these phenomena existing on the coast of Argolis, and in Thesprotia, near the place called Chimerium. Skyne now cites the day's authority on all things Greek, Col. William M. Leake. From Leake's Travels in the Morea II (1830), This is a copious source of fresh water rising in the sea, at a quarter of a mile from a narrow beach under the cliffs. The body of fresh water appears to be not less than fifty feet in diameter. The weather being very calm this morning, I perceive that it rises with such force as to form a convex surface, and it disturbs the sea for several hundred feet around. In short, it is evidently the exit of a subterraneous river of some magnitude, and thus corresponds with the Deine of Pausanias [a second century traveler whom we'll encounter in Chapter 3], who remarks in the Arcadics, that the waters of the plain in the Mantinice... flow towards a chasm, and that, after a subterraneous course, they re-appear at the Deine, towards the place in the Argolis called Genethlium; here sweet water rises out of the sea in the same manner as near Cheimerium in Thesprotis. Skene thus concludes, These two phenomena, therefore, strongly resemble each other, and they may well be mentioned by the ancient geographer as being similar. The modern geographer [once more referring to Leake], in his travels in Northern Greece, says himself that if the remark of Pausanias were verified, he states that fresh water, similar to that of the Deine on the coast of Argolis, rose in the sea near Chimerium..., there would remain no doubt on the subject. Scholar cites earlier scholar who in turn cites ancient scholar. Parallels between Greek myth, ancient travelers and personal observation put Skene's doubt to rest and voila! -- the ancient Acheron -- the above-ground part, that is -- is reconciled with modernity. What interests us more than which ancient swamp is what current river, however, is the nature of the supposed underground watercourse popping up in the diminished bay. Were this the case, there would two Rivers Acheron, one subtending the other. DRAFT 1122//66//22001122 Uppddaatteess aatt hhttttpp::////www. .uunnm. .eedduu//~rrhheeggggeenn//UnnddeerrggrroouunnddRi ivveerrss. .hhttml l 10
Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology At the risk of dampening historic sleuthing, we must note that actual geo-science -- the kind that employs thermometers and such -- knows of no such sub-oceanic upwelling. Yachters need not fear a "convex surface" off the sunbather-spread white sands. Pausanias appears to have swayed the colonel with an honored yarn and the latter likewise planted a seed in Skene's expectations. Seek, and ye shall find, as it says in the Bible. As the chapters ahead will attest, underground rivers seem to thus be identified. Leake would have planted (or re-planted, as it were) many such literary predispositions, as his Travels in Northern Greece (1835) contains no less than 60 references to the "subterraneous." As for correspondence to legendary sites, the map below shows modern Lake Pheneus as the grain-shaped water body near the center, said to be the excavation of Hercules. Ladon Styx Lake Pheneus DRAFT 1122//66//22001122 Asopus Inachus Uppddaatteess aatt hhttttpp::////www. .uunnm. .eedduu//~rrhheeggggeenn//UnnddeerrggrroouunnddRi ivveerrss. .hhttml l 11
Page 1 and 2: Underground Rivers from the River S
Page 3 and 4: Regarding Copyright Copyright © 20
Page 5 and 6: Underground Rivers INTRODUCTION Hyd
Page 7 and 8: Underground Rivers CHAPTERS 1 Greek
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology CHAPTE
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology Oceanu
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Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists C
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Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists B
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists I
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Page 43 and 44: Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists A
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4 -- The Cross Topographia
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Page 53 and 54: Chapter 5 -- The Crescent CHAPTER 5
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Page 57 and 58: Chapter 5 -- The Crescent The Extra
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 6 -- And Back to the Cross
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Chapter 7 -- The Concept of Circula
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Chapter 8 -- Transmuational and Bio
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Terrestrial Arteries Chapter 8 -- T
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Chapter 9 -- Thermodynamic Engines
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Johann Joachim Becher's theory, put
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Chapter 10 -- Geophysical, Pnuemati
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Weight of the Sea Chapter 10 -- Geo
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Siphoning Chapter 10 -- Geophysical
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Method 2. Water Pump Chapter 10 --
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Chapter 11 -- Straining the Salt De
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Chapter 11 -- Straining the Salt Pl
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Chapter 11 -- Straining the Salt Ch
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Chapter 12 -- Superterranean Metric
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Theory: Chapter 12 -- Superterranea
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Chapter 13 -- Hydrotheology/Theohyd
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Chapter 14 -- Hollow Earth Geophysi
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Case 3: Gravitation plus 17.1 rotat
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Singularities Chapter 15 -- The Mae
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The Tales Chapter 15 -- The Maelstr
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As in the sea between Scylla and Ch
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Unattributed, 1678 Chapter 15 -- Th
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In the sketch to the right, the Mos
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Chapter 15 -- The Maelstrom The etc
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Chapter 15 -- The Maelstrom In Chap
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He intended to say, Chapter 16 -- U
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Chapter 16 -- Underground Rivers in
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Willa Cather (1873-1947) Chapter 16
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books CHAPTER
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books Splash
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books On that
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No Tooth, No Quarter by (1989) by J
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books We've b
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Chapter 19 -- The Stratemeyer Boys
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Chapter 20 -- More Boys Club Serial
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Tanar of Pellucidar (1929) Chapter
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H. Rider Haggard Haggard's sequel t
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Jewels of Gwahlur (1935), a Conan t
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles The
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles ben
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Swa
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Jos
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles She
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles "If
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles "We
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Tom
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles wou
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles The
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles In
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Fre
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Wha
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April 1920 March 1923 May 1927 Chap
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August 1948 February 1950 September
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March 1960 July 1961 October 1975 C
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Chapter 22 -- Boys' Life Boy Scouts
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! CHAPTER 2
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! She calle
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Change th
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! river, Ja
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! In Five G
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Fans weren't at a loss for discussi
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Polly of
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! who has l
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Mary Q. S
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Here's a
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Final Thoughts Chapter 23 -- Girls,
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"The Underground River" Western Her
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Boys Clubs, too, help defeat Commun
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A page from the Flash Gordon # 10 r
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Super Heroes We'll begin with nine
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Batman #48, August-September 1948 B
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Superman #154, March 2000 Chapter 2
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Chapter 25 -- Radio Days and Saturd
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A couple of B-grade Durango Kid Wes
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As humankind nears extinction, a sc
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Chapter 26 -- Subterranean Water Bo
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Fictional underground river rides t
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If we don't want to pour water to C
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William Miller envisioned a contrap
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Contrapositioned topography does no
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Chapter 27 -- Virtualizing the Imag
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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego CHA
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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego Str
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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego Ovi
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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego muc
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I see bright honor sparkle through
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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego Pou
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Arcadian Landscape, undated, but no
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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego Bas
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Art Chapter 29 -- The Underground R
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Destiny Chapter 29 -- The Undergrou
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Chapter 29 -- The Underground River
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Herbert Shore Elizabeth Ward Loughr
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Declan Kiberd Carlo Levi, R. and D.
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Alexander Saxton Andrew Rolle James
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John R. Reed Geoffrey Sanborn Alexa
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Jean Tardieu, The River Underground
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Chapter 30 -- Down to a Sunless Sea
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A few recent Sunless Sea book cover
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"Down-to Sunless Sea," Linda J Ging
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Chapter 31 -- Poems for Subterranea
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Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass (185
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx CHA
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx We
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx We'
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx "A
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We'll begin our book collection wit
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Lawrence Durrell, Down the Styx (19
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Jonathan King, The Styx (2010) Poet
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Underground Rivers - University of New Mexico

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