Underground Rivers - University of New Mexico

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Chapter 10 -- Geophysical, Pnuematic and Electromagnetic Engines Method 4. Reciprocating Pump Another, and very different, electomagnetic pump concept employs two rotating magnets in an annular channel, simultaneous energized with opposing polarity by of a pair of solenoids. One magnet works as a pump while the other is between the inlet and the outlet ports, acting as a valve. With each cycle, the magnets reverse their function. Tests have yielded a flow rate of 13.7 milliliters/minute at 200 rpm at a pressure of 785 Pascals, something less than 1 percent of atmospheric pressure. This pump is thus just a mechanical pump in which magnetic switches control the component function. Method 1 can work, but not for water. Method 2 does not work. Method 3 can work, but not at hydrologic scale. Method 4 is a novel rotational pump utilizing electrical, rather than mechanical, switches. While the concept of an electromagnetic engine for subterranean streamflow resonates with some aspects of modern geoscience and technology, it's a proposition that again and again fails upon further consideration. In 1940, M. King Hubbert's The Theory of Ground Water Motion demonstrated that Darcy’s equation for groundwater (Chapter 43) is analogous to Ohm’s law for electric current. By no means, however, does this imply that subsurface water is driven by electricity, but rather that the mathematical form of the underlying equations are the same. Because things act the same is not to say that they are the same. We'll turn to literary fiction in chapters ahead, but the setting of John Mastin's The Immortal Light, a Scientific Romance (1907), an underground world in which electrical charge is the driver of nature, provides a fitting departure for our consideration of electromagnetism as a hydrologic energizer. DRAFT 1122//66//22001122 Uppddaatteess aatt hhttttpp::////www. .uunnm. .eedduu//~rrhheeggggeenn//UnnddeerrggrroouunnddRi ivveerrss. .hhttml l 110
Chapter 10 -- Geophysical, Pnuematic and Electromagnetic Engines The air seemed to come along with several swiftlyflowing underground streams which roared and swelled in cataracts of foam... All this part was palisaded round, and well for us it was so protected, as the effect of the seething mass of foam-covered water had a curious, hypnotic effect on us, as it ran eddying in countless circles, all running to the outlet. Some distance farther on it was even more inviting, for the cotton wool became detached into little pillows which twisted and twirled in a most fascinating manner. These passed on so slowly that we could easily keep pace with them as we walked along the bank, and then, suddenly they shot like lightning over the mass of smooth, oily- looking water, and in a second, were split up again into a dust of foam. Underground river map Our intrepid explorers, not evolved for their battery-like environment, must be wary of becoming short circuits. "How do you account for the fact that this water is not magnetic?" asked Belt, after putting in his hands and feeling no shock. "Water is such an excellent conductor that it should carry the current from the other side of the wall. See, it flows from the inside." "So it would," replied Norris, "if it came here through an archway, or grating j but it seems to soak through the wall like water through carbon in a filter, thus the wall perhaps also insulates the water and makes it safe." This seemed to be the only explanation possible. Conclusion This and the previous two chapters suggest a myriad of engines thought possible to elevate subterranean rivers. Da Vinci hypothesized many such mechanisms, Kircher provided striking graphics and any number of early scientists proposed theoretical bases for such hydrologic pathways. As we will pursue in chapters to come, such speculation even today enlivens popular fantasy. DRAFT 1122//66//22001122 Uppddaatteess aatt hhttttpp::////www. .uunnm. .eedduu//~rrhheeggggeenn//UnnddeerrggrroouunnddRi ivveerrss. .hhttml l 111
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Underground Rivers from the River S
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Regarding Copyright Copyright © 20
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Underground Rivers INTRODUCTION Hyd
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Underground Rivers CHAPTERS 1 Greek
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology CHAPTE
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology Oceanu
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology Recall
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology In his
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology DRAFT
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology At the
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology What p
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Chapter 2 -- Greek Philosophers Tha
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Chapter 2 -- Greek Philosophers Ana
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Chapter 2 -- Greek Philosophers tha
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Chapter 2 -- Greek Philosophers Ari
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists C
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists S
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists B
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists I
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists I
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists R
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists A
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Chapter 4 -- The Cross Topographia
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Chapter 4 -- The Cross After the He
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Chapter 4 -- The Cross small portio
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Chapter 4 -- The Cross As Etymologi
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Chapter 5 -- The Crescent CHAPTER 5
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822 . Ninth and tenth centuries 981
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Chapter 5 -- The Crescent The Extra
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Chapter 6 -- And Back to the Cross
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Unattributed, 1678 Chapter 15 -- Th
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In the sketch to the right, the Mos
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Chapter 15 -- The Maelstrom The etc
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Chapter 15 -- The Maelstrom In Chap
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He intended to say, Chapter 16 -- U
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Chapter 16 -- Underground Rivers in
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Willa Cather (1873-1947) Chapter 16
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books CHAPTER
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books Splash
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books On that
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No Tooth, No Quarter by (1989) by J
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books We've b
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Chapter 19 -- The Stratemeyer Boys
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Chapter 20 -- More Boys Club Serial
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Tanar of Pellucidar (1929) Chapter
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H. Rider Haggard Haggard's sequel t
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Jewels of Gwahlur (1935), a Conan t
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles The
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles ben
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Swa
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Jos
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles She
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles "If
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles "We
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Tom
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles wou
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles The
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles In
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Wha
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April 1920 March 1923 May 1927 Chap
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August 1948 February 1950 September
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March 1960 July 1961 October 1975 C
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Chapter 22 -- Boys' Life Boy Scouts
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! CHAPTER 2
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! She calle
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Change th
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! river, Ja
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! In Five G
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Fans weren't at a loss for discussi
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Polly of
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! who has l
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Mary Q. S
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Here's a
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Final Thoughts Chapter 23 -- Girls,
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"The Underground River" Western Her
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Boys Clubs, too, help defeat Commun
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A page from the Flash Gordon # 10 r
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Super Heroes We'll begin with nine
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Batman #48, August-September 1948 B
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Superman #154, March 2000 Chapter 2
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Chapter 25 -- Radio Days and Saturd
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A couple of B-grade Durango Kid Wes
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As humankind nears extinction, a sc
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Chapter 26 -- Subterranean Water Bo
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Fictional underground river rides t
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If we don't want to pour water to C
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William Miller envisioned a contrap
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Contrapositioned topography does no
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Chapter 27 -- Virtualizing the Imag
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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego CHA
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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego Str
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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego Ovi
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I see bright honor sparkle through
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Arcadian Landscape, undated, but no
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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego Bas
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Art Chapter 29 -- The Underground R
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Destiny Chapter 29 -- The Undergrou
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Chapter 29 -- The Underground River
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Herbert Shore Elizabeth Ward Loughr
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Declan Kiberd Carlo Levi, R. and D.
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Alexander Saxton Andrew Rolle James
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John R. Reed Geoffrey Sanborn Alexa
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Jean Tardieu, The River Underground
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Chapter 30 -- Down to a Sunless Sea
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A few recent Sunless Sea book cover
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"Down-to Sunless Sea," Linda J Ging
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Chapter 31 -- Poems for Subterranea
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Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass (185
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx CHA
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx We
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx We'
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx "A
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We'll begin our book collection wit
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Lawrence Durrell, Down the Styx (19
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Jonathan King, The Styx (2010) Poet
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