Underground Rivers - University of New Mexico

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Chapter 10 -- Geophysical, Pnuematic and Electromagnetic Engines The first physically-based theory of the separation of sea and land was a marvelous exercise of human intellect. Jean Buridan (1295-1358) was a disciple of William of Ockham, remembered for the principle of ontological parsimony, Ockham’s Razor. Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem. When competing explanations seem equally plausible, the simpler is more likely to be correct. In Compendium totius Logicae, Buridan proposed that the earth is asymmetric, such that land occupies most of one hemisphere and oceans occupy primarily the other (plausible, given the geographic knowledge of the day). The geocentric requirement of his times -- that the earth lies at the center of the universe -- posed a problem, however, as sediment accumulation at the bottom of the sea would shift the earth’s center of mass. To remain universally centered, the earth must thus shift as a whole towards the land hemisphere, raising it out of the water and thus rebuilding the mountains. Albert of Saxony (1316-1390), primarily a logician (as opposed to a natural philosopher) extended the offset-spheres model. Appealing to the authority of his “revered masters from the Faculty of Arts at Paris,” his Quaestiones in Aristotelis Libros de Caelo et Mundo explained earthquakes, tidal phenomena, and geology in terms of an “asymmetry preordained by God since eternity for the good of animals and plants.” Da Vinci's off-center geosphere didn't require God's ordination. The figure below, a labeled version of the sketch he used to illustrate the idea, shows why the sea remains offshore, and why the pipe is downhill from ocean to mountain slope. Continent Land Surface Sea Level Center of Terrestrial Globe Downhill Pipe to Center of Sphere of Water Mountaintop Sea Floor Ocean Surface Sea Perhaps you will say that water can only rise the same distance as it descends; and that the surface of the sea is higher than the summits of the highest mountains. The answer to this is that the exact opposite is the case, for the lowest part visible to the sky is the surface of the sea, since water does not move of itself unless to descend, and so descends when it moves; as therefore the rivers which stretch from the summits of the mountains to the sea are everywhere in movement they are therefore everywhere descending, and when they come to the sea they stop and end their movement; for which reason one must conclude that they arc stationary in the lowest reaches of the river. In another twist of the higher-than argument, da Vinci argued, The Mediterranean Sea, a vast river placed between Africa, Asia, and Europe, gathers within itself about three hundred principal rivers, and in addition to that it receives the rains which fall upon it over a space of three thousand miles. It returns to the mighty ocean its own waters and those that it has received; but doubtless it returns less to the sea than what it receives; for from it descend many springs which flow through the bowels of the earth and vivify this terrestrial machine. This is so because the surface of this Mediterranean is farther from the centre of the world than the surface of this ocean. It would take the simplicity of Newtonian physics to explain that even if the earth were asymmetrical (which to some degree it is), there's only one downhill direction. DRAFT 1122//66//22001122 Uppddaatteess aatt hhttttpp::////www. .uunnm. .eedduu//~rrhheeggggeenn//UnnddeerrggrroouunnddRi ivveerrss. .hhttml l 92
Weight of the Sea Chapter 10 -- Geophysical, Pnuematic and Electromagnetic Engines Springs Ocean Perhaps the sea's very weight propels underground rivers. Heraclitus, a Greek we met in Chapter 2, was onto the concept, but again we'll jump to da Vinci. Da Vinci's two illustrations of hydrostatic pressure are shown below. The sketch on the left, clearly representing underground channels, is fundamentally incorrect, as the parabolic outflow trajectories are independent of elevation. The right-hand sketch, however, catches the distinction. The red overlay shows what hydrostatic theory predicts. Aristotelian humanist Julius Caesar Scaliger's (1484-1558) posthumous Commentaries on Theophrastus' de Causis Plantarum (1566) argued that springs result from the infiltration of sea water into the earth under the pressure of the oceans. Daniel Sennert (1572-1637), Célèbre Professeur de Médecine à Wittenberg proposed in Epitome Naturalis Scientiae (1651) that aided by tides, the weight of the ocean could push water to the mountain tops. DRAFT 1122//66//22001122 Uppddaatteess aatt hhttttpp::////www. .uunnm. .eedduu//~rrhheeggggeenn//UnnddeerrggrroouunnddRi ivveerrss. .hhttml l 93
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Underground Rivers from the River S
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Regarding Copyright Copyright © 20
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Underground Rivers INTRODUCTION Hyd
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Underground Rivers CHAPTERS 1 Greek
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology CHAPTE
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology Oceanu
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology Recall
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology In his
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology DRAFT
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology At the
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Chapter 1 -- Greek Mythology What p
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Chapter 2 -- Greek Philosophers Tha
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Chapter 2 -- Greek Philosophers Ana
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Chapter 2 -- Greek Philosophers tha
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Chapter 2 -- Greek Philosophers Ari
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists C
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists S
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists B
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists I
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists I
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists R
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Chapter 3 -- Roman Encyclopedists A
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Chapter 4 -- The Cross Topographia
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Chapter 4 -- The Cross After the He
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Chapter 14 -- Hollow Earth Geophysi
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Case 3: Gravitation plus 17.1 rotat
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Singularities Chapter 15 -- The Mae
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The Tales Chapter 15 -- The Maelstr
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As in the sea between Scylla and Ch
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Unattributed, 1678 Chapter 15 -- Th
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In the sketch to the right, the Mos
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Chapter 15 -- The Maelstrom The etc
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Chapter 15 -- The Maelstrom In Chap
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He intended to say, Chapter 16 -- U
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Chapter 16 -- Underground Rivers in
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Willa Cather (1873-1947) Chapter 16
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books CHAPTER
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books Splash
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books On that
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No Tooth, No Quarter by (1989) by J
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Chapter 18 -- Picture Books We've b
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Chapter 19 -- The Stratemeyer Boys
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Chapter 20 -- More Boys Club Serial
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Tanar of Pellucidar (1929) Chapter
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H. Rider Haggard Haggard's sequel t
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Jewels of Gwahlur (1935), a Conan t
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles The
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles ben
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Swa
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Jos
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles She
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles "If
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles "We
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles Tom
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles wou
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles The
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Chapter 21 -- Boys Club Singles In
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April 1920 March 1923 May 1927 Chap
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August 1948 February 1950 September
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March 1960 July 1961 October 1975 C
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Chapter 22 -- Boys' Life Boy Scouts
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! CHAPTER 2
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! She calle
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Change th
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! river, Ja
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! In Five G
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Fans weren't at a loss for discussi
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Polly of
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! who has l
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Mary Q. S
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Chapter 23 -- Girls, Too! Here's a
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Final Thoughts Chapter 23 -- Girls,
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"The Underground River" Western Her
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Boys Clubs, too, help defeat Commun
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A page from the Flash Gordon # 10 r
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Super Heroes We'll begin with nine
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Batman #48, August-September 1948 B
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Superman #154, March 2000 Chapter 2
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Chapter 25 -- Radio Days and Saturd
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A couple of B-grade Durango Kid Wes
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As humankind nears extinction, a sc
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Chapter 26 -- Subterranean Water Bo
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Fictional underground river rides t
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If we don't want to pour water to C
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William Miller envisioned a contrap
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Contrapositioned topography does no
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Chapter 27 -- Virtualizing the Imag
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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego CHA
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I see bright honor sparkle through
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Arcadian Landscape, undated, but no
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Chapter 28 -- Et In Arcadia Ego Bas
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Art Chapter 29 -- The Underground R
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Destiny Chapter 29 -- The Undergrou
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Chapter 29 -- The Underground River
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Herbert Shore Elizabeth Ward Loughr
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Declan Kiberd Carlo Levi, R. and D.
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Alexander Saxton Andrew Rolle James
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John R. Reed Geoffrey Sanborn Alexa
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Jean Tardieu, The River Underground
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Chapter 30 -- Down to a Sunless Sea
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A few recent Sunless Sea book cover
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"Down-to Sunless Sea," Linda J Ging
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Chapter 31 -- Poems for Subterranea
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Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass (185
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx CHA
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx We
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx We'
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Chapter 32 -- To Cross the Styx "A
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We'll begin our book collection wit
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Lawrence Durrell, Down the Styx (19
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Jonathan King, The Styx (2010) Poet
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Underground Rivers - University of New Mexico

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