Selected Papers from the Fourteenth International ... - STIBA Malang

Verb types and word order 59
great anger to Eugenia his own daughter, ‘…’ Then said Eugenia that …
“Then the day came that the judge had set, and the cruel tortures were prepared,
and the innocent Christians were brought before the judge … Then Philip said,
with great anger, to Eugenia, his own daughter, ‘…’ Then Eugenia said that …”
(ÆLS 36: 195)
As regards þonne, it is in XVS clauses primarily used as the second correlative
in gif … þonne “if … then” constructions, or þonne … þonne “when … then”
constructions. In my corpus I have analyzed the initial adverbial subclause as a
left-dislocated element. Quirk et al. describe left-dislocation, or reinforcement,
as follows:
[A] reinforcing or recapitulatory pronoun is sometimes inserted within a clause
where it stands ‘proxy’ for an initial noun phrase … [I]n each case a complete
noun phrase is disjoined from the grammar of the sentence, its role […] being
grammatically performed by subsequent pronouns. (1985: 1416 –1417)
Quirk et al. relate left-dislocation primarily to noun phrases, but they also state that
“some conjuncts can correlate with the subordinator of a preceding clause to reinforce
the logical relationship between the parts of a sentence … [A] similar logical
relationship is effected both by the subordinator and the conjunct” (1985: 644). Thus,
the idea of reinforcement is used for correlative constructions, too. In my analysis
of OE sentences, I therefore extended the definition of dislocation to include the
adverbial subclauses in correlative constructions as well. Thus, the word order of
(10) is XVS, with þonne in the X position:
(10) [Gif þu nu witan wilt hwonan hi cumað,] þonne meaht þu ongietan þæt hi cumað
of woruldgidsunga
[If you now know will whence they come,] then may you observe that they
come of covetousness
“[If you wish to know whence they come,] then you may observe that they
come of covetousness” (Bo 15: 7)
The reasons why in OE we find a greater proportion of verbs with complement
in the non-coordinate clause category than in the coordinate clause category may
thus be outlined as follows: non-coordinate clauses are more context independent
than coordinate clauses. In non-coordinate clauses with the word order
XVS, the initial X element is very often þa or þonne. þa is a sequential marker
of action, which means that in the clause there is an agent that carries out an
action, and this action will often affect another participant, or, with a verb of saying,
thinking, feeling, etc., the object may be clausal. Hence, the purpose of such
clauses is not primarily to relate the action to the previous clause, but to signal a
new turn of events. þonne is often used in the X position of XVS clauses with a
left-dislocated adverbial subclause, which means that the þonne clause will have