Selected Papers from the Fourteenth International ... - STIBA Malang

190 Amanda Pounder
The type is attested in texts at least as far back as the fifteenth century, into Early
Modern English, and well into the eighteenth century; examples follow in (19),
arranged in chronological order.
(19) a. Therfor the seyd Mair and Aldirmen, considering how such worthy persones
as the same knyght is, thurgh such falsnes in tyme comyng myght lightly and
causeles renne in sclaundre … (Keteringham 1418)
b. … and then cam rydyng maister Clarensshuws with ys target, with ys garter,
and ys sword, gorgyusly and ryche, … (Machyn 7/26/15–)
c. When you angle for Chevin, Roach, or Dace, with the fly, you must not
move your fly swiftly; when you see the fish coming towards it……draw the
fly slowly, and not directly upon him, … for, should you move it nimbly and
quick, they will not, being fish of slow motion, follow as the Trout will.
(Venables 1662)
d. Excesse in Apparell & chargeable dresses are got into the country, especially
among woemen: men go decently & playne enough. (Browne 8/22/1680)
e. Everything was done decently, handsome and well (Woodforde, 1771)
In some of these examples, such as (19c), we see zero adverbs, e.g., QUICK, that
are more frequent than many others. However, ly-adverbs were also available and
are likewise attested, so while these zero adverbs are perhaps more likely than
others to be chosen in any context, there is still a choice being made here. The
motivation for choosing a zero adverb in the final conjunct is likely the same as in
the preceding type (Section 2.2); moreover, the adverbial category is clearly established
in the first conjunct, and the zero adverb is actually less ambiguous for that
reason than when it appears in the first conjunct, as we saw above.
.4 X and Y
The structural type X and Y would be expected to be characteristic of texts closer
to the oral mode; it is relatively frequent in Woodforde, and appears with the verbs
mentioned in Section 2 as likely partners for zero adverbs, such as BEHAVE. The
type is illustrated in (20); (20c) shows that ly-adverbs may modify BEHAVE also.
(20) a. his Lordship behaved exceedingly handsome and free (Woodforde 1774)
b. The Professor Dr. Bentham behaved very polite and exceedingly civil
to us indeed. (Woodforde 1775)
c. They behaved very respectively towards me. (Woodforde 1768)
We will not consider this type further in this paper.
In this section, we have seen that, given two coordinated adverbs or adverb
phrases, every possible combination of formation type is actually attested in Early
Modern and Late Modern English written texts. There is one very strong majority
type, X-ly and Y-ly, and the three minority patterns occur very rarely in text