Selected Papers from the Fourteenth International ... - STIBA Malang
Selected Papers from the Fourteenth International ... - STIBA Malang
Selected Papers from the Fourteenth International ... - STIBA Malang
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186 Amanda Pounder<br />
(7) shows <strong>the</strong> zero adverb as a modifier of an adverb; this is <strong>the</strong> context in which<br />
eighteenth- and nineteenth-century grammarians urge <strong>the</strong> avoidance of two lyadverbs<br />
in sequence (e.g., Sedger 1798: 71; Lennie 1815 3 : 76), as here <strong>the</strong> potential<br />
hugely nobly, remarking on <strong>the</strong> negative aes<strong>the</strong>tics of <strong>the</strong> repeated affix:<br />
(7) … <strong>the</strong> Captain would by all means have me up to his cabin; and <strong>the</strong>re treated me<br />
huge nobly, giving me a barrel of pickled oysters (Pepys diary 4/21–22/1660)<br />
In (8), on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, <strong>the</strong> sequence of two ly-adverbs, as in shockingly badly, is<br />
avoided in <strong>the</strong> choosing of a zero adverb for <strong>the</strong> second one.<br />
(8) … he came and drew my tooth, but shockingly bad indeed, he broke away a great<br />
piece of my gum (Woodforde 1775)<br />
Finally, we find <strong>the</strong> zero adverb in coordinate constructions, where two adverbs or<br />
adverb phrases are conjoined. The various possibilities are shown in (9).<br />
(9) a. And I confess it is very highly and basely done of him.<br />
(Pepys diary Vol III: 249, 11/4/1662)<br />
b. … and I fell to writing of it very neatly, and it was very handsome and<br />
concisely done. 2 (Pepys diary Vol. III: 138, 7/16/1662)<br />
c. … that <strong>the</strong>y behave <strong>the</strong>mselves dutifully and obedient (J. Evelyn 1704)<br />
d. … talked exceedingly civil and obliging (Woodforde 1777)<br />
In (9a), we see <strong>the</strong> coordinate structure which at all times throughout Early Modern<br />
English, Late Modern English, and Present-day English is by far <strong>the</strong> best represented,<br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs all being very rarely encountered: two ly-suffixed adverbs, which<br />
we may generalize as <strong>the</strong> type X-ly and Y-ly. 3 (9b) shows, by <strong>the</strong> same writer,<br />
what appears to be <strong>the</strong> next most frequently-occurring pattern, 4 namely one in<br />
which <strong>the</strong> adverb in <strong>the</strong> first conjunct is <strong>the</strong> product of a conversion process, while<br />
<strong>the</strong> adverb in <strong>the</strong> second conjunct is <strong>the</strong> product of ly-suffixation, <strong>the</strong> type here<br />
2. It is conceivable, though in my opinion unlikely, based on <strong>the</strong> context, that <strong>the</strong> diarist intended<br />
[it is handsome] and [it is concisely done]. I have endeavoured in this paper to select<br />
examples in which ambiguity of this sort is minimal.<br />
. Note that AND stands for any conjunction, in principle; most examples here in fact use and,<br />
but but and or also occur.<br />
4. No attempt to calculate statistical frequencies was made in this investigation. Ly-adverbs<br />
so vastly outnumber zero adverbs in coordination contexts as to make statistical comparison<br />
meaningless; most writers do not use zero adverbs at all in this context, and if <strong>the</strong>y do use<br />
<strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong> frequency will still be extremely low. Given <strong>the</strong> rarity of zero adverbs in coordination<br />
contexts, it is not meaningful to use statistics to compare <strong>the</strong> minority patterns. I have found no<br />
example where one writer uses more than one minority pattern in a given type. Therefore, references<br />
to frequency in this paper are impressionistic. It is to be hoped that more attestations will<br />
be found, so that a meaningful statistical description can be made.