Selected Papers from the Fourteenth International ... - STIBA Malang
Selected Papers from the Fourteenth International ... - STIBA Malang
Selected Papers from the Fourteenth International ... - STIBA Malang
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174 Bettelou Los<br />
verbs (e.g., groups (i) and (vi) listed in (19). In (35) and (36) we have EModE<br />
examples of denominal verbs and in (37) an example of a deadjectival verb:<br />
(35) Goe, sayes hee; trusse up your trinkets and be gone. The cooke, seeing no remedy,<br />
departed. (Helsinki Corpus: Robert Armin, A nest of Ninnies, p. 14, 1608)<br />
(36) There was in <strong>the</strong> time of Will Sommers ano<strong>the</strong>r artificiall foole, or jester, in<br />
<strong>the</strong> court, whose subtiltie heapt up wealth by gifts giuen him, for which Will<br />
Sommers could neuer abide him<br />
(Helsinki Corpus: Richard Madox’s diary, p. 47, 1582)<br />
(37) At 12 <strong>the</strong> east wynd began to fresh up which caused us to way upon <strong>the</strong> eb,<br />
but before we wer passed a lege yt faynted and we wer fayn to cast Anchor.<br />
(Helsinki Corpus: Richard Madox’s diary, p. 135, 1582)<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r examples of such verbs appearing in combination with <strong>the</strong> particle up in <strong>the</strong><br />
EModE part of <strong>the</strong> Helsinki Corpus were:<br />
(38) clitch up, clap up, sprout up, reckon up, block up, treasure up, burble up, nuzzle<br />
up (‘indulged’), prune up, knit up (‘joined toge<strong>the</strong>r in friendship’), mould up,<br />
dry up, rip up (‘?think up’), dress up, work up, seal up, pluck up, clamber up.<br />
Chronologically, <strong>the</strong>n, <strong>the</strong>re is a difference between <strong>the</strong> appearance of sets (vi) of<br />
<strong>the</strong> list in (19) (‘light’ verbs like <strong>the</strong> transitives set, turn, make, let etc.) and unaccusatives<br />
that can be described as ‘core’ motion verbs like rise, come, go etc. and <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r sets. Set (vi) has appeared in particle-verb combinations since OE. The o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
sets, (i)–(v) – most notably manner of motion verbs like clamber, trip, wander,<br />
unergatives like work, sing, laugh, play, and denominal/deadjectival verbs – are<br />
very rarely found in OE in a particle verb combination, if at all, and <strong>the</strong>y are <strong>the</strong><br />
ones that exhibit <strong>the</strong> predicate quirks to <strong>the</strong> greatest advantage: unselected objects,<br />
verbs that are only attested in <strong>the</strong> particle-verb combination but have no independent<br />
existence, denominal and deadjectival verbs, idiomatic combinations. I<br />
have split <strong>the</strong>se verbs up into 2 groups: Category 1 comprises set (vi), <strong>the</strong> set that<br />
has been attested with particles <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> earliest period, whereas Category 2 comprises<br />
sets (i–v) that only start to appear robustly with particles in EModE. If we<br />
look at occurrences with <strong>the</strong> particle up in <strong>the</strong> EModE part of <strong>the</strong> Helsinki Corpus,<br />
we find both categories well represented in all three periods, although <strong>the</strong> share of<br />
Category 2 verbs goes up slightly (29.6% of <strong>the</strong> total in E1, 30% in E2 and 32.3%<br />
in E3). There is an increase in <strong>the</strong> overall numbers, too (Figure 1).<br />
The denominal and deadjectival verbs of Category 2 were found in travel writings,<br />
diaries, plays, autobiographies and in one text on education, which seems to<br />
indicate that <strong>the</strong>y are more prominent in informal genres; <strong>the</strong> size of <strong>the</strong> corpora<br />
are too small, however, to say anything definite. Biber et al. (1999: 407–413) focus<br />
primarily on <strong>the</strong> verbs and particles that have <strong>the</strong> highest frequencies, and