Selected Papers from the Fourteenth International ... - STIBA Malang

Particles as grammaticalized complex predicates 16
but show idiosyncracies of various kinds (see Riehemann 1998 for German
bar-derivation). Particles could be described as free derivational morphemes.
Particles, then, show evidence in Modern English both of being phrasal (as in
(9)) and of being heads (as in (10)). They are fascinating as a field of study precisely
because they seem to straddle the no-man’s land between syntax and morphology:
separable, but in combination input to word formation processes. A unitary analysis
that generates both orders (1a) and (1b) and still makes intuitive sense is almost
impossible (see Elenbaas 2007 for a proposal, and for discussion).
The ‘particle order’ as in (1b) precludes a predicate analysis along the lines of
(8) as the only option for particle-verbs, but does not preclude a complex predicate
origin of the construction, with the ‘particle syntax’ the result of grammaticalization.
We will discuss the parallels between particles and predicates in the next
sections.
2. Predicate quirks
2. .1 Unselected objects
Lipka (1972: 197–212) lists the various meanings of phrasal verbs with out and up,
of which (11) and (12) represent a selection, and notes that “[s]ince the particle
is omitted for reasons of brevity, it is readily apparent that many collocations
which are possible with the V[erb]P[article]C[ombination] are excluded for the
simplex verb” (1972: 215): the object cannot in many cases be selected by the
verb on its own.
(11) with out: cause + be + / + apparent/
blurt (secret), bring (meaning of a passage/young lady, book), dig (book),
dope (specifications), drag (reason), draw (scarf), ferret (secret), figure
(problem), find (sb/sth – Deleted), fish (coin), flush (dollars/tax evaders),
hunt (old diary, hat), haul (old essay), jerk (fish, pistol), lay (cold meal,
evening clothes), nose (rat, trail/scandal, evidence), point (pictures, the
man/mistake/that …), puzzle (sth), rake (scandal), reckon (how much
we will need), root (truffles/possessions), rout (bottle), scare (partridge),
search (friend/insincerity), seek (sb, place, book, keymen, enemy bombers),
smell (sb, witch/secret, opposition), smoke (intentions), sound (sb),
spell (views), spy (secrets/land), track (development), trot (horse/knowledge,
excuse), whip (knife, wallet), worm (secret). (Lipka 1972: 200)
(12) with up: cause + be + / + apparent/
Call (scenes from childhood), conjure (spirits, visions of the past), cough
(sth), dig (statue), fetch (anecdotes), hunt (old records, references, quotations),
look (fast train), plow (arrowheads/secrets), raise (prophet), rake