Selected Papers from the Fourteenth International ... - STIBA Malang
Selected Papers from the Fourteenth International ... - STIBA Malang
Selected Papers from the Fourteenth International ... - STIBA Malang
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
Particles as grammaticalized complex predicates 16<br />
but show idiosyncracies of various kinds (see Riehemann 1998 for German<br />
bar-derivation). Particles could be described as free derivational morphemes.<br />
Particles, <strong>the</strong>n, show evidence in Modern English both of being phrasal (as in<br />
(9)) and of being heads (as in (10)). They are fascinating as a field of study precisely<br />
because <strong>the</strong>y seem to straddle <strong>the</strong> no-man’s land between syntax and morphology:<br />
separable, but in combination input to word formation processes. A unitary analysis<br />
that generates both orders (1a) and (1b) and still makes intuitive sense is almost<br />
impossible (see Elenbaas 2007 for a proposal, and for discussion).<br />
The ‘particle order’ as in (1b) precludes a predicate analysis along <strong>the</strong> lines of<br />
(8) as <strong>the</strong> only option for particle-verbs, but does not preclude a complex predicate<br />
origin of <strong>the</strong> construction, with <strong>the</strong> ‘particle syntax’ <strong>the</strong> result of grammaticalization.<br />
We will discuss <strong>the</strong> parallels between particles and predicates in <strong>the</strong> next<br />
sections.<br />
2. Predicate quirks<br />
2. .1 Unselected objects<br />
Lipka (1972: 197–212) lists <strong>the</strong> various meanings of phrasal verbs with out and up,<br />
of which (11) and (12) represent a selection, and notes that “[s]ince <strong>the</strong> particle<br />
is omitted for reasons of brevity, it is readily apparent that many collocations<br />
which are possible with <strong>the</strong> V[erb]P[article]C[ombination] are excluded for <strong>the</strong><br />
simplex verb” (1972: 215): <strong>the</strong> object cannot in many cases be selected by <strong>the</strong><br />
verb on its own.<br />
(11) with out: cause + be + / + apparent/<br />
blurt (secret), bring (meaning of a passage/young lady, book), dig (book),<br />
dope (specifications), drag (reason), draw (scarf), ferret (secret), figure<br />
(problem), find (sb/sth – Deleted), fish (coin), flush (dollars/tax evaders),<br />
hunt (old diary, hat), haul (old essay), jerk (fish, pistol), lay (cold meal,<br />
evening clo<strong>the</strong>s), nose (rat, trail/scandal, evidence), point (pictures, <strong>the</strong><br />
man/mistake/that …), puzzle (sth), rake (scandal), reckon (how much<br />
we will need), root (truffles/possessions), rout (bottle), scare (partridge),<br />
search (friend/insincerity), seek (sb, place, book, keymen, enemy bombers),<br />
smell (sb, witch/secret, opposition), smoke (intentions), sound (sb),<br />
spell (views), spy (secrets/land), track (development), trot (horse/knowledge,<br />
excuse), whip (knife, wallet), worm (secret). (Lipka 1972: 200)<br />
(12) with up: cause + be + / + apparent/<br />
Call (scenes <strong>from</strong> childhood), conjure (spirits, visions of <strong>the</strong> past), cough<br />
(sth), dig (statue), fetch (anecdotes), hunt (old records, references, quotations),<br />
look (fast train), plow (arrowheads/secrets), raise (prophet), rake