Selected Papers from the Fourteenth International ... - STIBA Malang
Selected Papers from the Fourteenth International ... - STIBA Malang
Selected Papers from the Fourteenth International ... - STIBA Malang
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(23) * Mary hates <strong>the</strong> students all.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> position of <strong>the</strong> OE quantifier eall and PDE all 119<br />
The students all is derived by adjoining <strong>the</strong> student to <strong>the</strong> QP headed by all. Since<br />
this operation takes place in <strong>the</strong> complement of VP, which is a <strong>the</strong>ta position, it interferes<br />
with <strong>the</strong>ta-role assignment, rendering <strong>the</strong> sentence ungrammatical. Given<br />
this, let us now consider example (11a), repeated here as (24).<br />
(24) Hwæt ða siððan se sigefæsta cempa. þone eard ealne.<br />
<strong>the</strong>reupon <strong>the</strong> victorious champion <strong>the</strong> country all<br />
emlice dælde. betwux twelf mægðum. þæs æðelan mancynnes.<br />
equally divided between twelf tribes of <strong>the</strong> noble race<br />
“Thereupon <strong>the</strong> victorious champion equally divided all <strong>the</strong> country among <strong>the</strong><br />
twelve tribes of <strong>the</strong> noble race” (ÆCHom II 122.409)<br />
In (24) <strong>the</strong> quantified object þone eard ealne “all <strong>the</strong> country” is considered to be<br />
derived through <strong>the</strong> operation illustrated in (21). If this object were in <strong>the</strong> complement<br />
of <strong>the</strong> VP headed by dælde “divided”, as in (23), <strong>the</strong> sentence would be<br />
ungrammatical. However, it should be noted here that in (24) <strong>the</strong> adverb emlice<br />
“equally” intervenes between <strong>the</strong> object þone eard ealne “all <strong>the</strong> country” and <strong>the</strong><br />
verb dælde “divided”. Assuming that this adverb is adjoined to <strong>the</strong> VP, <strong>the</strong> quantified<br />
object may be raised out of <strong>the</strong> VP. The derivation takes place as follows:<br />
(25) a. [ VP emlice [ VP [ QP ealne þone eard ] dælde ]]<br />
b. [ QP ealne þone eard ] [ VP emlice [ VP t dælde]]<br />
c. [ QP [ NP þone eard ] [ QP ealne t ]] [ VP emlice [ VP t dælde ]]<br />
In (25b) <strong>the</strong> quantified object ealne þone eard is raised out of <strong>the</strong> VP headed by dælde,<br />
and <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> NP þone eard is adjoined to <strong>the</strong> QP acyclically within <strong>the</strong> QP in (25c).<br />
In <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r examples with accusative NPs and <strong>the</strong> quantifier, no adverbs intervene<br />
between <strong>the</strong> quantified objects and <strong>the</strong> verbs. These examples provide no<br />
clear evidence that an object exists outside <strong>the</strong> VP. But, if <strong>the</strong> object remains in <strong>the</strong><br />
complement of VP, <strong>the</strong> sentence will be ruled out as a violation of <strong>the</strong> conditions in<br />
(22). This may have resulted in <strong>the</strong> low frequency of <strong>the</strong> ‘full-NP-quantifier’ order<br />
in <strong>the</strong> data. 9<br />
Compared with <strong>the</strong> ‘full-NP-quantifier’ order, <strong>the</strong> ‘pronoun-quantifier’ order<br />
is more frequent, as described in Section 3 (1.5% vs. 80.0%). This can be accounted<br />
9. In order to show what position <strong>the</strong> object occupies in sentences like (11b), however, a more<br />
detailed study will be needed. This is left open for future research.