ANTI-NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENT OF COLOCASIA ESCULENTA ...

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Thus, it was observed that several anti-nutritional factors were present in Amadumbe. Their presence could impair the digestion of starch and protein, which could reduce the nutritional value ofAmadumbe tubers and limit their utilization as food. Colocasia esculenta is an undemtiIized crop in South Africa at present. Despite its importance nutritionally, as well as from the viewpoint of industry and health, Amadumbe has not drawn sufficient attention to encourage development of its potential. However, there has been collaboration among key role players in Assegai Organics, the Ezemvelo Farmers Organisation and the University ofKwazuIu-NataL This has resulted in Woolworths, a reputable supermarket chain, selling Amadumbe products commercially. The possibility of increasing the utilization of Amadumbe lies in developing suitable processing technology to decrease the anti-nutritional levels, securing consumer acceptance, marketable products and achieving economic feasibility. The health-promoting capacity of food is wholly dependent on processing history (Nicoli et al., 1999). Processing methods used in this study decreased most of the anti-nutrients present in the tubers and would therefore increase digesnbility ofthe starch and protein. 77
CHAPTERA-5 CONCLUSION A.5.1 Nutritional and anti-nutritional evaluation The increasedrecognition ofthe health-protecting effects ofnon-nutrient, bio-active food components found in fruits and vegetables has directed immense attention toward vegetables as a vital part ofdaily diet. Colocasia esculenta L. is an important staple food for various populations (Huang et al., 2006). Amadumbe tubers make a significant contribution to the diet ofrural people in Zululand. However, their nutritional value has not been studied adequately. The nutritional value ofany food depends largely on the quality ofingredients used. This is measured in terms ofthe food's capacity to encourage growth and maintain the animals consuming it in good condition. Food content includes both the useful and the harmful components offood Issues relating to food safety are causing more concern than ever: it has to be eusured that no food will be harmful to the consumer when it is processed and/or eaten according to its intended use (FAOIWHO, 1991). The study of the composition offood is not only related to the nutrients in the human diet, but also to the potentially dangerous anti-nutrient elements. Nutritional composition of Colocasia esculenta is similar to that reported for most cultivated taro and cocoyam species in several parts ofthe world. The high moisture and caIbohydrate content and the low amounts of fat and protein are typical of most roots crops (Onayemi and Nwigwe, 1987). The use ofAmadumbe as food material for human consumption could be encouraged. It has been shown that Amadumbe tubers are generally low in mineral content apart from potassium and magnesium. This notwithstanding, if they are consumed together with ingredients high in micro- and macromineral elements, their health value, and hence utilization, would increase. 78
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ANTI-NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENT OF COL
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ABSTRACT Colocasia esculenta 1. Sch
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• My colleagues Kayode, Stranger,
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CHAPTER A-2 : MATERIALS AND METHODS
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CHAPTER 8-1-4 : DISCUSSION Bl-A.l I
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C.3.3 EXPERIMENTAL TEST C.3.3.1 Foo
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MakP Makatini purple MakW Makatini
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Figures C3-9 Figure B-1 The activit
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Table C3-3 TableC3-4 Summary ofseru
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crop. Amadumbe is not extensively c
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section of the study therefore inve
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Figure AI-2: The aboveground portio
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Taro is produced in the Pacific Isl
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A.1.4 Anti-nutrients Foods are comp
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essential amino acids not available
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A.l.4.2 Amylase inhibitors In order
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A.l.4.4 Total polyphenols Polypheno
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A.1.4.7 when the levels are high en
Page 45: A.1.4.8 coordination sides to inhib
Page 49 and 50: However,ifsaponins have a triterpen
Page 51 and 52: A.l.6 nutritional factors naturally
Page 54 and 55: A.2.2.3 A.2.3 A.2.3.1 A.2.3.2 Speci
Page 56 and 57: A.2.3.4.2 A.2.3.4.3 A2.3.4.4 In ano
Page 58: A.2.3.6.3 \.2.3.6.3.1 \.2.3.6.3.2 L
Page 61 and 62: sulphuric acid. Absorbance was meas
Page 63 and 64: Table A3-1a: The moisture and ash c
Page 65 and 66: Table A3-1c Carbohydrate content (g
Page 68 and 69: and 4.13 mg 100 g-l DMin the unproc
Page 77: Table A3-3c: Fatty acids identified
Page 80 and 81: Table AJ-4b: The phenolic compounds
Page 82 and 83: The results of the analysis of alka
Page 84: MtW MtP EW EP MakW MakP Figure A3-3
Page 87 and 88: The crude fat analysis ofZululand C
Page 89 and 90: The relative proportion ofNa, Ca, K
Page 91 and 92: TIA indicated that the trypsin inhi
Page 93 and 94: samples in this study were also hig
Page 95: The cyanogen levels for Amadumbe tu
Page 99 and 100: In conclusion, Section A ofthis stu
Page 101 and 102: Alfaia S., Ribeiro G., Nobre A, Lui
Page 103 and 104: Bhattacharyya A, Rai S. and Babu CR
Page 105 and 106: Chavan U.D., Shahidi F. and Naczk M
Page 107 and 108: De la Cuadra C., Muzquiz M, Burbano
Page 109 and 110: Fatty acids. (2008) CyberlipidCente
Page 111 and 112: Grant G. (1991) Lectins. In: Toxic
Page 113 and 114: HofmanP., Vuthapanich S., Whiley A,
Page 115: Jobnson LT., Gee J.M, Price K.R., C
Page 118 and 119: MagaJA (1978) Simple phenols and ph
Page 120 and 121: Milton K. (2003) Micronutrient inta
Page 122 and 123: Noonan S.C. and Savage G.P. (1999)
Page 124 and 125: Pathirana C, Gibney MJ. and Taylor
Page 126 and 127: Quesada C., Bartolome B., Nieto 0.,
Page 128 and 129: Robertson RN., Highkin H.R., Smydzu
Page 130 and 131: Sheeba R. and Padmaja G. (1997) Mec
Page 132 and 133: Thompson L.U. (1988) Antinutrients
Page 134 and 135: Vijayakumari K, Siddhuraju P. and J
Page 136 and 137: PURIFICATION AND AMYLASE INHIBITOR
Page 138 and 139: calcium metalloenzymes, are complet
Page 140 and 141: Bl.1.2.4 Kunitz-Iike a-amylase inhi
Page 142 and 143: diabetes mellitus or obesity. Octiv
Page 144 and 145: B1.2.3.1 Extraction and purificatio
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BI.3.1 BI.3.2.1 Introduction CHAPTE
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B1.3.2.2 Kinetic studies The inhibi
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Bl.4.1 B1.4.2 Introduction CHAPTER
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Bl.4.3.3 results that amylase inhib
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The chemical structure ofits sapoge
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12.1.2.3 Steroidal saponin The trit
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(the in vitro haemolytic activity)
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82.2.3.2 82.2.3.2.1 B2.2.3.2.2 Air-
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82.2.3.3.4 • ion source temperatu
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Figure 82-3.3: Chromatogram ofsapon
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Gamma- and possibly beta-sitosterol
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whereas beta-sitosterol was. It was
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Cheeke PR. (1971) Nutritional and p
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Franco O.L., Rigden D.L., Melo F.R
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Kokiladevi E., Manickam A and Thayu
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Morton R.L., Schroeder RE., Bateman
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Price K.R, Eagles J. and Fenwick GR
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Ukpabi U.R and Ukpabi J.U. (2003) P
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SECTIONC EFFECTS OF INGESTED BETA-S
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C.1.2.2 and fungal cells contain on
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Beta-sitosterol has been successful
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Digestive enzymes do the all import
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C.2.1 Introduction CHAPTERC-2 MATER
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C.2.2.3.3 C.2.2.4 C.2.2.4.1 C.2.2.4
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C.3.! Introduction CHAPTERC-3 RESUL
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C.3.3.3 Clinical signs The appearan
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C.3.3.5 ALT and AST values were sig
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.. - Figure C3-5: Representative ph
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Figure C3-7: Representative photomi
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C.4.1 Introduction CHAPTERC-4 DISCU
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significantly, decreased after beta
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decreased by sitosterols as a resul
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Bhattacharyya AI
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Dablqvist A (1968) Assay ofintestin
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Ivorra MD., D'OconMP., Paya M and V
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Miettinen TA, Tilvis RS. and Kesani
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Pollak O.I. and Kritchevsky D. (198
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 GENERAL
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2.4 Suggestions for future work Fur
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A.A.3 Enzyme trypsin 10 mg bovine-p
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AppendixB DETAILS OF MEmOOOLOGY BA1
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sugars were estimated from standard
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B.A.l.5.4.5 Liquid Chromatography M
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B.A.2.4 Tannin [Van-Burden and Robi
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The mixture was stirred continuousl
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B.C.l Esterification ofbeta-sitoste
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AppendixC OLEIC ACID STANDARD 230 2
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5 '11I;1 5 2 r - - - • j ,et [:=:
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