ANTI-NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENT OF COLOCASIA ESCULENTA ...

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• My colleagues Kayode, Stranger, Deepo and Nejo - thank you for all the fun we had while struggling through all the experiments. • Ralph, Sphiwe, Forgiveness, Thobi and Nomthi for your contributions to complete this thesis. • Sasha Pay for all the assistance and help with the statistics. • Linda Nienaber for editing this document for me - you were an angel. Ronalda McEwan IV
ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTERl GENERAL INTRODUCTION I SECTION A PROXIMATE ANALYSIS AND SCREENING FOR SOME ANTI-NUTRIENTS IN PROCESSED AND UNPROCESSED COLOCASIA ESCULENTA SUMMARY 3 CHAPTERA-l: LITERATURE REVIEW A 1.1 INTRODUCTION 4 A 1.2 COLOCASIA ESCULENTA (AMADUMBE) 5 A1.3 FATlY ACIDS 10 AI.4 ANTI-NUTRIENTS 11 A. 1.4. I Proteinase Inhibitors (PI) - Trypsin Inhibitor 11 A. 1.4.2 Amylase Inhibitors 15 A. 1.4.3 Lectins 16 A.1.4.4 Totalpolyphenols 17 A. 1.4.5 A1kaloids 20 A. 1.4.6 Oxalate 22 A. 1.4.7 Phytate 23 A 1.4.8 Cyanogens 26 A. 1.4.9 Saponins 29 A1.5 EFFECT OF PROCESSING ON NUTRIENTS AND ANTI-NUTRIENTS 30 AI.6 AIM AND OUTLINE OF SECTION A 32 v
Page 1 and 2: ANTI-NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENT OF COL
Page 3: ABSTRACT Colocasia esculenta 1. Sch
Page 8 and 9: CHAPTER A-2 : MATERIALS AND METHODS
Page 10 and 11: CHAPTER 8-1-4 : DISCUSSION Bl-A.l I
Page 12 and 13: C.3.3 EXPERIMENTAL TEST C.3.3.1 Foo
Page 14: MakP Makatini purple MakW Makatini
Page 17 and 18: Figures C3-9 Figure B-1 The activit
Page 19 and 20: Table C3-3 TableC3-4 Summary ofseru
Page 21 and 22: crop. Amadumbe is not extensively c
Page 24 and 25: section of the study therefore inve
Page 26 and 27: Figure AI-2: The aboveground portio
Page 28 and 29: Taro is produced in the Pacific Isl
Page 30 and 31: A.1.4 Anti-nutrients Foods are comp
Page 32 and 33: essential amino acids not available
Page 34 and 35: A.l.4.2 Amylase inhibitors In order
Page 36: A.l.4.4 Total polyphenols Polypheno
Page 42: A.1.4.7 when the levels are high en
Page 45: A.1.4.8 coordination sides to inhib
Page 49 and 50: However,ifsaponins have a triterpen
Page 51 and 52: A.l.6 nutritional factors naturally
Page 54 and 55: A.2.2.3 A.2.3 A.2.3.1 A.2.3.2 Speci
Page 56 and 57:
A.2.3.4.2 A.2.3.4.3 A2.3.4.4 In ano
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A.2.3.6.3 \.2.3.6.3.1 \.2.3.6.3.2 L
Page 61 and 62:
sulphuric acid. Absorbance was meas
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Table A3-1a: The moisture and ash c
Page 65 and 66:
Table A3-1c Carbohydrate content (g
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and 4.13 mg 100 g-l DMin the unproc
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Table A3-3c: Fatty acids identified
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Table AJ-4b: The phenolic compounds
Page 82 and 83:
The results of the analysis of alka
Page 84:
MtW MtP EW EP MakW MakP Figure A3-3
Page 87 and 88:
The crude fat analysis ofZululand C
Page 89 and 90:
The relative proportion ofNa, Ca, K
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TIA indicated that the trypsin inhi
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samples in this study were also hig
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The cyanogen levels for Amadumbe tu
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CHAPTERA-5 CONCLUSION A.5.1 Nutriti
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In conclusion, Section A ofthis stu
Page 101 and 102:
Alfaia S., Ribeiro G., Nobre A, Lui
Page 103 and 104:
Bhattacharyya A, Rai S. and Babu CR
Page 105 and 106:
Chavan U.D., Shahidi F. and Naczk M
Page 107 and 108:
De la Cuadra C., Muzquiz M, Burbano
Page 109 and 110:
Fatty acids. (2008) CyberlipidCente
Page 111 and 112:
Grant G. (1991) Lectins. In: Toxic
Page 113 and 114:
HofmanP., Vuthapanich S., Whiley A,
Page 115:
Jobnson LT., Gee J.M, Price K.R., C
Page 118 and 119:
MagaJA (1978) Simple phenols and ph
Page 120 and 121:
Milton K. (2003) Micronutrient inta
Page 122 and 123:
Noonan S.C. and Savage G.P. (1999)
Page 124 and 125:
Pathirana C, Gibney MJ. and Taylor
Page 126 and 127:
Quesada C., Bartolome B., Nieto 0.,
Page 128 and 129:
Robertson RN., Highkin H.R., Smydzu
Page 130 and 131:
Sheeba R. and Padmaja G. (1997) Mec
Page 132 and 133:
Thompson L.U. (1988) Antinutrients
Page 134 and 135:
Vijayakumari K, Siddhuraju P. and J
Page 136 and 137:
PURIFICATION AND AMYLASE INHIBITOR
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calcium metalloenzymes, are complet
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Bl.1.2.4 Kunitz-Iike a-amylase inhi
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diabetes mellitus or obesity. Octiv
Page 144 and 145:
B1.2.3.1 Extraction and purificatio
Page 147:
BI.3.1 BI.3.2.1 Introduction CHAPTE
Page 152:
B1.3.2.2 Kinetic studies The inhibi
Page 155 and 156:
Bl.4.1 B1.4.2 Introduction CHAPTER
Page 157 and 158:
Bl.4.3.3 results that amylase inhib
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The chemical structure ofits sapoge
Page 162 and 163:
12.1.2.3 Steroidal saponin The trit
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(the in vitro haemolytic activity)
Page 167 and 168:
82.2.3.2 82.2.3.2.1 B2.2.3.2.2 Air-
Page 169 and 170:
82.2.3.3.4 • ion source temperatu
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Figure 82-3.3: Chromatogram ofsapon
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Gamma- and possibly beta-sitosterol
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whereas beta-sitosterol was. It was
Page 185 and 186:
Cheeke PR. (1971) Nutritional and p
Page 187 and 188:
Franco O.L., Rigden D.L., Melo F.R
Page 190 and 191:
Kokiladevi E., Manickam A and Thayu
Page 192 and 193:
Morton R.L., Schroeder RE., Bateman
Page 194:
Price K.R, Eagles J. and Fenwick GR
Page 197 and 198:
Ukpabi U.R and Ukpabi J.U. (2003) P
Page 199 and 200:
SECTIONC EFFECTS OF INGESTED BETA-S
Page 201 and 202:
C.1.2.2 and fungal cells contain on
Page 203 and 204:
Beta-sitosterol has been successful
Page 205:
Digestive enzymes do the all import
Page 209 and 210:
C.2.1 Introduction CHAPTERC-2 MATER
Page 211 and 212:
C.2.2.3.3 C.2.2.4 C.2.2.4.1 C.2.2.4
Page 214:
C.3.! Introduction CHAPTERC-3 RESUL
Page 219 and 220:
C.3.3.3 Clinical signs The appearan
Page 221 and 222:
C.3.3.5 ALT and AST values were sig
Page 223 and 224:
.. - Figure C3-5: Representative ph
Page 225:
Figure C3-7: Representative photomi
Page 229 and 230:
C.4.1 Introduction CHAPTERC-4 DISCU
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significantly, decreased after beta
Page 234 and 235:
decreased by sitosterols as a resul
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Bhattacharyya AI
Page 239 and 240:
Dablqvist A (1968) Assay ofintestin
Page 242 and 243:
Ivorra MD., D'OconMP., Paya M and V
Page 245 and 246:
Miettinen TA, Tilvis RS. and Kesani
Page 247:
Pollak O.I. and Kritchevsky D. (198
Page 251 and 252:
2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 GENERAL
Page 253 and 254:
2.4 Suggestions for future work Fur
Page 255:
A.A.3 Enzyme trypsin 10 mg bovine-p
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AppendixB DETAILS OF MEmOOOLOGY BA1
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sugars were estimated from standard
Page 263 and 264:
B.A.l.5.4.5 Liquid Chromatography M
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B.A.2.4 Tannin [Van-Burden and Robi
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The mixture was stirred continuousl
Page 273 and 274:
B.C.l Esterification ofbeta-sitoste
Page 275 and 276:
AppendixC OLEIC ACID STANDARD 230 2
Page 279:
5 '11I;1 5 2 r - - - • j ,et [:=:
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