ANTI-NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENT OF COLOCASIA ESCULENTA ...
ANTI-NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENT OF COLOCASIA ESCULENTA ... ANTI-NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENT OF COLOCASIA ESCULENTA ...
A.2.2.3 A.2.3 A.2.3.1 A.2.3.2 Special equipment utilized Soxhlet Extractor (Soxtec HT-6, Tacater AB, Hoganas) PerkinElmer Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Carl Zeiss) Model AAS-3 GPR centrifuge (Beckman) Spectrophotometer (Pharmacia biotech-novaspec) DV Spectrophotometer Laborota 400 Rotary evaporator (Heidolph) Methods (See Appendix B for details ofmethodology) Sample preparation Healthy Amadumbe tubers were washed, hand-peeled and cut into small pieces. Only tubers with little or no skin wounding were selected. Samples were divided into two groups: one group was referred to as processed and the other group as unprocessed. The unprocessed samples were dried at 55° C for 24 hours and then were milled into a fine powder which was stored in brown bottles until used. The processed portion was subdivided into three different parts (those to be boiled, fried and roasted), processed as descnbed in Section A.2.3.2 and screened for the presence ofnutrients and anti-nutrients. Processing techuiqoes Approximately 500 g each ofthe processed portion ofColocasia esculenta samples were separately subjected to the following processing techniques: I. Boiling: Amadumbe samples were boiled in distilled water on a stove for 30 minutes, after which they were drained. ii. Frying: Amadumbe samples were deep-fried in domestic cooking oil (100 per cent sunflower oil) for 15 minutes. 35
A.2.3.3 A.2.3.4 U.3.4.1 iii. Roasting: Amadumbe samples were roasted in a baking pan in an oven for 30 minutes at 180 0 C. The processed samples were sun-dried and then milled into a fine powder, which was stored in bottles until used. Proximate composition Protein, moisture, carbohydrate, ash and crude fat contents were determined as descnbed in AOAC methods (1990). The crude protein content was calculated by converting the nitrogen content determined by the micro-Kjeldahl method (N x 6.25). The moisture content was determined by oven-drying at II0 0 C to a constant weight. The total carbohydrate and starch contents were percolated with ethanol and perchloric acid respectively and then reacted with anthrone (Hansen and Msller, 1975). Ash content was determined by incineration of the samples, the weights of which were known, in a furnace oven. Fat content was determined gravimetrically by extraction, using petroleum ether on a Soxhlet extraction unit. The dried residue was quantified gravimetrically and expressed as percentage oflipid. Fatty acid composition in Amadnmbe Lipid extraction Purple and white Amadumbe samples from Esikhawini local market were separately extracted with a methanol-ehloroform (2:1, v/v) mixture over 24 hours in an oven shaker at room temperature. This was then filtered under suction and the residue re-extracted with a methanol-ehloroform-water (2.5:1.3:1, v/v) mixture for another 24 hours. The filtrates were combined and then separated in the separating funnel into chloroform and water fractions. The chloroform layer was then mixed with 30 ml of benzene and dried under vacuum. The residuallipids were weighed and redissolved in a minimal volume of a methanokhloroform mixture and stored in the fridge (Bligh and Dryer, 1959). 36
- Page 3: ABSTRACT Colocasia esculenta 1. Sch
- Page 6 and 7: • My colleagues Kayode, Stranger,
- Page 8 and 9: CHAPTER A-2 : MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Page 10 and 11: CHAPTER 8-1-4 : DISCUSSION Bl-A.l I
- Page 12 and 13: C.3.3 EXPERIMENTAL TEST C.3.3.1 Foo
- Page 14: MakP Makatini purple MakW Makatini
- Page 17 and 18: Figures C3-9 Figure B-1 The activit
- Page 19 and 20: Table C3-3 TableC3-4 Summary ofseru
- Page 21 and 22: crop. Amadumbe is not extensively c
- Page 24 and 25: section of the study therefore inve
- Page 26 and 27: Figure AI-2: The aboveground portio
- Page 28 and 29: Taro is produced in the Pacific Isl
- Page 30 and 31: A.1.4 Anti-nutrients Foods are comp
- Page 32 and 33: essential amino acids not available
- Page 34 and 35: A.l.4.2 Amylase inhibitors In order
- Page 36: A.l.4.4 Total polyphenols Polypheno
- Page 42: A.1.4.7 when the levels are high en
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- Page 49 and 50: However,ifsaponins have a triterpen
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- Page 56 and 57: A.2.3.4.2 A.2.3.4.3 A2.3.4.4 In ano
- Page 58: A.2.3.6.3 \.2.3.6.3.1 \.2.3.6.3.2 L
- Page 61 and 62: sulphuric acid. Absorbance was meas
- Page 63 and 64: Table A3-1a: The moisture and ash c
- Page 65 and 66: Table A3-1c Carbohydrate content (g
- Page 68 and 69: and 4.13 mg 100 g-l DMin the unproc
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- Page 80 and 81: Table AJ-4b: The phenolic compounds
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- Page 84: MtW MtP EW EP MakW MakP Figure A3-3
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A.2.2.3<br />
A.2.3<br />
A.2.3.1<br />
A.2.3.2<br />
Special equipment utilized<br />
Soxhlet Extractor (Soxtec HT-6, Tacater AB, Hoganas)<br />
PerkinElmer Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Carl Zeiss) Model AAS-3<br />
GPR centrifuge (Beckman)<br />
Spectrophotometer (Pharmacia biotech-novaspec)<br />
DV Spectrophotometer<br />
Laborota 400 Rotary evaporator (Heidolph)<br />
Methods<br />
(See Appendix B for details ofmethodology)<br />
Sample preparation<br />
Healthy Amadumbe tubers were washed, hand-peeled and cut into small pieces. Only<br />
tubers with little or no skin wounding were selected. Samples were divided into two<br />
groups: one group was referred to as processed and the other group as unprocessed. The<br />
unprocessed samples were dried at 55° C for 24 hours and then were milled into a fine<br />
powder which was stored in brown bottles until used. The processed portion was<br />
subdivided into three different parts (those to be boiled, fried and roasted), processed as<br />
descnbed in Section A.2.3.2 and screened for the presence ofnutrients and anti-nutrients.<br />
Processing techuiqoes<br />
Approximately 500 g each ofthe processed portion ofColocasia esculenta samples were<br />
separately subjected to the following processing techniques:<br />
I. Boiling: Amadumbe samples were boiled in distilled water on a stove<br />
for 30 minutes, after which they were drained.<br />
ii. Frying: Amadumbe samples were deep-fried in domestic cooking oil<br />
(100 per cent sunflower oil) for 15 minutes.<br />
35