ANTI-NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENT OF COLOCASIA ESCULENTA ...

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decreased by sitosterols as a result of their affect on membrane fluidity (Silva et al., 2005). Increased Na+JK+-ATPase activity generates an inward sodium ion gradient that leads to increased glucose translocation across the cell membrane (Omoruyi, 1991). A reduction in ATPase activity can result in lowered glucose translocation from the intestine into blood. This could be useful in the treatment of diabetics (McAnuff et al., 2005). When rats fed with beta-sitosterol were compared with rats fed the oleic-acid and/or distilled water control diet, a significant inhibitory change was observed. Upper intestinal sucrase and maltase and both proximal and distal intestinal lactase activity showed a significant inlnbitory effect (p>O.05). The dissemination of disaccharidase activities among mammals is extremely diverse (Martinez del Rio and Stevens, 1988). The distnbution pattem of the disaccharidases along the small intestine is also significantly influenced by the locus of disaccharide hydrolysis because the location of optimum activity presumably reflects the site of absorption. A number of mammals have showed this inconsistent distrIbution of disaccharidase activity along the small intestine (Dahlqvist, 1964; Malhotra and Philip, 1964, 1965). This non-uuiform distribution of disaccharidase activity along the small intestine was also observed in this study. The modified changes in enzyme activity of the small intestine depend on various exogenous factors (McCarthy et aI., 1980). These disaccharide mucosal enzymes are physiologically necessary in the digestion of food consumed for assimilation. They provide essential nutrients for maintenance and rapid growth (Lee et aI., 2003). Reduced disaccharidase activity is indicated by reduced blood glucose levels from less absorbable glucose formed from carbohydrate digestion (McAnuff et aI., 2005). There are other factors that can influence disaccharidase activities, such as obesity and age (Flores et aI., 1990), hormones (Raul et al., 1984) and a decrease ofluminal proteases (Zarling and Mobarhan, 1987). Thus, with a decrease in the blood-glucose levels of the rats treated with beta-sitosterol, the decreasing effect on the activities ofthe disaccharidase and ATPase could suggest the value ofbeta-sitosterol an as anti-diabetic (hypoglycemic) agent. 217
CHAYfERC-5 CONCLUSION C.S.! Beta-sitosterol was administered to rats over a period of 14 days. No evidence oftoxicity was observed in the rats given daily oral dietary supplements containing beta-sitosterol. No gross or microscopic alterations of any tissues were observed. There was no histological evidence ofdeposition ofthe plant sterol. Elevated ALT and AST levels could be due to poSSIble oxidative stress whereas beta-sitosterol showed possible hepatoprotective function in lowering AST and ALT, an avenue which could be investigated further. Secondly, the present study indicates that ingested beta-sitosterol decreases Na+/K+ ATPase and disaccharidases activity, resulting in the apparent decrease in blood glucose. The hypoglyceamic properties ofbeta-sitosterol could be further investigated 218
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ANTI-NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENT OF COL
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ABSTRACT Colocasia esculenta 1. Sch
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• My colleagues Kayode, Stranger,
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CHAPTER A-2 : MATERIALS AND METHODS
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CHAPTER 8-1-4 : DISCUSSION Bl-A.l I
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C.3.3 EXPERIMENTAL TEST C.3.3.1 Foo
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MakP Makatini purple MakW Makatini
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Figures C3-9 Figure B-1 The activit
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Table C3-3 TableC3-4 Summary ofseru
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crop. Amadumbe is not extensively c
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section of the study therefore inve
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Figure AI-2: The aboveground portio
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Taro is produced in the Pacific Isl
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A.1.4 Anti-nutrients Foods are comp
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essential amino acids not available
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A.l.4.2 Amylase inhibitors In order
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A.l.4.4 Total polyphenols Polypheno
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A.1.4.7 when the levels are high en
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A.1.4.8 coordination sides to inhib
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However,ifsaponins have a triterpen
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A.l.6 nutritional factors naturally
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A.2.2.3 A.2.3 A.2.3.1 A.2.3.2 Speci
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A.2.3.4.2 A.2.3.4.3 A2.3.4.4 In ano
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A.2.3.6.3 \.2.3.6.3.1 \.2.3.6.3.2 L
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sulphuric acid. Absorbance was meas
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Table A3-1a: The moisture and ash c
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Table A3-1c Carbohydrate content (g
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and 4.13 mg 100 g-l DMin the unproc
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Table A3-3c: Fatty acids identified
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Table AJ-4b: The phenolic compounds
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The results of the analysis of alka
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MtW MtP EW EP MakW MakP Figure A3-3
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The crude fat analysis ofZululand C
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The relative proportion ofNa, Ca, K
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TIA indicated that the trypsin inhi
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samples in this study were also hig
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The cyanogen levels for Amadumbe tu
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CHAPTERA-5 CONCLUSION A.5.1 Nutriti
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In conclusion, Section A ofthis stu
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Alfaia S., Ribeiro G., Nobre A, Lui
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Bhattacharyya A, Rai S. and Babu CR
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Chavan U.D., Shahidi F. and Naczk M
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De la Cuadra C., Muzquiz M, Burbano
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Fatty acids. (2008) CyberlipidCente
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Grant G. (1991) Lectins. In: Toxic
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HofmanP., Vuthapanich S., Whiley A,
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Jobnson LT., Gee J.M, Price K.R., C
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MagaJA (1978) Simple phenols and ph
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Milton K. (2003) Micronutrient inta
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Noonan S.C. and Savage G.P. (1999)
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Pathirana C, Gibney MJ. and Taylor
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Quesada C., Bartolome B., Nieto 0.,
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Robertson RN., Highkin H.R., Smydzu
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Sheeba R. and Padmaja G. (1997) Mec
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Thompson L.U. (1988) Antinutrients
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Vijayakumari K, Siddhuraju P. and J
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PURIFICATION AND AMYLASE INHIBITOR
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calcium metalloenzymes, are complet
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Bl.1.2.4 Kunitz-Iike a-amylase inhi
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diabetes mellitus or obesity. Octiv
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B1.2.3.1 Extraction and purificatio
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BI.3.1 BI.3.2.1 Introduction CHAPTE
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B1.3.2.2 Kinetic studies The inhibi
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Bl.4.1 B1.4.2 Introduction CHAPTER
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Bl.4.3.3 results that amylase inhib
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The chemical structure ofits sapoge
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12.1.2.3 Steroidal saponin The trit
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(the in vitro haemolytic activity)
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82.2.3.2 82.2.3.2.1 B2.2.3.2.2 Air-
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82.2.3.3.4 • ion source temperatu
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Figure 82-3.3: Chromatogram ofsapon
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Gamma- and possibly beta-sitosterol
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whereas beta-sitosterol was. It was
Page 185 and 186: Cheeke PR. (1971) Nutritional and p
Page 187 and 188: Franco O.L., Rigden D.L., Melo F.R
Page 190 and 191: Kokiladevi E., Manickam A and Thayu
Page 192 and 193: Morton R.L., Schroeder RE., Bateman
Page 194: Price K.R, Eagles J. and Fenwick GR
Page 197 and 198: Ukpabi U.R and Ukpabi J.U. (2003) P
Page 199 and 200: SECTIONC EFFECTS OF INGESTED BETA-S
Page 201 and 202: C.1.2.2 and fungal cells contain on
Page 203 and 204: Beta-sitosterol has been successful
Page 205: Digestive enzymes do the all import
Page 209 and 210: C.2.1 Introduction CHAPTERC-2 MATER
Page 211 and 212: C.2.2.3.3 C.2.2.4 C.2.2.4.1 C.2.2.4
Page 214: C.3.! Introduction CHAPTERC-3 RESUL
Page 219 and 220: C.3.3.3 Clinical signs The appearan
Page 221 and 222: C.3.3.5 ALT and AST values were sig
Page 223 and 224: .. - Figure C3-5: Representative ph
Page 225: Figure C3-7: Representative photomi
Page 229 and 230: C.4.1 Introduction CHAPTERC-4 DISCU
Page 231: significantly, decreased after beta
Page 237 and 238: Bhattacharyya AI
Page 239 and 240: Dablqvist A (1968) Assay ofintestin
Page 242 and 243: Ivorra MD., D'OconMP., Paya M and V
Page 245 and 246: Miettinen TA, Tilvis RS. and Kesani
Page 247: Pollak O.I. and Kritchevsky D. (198
Page 251 and 252: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 GENERAL
Page 253 and 254: 2.4 Suggestions for future work Fur
Page 255: A.A.3 Enzyme trypsin 10 mg bovine-p
Page 259 and 260: AppendixB DETAILS OF MEmOOOLOGY BA1
Page 261 and 262: sugars were estimated from standard
Page 263 and 264: B.A.l.5.4.5 Liquid Chromatography M
Page 266: B.A.2.4 Tannin [Van-Burden and Robi
Page 269 and 270: The mixture was stirred continuousl
Page 273 and 274: B.C.l Esterification ofbeta-sitoste
Page 275 and 276: AppendixC OLEIC ACID STANDARD 230 2
Page 279: 5 '11I;1 5 2 r - - - • j ,et [:=:
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