ANTI-NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENT OF COLOCASIA ESCULENTA ...

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TableA3-la TableA3-lb TableA3-lc TableA3-2a TableA3-2b TableA3-3a TableA3-3b TableA3-3c Table A-3-4a TableA3-5 TableA3-4b TableA3-4c Table BI-3.1 TableBI-3.2 Table C2-1 Table C3-l Table C3-2 LIST <strong>OF</strong> TABLES The moisture and ash content (g/IOOg DM) ofprocessed and unprocessed 44 Amadumbe (Colocasia esculenta) tubers The crude fat and crude protein composition (g/ lOO per cent DM) in 45 unprocessed and processed Amadumbe Carbohydrate content of unprocessed and processed Colocasia esculenta 46 tubers Macronutrient profile of unprocessed and processed Colocasia esculenta 47 (mg/lOOg DM) Micro-element contents of unprocessed and processed Colocasia 48 esculenta (mg/lOOg DM) Yields ofcrude fat ofAmadumbe extracted with 49 methanol-ehloroform mixture (2: I, v/v) Iodine value ofAmadumbe lipid extract 49 Fatty acids identified in Amadumbe Colocasia esculenta 58 Trypsin inhibitor activity (mg of trypsin inhibited/g DM) and a-amylase 59 inhibitor activity ofunprocessed and processed Amadumbe tubers Inhibitory effect ofcrude extract on other proteases 60 The phenolic compounds in the processed and unprocessed Amadumbe 61 tubers The levels of some anti-nutritional factors in processed and unprocessed 63 tubers (Colocasia esculenta) from Zululand Purification ofamylase inhibitors from Amadumbe 129 Effect ofa-amylase inhibitors present in Amadumbe against 134 amylases from different sources Composition ofadministered materials for preliminary toxicity test groups 192 Average food and water consumption in rats over a six-day period in 196 preliminary studies Average food and water consumption of rats during a 14-day period of 198 experimental studies XVI
Table C3-3 TableC3-4 Summary ofserum biochemistry and haematological parameters ofmale 202 Sprague-Dawley rats orally administered with beta-sitosterol for 14 days Effect of beta-sitosterol on absolute and relative organ weights of male 203 Sprague-Dawley rats xvu
Page 1 and 2: ANTI-NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENT OF COL
Page 3: ABSTRACT Colocasia esculenta 1. Sch
Page 6 and 7: • My colleagues Kayode, Stranger,
Page 8 and 9: CHAPTER A-2 : MATERIALS AND METHODS
Page 10 and 11: CHAPTER 8-1-4 : DISCUSSION Bl-A.l I
Page 12 and 13: C.3.3 EXPERIMENTAL TEST C.3.3.1 Foo
Page 14: MakP Makatini purple MakW Makatini
Page 17: Figures C3-9 Figure B-1 The activit
Page 21 and 22: crop. Amadumbe is not extensively c
Page 24 and 25: section of the study therefore inve
Page 26 and 27: Figure AI-2: The aboveground portio
Page 28 and 29: Taro is produced in the Pacific Isl
Page 30 and 31: A.1.4 Anti-nutrients Foods are comp
Page 32 and 33: essential amino acids not available
Page 34 and 35: A.l.4.2 Amylase inhibitors In order
Page 36: A.l.4.4 Total polyphenols Polypheno
Page 42: A.1.4.7 when the levels are high en
Page 45: A.1.4.8 coordination sides to inhib
Page 49 and 50: However,ifsaponins have a triterpen
Page 51 and 52: A.l.6 nutritional factors naturally
Page 54 and 55: A.2.2.3 A.2.3 A.2.3.1 A.2.3.2 Speci
Page 56 and 57: A.2.3.4.2 A.2.3.4.3 A2.3.4.4 In ano
Page 58: A.2.3.6.3 \.2.3.6.3.1 \.2.3.6.3.2 L
Page 61 and 62: sulphuric acid. Absorbance was meas
Page 63 and 64: Table A3-1a: The moisture and ash c
Page 65 and 66: Table A3-1c Carbohydrate content (g
Page 68 and 69:
and 4.13 mg 100 g-l DMin the unproc
Page 77:
Table A3-3c: Fatty acids identified
Page 80 and 81:
Table AJ-4b: The phenolic compounds
Page 82 and 83:
The results of the analysis of alka
Page 84:
MtW MtP EW EP MakW MakP Figure A3-3
Page 87 and 88:
The crude fat analysis ofZululand C
Page 89 and 90:
The relative proportion ofNa, Ca, K
Page 91 and 92:
TIA indicated that the trypsin inhi
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samples in this study were also hig
Page 95 and 96:
The cyanogen levels for Amadumbe tu
Page 97 and 98:
CHAPTERA-5 CONCLUSION A.5.1 Nutriti
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In conclusion, Section A ofthis stu
Page 101 and 102:
Alfaia S., Ribeiro G., Nobre A, Lui
Page 103 and 104:
Bhattacharyya A, Rai S. and Babu CR
Page 105 and 106:
Chavan U.D., Shahidi F. and Naczk M
Page 107 and 108:
De la Cuadra C., Muzquiz M, Burbano
Page 109 and 110:
Fatty acids. (2008) CyberlipidCente
Page 111 and 112:
Grant G. (1991) Lectins. In: Toxic
Page 113 and 114:
HofmanP., Vuthapanich S., Whiley A,
Page 115:
Jobnson LT., Gee J.M, Price K.R., C
Page 118 and 119:
MagaJA (1978) Simple phenols and ph
Page 120 and 121:
Milton K. (2003) Micronutrient inta
Page 122 and 123:
Noonan S.C. and Savage G.P. (1999)
Page 124 and 125:
Pathirana C, Gibney MJ. and Taylor
Page 126 and 127:
Quesada C., Bartolome B., Nieto 0.,
Page 128 and 129:
Robertson RN., Highkin H.R., Smydzu
Page 130 and 131:
Sheeba R. and Padmaja G. (1997) Mec
Page 132 and 133:
Thompson L.U. (1988) Antinutrients
Page 134 and 135:
Vijayakumari K, Siddhuraju P. and J
Page 136 and 137:
PURIFICATION AND AMYLASE INHIBITOR
Page 138 and 139:
calcium metalloenzymes, are complet
Page 140 and 141:
Bl.1.2.4 Kunitz-Iike a-amylase inhi
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diabetes mellitus or obesity. Octiv
Page 144 and 145:
B1.2.3.1 Extraction and purificatio
Page 147:
BI.3.1 BI.3.2.1 Introduction CHAPTE
Page 152:
B1.3.2.2 Kinetic studies The inhibi
Page 155 and 156:
Bl.4.1 B1.4.2 Introduction CHAPTER
Page 157 and 158:
Bl.4.3.3 results that amylase inhib
Page 159 and 160:
The chemical structure ofits sapoge
Page 162 and 163:
12.1.2.3 Steroidal saponin The trit
Page 164 and 165:
(the in vitro haemolytic activity)
Page 167 and 168:
82.2.3.2 82.2.3.2.1 B2.2.3.2.2 Air-
Page 169 and 170:
82.2.3.3.4 • ion source temperatu
Page 173:
Figure 82-3.3: Chromatogram ofsapon
Page 180 and 181:
Gamma- and possibly beta-sitosterol
Page 182:
whereas beta-sitosterol was. It was
Page 185 and 186:
Cheeke PR. (1971) Nutritional and p
Page 187 and 188:
Franco O.L., Rigden D.L., Melo F.R
Page 190 and 191:
Kokiladevi E., Manickam A and Thayu
Page 192 and 193:
Morton R.L., Schroeder RE., Bateman
Page 194:
Price K.R, Eagles J. and Fenwick GR
Page 197 and 198:
Ukpabi U.R and Ukpabi J.U. (2003) P
Page 199 and 200:
SECTIONC EFFECTS OF INGESTED BETA-S
Page 201 and 202:
C.1.2.2 and fungal cells contain on
Page 203 and 204:
Beta-sitosterol has been successful
Page 205:
Digestive enzymes do the all import
Page 209 and 210:
C.2.1 Introduction CHAPTERC-2 MATER
Page 211 and 212:
C.2.2.3.3 C.2.2.4 C.2.2.4.1 C.2.2.4
Page 214:
C.3.! Introduction CHAPTERC-3 RESUL
Page 219 and 220:
C.3.3.3 Clinical signs The appearan
Page 221 and 222:
C.3.3.5 ALT and AST values were sig
Page 223 and 224:
.. - Figure C3-5: Representative ph
Page 225:
Figure C3-7: Representative photomi
Page 229 and 230:
C.4.1 Introduction CHAPTERC-4 DISCU
Page 231:
significantly, decreased after beta
Page 234 and 235:
decreased by sitosterols as a resul
Page 237 and 238:
Bhattacharyya AI
Page 239 and 240:
Dablqvist A (1968) Assay ofintestin
Page 242 and 243:
Ivorra MD., D'OconMP., Paya M and V
Page 245 and 246:
Miettinen TA, Tilvis RS. and Kesani
Page 247:
Pollak O.I. and Kritchevsky D. (198
Page 251 and 252:
2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 GENERAL
Page 253 and 254:
2.4 Suggestions for future work Fur
Page 255:
A.A.3 Enzyme trypsin 10 mg bovine-p
Page 259 and 260:
AppendixB DETAILS OF MEmOOOLOGY BA1
Page 261 and 262:
sugars were estimated from standard
Page 263 and 264:
B.A.l.5.4.5 Liquid Chromatography M
Page 266:
B.A.2.4 Tannin [Van-Burden and Robi
Page 269 and 270:
The mixture was stirred continuousl
Page 273 and 274:
B.C.l Esterification ofbeta-sitoste
Page 275 and 276:
AppendixC OLEIC ACID STANDARD 230 2
Page 279:
5 '11I;1 5 2 r - - - • j ,et [:=:
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