ANTI-NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENT OF COLOCASIA ESCULENTA ...

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12.1.2.3 Steroidal saponin The triterpenes and the plant steroids are broadly descnbed as saponins (Kelly, 2005). Sterols fonn an important group among the steroidal saponins. Like triterpenes, phytosterols are synthesized in the isoprenoid pathway. Triteq>enes and plant sterols are differentiated by the strncture of the carbon skeleton: triterpene saponins have a 30 carbon skeleton and sterols have a 27/29-earbon skeleton (Ukpabi and Ukpabi, 2003). Sterols were initially descnbed as compounds having a structure similar to that of cholesterol, but this definition did not take their stereochemistry into account. Nes (1977) proposed a new definition, descnbing sterols as compounds developing from squalene or its oxide by a cyclization process. Therefore, the biosynthetic route to plant sterols also follows an isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway with isopentenyl pyrophosphate, derived from mevalonate, as the key building block (Piironen, 2000). However, in photosynthetic organisms (as opposed to yeast and fungi), it differs in that the important intermediate in the route from squalene is cycloartenol rather than lanosterol (GIbbons et at., 1971). The basic sterol from which other sterol structures are defined is 5a-cholestan-31J-01 (Sterols, 2008). The phytosterols include campesterol, beta-sitosterol, and stigmasterol etc. Steroidal saponins are comprised of two major classes: furostanol glycosides with an open side chain at C-22 and spirostanol glycosides with a closed spiroketal ring at C-22 (Figure B2-1.4). Furostanol glycosides are the foundation from which spirostanol glycosides are fonned through hydrolysis ofthe C-26 sugar and spontaneous cyclisation ofthe side chain from the spiroketal (Inoue and Ebizuka, 1996). 144
82.1.2.4 or (PH sn .. (pa'MsI) Figure B2-1.4: Basic aglycone (sapogenin) skeletons - steroidal Biological activities (Oleszek and Baily, 2006) Becanse they have a number of both positive and negative properties, saponins have attracted a great deal ofinterest (Shi et al., 2004). These properties include sweetness and bitterness (Kitagawa, 2002; Heng et a!., 2006), foaming and emulsifying characteristics (Price et aI., 1987), anti-nutritional effects (Fenwick et aI., 1992), pharmacological and medicinal properties (Attele et a!., 1999) as well as haemolytic properties (Oda et a!. 2000; Sparg et al., 2004). One of the most researched attributes of saponins is their ability to swell and rupture erythrocytes, causing a release of the pigment haemoglobin 145 •
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ANTI-NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENT OF COL
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ABSTRACT Colocasia esculenta 1. Sch
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• My colleagues Kayode, Stranger,
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CHAPTER A-2 : MATERIALS AND METHODS
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CHAPTER 8-1-4 : DISCUSSION Bl-A.l I
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C.3.3 EXPERIMENTAL TEST C.3.3.1 Foo
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MakP Makatini purple MakW Makatini
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Figures C3-9 Figure B-1 The activit
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Table C3-3 TableC3-4 Summary ofseru
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crop. Amadumbe is not extensively c
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section of the study therefore inve
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Figure AI-2: The aboveground portio
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Taro is produced in the Pacific Isl
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A.1.4 Anti-nutrients Foods are comp
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essential amino acids not available
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A.l.4.2 Amylase inhibitors In order
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A.l.4.4 Total polyphenols Polypheno
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A.1.4.7 when the levels are high en
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A.1.4.8 coordination sides to inhib
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However,ifsaponins have a triterpen
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A.l.6 nutritional factors naturally
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A.2.2.3 A.2.3 A.2.3.1 A.2.3.2 Speci
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A.2.3.4.2 A.2.3.4.3 A2.3.4.4 In ano
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A.2.3.6.3 \.2.3.6.3.1 \.2.3.6.3.2 L
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sulphuric acid. Absorbance was meas
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Table A3-1a: The moisture and ash c
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Table A3-1c Carbohydrate content (g
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and 4.13 mg 100 g-l DMin the unproc
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Table A3-3c: Fatty acids identified
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Table AJ-4b: The phenolic compounds
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The results of the analysis of alka
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MtW MtP EW EP MakW MakP Figure A3-3
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The crude fat analysis ofZululand C
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The relative proportion ofNa, Ca, K
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TIA indicated that the trypsin inhi
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samples in this study were also hig
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The cyanogen levels for Amadumbe tu
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CHAPTERA-5 CONCLUSION A.5.1 Nutriti
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In conclusion, Section A ofthis stu
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Alfaia S., Ribeiro G., Nobre A, Lui
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Bhattacharyya A, Rai S. and Babu CR
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Chavan U.D., Shahidi F. and Naczk M
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De la Cuadra C., Muzquiz M, Burbano
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Fatty acids. (2008) CyberlipidCente
Page 111 and 112: Grant G. (1991) Lectins. In: Toxic
Page 113 and 114: HofmanP., Vuthapanich S., Whiley A,
Page 115: Jobnson LT., Gee J.M, Price K.R., C
Page 118 and 119: MagaJA (1978) Simple phenols and ph
Page 120 and 121: Milton K. (2003) Micronutrient inta
Page 122 and 123: Noonan S.C. and Savage G.P. (1999)
Page 124 and 125: Pathirana C, Gibney MJ. and Taylor
Page 126 and 127: Quesada C., Bartolome B., Nieto 0.,
Page 128 and 129: Robertson RN., Highkin H.R., Smydzu
Page 130 and 131: Sheeba R. and Padmaja G. (1997) Mec
Page 132 and 133: Thompson L.U. (1988) Antinutrients
Page 134 and 135: Vijayakumari K, Siddhuraju P. and J
Page 136 and 137: PURIFICATION AND AMYLASE INHIBITOR
Page 138 and 139: calcium metalloenzymes, are complet
Page 140 and 141: Bl.1.2.4 Kunitz-Iike a-amylase inhi
Page 142 and 143: diabetes mellitus or obesity. Octiv
Page 144 and 145: B1.2.3.1 Extraction and purificatio
Page 147: BI.3.1 BI.3.2.1 Introduction CHAPTE
Page 152: B1.3.2.2 Kinetic studies The inhibi
Page 155 and 156: Bl.4.1 B1.4.2 Introduction CHAPTER
Page 157 and 158: Bl.4.3.3 results that amylase inhib
Page 159 and 160: The chemical structure ofits sapoge
Page 164 and 165: (the in vitro haemolytic activity)
Page 167 and 168: 82.2.3.2 82.2.3.2.1 B2.2.3.2.2 Air-
Page 169 and 170: 82.2.3.3.4 • ion source temperatu
Page 173: Figure 82-3.3: Chromatogram ofsapon
Page 180 and 181: Gamma- and possibly beta-sitosterol
Page 182: whereas beta-sitosterol was. It was
Page 185 and 186: Cheeke PR. (1971) Nutritional and p
Page 187 and 188: Franco O.L., Rigden D.L., Melo F.R
Page 190 and 191: Kokiladevi E., Manickam A and Thayu
Page 192 and 193: Morton R.L., Schroeder RE., Bateman
Page 194: Price K.R, Eagles J. and Fenwick GR
Page 197 and 198: Ukpabi U.R and Ukpabi J.U. (2003) P
Page 199 and 200: SECTIONC EFFECTS OF INGESTED BETA-S
Page 201 and 202: C.1.2.2 and fungal cells contain on
Page 203 and 204: Beta-sitosterol has been successful
Page 205: Digestive enzymes do the all import
Page 209 and 210: C.2.1 Introduction CHAPTERC-2 MATER
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C.2.2.3.3 C.2.2.4 C.2.2.4.1 C.2.2.4
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C.3.! Introduction CHAPTERC-3 RESUL
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C.3.3.3 Clinical signs The appearan
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C.3.3.5 ALT and AST values were sig
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.. - Figure C3-5: Representative ph
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Figure C3-7: Representative photomi
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C.4.1 Introduction CHAPTERC-4 DISCU
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significantly, decreased after beta
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decreased by sitosterols as a resul
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Bhattacharyya AI
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Dablqvist A (1968) Assay ofintestin
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Ivorra MD., D'OconMP., Paya M and V
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Miettinen TA, Tilvis RS. and Kesani
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Pollak O.I. and Kritchevsky D. (198
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 GENERAL
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2.4 Suggestions for future work Fur
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A.A.3 Enzyme trypsin 10 mg bovine-p
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AppendixB DETAILS OF MEmOOOLOGY BA1
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sugars were estimated from standard
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B.A.l.5.4.5 Liquid Chromatography M
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B.A.2.4 Tannin [Van-Burden and Robi
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The mixture was stirred continuousl
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B.C.l Esterification ofbeta-sitoste
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AppendixC OLEIC ACID STANDARD 230 2
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5 '11I;1 5 2 r - - - • j ,et [:=:
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