ANTI-NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENT OF COLOCASIA ESCULENTA ...

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1l2.1.2.2 acetylCoA + acetoacetyl CoA spiroketal steroid (2)NADPH HMG-CoA ' mevalonate HMlrCoA reductase 1(3) ATP Co, isopentenyl pyrophosphate 1 geranyl pyrophosphate 1 squalene pentacyclic triterpenoid Figure 82-1.2: Pathway to biosynthesis oftriterpenes (adapted from Focosi, 2005) Triterpenoid saponin Triterpenoid are a large group of compounds with 30 carbon atoms with four basic ring skeletal structures. The large group of compounds to which triterpenes belong are arranged in a four- or five-ring, planar-base molecule, containing 30 carbons with several oxygen attached. It is believed that squalene is the prescursor ofall terpenoid compounds including triterpenoids. Initial steps in the synthesis of triterpenoid saponins in plants include the cyclization of2,3-oxidosqualene via the isoprenoid pathway, giving rise to a number ofdifferent potential products (Hostettmann and Marston, 1995; Haralampidis et aI., 2002). The skeleton formed is then determined by the type ofcyclase that is involved 142
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ANTI-NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENT OF COL
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ABSTRACT Colocasia esculenta 1. Sch
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• My colleagues Kayode, Stranger,
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CHAPTER A-2 : MATERIALS AND METHODS
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CHAPTER 8-1-4 : DISCUSSION Bl-A.l I
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C.3.3 EXPERIMENTAL TEST C.3.3.1 Foo
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MakP Makatini purple MakW Makatini
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Figures C3-9 Figure B-1 The activit
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Table C3-3 TableC3-4 Summary ofseru
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crop. Amadumbe is not extensively c
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section of the study therefore inve
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Figure AI-2: The aboveground portio
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Taro is produced in the Pacific Isl
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A.1.4 Anti-nutrients Foods are comp
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essential amino acids not available
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A.l.4.2 Amylase inhibitors In order
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A.l.4.4 Total polyphenols Polypheno
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A.1.4.7 when the levels are high en
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A.1.4.8 coordination sides to inhib
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However,ifsaponins have a triterpen
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A.l.6 nutritional factors naturally
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A.2.2.3 A.2.3 A.2.3.1 A.2.3.2 Speci
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A.2.3.4.2 A.2.3.4.3 A2.3.4.4 In ano
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A.2.3.6.3 \.2.3.6.3.1 \.2.3.6.3.2 L
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sulphuric acid. Absorbance was meas
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Table A3-1a: The moisture and ash c
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Table A3-1c Carbohydrate content (g
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and 4.13 mg 100 g-l DMin the unproc
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Table A3-3c: Fatty acids identified
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Table AJ-4b: The phenolic compounds
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The results of the analysis of alka
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MtW MtP EW EP MakW MakP Figure A3-3
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The crude fat analysis ofZululand C
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The relative proportion ofNa, Ca, K
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TIA indicated that the trypsin inhi
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samples in this study were also hig
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The cyanogen levels for Amadumbe tu
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CHAPTERA-5 CONCLUSION A.5.1 Nutriti
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In conclusion, Section A ofthis stu
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Alfaia S., Ribeiro G., Nobre A, Lui
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Bhattacharyya A, Rai S. and Babu CR
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Chavan U.D., Shahidi F. and Naczk M
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De la Cuadra C., Muzquiz M, Burbano
Page 109 and 110: Fatty acids. (2008) CyberlipidCente
Page 111 and 112: Grant G. (1991) Lectins. In: Toxic
Page 113 and 114: HofmanP., Vuthapanich S., Whiley A,
Page 115: Jobnson LT., Gee J.M, Price K.R., C
Page 118 and 119: MagaJA (1978) Simple phenols and ph
Page 120 and 121: Milton K. (2003) Micronutrient inta
Page 122 and 123: Noonan S.C. and Savage G.P. (1999)
Page 124 and 125: Pathirana C, Gibney MJ. and Taylor
Page 126 and 127: Quesada C., Bartolome B., Nieto 0.,
Page 128 and 129: Robertson RN., Highkin H.R., Smydzu
Page 130 and 131: Sheeba R. and Padmaja G. (1997) Mec
Page 132 and 133: Thompson L.U. (1988) Antinutrients
Page 134 and 135: Vijayakumari K, Siddhuraju P. and J
Page 136 and 137: PURIFICATION AND AMYLASE INHIBITOR
Page 138 and 139: calcium metalloenzymes, are complet
Page 140 and 141: Bl.1.2.4 Kunitz-Iike a-amylase inhi
Page 142 and 143: diabetes mellitus or obesity. Octiv
Page 144 and 145: B1.2.3.1 Extraction and purificatio
Page 147: BI.3.1 BI.3.2.1 Introduction CHAPTE
Page 152: B1.3.2.2 Kinetic studies The inhibi
Page 155 and 156: Bl.4.1 B1.4.2 Introduction CHAPTER
Page 157 and 158: Bl.4.3.3 results that amylase inhib
Page 159: The chemical structure ofits sapoge
Page 163 and 164: 82.1.2.4 or (PH sn .. (pa'MsI) Fi
Page 165: B2.2.1 B2.2.2 B2.2.3 Introduction C
Page 168 and 169: B2.2.3.3 Spectroscopy B2.2.3.3.1 In
Page 170: B2.3.t B2.3.2 Introduction CHAPfER
Page 178: Sitosterols are the most extensivel
Page 181 and 182: B.S.l a-Amylase inhibitor B.S.2 Sap
Page 184 and 185: Boivin M., Flourie B., Rizza RA, Go
Page 186 and 187: Durward S., Smith IN., Cash W-K N.
Page 188: Heidari R., Zareae S. and Heidariza
Page 191 and 192: Maskos K., Huber-Wunderlich M and G
Page 193 and 194: Osagie AU. (1977) Phytosterols in s
Page 196 and 197: Sondhia S. (2005) Isolation, struct
Page 198 and 199: Wretensjo 1. (2004) Characterisatio
Page 200 and 201: c.1.1 Introduction CHAPTERC-l LITER
Page 202 and 203: C.1.2.3 respoDSlble for transport o
Page 204 and 205: C.1.3 Cl.3.! replaces some of the c
Page 208 and 209: C.l.4 Aim and outline ofSection C T
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C.2.2.3 C.2.2.3.1 Preliminary toxic
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C.2.2A.3 C.2.2.5 C.2.2.5.1 biochemi
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C.3.2.3 C.3.3 C.3.3.1 Clinical sign
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C.3.3.4 Haematology tests Serum bio
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Animals treated with beta-sitostero
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Figure C3-6: Representative photomi
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.'" ... .., ., .... •.'" ... Figu
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of free cholesterol depends on mixe
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indicate that beta-sitosterol boost
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CHAYfERC-5 CONCLUSION C.S.! Beta-si
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Bouic P J D. (2001) The role ofphyt
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Ellsworth J.L., Erickson SK and Coo
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Kwiterovich P.O. (2000) The metabol
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Nair P., Turjman N., Kessie G., CaI
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Vasarhelyi B., Szab6 T., Vec A and
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2.3 Cbaracterization and nntritiona
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AppendixA PREPARATION OF REAGENTS A
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A.A.ll 0.1 M Orthophosphorieletbano
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Liquid surfaces were fonned with et
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water. The homogenate was filtered
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410 DID and the colour remained sta
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B.A.2.9 Alkaloid [Harborne (1973»)
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Dextran blue was used to determine
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180 = molecular weight ofthe glucos
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AppendixD CERTIFICATE FROM ETInCS C
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