PROGRESS IN PROTOZOOLOGY

192 B. M. HONIGBERG
ual reproduction — present or absent; (d) flagellated stages — present or
absent; (e) flagellum naked or with mastigonemes; (f) uni-us multinucleate
condition; (g) pattern of axonemal microtubules — absent, triangular,
hexagonal, hexagonal and triangular, double spiralled, dodecahedral with
or without peripheral spirals; (h) MIOC associated with a nuclear envelope,
an axoplast, or a centroplast with a tripartite disc; (i) motility
mechanisms; (j) type of extrusomes, muciferous bodies, or kinetocysts;
(k) mitochondria entering or not entering the axopodia; (1) skeleton consisting
of one to many pieces; (m) skeleton — intra- or extracellular;
(n) material of which the skeleton is made — organic, silica, strontium
sulfate, calcium carbonate; (o) capsular membrane location — intra- vs
extracellular; (p) capsular membrane — material of which it is made
and symmetry; (q) life cycle with or without metamorphosis; (r) habitat
— marine, brackish, fresh-water; (s) mode of life — planctonic, benthic,
attached to substrate (stalked).
If the aforementioned attributes, a part of which can be observed
only by electron microscopy, are considered, it becomes evident that
neither ACTINOPODA nor the various sub-groups of this superclass,
e.g., the former RADIOLARIA Müller 1858, as listed in Honigberg
et al. (1964) (present POLYCYSTINEA Ehrenberg, 1838 and PHAEO-
DAREA Haeckel, 1879 as listed in L e v i n e et al. (1980)), HELIOZOEA
Haeckel, 1866, or CENTROHELIDA Kühn, 1926, are monophylectic.- All
these designations, irrespective of their taxonomic level, could be maintained
for teaching purposes. It might even be advisable to style these
names in lower case, thus avoiding any taxonomic implications. If, however,
as is the usual custom, the names such as ACTINOPODA or
HELIOZOEA are employed for designation of definite taxa, this should
be done with the clear understanding (stated in writing) that these
groups appear to be polyphyletic and are the reflection of the present
imperfect knowledge of many species.
Since only a few species representative of the 13 orders belonging
to the three classes of "radiolarians," ACANTAREA, POLYCYSTINEA,
and PHAEODAREA, listed in the recent classification system of the
Society of Protozoologists (L e v i n e et al. 1980), have been studied sufficiently
at the fine-structural level, Prof. B a r d e 1 e limited his subsequent
comments to the heliozoa.
While M e r infeld (1981) divides the heliozoa into six natural
"ultrastructural clusters," Bardele (in Cachon and B a 1 a m u t h
1977) recognizes seven groups at the family level, i.e., Ciliophryidae,
Clathrulinidae, Actinophryidae, Taxopodidae, Acanthocystidae, Heterophyidae,
and Gymnosphaeridae. Grouping these families into orders is
still debatable. For example, Davidson (1974) considers Ciliophryidae
(the helioflagellates) as closely related to chrysomonads. On the
other hand, Febre-Chevalier (personal communication) has created a new
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