Journal - International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine

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Mostafa SHEHATA HÝSTORY OF ENDOSCOPY Marsh contributed to early detection of bronchogenic carcinoma by photography through fiber - optic bronchoscope in 1973 (6,9). Rayl's work, allowed coloured television documentation (6). The best additions are those achieved by Ward and others using the Hopkins rod lens telescope with the surrounding fiber - illumination and an antifog airflow system (6). Microscopic larygeal surgery, with the advantage of more magnification, excellent exposure, binocular vision, brilliant illumination and bimanual instrumentation was added in 1968, under the leadership of Kleinsasser, Ono, Saito, Jako and Strong (6, 10-12, 17). Laser surgery of the larynx and bronchi has been introduced by Strong and Jako in Boston, America in 1972, with the advantage of the precise removal of lesions of the vocal cords, trachea and bronchi (13,17). The last third of this century witnessed a great progress in the production of endoscopic material with new manufactural specifications, variable accessory instruments and efficient methods of documentation (18). The endoscopic tubes and their instruments are no more named after the names of their inventors but carrying the trade name of the manufacturing firm. Nowadays there are large leading companies producing the endoscopic equipment on a large commercial scale in Japan, Germany, United State of America, Britain, France, Italy and many other countries. Surgical and medical indications for endoscopy are continuously increasing for diagnostic, medical and surgical purposes (18). New fields for endoscopy have been introduced not only through the natural passages of the body but also through surgical openings in the abdomen, chest, skull and other different body organs. Most of the present medical and surgical specialities consider endoscopy a good effective method in their field and is performed regularly in their medical practice. The following shows an updated enumeration of the endoscopes used in the different medical specialities. 1. Otolaryngology: the pioneer speciality using endoscopy, rigid and flexible endoscopes. Laryngoscopes, Bronchoscopes, Oesophagoscopes, Nasopharyngoscopes, Stroboscopes, Sinoscopes and Otoscopes. The last two are of the rigid types. 2. Chest Surgery: Rigid and flexible Bronchoscopes. Rigid Thoracoscopes and Mediastinoscopes. 3. Abdominal Surgery: Rigid and flexible Oesophagoscopes, Gastroscopes, Duodenoscopes, Colonoscopes, Choledochoscopes, Rectosigmoidoscopes, Proctoscopes, Labaroscopes. The last two are always rigid types. 4. Gynaecology: Rigid endoscopes as Hysteroscopes, Culdoscopes, Labaroscopes and Flexible Fallopioscopes. 5. Urology: Rigid and Flexible Cystoscopes, Urethroscopes, Ureteroscopes, Nephroscopes and Labaroscopes. 6. Orthopaedic Surgery: Rigid type Arthroscope (= Jointscope). 7. Neuro-Surgery: Rigid type Encephaloscope. 8. Plastic Surgery: Rigid small endoscopes in face lift surgery. By time more medical specialities are on the way to use the endoscopes for more efficient and careful diagnosis and treatment of the different body diseases. REFERENCES 1. Ghaliongui and El Dawakhly. The Preservation of the Body. In: Health and Healing in Ancient Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: Dar El-Maaref, 1965: 31. 2. Sercer A.: Tracheostomy Through Two Thousand Years of History. Ciba Symposium Journal, 1962; 10(2): 78. 3. Alberti P.W.: The Evolution of Laryngology and Laryngectomy in the Mid. 19th Century. The Laryngoscope Journal, U.S.A., 1975:85-288. 4. Singer C., Underwood A. Short History of Medicine. 2nd edition U.K.: Oxford Clarendon Press, 1962: 249. 5. Arturo Castiglioni. A History of Medicine. Translated from Italian and edited by E.P. Krumbhaar, second edition. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1958: 874-1029. 6. James Snow. Broncho-oesophagology. Chapter 58. In: Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear, edited by John Jacob Ballenger, 12th edition. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1977: 997. 7. Ikeda S.: Flexible Bronchofiberscope. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1970; 89: 916. 8. Holinger P.H.: Photography of the Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi and Esophagus. Trans. Amer. Acad. Ophthalm. Otolaryng. 1942; 46: 153. 62 JISHIM 2004, 3
HÝSTORY OF ENDOSCOPY 9. Marsh B.R. et al. Flexible Fiber Optic Bronchoscopy. Its Place in the Search for Lung Cancer. Trans. Am. Branch. Oesophageal. Assoc. 1973: 101-110. 10. Kleinsasser O. Microlaryngoscopy and Endolaryngeal Microsurgery. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders & Co. 1968. 11. Ono J. and Saito S.: Endoscopic Microsurgery of The Larynx". Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1971; 80: 479. 12. Strong M.S.: Microscopic Laryngoscopy, A Review and Appraisal. Laryngoscope 1970; 80: 1540. 13. Strong M.S., Jako H.J.: Laser Surgery in the Larynx. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol., 1972; 81: 791. 14. St. Clair Thomson. Diseases of the Nose and Throat. 6th edition. London: Cassell and Company LTD, 1955: 845. JISHIM 2004, 3 Mostafa SHEHATA 15. Messerklinger W. :Die Endoscopie der Nose Mschr. Ohr. HK, 1970: 104, 451-456. 16. Miller R.A.: Endoscopic Instrumentation, Evolution, Physical Principles and Clinical Aspects. British Medical Bull. 1986, 41: 223-225. 17. Luickhaupt H. The History of Laryngology in Europe. Proceedings of the First Scientific Conference of the European Laryngological Society, Marburg, Germany 26, 29, September 1996. 18. Bernard Marsh. Endoscopy of Tracheo-Bronchial Tree and Esophagus. In: Charles Cummings and others editors. Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Chapter 121. second edition, Vol. 6, Mosby Year Book, St. Louis, U.S.A., 1993: 2229. 63
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JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIET
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JOURNAL OF ISHIM INSTRUCTIONS T O A
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EDITORIAL It is our pleasure to pro
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The Influence of Islamic Philosophy
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THE INFLUENCE OF ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
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