Journal - International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine

Mostafa SHEHATA HÝSTORY OF ENDOSCOPY
Marsh contributed to early detection of bronchogenic
carcinoma by photography through fiber -
optic bronchoscope in 1973 (6,9).
Rayl's work, allowed coloured television documentation
(6).
The best additions are those achieved by Ward
and others using the Hopkins rod lens telescope with
the surrounding fiber - illumination and an antifog
airflow system (6).
Microscopic larygeal surgery, with the advantage
of more magnification, excellent exposure, binocular
vision, brilliant illumination and bimanual instrumentation
was added in 1968, under the leadership of
Kleinsasser, Ono, Saito, Jako and Strong (6, 10-12, 17).
Laser surgery of the larynx and bronchi has been
introduced by Strong and Jako in Boston, America in
1972, with the advantage of the precise removal of
lesions of the vocal cords, trachea and bronchi (13,17).
The last third of this century witnessed a great
progress in the production of endoscopic material
with new manufactural specifications, variable accessory
instruments and efficient methods of documentation
(18).
The endoscopic tubes and their instruments are no
more named after the names of their inventors but
carrying the trade name of the manufacturing firm.
Nowadays there are large leading companies producing
the endoscopic equipment on a large commercial
scale in Japan, Germany, United State of America,
Britain, France, Italy and many other countries.
Surgical and medical indications for endoscopy
are continuously increasing for diagnostic, medical
and surgical purposes (18).
New fields for endoscopy have been introduced
not only through the natural passages of the body but
also through surgical openings in the abdomen, chest,
skull and other different body organs.
Most of the present medical and surgical specialities
consider endoscopy a good effective method in
their field and is performed regularly in their medical
practice.
The following shows an updated enumeration of the
endoscopes used in the different medical specialities.
1. Otolaryngology: the pioneer speciality using
endoscopy, rigid and flexible endoscopes.
Laryngoscopes, Bronchoscopes, Oesophagoscopes,
Nasopharyngoscopes, Stroboscopes, Sinoscopes
and Otoscopes. The last two are of the rigid types.
2. Chest Surgery: Rigid and flexible Bronchoscopes.
Rigid Thoracoscopes and Mediastinoscopes.
3. Abdominal Surgery: Rigid and flexible
Oesophagoscopes, Gastroscopes, Duodenoscopes,
Colonoscopes, Choledochoscopes, Rectosigmoidoscopes,
Proctoscopes, Labaroscopes. The last
two are always rigid types.
4. Gynaecology: Rigid endoscopes as
Hysteroscopes, Culdoscopes, Labaroscopes and
Flexible Fallopioscopes.
5. Urology: Rigid and Flexible Cystoscopes,
Urethroscopes, Ureteroscopes, Nephroscopes and
Labaroscopes.
6. Orthopaedic Surgery: Rigid type Arthroscope (=
Jointscope).
7. Neuro-Surgery: Rigid type Encephaloscope.
8. Plastic Surgery: Rigid small endoscopes in face
lift surgery.
By time more medical specialities are on the way to
use the endoscopes for more efficient and careful diagnosis
and treatment of the different body diseases.
REFERENCES
1. Ghaliongui and El Dawakhly. The Preservation of the Body.
In: Health and Healing in Ancient Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: Dar
El-Maaref, 1965: 31.
2. Sercer A.: Tracheostomy Through Two Thousand Years of
History. Ciba Symposium Journal, 1962; 10(2): 78.
3. Alberti P.W.: The Evolution of Laryngology and
Laryngectomy in the Mid. 19th Century. The Laryngoscope
Journal, U.S.A., 1975:85-288.
4. Singer C., Underwood A. Short History of Medicine. 2nd edition U.K.: Oxford Clarendon Press, 1962: 249.
5. Arturo Castiglioni. A History of Medicine. Translated from
Italian and edited by E.P. Krumbhaar, second edition. New
York: Alfred Knopf, 1958: 874-1029.
6. James Snow. Broncho-oesophagology. Chapter 58. In:
Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear, edited by John Jacob
Ballenger, 12th edition. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger,
1977: 997.
7. Ikeda S.: Flexible Bronchofiberscope. Ann. Otol. Rhinol.
Laryngol. 1970; 89: 916.
8. Holinger P.H.: Photography of the Larynx, Trachea,
Bronchi and Esophagus. Trans. Amer. Acad. Ophthalm.
Otolaryng. 1942; 46: 153.
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