Journal - International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine

AL-RAZI AND GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM DISEASES
C. ileum (al dakik): it is coiled several times.
D. colon appendix (al -awar): it has one
mouth (opening) and it is a sac on the right
side of the body.
E. colon (it is the same nomenclature used in
Arabic): it starts from the right goes up and
then goes transversely to descend to the
left.
H. rectum (al mastakeem -straight- ): it is a
hollow wide cavity to collect faeces and at
its end the anus to defecate under the control
of the human being.
4. The liver: It is situated under the right lower
ribs to the posterior, it has a luminal figure
with convexity to the side of the stomach to
embed the right side of the stomach. it has 4-
5 lobes, and it’s concavity is next to the
diaphragum, from the convexity of the liver a
duct arise called the liver door , and looks like
empty vessel it is the rudimentary umbilical
vein. The vessel which arise from the liver
divide several times some go to the stomach
others to the duodenum but most of them go to
the jejunum and to other intestine down to the
rectum to collect food materials from them.
After that these vessels come together again to
reach the door of the liver , inside the liver it
divide again to be as thin as the hair from
which the blood goes to the vessel at the dorsum
(concavity) of the liver which goes to the
heart.
5. The spleen: It is elongated and located at the
left side with (membranes and ligaments) to
fix it to the stomach from the posterior side of
the ribs. From the spleen two ducts arise one to
the liver the other to the mouth of the stomach.
6. The gall bladder: It is located on the liver it has
two (passages) one connected to the convexity
the liver the other divide to reach the lower
surface of the stomach and upper parts of the
small intestine.
Diagnostic Criteria (signs and symptoms)
(N.B: the illnesses at that time were considered to
follow the mood of the human which were four:
(bloody, yellowish, black, phlegram), and the
essences of the human being were four (wet, dry, hot,
JISHIM 2004, 3
Radhi Javad BAKIR
cold) these two characters were to be identified to
understand the nature of the illnesses and their prognosis
and treatment).
These signs and symptoms include;
Appetite, decreased or increased appetite and to
what type of food and who frequent.
Thirsty, headache, dizziness, angry or calm.
Belching; acidic or smoky.
Stool, increased or decreased wet or dry, who frequent.
Nausea and vomiting.
Increased bile with discoloration of the urine or
stool.
Weakness, debility and wasting of the abdomen.
Pallor or dimness of the general looking.
Stomach Illnesses
1. Weak stomach with indigestion:
a. Indigestion with less thirsty and delayed passage
of food with acidic belching and keeping
in consideration the duration of the illness
whether acute or chronic. (Treatment: the full
description of treatment will not be mentioned
as to be dealt with in another article but it is
nice to say that in the treatment of some these
illnesses he mentioned to practice sports
before meal).
b. Indigestion with thirsty and lose of appetite
and fetor belching.
2. Stomach aches:
a. Stomach ache with anorexia.
b. Stomach ache with frequent belching with hiccoughs,
distended stomach with borbgyomy.
c. Stomach ache with fever with hot tender visible
swelling: some time it may change to solid
swelling.
These illnesses were treated in general by taking
special diet, drugs, local ointment application,
dressing over the stomach, venisection,
exposure to cold or hot and practicing sports or
the form of treatment.
3. Hiccough: This illness happens after heavy meals,
or over drinking heavy liquor, or after fever subsidence,
or with acute illness associated with nausea
and thirsty ..it is nice here to say that he men-
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