Incidence, Distribution and Characteristics of Major Tomato Leaf ...

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LIST OF TABLES xvii 17 Table Page 1.1 Nutrient Contents of Vegetables (AVRDC, 2003) 2 2.1 The orthography of some tomato virus taxon names 12 3.1 Agro-climatic zones of Uganda 31 3.2 Some samples collected and subjected to molecular tests 63 3.3 Primers used in PCR reactions 65 3.4 Cultivated crops and weeds bearing leaf curl and mosaic symptoms tested for TYLCV (sensu lato) 72 3.5 Weeds tested for ToLCV-UG begomovirus 73 3.6 Percentage number of samples showing characteristic symptoms of tomato viruses per district in 1997 74 3.7 Grouping of samples and incidence of viruses detected in the seven districts surveyed in (a)1996-1997, and (b) 1998. 78 3.8 Frequency of various combinations as found in tomato samples 79 3.9 Reaction of dot-blotted tomato geminivirus samples to the general and specific probes 83 3.10 Legends for DNA Hybridisation membranes 84 3.11 Summary of DNA hybridization and PCR results also indicating cloned and sequenced samples 86 3.12 ToLCV-UG specific primers prepared during this study 89 3.12 Samples of alternative hosts positive for tomato yellow leaf curl viruses in Uganda 4.1 List of sequences used in the phylogenetic analysis 105 4.2 Clustal W (1.82) multiple sequence alignment of ToLCV-UGf (482bp) 107 4.3 Clustal W (1.82) multiple sequence alignment of ToLCV-UGr (521bp) 107 4.4 TYLCV-UG (360bp) segment of the Intergenic Region, Clustal W (1.82) 107 5.1 Mean total whitefly counts for blue and yellow traps, and TYLCVinfected plants throughout trial I. 124 5.2 Ranked Mean number of whiteflies trapped by Kubwa trap per treatment, in trial I. 130 5.3 Ranked mean weekly number of whiteflies trapped with Kubwa trap and the related TYLCV incidence, in trial II 130 5.4 Ranked mean Whitefly population on tomato in relation to ranked mean number of TYLCV infected tomato plants, in trial III. 131 5.5 Mean number of whiteflies trapped by Kubwa trap per treatment in trials I to III 133 5.6 Mean distance from initial infection to secondary infected plants 137 5.7 Infection rate for the different experiment plots for the period February 1999 to February 2000 5.8 Mean number of fruits, total yield and marketable yield (kgs) per 90 m², in trial I, II and III. 90 137 142
LIST OF FIGURES xviii 18 2.1 Various virus symptoms reported on tomato Page 13 2.2 Whitefly adult, nymphs and life cycle 37 3.1 Map of Uganda showing surveyed districts, and agro-climatic zones 52 3.2 Healthy tomato leaves 54 3.3 Leaf Curl symptoms on tomato 55 3.4 Systemic Mosaic symptoms on tomato leaves 56 3.5 Alfalfa mosaic virus symptoms 57 3.6 Miscellaneous symptoms observed on tomato 58 3.7 Different primers used in molecular analysis/ annealing points 67 3.8 A sketch drawing of the genome organization of TYLCV-Is 68 3.9 Part of a linear map of pCR 2.1 TOPO Vector and sites of action for the restriction enzymes used 3.10 Ocimum basilica yellow mottling and tomato mild green mottling 77 3.11 DNA hybridization results under various experimental conditions. 85 3.12 Reaction of tomato virus samples to degenerate primers 87 3.13 Partial DNA sequence of Ugandan begomovirus (ToLCV-UG) 89 3.14 Partial DNA sequence of Ugandan begomovirus (TYLCV-UG) 90 4.1 IGI and RL5 varied reactions to same probes 102 4.2 Phylogenetic tree of ToLCV-UGfseq. (C1) 108 4.3 Phylogenetic tree of ToLCV-UGr seq. (IR, V1, V2) 109 4.4 Phylogenetic tree of TYLCV-UG 110 5.1 Yellow and blue coloured insect traps cut out of locally used containers 120 5.2 The Kubwa trap designed during this study 121 5.3 Relationship between meteorogical data, whitefly population and number of plants infected by TYLCV in season one, 1999 125 5.4 Variation in weather conditions as related to whitefly population dynamics and TYLCV incidence in the second season, 1999 126 5.5 Weather variation in relation to whitefly population dynamics and TYLCV incidence in season three, November 1999 to February 2000 127 5.6 Reducing whitefly and TYLCV diseases levels from trial I to III, due to increasing number of rainy days during the trial period (1999-2000) 128 5.7 Whitefly population dynamics for each treatment in the first season, 1999 135 5.8 Whitefly population dynamics for the different treatments in the second season, 1999 135 5.9 Whitefly population dynamics for the different treatments in the third season, November 1999 to February 2000 5.10 TYLCV disease progress curves for each treatment in the first season 138 5.11 TYLCV disease progress curves for each treatment in the second season 138 5.12 TYLCV disease progress curves for each treatment in the third season 138 5.13 Treatment effects on incidence of TYLCV diseases and whitefly infestation of tomato plants in the three trials 139 70 135
Page 1: Incidence, Distribution and Charact
Page 4 and 5: Charles SSEKYEWA Incidence, Distrib
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS 1 CHAPTER 1...............
Page 8 and 9: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The following perso
Page 10 and 11: vii 7 mosaic virus (CMV), Alfalfa m
Page 12 and 13: ix 9 Consequently, our findings con
Page 14 and 15: SAMENVATTING Tomaat is een economis
Page 16 and 17: xiii 13 Beide genhomologie percenta
Page 18 and 19: xv 15 dit onderzoek geven ook aan d
Page 22 and 23: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xix 19 A
Page 24 and 25: Abbreviation Word in full PCR Polym
Page 26 and 27: Incidence, distribution and charact
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1200 1200 (A) IG1 (ToLCV-UG) PAL1v
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Opaque and not smeared Translucent
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8 ANNEXES Incidence, distribution a
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Table A.1.1 continued Incidence, di
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Books Incidence, distribution and c
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