Electrophysiological Evidence for Sentence Comprehension - Wings

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distinction between semantic and syntactic processing somehow relative, do not corroborate Ullman’s declarative-procedural model (Ullman, 2004) in which syntax is related to procedural memory and semantics to declarative. In addition, if one accepts the idea that a word contains some syntactic information (e.g. logical form of the verb in RRG or word templates in MUC (Hagoort, 2005, Vosse & Kempen, 2000)) a chance to dissociate syntax and semantics and obtain some trace of pure syntactic process seems rather slim especially for language such as Croatian, in which grammatical violations such as violations in case carry important semantic information about thematic relations. The eADM model does not address the processing that is related to the operator projection. The model accounts only for the processing of core constituents (verbs and arguments). Therefore, the 'tense' experiment is not relevant as evidence in favor or against this model. Since there are no predictions regarding ERP components that could be expected in the 'tense' experiment, it cannot be said that the late negativity was not predicted by the eADM (as it cannot be said that it was predicted). In short, the 'tense' experiment is not a test for the eADM. However, together with the ‘quantifier’ experiment in which N400 was obtained, the results of the ‘tense’ experiment (N400’) may suggest possible future developments of eADM in this direction. As already stated (pp. 106-107), syntax-to-semantics interface may be supplemented with a linkage between operator projection and a set of relations defined by philosophical logic. Role and Reference Grammar provides an account for the obtained results, i.e. it can capture a generalization in this respect: both N400 and N400’ represent processes related to the 151
operator projection of the clause (or NP). As eADM says nothing about operators, there is nothing in the model that speaks against such a development. In short, the results confirm that the processing related to the information represented on the constituent and operator projection is cognitively different and more, that the results obtained in the experiments that manipulate the operator projection are similar across experiments. The second point (i.e. the functional correspondence of components at different latencies) indicates what kind of a model could explain the results. The same latency of P600 and N400’ suggest that immediacy models (such as MUC model in Hagoort, 2003, 2005) are good candidates due to an important feature of these models: the information is processed when it becomes available, not according to some fixed order. The information about the time of the event described in the stimulus sentences is, on the one hand not required for the thematic role assignment (therefore, no LAN effect), but, on the other hand, it is required for the overall integration of the sentence meaning (therefore, N400’ co-occurs with P600). It should be noted that this reasoning still has a high degree of speculation due to the fact that visual stimuli are not suitable for these inferences. Acoustic stimuli, for which one can say what information is available at some point in time as in Friederici’s (2002) and Hagoort’s experiments. Nevertheless, the results of the ‘case’ and ‘tense’ experiment actually corroborate RRG as a language processing model and eADM, the model which is based on RRG, to the extent the model addresses the issues raised by the interpretation of the experiments. 152
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University of Zagreb Interdisciplin
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TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Introduction 5
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Electrophysiological results 131 5.
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How people comprehend language is o
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1.1. Sentence comprehension There i
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syntactic structure obtained by the
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this process many other factors pla
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exploring sentence comprehension re
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The major advantage of eye-tracking
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ERP waveform. Components are conven
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earlier syntactic component, early
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enzyme activity, receptors or trans
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the formulation of the models that
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and disposes the wrong one as soon
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not provide such an output. In the
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itself) is called 'pragmatic normal
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grammatical knowledge, resembling p
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components. However, the models tha
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The ‘syntax-first’ model is obv
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in which any information is process
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into brain functions that are not n
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Figure 4. The layered structure of
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Activity verbs, in contrast, refer
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step in Levelt’s model perfectly
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language functioning and (2) scores
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are included, as well (e.g. the Bus
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Binding, to be more precise) to exp
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the changes in language related com
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esearch project, as well. The proje
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2. AIMS AND PROBLEMS 58
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2.2. Sentence Comprehension in Typi
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The hypotheses can be grouped accor
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4. METHODS 64
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On the basis of the test results 6
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data collected within a group of ad
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Figure 10. The presentation of the
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The violation condition consists of
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In Croatian adjectives usually prec
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object). This constitutes the viola
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‘tense’ experiments as well as
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Phonological abilities were tested
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. In addition, Homonyms, synonyms a
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software was used. The caps employe
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5.1. Adults 5.1.1. Behavioral resul
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the processes underlying comprehens
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Table 5. Statistical significance o
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calculated by subtracting the non-c
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assigned when the verb is presented
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Figure 22. Average waveform for Pz
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Table 8 gives the statistical signi
Page 101 and 102: Figure 26. The LAN effect in the
Page 103 and 104: Figure 28. P600 effect on the CPz e
Page 105 and 106: Figure 30. The waveforms at the FCz
Page 107 and 108: semantics distinction more relative
Page 109 and 110: could, in fact, be the focus of the
Page 111 and 112: Subject: Neuroscan EEG file: adults
Page 113 and 114: Figure 38. The P600 in the ‘tense
Page 115 and 116: Figure 41. Distribution maps in the
Page 117 and 118: The results of the two experiments
Page 119 and 120: Statistical analysis reveals P600 e
Page 121 and 122: Subject: Neuroscan EEG file: chiten
Page 123 and 124: Subject: EEG file: chitensechin2_1s
Page 125 and 126: Subject: Neuroscan EEG file: casech
Page 127 and 128: Figure 55. Difference in latency be
Page 129 and 130: only relatively good instrument for
Page 131 and 132: similar words or pseudo-words. Quic
Page 133 and 134: Subject: Neuroscan EEG file: slicas
Page 135 and 136: Subject: EEG file: slicasechi2_1s.a
Page 137 and 138: Subject: Neuroscan EEG file: sli_te
Page 139 and 140: Table 25. ANOVA results for the fro
Page 141 and 142: Subject: Neuroscan EEG file: casech
Page 143 and 144: Subject: Neuroscan EEG file: chiten
Page 145 and 146: 5.3. General Discussion 5.3.1. Sent
Page 147 and 148: Croatian. In this respect ERP metho
Page 149 and 150: Figure 72. Difference between the e
Page 151: 5.3.3.. The results in the light of
Page 155 and 156: Leonard’s words, of ‘low phonet
Page 157 and 158: the ‘case-chi’ experiment and t
Page 159 and 160: Six ERP experiments were performed
Page 161 and 162: corpus of data. Future work should
Page 163 and 164: - Aaronson, D., Scarborough, H.S. (
Page 165 and 166: - Bishop, D. V. M., Frazier-Norbury
Page 167 and 168: - Conti-Ramsden, G., Jones, M. (199
Page 169 and 170: - Frazier, L., & Rayner, K. (1982).
Page 171 and 172: - Hagoort, P., Brown, C., Groothuse
Page 173 and 174: - Jurafsky, D. (2002). Probabilisti
Page 175 and 176: - Kovačević, M., Jelaska, Z., Kuv
Page 177 and 178: - Molfese, D., Molfese, V, Key, A.
Page 179 and 180: typically developing peers. Journal
Page 181 and 182: - Rumelhart, D.E., McClelland, J.L.
Page 183 and 184: - Tallal, P. (1976). Rapid auditory
Page 185 and 186: - Weber, F. M., Friederici, A. D. (
Page 187 and 188: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The proce
Page 189 and 190: Figure 54. Difference between adult
Page 191 and 192: SUMMARY The method of event-related
Page 193 and 194: EXTENDED SUMMARY IN CROATIAN SAŽET
Page 195 and 196: teorija jezične obrade (razumijeva
Page 197 and 198: (kad se događa radnja), taj se val
Page 199 and 200: eferenci. Modularnost se, s druge s
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